BREATHING
VO2 MAX
INSPIRATION
Diffusion
EXPIRATION
Ventilation
Respiratory Rate
Tidal Volume
Breathing
the mechanical process that moves air in and out of the lungs. Also known as Respiration Respiration increases proportionately to the intensity of the exercise.
INSPIRATION
breathing in (also known as inhalation)
is the movement of air from the external environment, through the air ways, and into the alveoli. Inspiration begins with the onset of contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, which results in an increase space inside the thoracic cavity. The increased space inside the thoracic cavity results in less pressure inside the lungs. The lower pressure inside the lungs compared with the atmospheric pressure, causes airflow to move into the lungs.
Expiration: breathing out (also known as exhalation) the movement of air out of the alveoli, bronchial tubes, through the trachea, to the external environment. Expiration begins with the relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, which decreases the size of thoracic cavity. The decreased space inside the thoracic cavity, results in a increase in positive pressure. This positive pressure causes airflow to move out of the lungs. The pressure inside the lungs is greater than the atmospheric pressure, causing air to flow outward. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SWJHSTAWTCk &feature=related
During light to moderate exercise, the relationship between ventilation and O2 consumption is linear At low exercise intensities, TV & RR increase proportionately to Ventilation.
MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR INCREASED VENITLATION Initial increases in ventilation are a result of NEURAL STIMULATION controlled by the respiratory control centre in the brain. As exercise progresses, further increases in ventilation are controlled primarily by changes in the chemical status of arterial blood. Higher levels of CO2 and Hydrogen ions are produced within the working muscles (metabolism of muscles) during exercise and then released into the blood. Higher levels of CO2 and Hydrogen ions are then sensed by CHEMORECPTORS located in the brain and lungs. The activated chemoreceptor's in turn stimulate the respiratory control centre's, resulting in increases in TV and RR; i.e. increased ventilation
Diffusion cont...
GAS EXCHANGE AT THE MUSCLE SITE
At the working muscle site, O2 concentration levels are low inside the muscle and high within the capillaries (blood) that surround the muscle Because of the difference in O2 levels between the 2 structures, O2 flows from an area of high to low pressure levels i.e. O2 flows from the capillaries into the muscle for energy production. Similarly, CO2 levels inside the capillaries surrounding the muscle is low but high inside the muscle (CO2 is a bi-product of energy production). The CO2 therefore diffuses from the muscle to the capillary high to low
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vu_ONM3Bj9A
Movement of a gas in one direction is the effect of a concentration gradient Direction of diffusion occurs from areas of high to low concentration Rate of diffusion is dependant on pressure
INCREASED OXYGEN UPTAKE VO2 = Oxygen Uptake VO2 refers to the amount of O2 transported to, taken up by and used by the body for energy production During exercise the working muscles use more O2, which is made available by the Cardio-respiratory System. There is a LINEAR relationship between VO2 and exercise intensity. As exercise intensity Increases so does VO2. This relationship continues Until a maximum level of O2 Uptake is attained. This is Known as MAXIMUM OXYGEN UPTAKE VO2 max
MAXIMUM OXYGEN UPTAKE VO2 max VO2 max = the maximum amount of O2 able to be taken up, transported to and used by the body for energy production Average male: 3.5 L/min Average female: 2.3L/min The maximum value is dependent upon: 1. Body size 2. Gender 3. Genetics 4. Age 5. Cardio-respiratory fitness levels
BODY SIZE
Larger heavier people require more O2 than smaller people. VO2 max is usually expressed relative to body size in mL/kg/min This enables direct comparisons of VO2 max between individuals of varying body size
GENDER
Men generally have higher VO2 max levels because: 1. Males typically have more muscle and less body fat. Body fat does not consume O2 unlike muscle tissue. 2. Males have higher blood volumes and greater levels of RBC therefore able to carry more O2 to working muscles. 3. Males have a larger lung size and volume and larger heart size and volume thereby increasing O2 uptake and transporting capacities.
GENETICS
1. Aerobic capacity is significantly determined by genetics 2. Up to 25-50% variation can occur between individuals 3. Aerobic training can significantly improve these figures
AGE
1. VO2 max generally peaks between late teenage years mid 20s 2. VO2 Max declines about 1% per year after 25 years of age. 3. Regular aerobic training can reduce the rate of VO2 max decline with aging 4. Decline in VO2 max as a result of age is attributed to reductions in max HR, max SV and Max a-VO2 difference.
OXYGEN DEFICIT
OXYGEN DEFICIT
During the transition from rest to exercise, immediate energy for muscle contraction is required. The Cardio-respiratory system, is unable to deliver sufficient amounts of O2 to the working muscles in the first few minutes of exercise. The discrepancy between the amount of O2 supplied to the muscles and the amount of O2 required by the muscles is known as OXYGEN DEFICIT. O2 deficit occurs any time there is an increase in exercise intensity. O2 Deficit occurs because of the TIME it takes for the CR systems to deliver the extra supply of O2 to the working muscles; i.e. it takes time to increase, TV, SV, Q, RR etc
STEADY STATE
1. Definition: Once O2 supplies are meeting the O2 demands of the working muscles. 2. If steady state occurs, heart rate and ventilation rates also plateau. 3. If exercise intensity increases, extra demand for O2 is required by the muscles. Once again it takes time for the CR system to adjust to the increased O2 needs of the working muscles. Once supply meets demand, another steady state is achieved. 4. Aerobically trained athletes are able to attain steady states faster, due to their efficient Cardio-respiratory systems.