NERACA DAN LAPORAN ARUS KAS

Neraca dan Laporan Arus Kas 1

Topik
1. Manfaat dan kelemahan informasi Neraca 2. Neraca menurut PSAK 1

3. Laporan Arus Kas menurut PSAK 2

4. Neraca menurut US GAAP

5. Laporan Arus Kas menurut US GAAP

Neraca dan Laporan Arus Kas 2

Usefulness and Purpose of the Balance Sheet.

Provides information about entitys assets, liabilities, and equity. Evaluation of liquidity, solvency, and financial flexibility. Aids in assessing risk and predicting future cash flows.

Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

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Limitations of the Balance Sheet.

Current value is not reflected. Estimates and judgments must be utilized:

in determining the collectibility of receivables. in assessing the salability of inventory. in determining the useful lives of long-term assets.

Omits many items that are of financial value to the business.

Assets such as the value of a companys human resources and research and development are not reported. Some liabilities or commitments such as leases and certain contractual arrangements are reported in an off balance sheet manner.
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Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Perubahan - Penyajian Laporan Keuangan

Cakupan minimal dalam laporan keuangan:

Laporan posisi keuangan awal periode komparatif sajian akibat penerapan retrospektif, penyajian kembali, atau reklasifikasi pos-pos laporan keuangan.

Informasi yang disajikan dalam laporan keuangan: aset, kewajiban, ekuitas, pendapatan dan beban, kontribusi dari dan distribusi kepada pemilik. Tidak mengatur pihak yang bertanggung jawab atas laporan keuangan

PSAK 1

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Perubahan - Penyajian Laporan Keuangan

Entitas membuat pernyataan kepatuhan atas SAK dalam laporan keuangan Penyimpanan dari PSAK diijinkan jika kepatuhan PSAK bertentangan dengan tujuan keuangan dalam KPPPLK Memilih menerapkan kebijakan akuntansi yang tidak diatur dalam PSAK. Tidak diatur waktu penyampaian laporan

PSAK 1

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Laporan Posisi Keuangan

PSAK 1

IAS 1

PSAK 1

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Pos Laporan Posisi Keuangan

Properi investasi Aset biolojik Total asset yang diklasifikasikan sebagai dimiliku untuk dijual dan aset yang masuk dalam kelompok lepasan (disposal group) yang diklasifikasikan sebagai dimiliki untuk dijual. Kewajian dan aset pajak kini Kewajian pajak tangguhan dan aset pajak tangguhan Kewajiban yang termasuk dalam kelompok lepasan yang diklasifikasikan sebagai dimiliki untuk dijual.
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PSAK 1

Laporan Posisi Keuangan

Entitas menyajikan pos-pos tambahan, judul dan subtotal dalam laporan posisi keuangan jika penyajian tersebut relevan untuk pemahaman posisi keuangan entitas. Entitas menyajikan aset lancar dan tidak lancar dan laibilitas jangka pendek dan jangka panjang sebagai klasifikasi yang terpisah dalam laporan posisi keuangan, maka aset (laibilitas) pajak tangguhan tidak boleh diklasifikasikan sebagai aset lancar (laibilitas jangka pendek).

PSAK 1

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Pos dalam Laporan

Penyajian aset lancar dan tidak lancar dan laibilitas jangka pendek dan jangka panjang sebagai klasifikasi yang terpisah. Kecuali penyajian berdasarkan likuiditas memberikan informasi yang lebih relevan dan dapat diandalkan maka digunakan urutan likuiditas. Perusahaan keuangan berdasarkan likuiditas Pemisahan jumlah yang diharapkan dapat dipulihkan atau diselesaikan setelah lebih dari dua belas bulan untuk setiap pos aset dan laibilitas, jika nilainya digabung.
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PSAK 1

Aset lancar

Klasifikasi aset lancar, jika:

mengharapkan akan merealisasikan aset, atau bermaksud untuk menjual atau menggunakannya, dalam siklus operasi normal; memiliki aset untuk tujuan diperdagangkan; mengharapkan akan merealisasi aset dalam jangka waktu 12 bulan setelah pelaporan; atau kas atau setara kas (PSAK 2: Laporan Arus Kas) kecuali aset tersebut dibatasi pertukarannya atau penggunaannya untuk menyelesaikan laibilitas sekurang-kurangnya 12 bulan setelah periode pelaporan.

Entitas mengklasifikasikan aset yang tidak termasuk kategori tersebut sebagai aset tidak lancar.

PSAK 1

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Liabiltas lancar

Klasifikasi laibilitas lancar, jika: mengharapkan akan menyelesaikan laibilitas tersebut dalam siklus operasi normalnya; memiliki laibilitas tersebut untuk tujuan diperdagangkan; laibilitas tersebut jatuh tempo untuk diselesaikan dalam jangka waktu 12 bulan setelah periode pelaporan; atau tidak memiliki hak tanpa syarat untuk menunda penyelesaian laibilitas selama sekurangkurangnya 12 bulan setelah periode pelaporan. Entitas mengklasifikasi laibilitas yang tidak termasuk kategori tersebut sebagai laibilitas jangka panjang.

PSAK 1

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Liabilitas

Laibilitas keuangan yang dibiayai kembali yang akan jatuh tempo dalam 12 bulan setelah periode pelaporan diklasifikasikan sebagai laibilitas jangka pendek, jika entitas tidak memiliki hak tanpa syarat untuk membiayai kembali. Pelanggaran perjanjian utang yang mengakibatkan kreditur meminta percepatan pembayaran, maka laibilitas tersebut disajikan sebagai laibilitas jangka pendek, meskipun kreditur mengijinkan penundaan pembayaran selama 12 bulan setelah tanggal pelaporan tetapi persetujuan tersebut diperoleh setelah tanggal pelaporan
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PSAK 1

Balance Sheet
Classification in the Balance Sheet

Three General Classifications

Assets, Liabilities, and Stockholders Equity Companies further divide these classifications:

Illustration 5-1 Balance Sheet Classification

Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

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Balance Sheet
Current Assets

Cash and other assets a company expects to convert into cash, sell, or consume either in one year or in the operating cycle, whichever is longer.
Illustration 5-2 Accounts and basis of valuation

Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

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Current Asset Classification

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Balance Sheet Current Assets

Cash

Generally any monies available on demand.

Cash equivalents are short-term highly liquid investments that will mature within three months or less. Any restrictions or commitments must be disclosed.
Illustration 5-3

Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

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Balance Sheet Current Assets

Short-Term Investments
Portfolios
Held-toMaturity Trading

Type
Debt Debt or Equity

Valuation
Amortized Cost Fair Value

Classification
Current or Noncurrent Current

Availablefor-Sale

Debt or Equity

Fair Value

Current or Noncurrent

Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

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Balance Sheet Current Assets

Receivables

Claims held against customers and others for money, goods, or services.
Accounts receivable oral promises

Notes receivable written promises

Major categories of receivables should be shown in the balance sheet or the related notes.

Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

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Balance Sheet Current Assets

Accounts Receivable Presentation Options

Current Assets: Cash Accounts receivable Less allowance for doubtful accounts Inventory Total current assets Current Assets: Cash Accounts receivable, net of $25 allowance Inventory Total current assets

$ 346
500 25 475 812 $1,633

$ 346 475 812 $1,633

Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

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Balance Sheet Current Assets

Inventories

Company discloses:
basis of valuation (e.g., lower-of-cost-ormarket) and

the method of pricing (e.g., FIFO or LIFO).

Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

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Balance Sheet Current Assets

Prepaid Expenses Payment of cash, that is recorded as an asset because service or benefit will be received in the future.

Cash Payment

BEFORE

Expense Recorded

Prepayments often occur in regard to:

insurance supplies advertising
Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

rent maintenance on equipment

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Balance Sheet Noncurrent Assets

Long-Term Investments

Generally consists of four types:

Securities Fixed assets

Special funds
Nonconsolidated subsidiaries or affiliated companies.

Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

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Balance Sheet Noncurrent Assets

Long-Term Investments
Balance Sheet (in thousands) Current assets Cash $ 285,000

Securities
bonds, stock, and long-term notes
For marketable securities, managements intent determines current or noncurrent classification.
Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Investments: Invesment in ABC bonds Investment in UC Inc. Notes receivable Land held for speculation Sinking fund Pension fund Cash surrender value Investment in Uncon. Sub. Total investments Property, Plant, and Equip. Building Land

321,657 253,980 150,000 550,000 225,000 653,798 84,321 457,836 2,696,592 1,375,778 975,000

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Balance Sheet Noncurrent Assets

Long-Term Investments
Balance Sheet (in thousands) Current assets Cash $ 285,000

Fixed Assets
Land held for speculation

Investments: Invesment in ABC bonds Investment in UC Inc. Notes receivable Land held for speculation Sinking fund Pension fund Cash surrender value Investment in Uncon. Sub. Total investments Property, Plant, and Equip. Building Land

321,657 253,980 150,000 550,000 225,000 653,798 84,321 457,836 2,696,592 1,375,778 975,000

Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

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Balance Sheet Noncurrent Assets

Long-Term Investments
Balance Sheet (in thousands) Current assets Cash $ 285,000

Special Funds
Sinking fund Pensions fund Cash surrender value of life insurance

Investments: Invesment in ABC bonds Investment in UC Inc. Notes receivable Land held for speculation Sinking fund Pension fund Cash surrender value Investment in Uncon. Sub. Total investments Property, Plant, and Equip. Building Land

321,657 253,980 150,000 550,000 225,000 653,798 84,321 457,836 2,696,592 1,375,778 975,000

Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

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Balance Sheet Noncurrent Assets

Long-Term Investments
Balance Sheet (in thousands) Current assets Cash $ 285,000

Nonconsolidated Subsidiaries or Affiliated Companies

Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Investments: Invesment in ABC bonds Investment in UC Inc. Notes receivable Land held for speculation Sinking fund Pension fund Cash surrender value Investment in Uncon. Sub. Total investments Property, Plant, and Equip. Building Land

321,657 253,980 150,000 550,000 225,000 653,798 84,321 457,836 2,696,592 1,375,778 975,000

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Balance Sheet Noncurrent Assets

Property, Plant, and Equipment
Balance Sheet (in thousands) Current assets Cash $ 285,000

Assets of a durable nature used in the regular operations of the business.

Total investments Property, Plant, and Equip. Building Land Machinery and equipment Capital leases Leasehold improvements Accumulated depreciation Total PP&E Intangibles Goodwill Patents Trademarks

2,696,592 1,375,778 975,000 234,958 384,650 175,000 (975,000) 2,170,386 3,000,000 177,000 40,000

Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

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Balance Sheet Noncurrent Assets

Intangibles
Balance Sheet (in thousands) Current assets Cash $ 285,000

Lack physical substance and are not financial instruments.

Limited life intangibles amortized.
Indefinite-life intangibles tested for impairment.

Accumulated depreciation Total PP&E Intangibles Goodwill Patents Trademark Franchises Copyright Total intangibles Other assets Prepaid pension costs Deferred income tax Total other

(975,000) 2,170,386 2,000,000 177,000 40,000 125,000 55,000 2,397,000 133,000 40,000 173,000

Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

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Balance Sheet Noncurrent Assets

Other Assets This section should include only unusual items sufficiently different from assets in the other categories.
Balance Sheet (in thousands) Current assets Cash $ 285,000

Intangibles Goodwill Patents Trademark Franchises Copyright Total intangibles Other assets Prepaid pension costs Deferred income tax Total other Total Assets

2,000,000 177,000 40,000 125,000 55,000 2,397,000 133,000 40,000 173,000 $ 9,210,978

Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

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Balance Sheet
Current Liabilities Obligations that a company reasonably expects to liquidate either through the use of current assets or the creation of other current liabilities.
Balance Sheet (in thousands) Current liabilities Notes payable $ 233,450 Accounts payable 131,800 Accrued compensation 43,000 Unearned revenue 17,000 Income tax payable 23,400 Current maturities LT debt 121,000 Total current liabilities 569,650 Long-term liabilities Long-term debt 979,500 Obligations capital lease 345,800 Deferred income taxes 77,909 Total long-term liabilities 2,093,859 Stockholders' equity

Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

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Balance Sheet
Long-Term Liabilities Obligations that a company does not reasonably expect to liquidate within the normal operating cycle. All covenants and restrictions must be disclosed.
Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13
Balance Sheet (in thousands) Current liabilities Notes payable $ 233,450 Accounts payable 131,800 Accrued compensation 43,000 Unearned revenue 17,000 Income tax payable 23,400 Current maturities LT debt 121,000 Total current liabilities 569,650 Long-term liabilities Long-term debt 979,500 Obligations capital lease 345,800 Deferred income taxes 77,909 Total long-term liabilities 2,093,859 Stockholders' equity

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Balance Sheet
Owners Equity

Companies usually divide equity into three parts, (1) Capital Stock, (2) Additional Paid-In Capital, and (3) Retained Earnings.
Illustration 5-15

Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

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Balance Sheet Classification Exercise

Account
(a) Investment in preferred stock (b) Treasury stock (c) Common stock (d) Cash dividends payable (e) Accumulated depreciation (f) Interest payable (g) Deficit (h) Trading securities (i) Unearned revenue
Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Classification
(a) Current asset/Investment (b) Equity (c) Equity (d) Current liability (e) Contra-asset (f) Current liability (g) Equity (h) Current asset (i) Current liability
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Balance Sheet - Format

Classified Balance Sheet

Account form
Report form
Accounting Trends and Techniques2004 (New York:

AICPA) indicates that all of the 600 companies surveyed use either the report form (506) or the account form (94), sometimes collectively referred to as the customary form.

Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

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Additional Information Reported

There are normally four types of information that are supplemental to account titles and amounts presented in the balance sheet:

Contingencies Accounting Policies Contractual Situations Fair Values

Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

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Techniques of Disclosure
Parenthetical Explanations Notes Cross-Reference and Contra Items Supporting Schedules Terminology

Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

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Laporan Arus Kas

Kegunaan:

memberikan informasi yang memungkinkan para pengguna untuk mengevaluasi perubahan dalam aset bersih entitas, struktur keuangan (likuiditas dan solvabilitas) dan kemampuan mempengaruhi jumlah serta waktu arus kas dalam rangka penyesuaian terhadap keadaan dan peluang yang berubah. menilai kemampuan entitas dalam menghasilkan kas dan setara kas dan memungkinkan para pengguna mengembangkan model untuk menilai dan membandingkan nilai sekarang dari arus kas masa depan (future cash flows) dari berbagai entitas. meningkatkan daya banding pelaporan kinerja operasi berbagai entitas

PSAK 1

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Laporan Arus Kas

Bunga

Beban bunga dapat disajikan sebagai arus kas operasi atau pendanaan Pendapatan bunga dapat disajikan sebagai arus kas operasi atau investasi

Dividen

Dividen yang dibayarkan dapat disajikan sebagai arus kas operasi atau pendanaan Pendapatan dividen dapat disajikan sebagai arus kas operasi atau investasi

PSAK 1

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Laporan Arus Kas

Untuk penyajian metode tidak langsung :

Pembayaran bunga disajikan dengan metode langsung Pajak panghasilan disajikan dengan metode langsung

PSAK 1

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Laporan Arus Kas - ED

A r u s k a s yang berasal dari beberapa transaksi serta keuntungan atau kerugian dari transaksi tersebut. Dihapuskan

Penyesuaian atas laba atau rugi termasuk berasal dari hak minoritas dalam laba/rugi konsolidasi. (metode tidak langsung) Arus kas dari pos luar biasa.

PSAK 1

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Laporan Arus Kas - ED

Arus kas dari pelepasan kepemilikan pada entitas anak yang tidak mengakibatkan hilangnya pengendalian.

Arus kas dari transaksi tersebut diakui sebagai arus kas pendanaan.

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The Statement of Cash Flows

One of the three basic objectives of financial reporting is

assessing the amounts, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows.

Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

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The Statement of Cash Flows

Purpose of the Statement

To provide relevant information about the cash receipts and cash payments of an enterprise during a period.
The statement provides answers to the following questions: 1. Where did the cash come from? 2. What was the cash used for? 3. What was the change in the cash balance?

Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

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The Statement of Cash Flows

Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

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The Statement of Cash Flows

Content and Format

Three different activities: Investing, Operating,

Illustration 5-24

Financing

Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

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The Statement of Cash Flows

Content and Format

Operating
Cash inflows and outflows from operations.

Investing
Cash inflows and outflows from non-current assets.

Financing
Cash inflows and outflows from non-current liabilities and equity.

The statements value is that it helps users evaluate liquidity, solvency, and financial flexibility.
Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13
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The Statement of Cash Flows

Preparation

Information obtained from several sources:

(1) comparative balance sheets, (2) the current income statement, and

(3) selected transaction data.

Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

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The Statement of Cash Flows

Preparation
Statement of Cash Flow (in thousands) Operating activities Net income Increase in accounts receivable Increase in accounts payable Depreciation expense Cash flow from operations Investing activities Purchase of equipment Financing activities Proceeds from notes payable Dividends paid Cash flow from financing Increase in cash $ 40,000 (10,000) 5,000 40,000 75,000 (8,000) 20,000 (5,000) 15,000 82,000

Noncash credit to revenues.

Noncash charge to expenses.

Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

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Additional Information Reported

Significant financing and investing activities that do not affect cash are reported in either a separate schedule at the bottom of the statement of cash flows or in the notes.

Examples include:
Issuance of common stock to purchase assets. Conversion of bonds into common stock. Issuance of debt to purchase assets. Exchanges on long-lived assets.

Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

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Usefulness of the Statement of Cash Flows

Without cash, a company will not survive. Cash flow from Operations:
High amount - company able to generate sufficient cash to pay its bills. Low amount - company may have to borrow or issue equity securities to pay bills.

Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

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Usefulness of the Statement of Cash Flows

Financial Liquidity Current Cash Debt Coverage Ratio Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities

Average Current Liabilities

Ratio indicates whether the company can pay off its current liabilities from its operations. A ratio near 1:1 is good.

Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

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Usefulness of the Statement of Cash Flows

Financial Flexibility Cash Debt Coverage Ratio Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities

Average Total Liabilities

This ratio indicates a companys ability to repay its liabilities from net cash provided by operating activities, without having to liquidate the assets employed in its operations.

Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

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Usefulness of the Statement of Cash Flows

Free Cash Flow
Illustration 5-34

The amount of discretionary cash flow a company has for purchasing additional investments, retiring its debt, purchasing treasury stock, or simply adding to its liquidity.
Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13
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Aset held for sale

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Aset held for sale

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Aset held for sale

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Aset held for sale

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Aset held for sale

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Aset held for sale

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Aset held for sale

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Aset held for sale

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Aset held for sale

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Aset held for sale

Ref : PSAK 58 Jumadi

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Aset held for sale

Ref : PSAK 58 Jumadi

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Main References

Intermediate Accounting Kieso, Weygandt, Walfield, 13th edition, John Wiley Standar Akuntansi Keuangan Dewan Standar Akuntansi Keuangan, IAI, Penerbit Salemba 4 International Financial Reporting Standards Certificate Learning Material The Institute of Chartered Accountants, England and Wales

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