11 TH Bio Chem

{\rtf\ansi\deff0\ansicpg1252
{\fonttbl
{\f0\froman times new roman;}{\f1\ftech symbol;}{\f2\fswiss helvetica;}}
{\colortbl\red0\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue255;}
{\info{\author Ramesh111}{\subject Front}}
\jexpand\viewkind1\viewscale100
\paperw7360\paperh11040\margl666\margr133\margt666\margb320
\pard\li1440\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1440\ri0\sl-493\slmult0 \fs
42\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {BIOCHEMISTRY}\b0 \par\pard\li333\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li333\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs32\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {HIGHER
SECONDARY - FIRST YEAR}\b0 \par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1
320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Untouchability is a sin}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Untouchability is a crime}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs26\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Untouchability is inhuman}\par\pard\li1960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1960\ri0\sl-2
13\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li196
0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li1960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li1960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1960\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1960\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1960\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\b {TAMILNADU}\b0 \par\pard\li1960\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\b {TEXTBOOK CORPORATION}\b0 \par\pard\li1960\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs26\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {College Road, Chennai - 600 006.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpag
e
{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft1333\shptop8693\shpright5986\shpbottom9040\shpfhdr0\shpw
r3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shplid2028\shpz0\shpbxpage\shpbypage
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn rotation}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 4653}}
{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 347}}
{\sp{\sn shapePath}{\sv 4}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(0,0);(0,346);(4640,346);(4640,0);(0,0);}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;12;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;2457
7;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}
{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{\sv 12192}}
{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn lineDashing}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}
{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}}\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133
\margtsxn586\margbsxn333\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Government of Tamilnadu}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
First Edition - 2004}\par\pard\li2506\ri
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li2506\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Chairperson}\b0 \i0
\par\pard\li2026\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Dr.D. Sakthise

karan}\b0 \par\pard\li2093\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Profes
sor of Biochemistry}\par\pard\li2266\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {University of Madras}\par\pard\li2426\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Taramani Campus}\par\pard\li2426\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Chennai - 600 113}\par\pard\li2626\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li2626\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Reviewers}\b0 \i0 \
par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols2
\colno1\colw3586\colsr-0\colno2\colw3080\pard\li720\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\b {Dr.P. Samudram}\b0 \par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Asst.Prof. of Biochemistry}\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-240\slm
ult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Institute of Biochemistry}\par\pard\li720\ri0\s
l-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Madras Medical College}\par\pard\li720
\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Chennai - 600 003}\par\pard\li27
20\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2720\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\b \i {Authors}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Dr.(Mrs.) A.Gee
tha}\b0 \par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Reader in
Biochemistry}\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Bha
rathi Women\uc1\u8217Xs College}\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {Chennai - 600 108.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs28\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Price : Rs.}\par\column\pard\li26\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\b {Dr}\b0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {.(Mrs.) C.S. Shyamala
Devi}\b0 \par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Prof. an
d Head (Retd.)}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dep
t.of Biochemistry}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
University of Madras}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Guindy Campus,}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Chennai -600025}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\
ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Thiru. P.N. Venkatesan}\b0 \par
\pard\li13\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P}\fs20\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {.G.Assistant}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Govt. Higher Secondary School}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {Paradarami}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {Vellore - 632 603}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\ma
rglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li573\ri0
\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {This book has been prepared by the D
irectorate of School}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Education on behalf of the Government of Tamilnadu}\par\pard\li880\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\b {This book has been printed on 60 GSM Paper}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Printed by Offset at:}\i0 \par\pard\sect\s
ectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkp
age\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn480\cols3
\colno1\colw1146\colsr-0\colno2\colw3893\colsr-0\colno3\colw1626\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs28
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3.}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs26\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {4.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6.}\par

\f0\charscalex100 {7.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9.}\par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {10.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-386\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11.}\par\column\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-2
3\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs32\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {CONTENTS}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri
d\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {Introduction}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Living cells}\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Biomolecules}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-346\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Enzymes}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Carboh
ydrates}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmul
t0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proteins}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Lipids}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Nucleic acids}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Vitamins}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Minerals}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\sl
mult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Biochemical techniques}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Practicals}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Page}\par\pard\li640\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li640\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\li640\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {29}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-34
6\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {44}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {65}\par\pard
\li640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {93}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li640
\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {116}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1
34}\par\pard\li626\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li626\ri0\sl-346\slmult
0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {147}\par\pard\li626\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li626\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {173}\par\pard\li626
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li626\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {196}\par\pard\li626\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li626\ri0\
sl-386\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {227}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgws
xn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn146\pard\li1986\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1986\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
f0\f0\charscalex100\b {INTRODUCTION}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Scope of Biochemistry}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Biochemistry is a branch of life science wh
ich deals with the study}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {of chemical reactions that occur in living cells and organisms. Life is a}
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {chemical process in
volving thousands of different reactions occurring}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmu

lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in an organised manner. These are called metabol
ic reactions.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The
term Biochemistry was first introduced by the German Chemist}\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Carl Neuberg in 1903. It takes into a
ccount the studies related to the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {nature of the chemical constituents of living matter, their trans
formations}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in biolo
gical systems and the energy changes associated with these}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {transformations. Biochemistry may thus b
e treated as a discipline in}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {which biological phenomena are analysed in terms of chemistry. The}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {branch of Biochemistr
y for the same reason, has been variously named}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as Biological Chemistry or Chemical Biology.}\par\p
ard\li400\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Modern Biochemistry has
two branches, descriptive Biochemistry}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {and dynamic Biochemistry. Descriptive Biochemistry deals wi
th the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {qualitative
and quantitative characterization of the various cell}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {components and the dynamic Biochemistry deals
with the elucidation}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {of the nature and the mechanism of the reactions involving these cell}\par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {components.}\par\pard\li4
00\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Many newer disciplines have be
en emerged from Biochemistry}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {such of Enzymology (study of enzymes), Endocrinology (study of}\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hormones) Clinical Biochem
istry (study of diseases), Molecular}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {Biochemistry (Study of Biomolecules and their functions). Alon
g with}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {these branch
es certain other specialities have also come up such as}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293
\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Agricultural Biochemistry, Pharmacological
Biochemistry etc.}\par\pard\li3106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3106\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3106\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {i}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\ma
rgrsxn133\margtsxn586\margbsxn146\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Those who acquire a sound knowledge of Biochemistry can tackle}\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the 2 central concerns o
f the biomedical sciences (1) the understanding}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and maintenance of health (2) the understanding and
treatment of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {disea
ses.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Objectives o
f Biochemistry}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{The major objective of Biochemistry is the complete understanding}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of all the chemical processes a
ssociated with living cells at the molecular}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {level. To achieve this objective, biochemists have att
empted to isolate}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n
umerous molecules (Bio molecules) found in cells, to determine their}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {structures and to analyse how
they function. Biochemical studies have}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {illuminated many aspects of disease and the study of certai
n diseases}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {have ope
ned up new therapeutic approaches. In brief the objectives}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {can be listed as follows:}\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {Isolation, structural elucidation and the determination of mode of}\p
ar\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {action of biomolecu
les.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}\ta
b \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Identification of disease mechanisms.}\par\pard\li

0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Study of in born errors of metabolism}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmu
lt0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Stud
y of oncogenes in cancer cells}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {5.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The relationship of bioc
hemistry with genetics, physiology,}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {immunology, pharmacology, toxicology etc.}\par\pard\li400\ri0
\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Biochemistry is related to almost al
l the life sciences and without}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {biochemistry background and knowledge, a thorough understanding}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of health and well-bei
ng is not possible.}\par\pard\li3053\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li305
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3053\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li3053\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ii}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sb
kpage\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn93\cols
2\colno1\colw2200\colsr-0\colno2\colw4466\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1.
1 Introduction}\b0 \par\column\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li120\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {CHAPTER 1}\b0 \pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {LIVING CELL}\b0 \par
\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li4
00\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The cell is the basic structur
al and functional unit in all living}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {organisms. Living forms vary in size but they are all made up
of cells. In}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unicel
lular organisms, the cell is the organ. As an organism grow in}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {complexity, the cells increase in nu
mber and similar cells aggregate into}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {tissues and organs with specialized functions. The shape of t
he cell is}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {often de
termined by its function and the size of the cell is determined}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {by the optimum dimensions that wil
l enable it to perform its duties more}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {effectively.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {The human body is composed of a multiple of specialized tissues}
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {which inturn consis
t of vast clusters of cells differentiated into specialised}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {chemical factories which perform vario
us biochemical reactions.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\b {1.1.1 Types of cells}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {Two general types are recognised in nature. They are prokaryot
ic}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and eukaryotic c
ells.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1.1.1.1}\b0
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Prokaryotic cells}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li400\r
i0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Prokaryotes were the first cells t
o arise in biological evolution. They}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {are very small and simple having only a single membrane. The
cell}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {membrane, is
usually surrounded by a rigid cell wall.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They are devoid of nucleus and membranous organelles suc
h as}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mitochondria a

nd endoplasmic reticulum etc. (Fig. 1.1).}\par\pard\li3080\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
{1}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\p
ard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft560\shptop3386\shpright6800\shpbottom3386\shpfhdr0\shpwr
3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shplid2029\shpz0\shpbxpage\shpbypage
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;2;(0,0);(6240,0);}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;5;16384;45824;1;45824;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}}
{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft626\shptop10106\shpright6866\shpbottom10106\shpfhdr0\shp
wr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shplid2031\shpz2\shpbxpage\shpbypage

\margtsxn586\margbsxn93\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
{1.1.1.2 }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Eukaryotic cells}\b0 \i0 \par\p
ard\li400\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Eukaryotic cells are pr
esumably derived from prokaryotes. They}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {are much larger and much more complex than prokaryotic cell
s}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(Fig. 1.2).}\par\
pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They have nucleus and
membrane bound subcellular organelles.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {Many of their metabolic reactions are segregated within stru
ctural}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {compartments
. The significant differences between prokaryotic and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {enkaryotic cells are:}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sb
knone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw3560\colsr
-0\colno2\colw3106\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {
Eukaryotes}\par\pard\li66\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li66\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li66\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx
466\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Have nucleus
with nuclear}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {memb
rane}\par\pard\li66\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}\t
ab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Have membrane bound}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-333\sl
mult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {subcellular organelles such}\par\pard\li466\ri
0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as mitochondria, endoplasmic}\par\p
ard\li466\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {reticulum and golgi com
plex}\par\pard\li66\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3.}\t
ab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Have large ribosomes}\par\pard\li66\ri0\sl-333\sl
mult0 \*\tx466\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ha
ve many chromosomes}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {which undergo mitosis}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {and meiosis during cell}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {division}\par\pard\li66\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {5.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Reproduce by sexual}\par\pard\
li466\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {division}\par\pard\li66\ri0
\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {They are present in fungi,}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {protozoa, most algae,}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {higher plants and animals}\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3013\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i3013\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li333\ri
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li333\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li333\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Prokaryotes}\par\pard\li4
0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li40\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Do not have nucleus}\par\
pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Do not have organ
elles}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Have small ribosomes}\par\pard\li26\r
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Have a single chromosome,}\par\par
d\li40\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {which consists of a single

}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {molecule of doubl
e helical}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {DNA}\par
\pard\li13\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Reproduce by asexual}\
par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {division}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They are found in eubacteria,
}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the blue green al
gae, the}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {spirochet
es and the}\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mycopla
sma}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\
pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\shp
{\*\shpinst
\shpleft573\shptop2880\shpright6800\shpbottom8946
\shpfhdr0\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shplid2032\shpz0\shpbxpage\shpbypage
\absh11040\absw7360{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 75}}
{\sp{\sn pibFlags}{\sv 2}}
{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fEditedWrap}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn pib}{\sv {\pict
\jpegblip
FFD8FFE000104A46494600010100000100010000FFDB004300080606070605080707070909080A0C
140D0C0B0B0C1912130F141D1A1F1E1D1A1C1C20242E2720222C231C1C2837292C30313434341F27
393D38323C2E333432FFDB0043010909090C0B0C180D0D1832211C21323232323232323232323232
3232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232FFC0
0011080087009003012200021101031101FFC4001F00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090A0BFFC400B5100002010303020403050504040000017D010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191A1082342B1C11552D1F02433627282090A161718191A2526272829
2A3435363738393A434445464748494A535455565758595A636465666768696A737475767778797A
838485868788898A92939495969798999AA2A3A4A5A6A7A8A9AAB2B3B4B5B6B7B8B9BAC2C3C4C5C6
C7C8C9CAD2D3D4D5D6D7D8D9DAE1E2E3E4E5E6E7E8E9EAF1F2F3F4F5F6F7F8F9FAFFC4001F010003
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090A0BFFC400B511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291A1B1C109233352F015
6272D10A162434E125F11718191A262728292A35363738393A434445464748494A53545556575859
5A636465666768696A737475767778797A82838485868788898A92939495969798999AA2A3A4A5A6
A7A8A9AAB2B3B4B5B6B7B8B9BAC2C3C4C5C6C7C8C9CAD2D3D4D5D6D7D8D9DAE2E3E4E5E6E7E8E9EA
F2F3F4F5F6F7F8F9FAFFDA000C03010002110311003F00F7FA28EF45001451450014514500145145
001451450014D6CE0EDE0E3827A53AA1B894C36D2CA064A21600F7C0A00A763A83CD613CD711ED92
077574404F439007A9DA57F1A68D72CCA924C8A40CE0A9E9C64E7A1039E47A1C66ABD9A983C3C671
1FDA24B8C4BB586776EC05C81E836E71E951BDC49BF79D095E750C013804F4CE0E3A124F7F7A00D7
8AED26F24A06DB2A17524638E3FC6ACD672197ED769BA3084C72654701172B8FC7EEF1D3AFE319B8
D4815616AC57192015041FEEF24FE7DFDA803568AA76525EC8D2FDAEDE3894636056DC4F5CE7F4AB
9400514565DCEB11DADCB42632FB723E42376700F23B0C1F5C93D05006A5158BFDBE8932452D9DCA
B3608655CA9C8CE339EA3BF1D411517FC24837484E9B7E151412762123F0DDEEBF5FC0D006FD3490
A0927007249AC61E218C9706CAF11D485557400393D30413C1C1E7A0C1CF4AA37BA85BDB6E9359BA
880E8A8D908A73FDDEE7DCF3CF6A00D7935BB1452CB2B4807F12464AFF00DF5F747D49C5660F152D
C3BAC109876360B5C9033F400F3F9FA71CD656A119BE580DACDBE39543B3A8621464E064118273C8
247DDEBD8E609AD6D7113CE23674CC6A6319953D76E30C38FBD93F53498D1D147AD4B75318D6F5D5
811BC08820527F87247F5CD506F136A9A7ADDBDF2470DBC329489A401DE71D8AED23F91FAE2A8C57
313B2B09A7693013021620A641C011E4E720742338EA055BF23FB4DA68CDB836CA43462620B8193C
707A8C74241E99F5A5A8F42EC3E2E49133F68F2DB827CD80B05FA818207B9ABC35E8E4B19E594DBD
D5B2A379AD04806001C8E4E3F36158ABE1B43E6011181D72C84E063AE4E32D81DBAF35347A16DD18
D879E577C85A5719F9867A633C7000C1E3B51A8FDD2E68B7716ADA3C360CD801D95B771F2AB92AAB
D89DA17A7415A6740B6F36370D27CA72D9392C3B8CFA1EF9CE6B1F4DB6115A4C9E6C73A34AF20F28
6021241C639C9CF39ED5A505FCD62CC979379B067E594A10D10F47F51EFDBBE7934D3EE4B4BA1B1E
57FA4F9A4E709B547A73CFF21F954B58074DB88A0794EA3BC6090CDD3EF16EF9EB9C1C751C76153A
41AA4AB1CBF6908E01186039071D46383C0E3EBEBC311B14563ADAEB01B2DA8210A080DB065F9EE3
1C7EBC7E753D945A847266EE68D936ED089CF39EB9C0FA7F9E403468A826B88ADD434AEA809C73FE
7D39A85355B078D5C5E5B80C011BA4008CFE3401768AA6DAA69E8096BFB6503924CCA3FAD417BA84
12593ADB5CC723BB08B313862B9EA78EE0063F8500665F5F25C6A4AE8E1E011E23DC0A8DD9C1209E
B9CA80471DB3F30CE2EB3A05B5F6A42EAEEECAC6542951CB6D000200FA039E0FD38CD6E98A278B63
20318180AB91B46318C8F6E303F1E2B3228443AC242BA7EEB7281BCE27015B9C718C67381EBCFD4D
0327586DAE218ADEDA58E3B68D02AC3E5927032338EE3B72A6A85CC5A7DC5F34CEBF6A93E52F3858
C0C7231BC2F1D31C10319E6B5AE2C2DA5CC92C4193258919193819271D4F6E735512F238A3090442
42EA4E14972C481939E41EDC139A408D048AD1D77ADB458CF00A0047B7B74EFF00E14AD2DB4070F3
451F4382C071F8D61A442EF4DBC9236CAC0CA5B6BA82B1E1B2707383C7D78C03818AA3677890C690
6C927DC4E240C700923057B8382390BCF5A2E163A5B1B516525DDC9BC795267697F78FC20C138FF3
C600FC65FB424D66F25B3C7200300A30299C0F4EDEE3902A18A4B5366DA72931C8F1608917380C1B
A9F5EBC0F4358DE1FD16F34BBBBB8DB60B36CEC1BB3CF1DBF4CFF2A60519A5BEB7B8171BA5082411
004900940B81EFC10719C9208C73C56D4AF2E22D4C5F473CA636542064E5481F3291EB919E7FBD5D
7DF69AB75031F270EF8C9CE0B0F4F6F5CE383CD63D869ACF712C1748268B69072A00E09EB83C1C82
30323EF107040A406D787E732B2C5311E50C9B68C671191C11EFCE48F41C01C574F5C3E997E8DAA1
B482278FEC7346BBB20E72DB4F1D8618F5EBD6BB8A62614514500579ED62B9004CBB80390324557F
EC5D3B8FF458CED1819E71C93F9E49E69F7F2DDC31A359C1E736F1BD78CEDC1E992067200EBC6738
359D1EA3AECAC8DFD891C60A64AC97233BB8E0900E3F8BD73F2F4E70017D746D394A916919DA3032
33C567EA3A7DA472C11C76F1A21DF2700603FCA01FC8914CFB7F88832E3464DA54E4B5C29DA7DF18
CE723F23EB5078A24BF4B72F118A3658652BB41738CAF3DB07DB9A006EA109B184CB04B2294C6433
1607903F8B38E0D4E8B3150D0CD1CA0AF591796FF810FE82B91D181D4342BD8DAFA592DD0820A800
672723039038C63B1ADBD3859368C27936322A82659724302037F17FBDD050332753F1D2586A6B6A
F146C9823CDF33702C31907A60FCC3FC804CB797A97914724AC551D59833215110C818DDF74F403B
E7B76071B56F0F45A9F882D6EA37B7BBD398BB3C02560C58839F94753923A72315AB22A59D9DAE9D
167ECF0E576B06519CE76F38C8C1033DC673480AF63AC9B3BC79AD6F4491B29DE0A9749460FF0008
F7E7391C75EE2B56DACEEEC59E48AEFCD61B888E4501189E71EB9CF7C9FC335956B00B7B5FB5BABC
B24A0F9A3058AF7C050381900600EDCF735CB2C9AADD78AA27B69A40E2E633122392861CF518E36E
CF61DA819DF3DE4F34BE55E40E53964912320C63D78CE3919EA73D8E456A5ADEDCC53082E1896E8A
E4E430C9EA7F5E3A74F42DCEDBC57FA8C17771330581881047B83142AC7232140232ABC127D735A1
6F2ADC696244512491A827665B78C90071D5778CE076DBF5A046CDD42F34F6B225CCB1AC4C5CA272
241E87DBA0FF00EBE0851148BA8BCC5731B46198F182DC01DFA7079F5EF515AEA264BD96D902288C
6ECF3F28CE33E9DBB67F01578072D97FBA46005273F4C531105E48AB087E4BC6C24279C7CAC1BAFD
47D3BD7435813A89E3923CA6F642AA782338C7E5DF1D7D2B6A097CFB78A5031BD0363D3228025A28
A2802A5F5D496900786DDE7919C2845CF7EFDF02A836B5720A11A55CE1B20FCAC0838C8EDD3B7AE7
8C558D645B7D881BA69550483FD51C127FC3BFE1590F1E88C61325C5CC81A4DAA49623392D83C7A9
FA8E3EB401B36D737D7102CAD6490B31FB924A4103FEF9FAF159DAB993EDB68B3CD6F1AC91C8A108
CEEC94E012464FE1F85471E9BA25DABBC3E7305C0CA6F27F0EE4707F5AA5E31B942968CA93640900
CC6CA3276FA81400977691D8696FE5348559D4B26428392075001E9FFEAAC9D7B47B7D37C3504110
F3C42D18F325393800F39C1C0E38FF001AD7225BCD1C47F6775DF0A9592590051C020EE19EE01A94
5D89A08E399ED25623E708C6407FE0200F4F5A4331B40678740BC6552225259027CBCED19008E473
9E719AA0654BA8992E2347919049BA501BCBF9571F88248FC3DEBA88A39120F2EDA1F2E2500E1201
19FC9C8E7DF07F3AE6354D06FD02A8F23EC3BC318CC685B2096E70A338DCC705B1DF39A180902DD3
42632B21F31482DE68C6D20F4EE0E4E73FAE0E2A6335A49E1F95AE2E44690A80E61D9F2807E5E390
4123A1C83E959E9A6DC58AB2A5D9CB654A49192A4E4E0658F0DB481D8FA8245431693A7C70ECF250
D9DC286019C828001C143D4EEC9CF5CE47D10CD0D0F5D96EC6A1197B875841F28CAA80F1FC385031
D578C639E0939ADF82E9217F2E268E45E433BB12DB724AF3DF8E39E99F7AE72CA1B3D3775BD8FCA1
59DBF7818967E786E9CE4600C839EBD02B5F9B63C7114CAAB6046A7194C75C9EE0FDE385C0C8A605
BD3E64B691A67DEAAB0EDF978249624281EB83DAB523D51DE38C2A209257D8E9CE00C82C7071C8CE
3F97BC5E4DA791F6B36E15D70230FC0EBC7CBD3A0073E83DB8A12CC39718558BE50EDD5DC8F4EE42
F6F5E79A046AC5A9C12CAD6C22906EE85C0018E074F5EBFE78ADFD358B69766C460985091FF0115C
335FDA6953C6F2BA46224318C1C82DD49CF18E78C77ED5DBE9273A35891FF3EF1FFE8228065DA293
18E9D296988A97C2E5ADC8B578D242C3E67E8067FC8ACD92CF556316CFB046410480A71F2F4C71FE
7B63BD8D6A213DAC7098E4977CCBF22100B6327BF6E33FE15990E96F35D224F6F74A8CA7F7C66191
803B6D07EF7201EFCE3B500695BDB6A91C89E6496EA9E66E7118E5971803A75FBBCFF2AC9F18C023
D3E19A5BB6C79A131205DB8233E83BAAFAFD2B660D1ACE080460CAC0E32DE7105801819DB8C8C76E
955754D3EC1B4B736F0431B2C8A03C48A0A9DC01C7BF5A00E4AEC5BDDF85D360370CA37304CB1217
3C679C7033ED51F86B519E2BC92C1621246C03214C041D7F2CED23A6720F190457530C4CBE559D9C
31825198A9F9015C8CF23383C8EDDFDAA2B5B1B6B776F2E1D92162A633F781F619C01D0F1FCA90C5
BF1AA4D65225A3DBDBCACBB55DB2E73C7D31C0EB834915939D3A28F51BD331DA04B85454739FA647
3EF9CF4F6ABA96BB6DA689924DE244C1208237024721BA1C0EDEDCE07350CF17FC241A3C6F05C18C
81CA8C654E3054F607EBD47B1CD303564D1ACA660F35BA4ECA06DF3419001FF02E9C7D2B88D6A4B2
B5D4E5863B4B8B9452710331F28100FF00779CE549E7AFE62B46CEFAFF0041B84B6B98A47B7660BD
49C71C9F619EFEBEA391D3BDAA34BE679281C1193DCFF91F5E2901856BE55E58F9D27FA1BB70D146
320E40E4E0F1FC43248C8EBC1C52082D6CA533CE8559B2561E4311D71CF21475C138EE37706B66E3
4F47DB22148C9397D8A371E9DFD78E8723D8D40BE1EB68EE9E49143FCD944C1C28C0EBEBCF3D8738
C7A160B946E246B878E679BF72E38D847EE9475000C9DD9E3DFB7FB35EE76DE662B7023B78D4EC0C
402C300F03BF041C0CF45F5C56B4DA54115C7DA2403CB897708F6F1C67A8CF38CE01C0E303EB4AD6
C9F50BD6F30B88812CC33C91B8F1EE33F9F24F42B4018BA968F035DDB2CB75881576C8E09214E4E4
67B9E7A9EDD6BD274801746B251820409C8208FBA3D2B97D2B56B5BAD46EECEDADDD4C383E670448
338FCF23BF6C1EF5D6D80C69B6A3D224FE42840CB34514531156F2ED2CE0695C16EC15719271EFF8
D523AA58EA2DF638E66323B0DB85209C60E41C71572FE179ADF0854618312C71B40EE0F383592BA6
6A8970264BA883B2052422E2303A638E467B71904F43834012AF866C14903CCDACC188C8EB8C0EDF
4FAE39EF982EB4FD2ECF4BBC86DE6D92152E02DC10DB80E3A1C9E467EB56A1B578A5FF008995EC13
C401D892A2F03385249EF8C0F735AA7CB862C9DA91A8FA00280393B4B84B2BB8EEADA1B890F9450C
4779DC09072A4F19E07A0C77A9E3BD92E6EDDBECFB2698F9891BCA980000BCF3C8E3A8E39C73DDD0
DC24133DAC70C92F97D1A303053B1DC700F1C7D41FAD53BA9668AFA091E210ED5CA9624A92D9E33C
007008C72002791D68192EA1632EA410797026DCE5FCD2C5B83C6303B8F5FCEB989AE6EFC3939996
23E5120CA8C84A301DF8C91FEF723D735D8595FC33A954C46E7AC6791DBF31CE7FA55A748DE3D8EA
195B8209CF1FD7FCFB5004569225C5AA4A50AB3287D87920904F7EBDFD071DAB3F59BBBF819059DB
16500977E0E393EBDF81F9F602B4BCF8A008993866D804609C1F4017BFCB54EFF5336AC375B4851B
3B99959076F5033CFE5F53408AFA449AA5C067BE053E60A8CA3049C0EDE99FA63D7938D70072BD94
E0E01C67838FA563C7757FA9165443690330C103048C1EC79CF2BCF1EBDB07420B65B7899236C169
373B1E4B374EBEBC7A5004B310F16C9103EF1B483821B8E87DAAAB5B5BA7CD1A79521E3745C1E3D7
D475EB914E79D23CA9577652142A465883E9C671F8FD4541E533DE2CD2E03C24EC1C1DAD8C1E7B9C
13D0F1D01E0E4028D968F1E95E7140656BB6DA64881257279F979CF073C6738E8315D925EDA30016
E61E4E00DE3AFA75EB5434B437056EB27C95C88B231B8FAF4E98E07E3DB1565F47B090387B70DB98
B9249CE4F7CD004C2FED0DC8B75B88DA62321030271CFF0081A486FEDA799628DC9764F3002A4657
38CF35147A458C4A152DC2E01008639008C1E73E9C54B6D616D664B4110424004824E40A005BBB54
BD87C99199537063B4E0920E47EB835973787D255485AE6E1A0CFCE0B007000E06077FF1EE6B4EF2
39E4B674B77092371B8E781F87E59EDD6B3D6CF558A56F2AE9369014798C49200E09C8EBD413DF83
EC4026FEC480BA16967609B309B8053B738047A727F3AB82D2012798537B6720C84B153ED9E9F856
71B7D736AE2F2DD59700FCB90FEE7E5E3B703DF9E9896DEDB5375916EEF36E5542342172A7BF55A0
04D5D7CA8C5E2E02C4312927002773F875E78C66B2A6D4EC100591E39118118182A4FA67A7E0715B
1FD8B64C419E392E48E73712B4833F4271F863159D7BA0C90286D2F6C611B78854EC19F4CF423D01
1D71CE06DA00E7ED2E17519AF1B4DB4F2D63608FE690C7706EAA0EE51D08C93C0E98EB57EDB54B88
8F92B0798E0ED292311838EC5B27A76E48F5EC2B5EEA1A9DA90935ABAC9B7013A091BBFF008641C7
7271C55C9753B04BB11DCC40C8AAAC24E244E46E041EA472390290C7DADB58E9FA73068BC9B790F9
A5673D09038E73CF18C7F5CD243AA68BE72DBDBCB179F21DA02260B1C9EFF5FE54ED5B4C87578922
9657C236F5287073823A7E35058F876C6CA61391249321C82E41DA7D40FF003F9D302BEAF3DEA5EB
C61FCB8081B0AE4738F5EDCF1CF06AD68B7327F677CC93CECA7689032124607392464E7D87B714E8
8DD4975763548A04B38C8F20E707041CE79F423A8EBD2AD4525B8C476CAF220E9E5465C753C1207B
F7FC69014FCB7FB5991ADE52AC728A36829D381F39039E7206727AD5A8BCD99C5AC16B32A800CAC8
506C1D7039EA7F41CFD6F45A75C4E733318633C6C043391DF27A0FC33F506B521863B78C47128551
D87AD3022FB4791039FB1CC89121215554E40EC0293CFB62A9BEB051BCB5B3B899D42993CB8CE172
33DFAF71F51CE2B5E9A15549200049C9C77A046536AF3A923FB32E98F51B5383D3D718FE7ED572CA
EE4BB1233DACB6E15B6812705BDFE956E8A004F5A5A28A0028A28A0028A28A008E48E39A368E5457
42395619047D2B26F7C35A75F63723461542AAA630A074DA08217F0C514500169E1CB7B22C60B9B9
527A9250FAE3F87DCD59FECA42306EAE1873C12BFF00C4D145004B0E9F6B14A1D632CE0E41772D83
ED93C7E15728A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2803FFFD9}
}}}}\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsxn586\margbsxn93\pard\
li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The eukaryotic cell structu
re is composed of (i) cell membrane, (ii)}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nucleus (iii) mitochondria (iv) endoplasmic reticulum (v)
golgi apparatus}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(v
i) ribosomes (vii) lysosomes and others. These specialised structural}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {units are called as subcellul
ar organnelles. Biochemistry today is}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {increasingly concerned with the structure of cells and their
organelles.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig
. 1.2 The structural organisation of eukaryotic cells}\b0 \par\pard\li3080\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3080\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
3080\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3080\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li3080\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3080\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3080\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3080\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3080\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3080\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3080\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li3080\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3080\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li3080\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3080\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3080\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3080\ri0\s
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\shp
{\*\shpinst
\jpegblip
FFD8FFE000104A46494600010100000100010000FFDB004300080606070605080707070909080A0C
393D38323C2E333432FFDB0043010909090C0B0C180D0D1832211C21323232323232323232323232
3232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232FFC0
00110800B7017803012200021101031101FFC4001F00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090A0BFFC400B5100002010303020403050504040000017D010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191A1082342B1C11552D1F02433627282090A161718191A2526272829
2A3435363738393A434445464748494A535455565758595A636465666768696A737475767778797A
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090A0BFFC400B511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291A1B1C109233352F015
6272D10A162434E125F11718191A262728292A35363738393A434445464748494A53545556575859
5A636465666768696A737475767778797A82838485868788898A92939495969798999AA2A3A4A5A6
F2F3F4F5F6F7F8F9FAFFDA000C03010002110311003F00F7FA28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A280
0A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800ACFBABE9629C5BDBC51C9284F31CC921458D39C12707AE0
E07B1E78ABAE58464A8DCC0703D6B0E2D0A4FB4C77970DE74F2BB35D44EEC6239031B57A6576A804
8E993D4D005CB6BF926B44BC984505B8476932C4F00F0C0F1F29009C91E953D95E7DAECE3B965540
FC81BF3819E01F438EA3B1E39AC7B9B0BD921FDE5909D6EA732DE461D412806123E782385CF38203
75DD8A41A4DDADE3C925B5BCC9366411823CA8A5C05C907EF615540239CEEFBA08C006DCF7F696B2
C714F7314724840456600B64E38FC6A41710B48F18950BA0CB2861951EE3B5611D22ED2F435BEC88
2A85691A42EB32AA9081908C020E0E411D3DF01ABA4DCDCDA456D25B8B784A18A6F9C33BAB01E631
23A96C633D7924F200A00DC37B6AA8AC6E620AC400C5C6093D3F3A71BAB71722D8CF189CAEE116E1
B88F5C75C560C7A000C196CEDE29277DD29007C91A7291023D4E09EC7E7F5155B4ED26F92DB75DDA
19A65425D66645F36461876F949C92A586588C0E0002803A5B6BFB3BC7912DAEA099A3C6F11C81B6
E7A671D3A1AB3593A3584D662632EE556DA2189DFCC68D07405CF27A93824E3B1AD6A0028A28A002
8A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A002
B384D3C3ABB41336EB7B840D01C636BAFDE5CFB8C30EFC37A568D53D42DDAE6D4888859E3224898F
40E3A67D8F43EC4D005CA2ABDA5C2DD5AC73282030E54F553DC1F70722AC50014514500145145001
45145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001
4514500145145001451450014514500145145004724890C6D248E123504B331C003DEA1B6BEB7BCD
FE449B8A63208208CF4383DB1DFA1A86E152E35048A523CB8104C54F466248527D8609FAE0F6ACEB
AD5A117D8B29104F3421CB952ECE80B0408B919C9DC73D00E4F068036E69E281034AEAAA582027B9
27007E669629A39A49511B2D136C71E8700FF222B05EF9A5105C5C08E46B3B7499D623957B8906D5
553DFAB0EBFC4B57CBFF006268924D2EE9A545323841CCB231CE147A963803E82803528AE625D675
A81650F676BE6456C8EC379FF5AC70A981D4B1E319E38E4E6AEC1ACC9757B0476F046F6F23B02FE6
9DE1006F9F6E3852CB8073CE73401B54C77442A1D8296381938C9AC24F105C4D32245A731497CD68
E59250A863438121EA429C8E719E7804735565D6A5B8921BD8EC2478ED6D05D488CDB423BAFDDCE3
970BB8631FC6338E2803AAA2B04F896112FF00C7A5CB45E649189428C36D3B78C9C9CB6146010491
CD21F12A01761AC2E565B69638593018B48FB4851B49C90AC09F41401BF45623EBEAA25430347711
CA6331CCEA000115CBB104E14065E79E4E3B8AB2BA83B684750962F218406528493B78CFA027F207
DA802968CAD613EC76630EA124B7111624ED76666DBED952081FECB56FD675DD819B4A5B681F64B0
AA981DB3F2BAFDD27DB8E47719155AE75A8D34886F830899E54474660083BC2BAF3D4AFCDC0E78E2
8036A8AC1B2D6A45B6266B1D425266930C96ED80A5DB670C01FBBB7B53AFB5F486D97CAB4BCF39D8
20F32D65548FFDA76DB80A3AF5E7A77A00D1BABE8AD4A236F795FEE4518CB37D0761CF53803B9A60
975190656DA08876124A59BF100607E04D43A4ADA3C4D3DBDE477B2BB625B8570DB88EDC7DD03B2F
6FAE4D6A500663DD6AD0E19F4D86641D45BDC65CFD15D547FE3D52DAEA76F76ED12978EE1465A095
4A381EB83D47B8C8F7ABD556EEC6DEFA355B84C953B91D495643EAA4720FD2802D5159025BDD2CE2
E77DE5A7FCF755FDEC63FDB51F787BA8CFA8EA6B4A19E2B98566825492361957439047D68025A28A
2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A
2800A28A2800A28A2802B5D5859DEEDFB55AC33EDCEDF3630DB7E99A8EEB4CB2BE747B9B68E56405
46E1DBB83EA381C1E2AED1401526D3ED27F33CCB78C9902AB30182429CAF3EC4E47A53E5B68E6317
9833E5B8751938C8E9F5F5FAF35628A00A474EB732072AC5BCFF00B41249E5F6ED19F5C0C63D303D
2A869DA6E9F6B25C58C135C65171E4972A2346FEEF4CFA6EE48E99E2B72A9DE592DD04756314F1E4
C732F543FD47A83C1A008DB48B364991A3CC734690B2741E5AE709FEEF2DC7B9A6368966D3C93159
7CC91FCC63E6B60BF66DB9DA48C0C1C7181E82A4B4BD6791ADAE504776832CA0F0E3A6E5F51FA8E8
7B66FD00519B4BB79AC21B21BE28A12863F2DB0576E3183F85476FA3595A48AF0C4CA565337DE272
E54216393C9DA3AFB93D4D69556BE95ADEC2E264E5E389980F700D0066DCF86EC6E6686725D6789D
DD64C231CBB063F781C7207230401806ACEA5E5A5B5BDAB300B34A918DE7A81F33027FDD46A8D755
6BE00692A970AC38B9738840F507F8FF00E03C76241AA6964D71ABC0F72F2DCC96A0CECEEA550310
E81510F03F88E793D3920D005CBFBE9A3824911A3B5B741F35CCFC00738E07D7B9E3D88AC8B9B9D3
BC2B7A9AA6A37816DAEF16ED7174F9749B27017D9B0785E015C81824D69CB6B34935D7D8DD2DAEA6
850477AE03890827398C11920639F7F6C5541E12D25EDE6B7BCB48EEC5D5CB5DB2DE399F64C540F9
770E9B41E38E38E868035E268E6884ABE6186504070E4EE0DD0AE3381CF5E08A49C6C62C587CCC72
141018600C13EB9C73F862ACAEC76DBB41F288C118E0E3F4EB55D9844AAAA823590FCC090A133D79
1C6EC91C77A00A37D15AC405ECF3FD95D540378488CA81C7CC48DA49240DADC77038AA3A0DC21D4A
7B0BFBF96F35185B7191A5014E790BB170AAC076C1E3904F38D0BAB292F2E6DA58AE637D3D4C8B3D
A2C4AC272703258918DA724FAFA6715957725EDB2C70DD5B62FEE6E4C76F25B2B4888CA5DA27663C
80554861920038E87900EBE8AAF6572B7B636F7480859A359003D40233562800ACC9B4D6499AE74F
945ACEE72EBB774729F565F5FF006860F4CE40C569D14019835492DF8BFB39A03DE48C19633F88E4
0F760055BB6BCB6BD42F6B7114E80E0B46E1803F8558AA973A658DE387B9B3B795C7469220C47E34
016F345677F62D90E105C463D22B99107E8C290E8B66DC39B9917BA4B752BA9F62A58823DA802FBB
AC6A5DD82A8EA49C01544EBBA5EE2897D04B20E0C70B798FFF007CAE4D247A068F1B064D2ECF72F4
2615247E38AD05508A15400074038A00CF4D6AD5DB6F9778BEF2594CA07E2540AB905CC17517996F
3472A74DD1B061F98A9AA8DC6976971299B634570463CF84947FC48EA3D8E47B5005EA2B36CEE2E1
2E8D8DE10D2852F14C0604A8319C8ECC32323A1C823B81A540051451400514514005145140051451
4005145140051455517F69F69FB30B988CF9C797B8673D6802D514540975048EA892A3336EC00739
DA70DF91E28027A28A2800A2AAFDB202EA824059A4318039CB01923F21FD3AD5AA0028A28A0028A2
8A00AB796697518C92B2A1DD1CABC3237A8FF0E847078A82DAF9C4FF0062BC0A974012A4642CC3FB
CBFD4751EE304C37BAC4369AB4166BBE6B89217716F10DCE705304F651C9E5881EF4D920BBD42451
7788115B22380FCE38EA6438C7071F2723D68006D595757BAB58524B8B84541E4C6385C8272CDD14
73DF938E01A49ACDE78FCCD5099577802DA342D10C91D40E5FEADC0EB818AB7045140B1DBC50C422
019B601B4E55860853D79E49CF5C1EF5297118566599390D8C16E49C638CF73DB81F4A0040152400
346CE990A1B82BD0F1ED8238AE7BC3BA36B5A55CEA571A86BD71A9C573306895970224C6495EBD49
E80002BA7F9D61F9B1248179DA3018FF004AC1F0CFF6ABC37126A704B693E42240C10471202DB42E
C6218E1802463381C0C628035E362642BBF7B92DB246DA70B919E98E33C7AF1CD56BC06E55AC21B8
92D669177FEE4A878C6796393C8278E39E6B0F43B1D766696E2EBC591EA90999E230C36512C4BB49
0C0F7C82082339FAD685FCB69FF09059E74CBA9B5158488E58D7091A31E4336703EEF4E4FA64D006
B2B36E850C9B6419CABE33201C1381F507DB3D29E548242A27999EB820609FE78FD6A0B0B7834FB1
B3B0B40CB0451048D6424B04518039E73D2A50047BD4312C4603282580FA9CE48249E7F2A00CE9EE
74BBA985EA5C5ABB5A978448F3623DCD8564E0E33BB60C90719C0E49AA702DD4315BD99D57ED4D13
97B949E18C34B13862A9B78D878C0DDD7073ED66637025BD8BEC7622DD009A03312AB23A95259FE5
3B7690086E73C63A66B235D479F4D16D3694259F500229DE20C3E75E73C8CC806E242363846ED401
A7E14B4863F0FE9B7105D5C147B68DD94CE6443951C7CD9DA07A2E05745593A45BE970C4174E8161
31A04641198DC0C71B94E0E7DC8AD6A0028A2A39658E189A495D511464B39000FC68024A4E73ED59
A359866FF8F286E2F4750D0A6108F676214FE0697EDBA8FDEFECA3B3D3CF5DFF00974FD68034A8AC
E3AB450FFC7E5BDC5A0FEF4AA0A01EA5949551F522AFAB2C8A19486523208E411400EA28A2800A28
A280337560D1C505EC6A59AD25129006494C157E3BFCAC4E3B902AFA3A4D1ABA3064600AB0390453
EB30595C58163A718DA163936D212AAA7FD8600ED1ED823D31401A74567C5AAC666582E229AD6663
85598001CFA2B02549F6CE7DAB42800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A280296AB3BDB695773A36
C78E2660C790BC75FC3AD559EE34FD3B4F629E54A6CE3122A6F048C820313DB393C9F73EB5AC4645
431DA5BC30B431DBC49136728AA0039EBC50063AEA17805E7EFE37611A088794548958951C673B73
B793D79238A92364B1B2BEBC41FBBB588C50EE3FC31839FC776E19EF815A7059DB5AC623B7B78A24
07216340A01F5C0EF4E6821785A16891A27055A3206083D723F1A00E7FFB7AE567B842B18892D927
57DA49D997DF211E9F28DA3A9CE4F7C0358BF7BEB9893ECE4451AFCAAA4E25725563DD9C3608258F
18E9EB57E7992D2F276BDB4885B4C823FB4819F9467E597D0659B0791C9CE3BDF16B6C628D041179
684140146148E847A6280296996CA267914968E1060898F5639CC8C7DCB0C1FF00773DEB56988891
8215428249C018E49E69F4005150DC5CC1690996E2548E31C166200CD679BABEBE5FF4285ADE13FF
002DAE2321987FB287047D5B1F434017AE6EE0B48C3CD22A0270A0F258FA01DCFB0AA130BFD46375
41259DA95232B813BFD3B27E393FEE9A9ADECA2B69565DD24B70CC55A7941672307807A28C8CE060
7B64D4E172434615B6C87852540F5CFA9E49E7FF00AF401041656F616CD0D9471C683820E54BBF1C
97EA49E393927D6A5640AC556308C3E489C264202071C741F2FB76A57593CB9159F1B400AF2A820B
6783C63BE38E29B3BC56B13CB232450C6725C49B42E4F2CD9C0EF9E73400E89494882B168C8C021B
782BCE324F249E39E7FAD73DA9782ECB5BBB9E7BEB9BD712426386D8B62DADD80DBBD63C00CD9E7E
6C8F4E2ACDF6AEED696B36956AFAB9BB6114724120458F0092D24833B578EC3AF18E6AA78812FF00
50934F862D59EC195CADCDBE9E04B348C573B439002018CEE239F6EE019FE1D8C2EB335ADA68FAE4
D1D93342354D46F58248EB918085B95E31954C7B56DEA1E228749D562B292D2E998C485DEDE26963
8892C0295519E76B60E07F4A94CD2594D147700B42AD1C71DEC8D86723E5225F978272C411C12719
52465F7D0DFDD416B0D8DCC89BE506799F6E4C39F9B057F8883804631D7B60806743A3DB69BA9C53
E93A545E4CC1D2EA76B96291C6ADBB02339058B16EC31CE4F6AD18B49952EA4B9BBD56F6E600E658
ADDF6A88F20775019B1CE013DFA1201A7D969D67A645710D8D97964967775524C84E09DC58E598FA
E4FD69B2DE18E77025B713AC9BBCA92E880D850180C7400321E41E4F41906802FBCD1DB8DA1C700C
8CACDCEDCF5E4F033EBC62A84B7C61B6B99ED521BA96D83A6C33223190004866E8B91F31CE081D8F
4A8AEBCD4B969ADA6B61E524A5239C00379C67E6EA146D6247539EA00ACA5BB92F56CEDD2DFF00B3
77C86E3CF2EDE51958E480C31BF966E0E0370412322802ECD2D9C1A943717BFBBBCB38B033249246
8B22FDDDD8192593B824FA7CCA2A969FA6DD8BE33CB75AA5B4C247369F6B2268CA3E090DE9D8004A
90060124B16B763A709B529E1D5A69A5D4E095A5B6BADC5374473828ABF28DA0EC618E7009FBC2BA
6446440ACECE47F136013F9500670975987E57B6B3B951FC71CCD196FF00801040FF00BEA97ED9A9
9E174A01BD5EE140FD327F4AD3A28033026AF71C48F6B669D0F924CCE7E858281F8A9A743A45B2BA
CB7064BB9D4EE125C9DC54FAA8FBAA7FDD02B468A0028A28A002B22E6C27B5CCFA4148E504B35B37
114DEDFEC1FF006877EA0D6BD14014B4CD461D52C52EA20CA092AF1B8C346E0E19587620822AED73
77F29F0EEAC751DA7FB32F5D56EC8E90CB80AB2FFBA40556F4C29F5AE90500145145001451450043
716F0DD40F04F1AC91B8C32B0C835574D95D3CDB29DD9E680FCACE72648CFDD6CF7E3827D41AD0AA
77569F68DB2A3797711E7CA940C95F63EA0F71FD403401728ACC4D45EDCEDD461FB391FF002D972D
137BEEFE1FA363D01357A19E2B988490CA92467A346C083F88A00968A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028
A28A0028A28A004EB59A6D26D3F2FA780D1756B46385FF00801FE13EDD0FB726B45982A9663803A9
35927563741FFB3504A8832D732644607AAF793F0E0FAE6802DDAEA36B716CF32C850444ACA251B4
C44724367A71CFA639E95035FCF72CAB631A2AB1C09E7C853FEEAF05B8E7B0C7209AA242CF7457F7
9A9DD44E391810C2783DFE5073E9B9C03561EF55217B75BDB58AF0BE4244AD36CE7272A0827BE4F1
D680160D3D5A6170CF25C5C10E04B2904C6C0E38DA70A38C61464F739AB6183E2408854B06529C82
4E46EE3DBDB1EF5456E4C934D6B2DE4173381FBBB692230EE6539CE4E4B0CE39031F5AB16931B972
EF03A4F1B01223A8DCAD8C71C9F97073904F523AE6802D142012A5B8CAA959327923279EE3F1FE95
1C534376048855CC83311638263F97254F5C77CF7E3B6285113465A44E11183B08F01F39DC003938
C8CFBF1C9A6C3690DBCC4C2079802295563C4632141C9E80163EE6802841E23B6BAD5F50D194496D
756CA04665214CA3032C80E490090324609E99A9B59D0EC75DB716F7B6CF2C5148B38557DA1DC670
0FAFE3C7EB54B47BA4BBD5AF6F5F43B9B26502DCDE5D2C6AF7255B68C00738CE7078CE7A74A6DE78
56D6FF00C510EAEF75A807870560598AC2ACA73B8263049C804FB7140164DC59DBDE5DE5A4B5834E
4124ABB0C306D2B92FB80C3E003C6703B8EF5043A95AD8786D35978A4B7B46C5C00B096965321E19
91072CDB8718E09F6AD66653B8CBE5A1277B232E091C0E40273C71E99A6348FB0A26D11A31604BF6
5238C8CE39F63C71C1A00A165AC0BDB167BEB0B8B35766096B74C85E58D98282E3276E4B636939ED
ED55EE677D01D45CDC2C9A79DAA2366CBC6430C6D04FCCA72463920EDEA3A68DD47791595C8B5862
79994B247296081CB31049519EA47419F7EF543517B59350D3D2EAC63B8B70CF73116018C7281B76
AA0C967F99C93C818CD005AF2726316F1DA1B1759B2118B1DC705369E8AA40627DF18CF5AAB16A06
EF529CC16064BC8E430A4A928C7958043123705524F43C9DB9DA7815971D86ABF6096F74A99E6B76
9CCB25834C1656E7E70AE00113633F22E067F881249DEB2B5D36FE18AFF4C4FB2CF129890AA1429C
F28EBC64673907BF420F3480A163A325DC6EB7B24B6F7E66371240981189381B829E240700E4E79E
814F03A58924780C77423763C1DA08561F43D3E9CD3E132344A6650AFDC29C8A9698152EEC2DEF61
58E6438439428C5190E3AA90411F85575B7D4ED5710DE4774A3A2DD2ED73FF00034E3FF1D27DEB4E
8A00CE6D46E60FF8F8D36E303ABC044ABF80E18FFDF3518F10E96389EEBECBE9F6B8DA0CFD37819A
D5A2803364D7B4989416D46D496E155250CCC7D001C93EC2A2FB56A77C336902DA427A4B7684BB0F
68C1040FF7883ED5A496F0C72174863466EA554026A5A00CB1A6DF7DE6D6EEF775C2C7084CFF00DF
19FD6833EA162375D4297508EB25B290EA3DE324E7FE0249F415A945004504F15CC2B340E248D864
329C8352D65CE8FA7DC35DC28CD6F273711A0C907FE7A01DCF623B8E4723074229639E249627578D
C02ACA7208F6340093C115CC1241346B2452295747190C08E41158D62CDA0C9169B7723B59BB6CB3
B990E48F489CFAF653DC7079FBDBD505D5AC17B6B2DB5CC62486552AE8DC861E94013D158512DED9
DD496965762F16155260BADC1901CE0094673D3A3027D4F4AB3FDB5145F2DEDB5D5A377F3222C807
AEF4CA8FC483ED401A945668D7B493F7750B763D70AE09FC85035DD338DF791C59E866CC79FF00BE
B1401A545311D2440C8C195864107208A7D00154A6D2AC2E2532C9690994F590280FFF007D0E6AED
14014A0D320B6984B1C9759008DAF7323AFE4CC4515768A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A002A29E68
ADE09279582471A96763D00039352D65EB9F3D9476FBB6F9F3C684F1F743066FFC755A8029436D73
AA79775A820D8CC7CAB06C94418241908EADD0F3903A004F261BEBB96491A1124888AC22C40C0C93
49824C719E31C1E5BB0E9B4824686A93CB1DBC30C2374D74E6146DD9080E4973EC1413F5C0EF5CFB
BABC224863DC1955618D88055198AC6A0FACA4EE63D42F079C1A0096DB512A3C8B582577489CC36F
02E22071EA71BC65882EC42939C720D57810306695EE199514C4D6F1DC4C88180CE0C5B232303185
CE0F527BB86C8218618638E55727C98C908970EB8CCAE074893185038C63FD9A9A296EAF61796792
49AC970AF74F2B5B44727FE58C683738E40059864E304D00491FD9AE2DA6B68A7324008531DD2B6C
B62002378722442704020E071C67AD93792CD047673ABC11B016ACEB233496F70305497CFCC186D2
09032719FBF81CA5BDD3DADFDC3DF47289ECA390046624CCA1033C23CC66382367CBBD8125594AE0
EEE96E5CD9CD3CF98EEB6DACB2BAAF0BBADE4529F46C3E0FA951DA803605C1899622C9B976DB9107
2164233CAF6006D3D7A1C9E0669B75E74BA64D1D9CD12DDB83E434C85C6E047CC57AE037E0060D43
E632EB97516238E1510CAF26705CB075C1C839E5106063EBD8D88260422AAB44E8446A9C0C0DDF77
1B8F3B573F4E47A50011B4DBBCE9DD97F7603C11B065F3339620E031200E9D31DB34AEC7F78D1ABF
321465207CFC0F4F61804918CF3E94C2D24BB9662AF98D950E54306C92508CE09C05E9E8DD29EACB
C06904B864192AA033E37161D39C107A9E071CE6801A51A57475955A40DB848548C128D804023763
767071C11DF9A7BCB147BA59996348C9632396F9012C0924E3038FA0FC8D528B5717B21B7D3FCBBC
9A30A657497112373CB38FBDF45079EB8A86C2C21D556EA2D5A3F3E6825684C2EB88907F0B22F4E5
483B8E48248CF18A00ABA8DCF9D24172AB22D932FD9E4BA947EE30E57E7F2C9CB72AABB9B81BBF88
6EAD1B7D3EE34AD48DC445EEE1B9C2CEF2E0CB191D08200CAE7F87803A8E38AB16E4DBE892C5AAB7
98B6D1949A5917225403EF118E72BD47AE456841188EDE38D4B32AA800B9249E3BFBD00426CA25BC
37512F97336048CA07EF000701BD71EBD47D2ABDD594B1CAD79A7ED5B83CC9137DC9C7BFA3760DF9
E4569D31F7F96DB31BF071BBA66803224D6DA3D45ADFECCDE5C76E6490EE0584B94C4400EA7E71F9
8C569C32EE402478FCD5C2B843C06C6715963489E3BE59D5E3758A02503F05E7258966F41CF6FE82
A06D3AEDACA112405962704C21C6F9064EF62781B989C63A60B73F360006B5EDC3456E3C9DAD348C
238C1E46E3DFE83927D81AB9585F63BA84486D2CE382416EEF0A86063599B3D471E8BD06396FC6A4
7612DB46B3496B705A7902DCAA050CC8AAD8CE18E72C464963C70702803A399A454CC481DB20609C
0C679A86F6E1ADEDF31A8699C84890F1B98FF4EE7D81ACE82D2E632C2284462089DE084709E63938
1F45000E38F98FA557D2ACE53AD79F3D9CF088EDD76493105A69189DECFB491900281CF019B03140
1D25145140051451400562DA5A79CF752452C968E2E1D48808DAC33D4AB640273924004D6D551D3B
896FD7FBB727F5553FD6801BE46A8BC2DFDB301DE4B524FE8E3F9553BFD5750D2E0DF358A5C163B2
316D212EEFD86C23A752704900138ADB240193599640DFDC9D49FF00D560ADA83FDCEEFF0056EDED
8F534012E971471D8AC91CCB3B4DFBD7997A48C7A9FA7603B00076ABF5916FBAC75B96DB016DEED0
CD17B4A0FEF07E20AB003BEF35AF400521008C1E41A5A2803364D34444CD61B6DA6CE4AA8C4727FB
CA3F98E7F954F6578B7511254C72A1D9246DD51BD3F5C83DC7356EB36F91EDAE52FE14660ABB2744
19674CE411EA54E4E3D0B77C500695151C52A4D12C91B074600AB29C822A4A0028A28A0028A28A00
28A28A0028A28A002B275C5904567346E15A3BA41B997701BF31F4EFF7EB5AA9EA76CF79A6DC4111
0B33213131FE171CA9FC080680398D6AECC9ADCF65081B5AC951E5443956B895235CFA9C2373C600
14E866864BAB69E3F3024B733CA92AB20450AC2103E7E71839C0C77C7381597E65E6A5A9EBF35A87
1E70B59A00EE142C906C778C91F306F99460F1D471CD6AD9CF6732AA297478A7335A3FFABF3D270E
DB149E7232C081820A03C500538A5315A078F059B4F8ADA32158B5BBC79328940E40FB99EE718EA4
66C4F72EC217324FA8C916041118BECF079AB9E4E71BDF72B10A09C103853F354B7325C457122496
B70CE549127EF9095DC38F32256E3E551F36188C9E86A9476134D39DB04A59F31AF9B24D18C67EEB
4D36656070A711A807A1C8E680322588B163713069E6919677F330149560E54FF104595D89191BBC
B407E518EB1BC899EE2DEF24226606CC88946019486207724214C93E99AA92C71D9BC22CBF7776E3
CB86DA64501101C21E9FBB85481800024E3AB70614865961B77D39BCF91A6611BB8042BB37EF6E19
4119C61B6633CB75C30C0068E8ACD7377AA6A21E4314F781636CB32ED458D3038076EF121C8E3924
FB6A348176F9528C17DA19DF20B6DC03F7871918C7249E7DEA11259585B4085D91550428872EF950
C30BB792FC9CE326B3CC9A8EB5A49BCB191E350768B72C56494C6C432B367F76490C3E5E41C127B5
005A9354852F62B2B691E6BC6560B0E40C00060924FCB80C3A82C473834DFECFBA9B528E1D507DAA
CDA30C8B1FCB144E0F2ACB9F98104105B232A785C815A6BA7DA186DD12048D21712C4A836EC6E79F
C8B0FA1356E445963646E558104671C50052FB1797AB2DDC180AF088664E830A49423DC6587E3ED5
70448B334A17E7650A4FA804E3F99ACC49DF4A923B6BA91DED9D824170D92549E0239F5EC1BBF43C
E0B5EFB65B9BB36DE6A79C149D99E71DFF00A50056D57F7C6D6C81FF008F898171FEC27CCDF81C05
FF008156956434D6EBA98BE96E51A31664C5B41215320BB67D0FC9F9719AD259A3794C6AE37850C5
33C80738FE47F2A00968A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A002A869F9FB6EA9F
F5F43FF44C7575DD6352EE42A804927A0159B6D35C48A6EBECD04104ADE612EE4395E819B8E0ED03
8278E86801B7F9D46E3FB315B316035D91FDCEC9F56EFED9E9915AA000001C01556C5FCDB7FB4180
42D31F308C7278C02DEFB42FD3A76AB74014B51B56BAB5FDD10B7113092063D038E99F63C83EC4D1
617D1DF425C0292A1DB2C2DC346DE847F5E8472383576B3EE2CADEEE513C533C3701462681C6EDB9
38CF50C3AF0411E9401A14550B68B538EE07DA2EEDA6B7DA4612DCA3E7EBBC83F90ABF4005145140
19E74FD92BCB693BDBBB12594006363EA54F7FA104F7A914EA0B222BA5B489FC7206643F82E0FF00
3AB945001451450014514500145145001451450014514500727ABE931E99793EAF0F9896D2112DC9
8B9781D7FE5AA0C742B90E3B8E7AE7305A5E5BDE245776D7490A5C3F9B6AED1996DDF71F9886CFCA
CC4E3190476192D9E841FED39F775B389B8F499C1FFD047EA7D873917BE0C83CE96E746BA9F4A9E5
62F2AC07F75213D498CFCA49F5208EF826802C5A5B4A80457168208E38CC719B5BD976104E0E410B
83CF0724FA1AA7247E44D124B7F0C7304648DED2DCCD725738203B97380C4E78EDDAB3E4F0DEA89B
544168194821E0B0824DA002382EC801C1ECB4EBB7BCB7B0BA9654D56F0D8443CD47B886D8390A1B
6E61F989C30383C734004970B7101B6B087CCB99A60B75179DE6042182B2CD3264E0019DA793D33B
7205ED3989636B60D1DC4F364CB7921CC4E8005CA2E46E032830BC70016CD4B6DE1F7B586C2D9C40
F6AB26D92D6284470AA6C6E4AAE3736E0BC918EE154D7446DE33731CF8FDE468C8A7D012A4FF00E8
22802869F62F6B773BCFFBF91B1B6E9F976523953E98604E170304719C9AB76B671D999C47C2CB2B
4BB470016EBF99C9FA9AB545001451450054D42E1EDED1DA15DF3B7CB127F798F4FC3BFD2B344324
53D842B091B589512905989CEF91B1EC48F72FCD6C98919D646405933B491C8F5A0C68D2AC854175
0406C7201C67F90A00C60619DBCD721629BF7A4F610C67E51F424EEC7A122B4ECDDA5844F25B8864
9064AF7C76CF1D71DBB74A57B1B6784C46150851A3C018C2B7503D2ACD0014514500145145001451
450014514500145145001451450067EA1686F8C76AE1C5B31DD2B24854B01D17839C13D7B6063BD4
57100F3A2B2459CC336E695DDDDD76AE3E4C9CE3767F101AB568A00E59F5498DDF985A70630F2BAE
0AA2A29DA23E7AB125493CE3D4714F6D5EE9653E45C2DCAB48202C8819165C1242E39215464E7A9C
0CAFCD8DDBA8669A30B0C91A750DBE3DE08FA6453534FB65B2168F0A4908EAB228218E73923A673C
D20325AE9E4D3FC9B99B7072C646182CB083820ECE371FBB81EBC64AD31EF27B18AEAE00852552A6
5F33272E40D902608E705467A65B804B1C6F7D9A0C01E54781B7036F4DA723F23D3D2A37D3ACA4B8
FB43DA40D3F07CC3182DC74E7AD3033CEAF29B8FB32242D708E89322B92549C1200C76520EE381FD
36AAA7D82DBED66E3637984EE2371DA4E319DBD338EF8CD5BA0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A002B1A
F2F24FED9B58239BCB821DD2DC1FEF8DA405FC0B213DF95AD76DC50ED203638279158B3693722E8D
C24824658C2C61B8CCA5BE691BD71F2903A7CBEC30012C5A9AC467B9BD9D218198A4487B05CEE3FE
3D863F136EEF51B6B3C79D21048DD84467207A90A0E07B9E2B33FB32EFEDB226C436BF22C7B9F811
803823193F364E3201EE4F4A9A4D36E66D4CDC82900C7CCC933BF983042E5080A304E73C9C8A00D0
17B6ED39884A0BAE738E808EA33EBEDD6A28B54B2996565B84DB100EECD95014F7C9E08E0F238AA8
BA74E6C4412C1014588C5E52CAD8604618EEC641FC3D79E788D34EBDC472C8629A449FCC11C8E701
0290AA5F6E5B0C4B723827D85006AA5DDBC8AAC9346C194B2956041008C9FA7229276B7921963926
554D9F390FB4AA9EF91D3EB59373A09BA59CCA63925917CA5639C46ACD99194766E4E3FDD5E7AD47
268925BC89359C110092A811E327CB556C752016DCDBB24FA7751401B96D25BC902FD95E36897E51
E59040C76E2A7AA5A7DBBDB5B1593FD633976E724927B9C0C9FA000741C0ABB4005527B08DED65B7
272B2C9BE42DCEE05B241FC38FA55DA2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2
800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2803FFFD9}
}}}}
7;32768}}
0\b {Fig. 1.1 The structural organisation of prokaryotic cells}\b0 \par\pard\li
\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
13\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\b {1.2 Sub cellular Organelles}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\b {1.2.1 Cell Membrane}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The cell is enveloped and thus separated from its s
urroundings by}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a th
in wall contains a rigid framework of polysaccharide chains}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {crosslinked with short peptide chains.
Its outer surface is coated with}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {lipopolysaccharide. Cell membrane is also called as plasma membran
e}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(or) plasma lemma
. The pili, not found in all bacteria have extensions}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of the cell wall. The cell membrane contains
about 45% lipid and 55%}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {protein. The cell membrane or plasma membrane have an average}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {thickness of 75}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {A. The principal lipids are phospholipids, sphingolipids}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and cholesterol. An importa
nt feature of these lipids is they are composed}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of hydrophobic (water - insoluble) hydrocarbon sect
ions and hydrophilic}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{(water soluble) units. The latter include charged units (eg. phosphate or}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {amino groups) and uncha
rged units (eg. hexose). In water, such}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {compounds orient themselves in such a way that only the hy
drophilic}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {section i
s exposed to water. The hydrophobic components of individual}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {molecules tend to contact with other;

this is accomplished either by}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {arrangement into micelles or by the formation of bilayers.}\par\par
d\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\shp
{\*\shpinst
\jpegblip
FFD8FFE000104A46494600010100000100010000FFDB004300080606070605080707070909080A0C
393D38323C2E333432FFDB0043010909090C0B0C180D0D1832211C21323232323232323232323232
3232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232FFC0
001108009A010603012200021101031101FFC4001F00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090A0BFFC400B5100002010303020403050504040000017D010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191A1082342B1C11552D1F02433627282090A161718191A2526272829
2A3435363738393A434445464748494A535455565758595A636465666768696A737475767778797A
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090A0BFFC400B511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291A1B1C109233352F015
6272D10A162434E125F11718191A262728292A35363738393A434445464748494A53545556575859
5A636465666768696A737475767778797A82838485868788898A92939495969798999AA2A3A4A5A6
F2F3F4F5F6F7F8F9FAFFDA000C03010002110311003F00F7EA28ACFD4CBBC02DA3590998E1FCB386
09FC447F2FC6802FE68CF7AC336979E76D31CA6D8FCCAA1F253939192DD48C7AE0934E92DA5B6FDF
CD2CD233FCD200DC28CE762FD4ED51DF1401AEB2A9804AD9452BB8EEE368C77A7238740E33823232
31588BA7DE4EAA269678C3E7CF06407209DC428E4003EE8EF827D065B15AEA2922EEF35827CD18F3
32A09E70C4B64804E3A7403D4D006F66A29A6F29A35C6E6770A00FCC9FC064FE158D77A75D5BC263
B57BB999E3C17F3B055863693C8F56381D48C74AD1B68596EDCBA304894242CCD9DC08058FAE7231
CFA5005EA4ACCBF125CDD4502472B471FCEFE5B8405BF84139CE3B9C73D2A01A75D8B6F31A698CB1
E1638D5C63E50467DCE493C9F407BD006B4D32C29BD89C640C01CE49C0FD69E5880481923B0AC84D
39E59D5678E4F2D332C6AD331F988000273DB04FA7CDC74A8A1B4BD8E10F22B34C76975270091C81
80C71F3119ED81D28036D199A352EA1588059739C1EE3DE9F59F6363F669E476DC480103B1C97EE5
8FE27A76C715A1400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140
05145140051451400544908595E524B3B00327B0F4152D18A00314C78924DBB973B4EE1F5F5A7160
064F1EB9ACD935EB00A3C9996E989FB96EC1DB1EBD7A500684A330B8EB907F954768316500FF00A6
6BFCAB9DBBF18C31C292451218A766482479368257392C3190383F8E01C66AADB78C26FB04337D9E
00BBC41E5BC841E9C3E71F778F4FC7B500765803B5047046719EF5C69F19CF1DEB45241149B2558B
CAB7567321233957E17819383E879A743E3795CA16D3B292B158DD5DB01FFB872BC9E08E01E78C70
7001D643008536824924B331EAC4F526A5C5632F88A068830B6B9DCA332C7B0068BEA091F5E3B55B
1ABD815DC9751483D223BCFD70B938A00BD81E9463159E75BD35464DEC47D36B673F4C75FC334926
A426223B068E57601BCCEA88A7A138EB9F4CFF00F5C034451594B6AF21CDC5E5CC87B624F2C0FF00
BE31FAD3FF00B3EDB92E25947A4B33B8FC9891401A34B58CFA75836E02C2DC03DC4601AAB712CF62
F142D7D34366E1B1364131BF1805981E3193CF39E33C81401D16EC0C93C7AD41F6EB5F28CBF6A83C
A0705FCC1B41FAD712FA9349632F9D74F322B145B26DFBEE46701C1CEE208F9B0323150FD9D5B517
4B6BF82E6EFCB1219D2E0AF951061B90F2D9C82704F233C9E2803D03CE8B66FF003576E37672318F
5FA5363B98668FCC8A68DE3FEF23023F3AF36274E4B58EF4BC6B134E765B49214922666C0919F249
1C6EE72304FA0066C8491EE2659EE96DE3FF004FB882449159F68647556F62C4851819E738A00F47
CE471DFA53ABCD2D752B8B468234B9BBB599959AE15D3F756F927048C6D0A482064F1EBDAAD1D72F
CD9457171772B45B4901CAC62E24070C14A152A076CE7D7B1C807A0D2579D36A5AA3DECF6515EEDB
CF99D18DD131AC431C6319DD838C91DB39F556D4F5292CC185A797ED501362915C96746C73BC9C7A
AF76EFF8807A1ABAB67041C707068CF6CF35E6D6F74ED3ACD6E923A3DB15DE124B70B36E184181C9
FBC31C918ABED3335C8963905D3349E51B5927293719F9B2C780796DBC0C0CD007779A335E7A9717
09147792C8CEDF68713C708769E28D72B86901C9030BD40CFAD6EE8774E6F20123011CB0B98DDA72
CF2E1863703D1803C804F7F4A00E9A8A28A0028A28A0028A28A00A777AA5A589DB3CE8B21C6D8B70
DED9E0617A9AC2D4BC512428FE488A26122C5E5C8E04F962012AA78C8CF19E0F1CD2EB91797A8A89
6DFED16B29F3DD17192CBB100C1C03C953F515CBEF17B70F6D0B3C4F7ACEBE4CAA144085728D9C67
206D239C76E07400B5A90BBBBBBB882549DD8A2471A4D1EE7DC727E564F9578048CF3907B62B52CF
C3B2C770B7D7F0CADB10AAC50DCE5D14F519C02DEBF7BF0AB9E1CB5F92E2E64560CD2151990B8E00
56209E4E4AFE95D1A630050056B3B5B382DF1650C50C4E0106350377A7D6A58A3582DA3841244681
413D4803155610F65762DCF36F33B188F7463962BF4EA47E557CA8239A00E2BC41A4595A3477D147
2456CAE5A482D9BCBDD21E1581E3073818CF539F5CE51B77B3D3B75C594F27D9E348E28BED259D27
DB9322804E41FAE460E075CF7F3D8C3776CF04E0B238E40383EC41F51EBDAB8FD474A1A14B15D4F7
71A448CEEF7BB7339CA9014820E47D33D07CA3A800CFBA456536D717169757DA800CB741847E4023
00E727DC823193C71537F6CCCC62951A08EED375B42B1C0D246E8080EF918FEE8200E074E73548C3
7505B5E5BC36C627B9B669A5376E177B1C8665033D475070338FC6417324B3AA69B757720F2BCBB2
558A31994824E430E0000633DB38A007A4F74D0C32A5E190DBCC21B44FB2106653807393F7873C71
F74923D3A3D1AEFECF3C9632C1347BAE0849244037B150C4360E33C9E7A63007BE2C12086E6486F6
F2F2DA3B163E4916E379765CB6E60A54B65B8C75CF7EB4926238D1EFB645711B79E5A59C6E9411F7
00E460F287A9C0F71800EF80E3EBE9492158E267919551412CCDD857146F1ED4CE163BD82561E659
DBC28E13A7A01CF2327231C8F7CBEEF5E81C40F3CF36A5010C67823846D43818C8C718E7E563D3E9
401BB26B368B1DCF973279F1465FC99331BB606780D827EBD2B16E75E9152F43C515EDAC71069B7A
35B919072A55B3918E413FAD662CD717F35BD9A4D1470199AE619191D8820EE0A18E03E3AE73C81E
950DCDC4B7C26BA98B5CDC2CEB0E16DC885911C67E720E01E4E4B704E3B5005A97EDF6F2C43ED5F6
9B8D3A0478BCB8B2A15861BCC2493D0751CF7C547702DD9D6C2E6E2DFF0076EF34D756A373E240FF
0078608519EBD41E3A546F3DBD94BA89766D3EE84604315A9FDD95DB9049DB8CEEC8C9C631C7AD68
847D3B5186D0CA9114B124B58DA97E84603AE1895E188381D4F4EE015DF52B813437F3DDD8432C8E
D64C5E32360DCC773A939C90A0E0918EF919A83ECF6AD61F2C173E6CCFE47996E4882E61527EEA83
8276824704E7BEDC9172C6DE65B2D04AC31CCAF11DC2C808E61F267962C0119C67A738AA56F3186C
B4E88EA7343024EEBB64B700DB91B97EF636B633B48E8371E98180089D65B817DE4CF7C5A578AD22
69E3F900242ED762B9046F3CF5391D7BDA291DB5F5D3451C905EC7BA1B7B6850B5BCADB4330042FD
E241CE31D012339A645289D3ECE63F39EFAEDA5134B36DB7B848C8C96504E33B40FBB9E476AE8341
B34F29B50F2A280CEC5E28A260523538FBBD07CD8DC70280398B8D3E58E2B6D3EE7647A7C27CF135
DD93AA97DD9D8C4903B9F7FAD4F6F6EF2476C96F0451EA372C6E639A261909B86E5E4607CAF80391
C93F4EEC2B1E1B907A822AA1F0DE8F212DF61485B2189B7668B24743F211EA7F3A00E525B2BB16C2
5B486E5E2794FD9904C8B224FF0036E671C29CB0CE327393C536358EE278AD25BAB59E5B994BC93C
B0ED92DE54551B08E39207A8EFC1CD766BE1ED316131A5A2A71C3866DEA7D9B391F81AE5A7D3AF95
EF2C14446D622924FE7B9FF4839DE58139C6E0006CF7E98C668029BC91DB27DA598D845E5C96E66B
37DE2E6453FC43190BF2920F5F7191522422D5A68D6CEDECEFFC845923908792727F8E3C37DEFAF2
4E338ABA0DB36A16F71FD9D3D8C535A36CF2200ED32E416CA461B000DBD4739C7B54515CDC5969F6
B74DE58584C8D1B2AF992C8DB4E3728E80F3D09CF1D33401DAD835CB5840D778F3CA03260639AB34
D53950D8C12334EA0028A28A0028A28A00C2D7031BDB0DA5776E3B0B74560E8727DBB7D48FA8E665
8619AD633E5960119ED430527FD5FEF89F718047D38E2BB7BDD3E1BE5C4A5810BB72A7191B9491FF
008E8AE5F52D3AEADE097CC51BE54224953EE92B1B04DA3B673B4FD47AD006EE8F0C70E916AB1285
431AB00074C8C9FD6B494D54D37FE4196A718FDD29FD055C00500437D6DF69B62AADB2453BA37FEE
B0E86A16D5205D3E2BB998A23AA9C052C72467180324E33D2AF374AF385468C69DFE8D35BB46E619
25B7C166948047033C60F53DD87A9A00D4BFF15C8E196CA6836BCDE42440113F5C16C1E01E08008E
E3A563DEDFBDC45ABC52488AB0C261F26F240F30CAEE3B464E739F53CFA62A2B317175696D6F1B5B
CF2CC7ED7202DB648CABA93961D0919C600C76E94FB8F267B3BF78CBC362CB1DE8372AE5E7704160
AC4E7070A38E79FA64019746266BD4B7864112D92665BE90920293B8A06CF38C71C72066ADDE3AA8
BFBB32C65E18E3904F72BE4CCA067E54F947A1C377CD433DAB7DAEE4359A4ACFB60B5B49FE731860
7E7560484E474EC173915DBD968F6D1479B98E2B999C0DF2CA80B31FE83D87028038F48DEE658637
BA3791CCAB7123451B1466E8036D1B89CE0F04600C6314E3147322433BC76915CC85584B29F35542
E768DFD3956C1FF68715D9F962C2E6358F8B597E4D9D91BB63D01C118E99DBEA6A5BCB4B7D46D65B
5B840D14A0A95F51401E7F2EA71CF7F3DCCDA9C92496C3CBB608173229E981B7E6DCC0024673B474
AA33DD451C70DAFF00685C432DCB6EBCF317684041C9E5401C8C0C56C6B5A3DCE9EF2DC4E5A68FCB
486DDA0629FBCC9037E3A124839E83F439774B7491DDADD5DA2DD36C827408A544391961C6461589
C9E33EB4012A4515FDA3696639679ADF8B3DE362B2003E62380FD76F43DBA75A9E5905DDBBBC0163
89D823D9C319324AA84EEC05E84F4E9EF9E9559DA3BB7B978EF2EA49C810594C06154100FDE40179
6EBED8C76275A349B6DA4B1C76710866FB324B1E771CB15FBBDC6EEDBBB6680196F85D3755B8D3ED
A14B59B08D0918790E36B60741C10029EE39C52AD95C586A7E5DBA8B286E6DCEE16AAF7072840CE3
68DA70C39EF83DF14AD690486481FEC89BC1963D466B7DA4B127EE12472BD4303D08C67935A3A4E9
77127957A07F66EF882C914786690E72198B2F07AF6CFA9C814019D61158F93A6EA12D949636B0C2
CB3DDA308F7B9C0C3153BB6939E4F703B5565BA75D3C5DD95E24D05BDF318609D4F98FB99872C7E6
E4316191F5AEA1FC396CDA7FD8D6EEE9620E2400C9B86E073CE47AF38ACC4F0FDCAEA37171716DA7
DE978D618DA5CAE14673F2ED6C6723BF6A00CE96CDD3509ED9AD6C27B9BD5372B237CA20E4023904
FA107B9C9E055ED3F5DFECC812DF504558A3261478CEE2BB7A67D4631F30C0E7A0AA771A0DCDB69C
6029642F9A42C9323B9971B89C2E10B700919F4F5E696D62B8B5BF36F696D3D9A4911DEF7CAF22BB
8391B4B1C9EAC4E48EBD2803A65D6B4D2E15EE9607FEEDC29889FA06033F5ABAB7F6B1A6F6B98429
5DE0990636FAD717A6798F63A493A7C3E4480C67CB981323053CB640050E093C9FF119163B6B9710
410C4662C6D954B6D09205625C7DDFBA48E38CF5F400DDBEF15792C7ECB672CAAA9BD9A48DD011CF
4F94E3EEF24E31FCB32DC35DEACB3DDC50BDD142D2177261745E08C151D09E0E08EBC9EEC1004BC6
1E5BDB24F06D582D595806385018630A496FF74F1CFAC40349670249B2544842C12240085CAAE7B9
C1C95518C7CC001D0D004B6A5E19ADA68967826101678A563B3E63BB6C6A7818DAC06303A67DAB4A
A2D66F390B79B033F9B18001908DB9E98DCA5CB6739CE09EBC55E95DAE2042AB1C8EE5D8146CF96F
9948287D096C83D7087DAAFD9F87FED6A0DF0916031B2AC2E46F51BB81B8760AA07E24F526803A6E
B834503818A2800A28A2800A28A28032755BCBAB7BBB582D98069D5C2EEFBBB814233E9C647D48A8
6CB57F376232B488E544721C067C903A77DA7767E80F7A8F5F92137967134CAAC480CBB806705D30
A3BE491907FD83F865C3232CEB2E551814659718580158F0481D038E08F5FA668036ACB52B28A010
49731A08CFC864F90321195C13D4ED233569751B79322194330FE12083F5C75C7BF7F5AE5E322328
C5A4B68C01E66EFF005A00543C0FF64AEE3D3E523B605589F50B83B7ED2A5678C8DAA9CB44420DC1
B3C6D20330C9E4679C8A00EA5660D017208C75AE366D8657662EA19164DC9FF3C4C91E0AFF00B790
7F003DAB605D4D34525B99AD901255A45739C82070A4019E477FE2151CBA7C82E7CDB1113084831C
6DC63FD50C1CFF0008099CFAE3B8A00C0364B72C44D1AF9F21092346481CAC8AB2647F0A0655FC2A
4D970B3445E386EE3B785ED764E001E702A0A280A739E304FD3D69D147E5798885D2348906D7E1FC
B657668C7FB4D92C3D0F1DAA784BB342B06D590088A023856FDD2873EE795C7B76E4D005AF07DA44
2D3EDEE19A4740A1DC7DD5500151E833BBEB8E6BA177323871D0722B37C3E636D1818D195732F0C7
91F3B673EB56C139E0F14016E5896EED5A3248CF71D5483907F0205456B2B3028EA04D1B6D703F98
F63D6A6894AB039E187355A4222D5D1B38592062F9E9F232E3FF00423F9D00599A18E781A2954323
8DAC3D47A57050C262D4E686D122925B395E6BA925B83BAE0738CFA91C1C9E1703D6AFEBFA934F74
EF6D30B8B38EDB7B889C109F31CB1C119E318C1FCB2339464F3ECC5A24B14B6D6A89334B70305B39
CA9C0008F97A8EC7A1A007C26E2ECDA384B69A0D4AE4CE6D80319FBA5C65B9C0F9416F97AE477AB4
2DA04BFBD9FF00B32016D6C0096DBCDF97CDC6E2C8B8C676B2FA73E9C9AA766B6A924F1DC595AD85
D4BBA5825B82A040A02E4023F8B7127B75EBC525CCB62E4CF088567560AF13A190DC9DD82EA3FE5A
63390706803A5D234D2E90CD39768A0245A42D822350700E47520000124F4CD6EF415E7F36A1756F
6AE826B8FECCB3054C913793206007CBB401C28E31C639E0E38B47C5DA8DBDA059ADEDFCD8620F34
80B48ADEE70004F5CF231401D9337A544EDE5AB48EC0051B893DBDCD61DA788899FCBB9114AACA5C
3DAE5C27FB2704E4E39EDD0F157E6B9B6D40DB410CD1CB1CCE19D55813B002DF96460D005AD321F9
5EF245225B83BB2C3E609D147B70338F526A2F11DAADD691B0DBC73B09A22A921C2FDF00E783C609
CF1C826B514565F88988D2C60E0895483D8639C9F6E339A00E6A688FDA6E44F25AC1731CF188ADE1
73F79B68023276EDC838E075CE78A7B1DD34F259AF936AE11668986E62843B165E7A95C9C73C7BE6
963C2C4D1995A171B58C8F92065A2FDE827F859839F7FAD3AE23791675484A4BB536A46D8604AA26
39FF007F6A923A16FC4022B6B68D7CA0BBD9642A85837CCCCC2325327EE953F30ED9C8E3BDCD3E17
B96B59E1FF00968FF3BC3F22B01B0F29D140CB8F5C9DC3DA45B1F36EE4232FB9D5955418D98125C9
90FF0008276F6DC420C0EF5A51DA32EA366CD2977566936A8DA8004DA4E3B9F99793CD004BA768F1
DAC70B4FB65B8407E7C77381FA6D03F0AD6C518A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A28031F52D32E2633
C96B2A625082589979600F3B5B2369238CE0E2B1E58D04D346EAF6F24B3468B65338CCAA4AE493F3
71D7A138C7A935D874A64B0C53C6D1CB1AC88DD55C641FC28038D91AEA079AE64512CF136239BF83
7A80AE3AF395073C755E3B0A65C46912489012F6F09469246EB32ED668C67DF98CFB102BA07D20C2
F0B59B068E172E96B2B058C6739C10A48C12719CE3B62B165B6640905CE6D5E447F3669B2622F9C8
09C8030492BF4E99E800C5252687CB1F32AAAC50B1C60064D8EDDBB7967DD78E6886E9D6387CA91F
6808B1331203131900E3A0DACA01FA53444D3A092789A48EEB73AF95966910B23370395070587D79
229C1279A057752649D33800617292676F6F9860F5C139FA5006A4D34776CF6B71BCED90EDD846F0
E0B853F5C0C8CE7F4AA4F65B2532A2BDC44D2195847D5F7795BBA74EEC3E9D687647691FCC71048E
0ABC63E79C798E723DD4907FDDFAE2A269268FCBF2955A50CA638A26006E0216619E983DB3DBEB40
1A5A16E1A4468CC8C70F9641C13B9BA0F4AD08D4B0271D0567F87A6375A709998B665994B1E3761D
867F1C66B4D5B6467AFA5005843F3AD61F8995DE18D50025C796771C000C91EE24E3A000E6B61491
3478E86B335B63F698401B888C613FE7A132C7F2FD0E08FC680394BB31BC77D34F632A3B403CA6B7
91B6B46149DC718C8E19B273D00E4F148AB1DEDF42AA62D588B7384202843C139C75EBEE78EBDEB4
D541880DC1DBCADEC41CE6D76A6E841EB9C9E9D7F3A6CB6904ACD23AC91911191044C55D2222661C
8E841C0DA78CA8A00C6B0BDF284311B893CC9F74170B723114430780F8C707803773F5A65DDEB2DC
99A6B9776B00521B8B580EC6CE3938C8CF418E9D0F7ABE749B969BCB89A13B26DDF6765DB186264E
0B0C92A76A91FEF0F5E320C4F3208A39A4B46BC9BCC9A2C623C67385CF18E179E3AF3CD005888CB7
57714AF04F2DFDC49E6DF5B38DA8400402A1B8E080063D0139C70F8632EACB6402ACF725A2B79612
A319EA08E08C0CF1919200F5A5923DD35E4970D3BCE8043693400AA75193B81C7DE2327A702AF259
4F3AC704E6212430A7950B445048CCC9B727279E7071D3340151609EE2F2E9638E45BD7916158D41
30B20FBD9CF04F2C08FBC3B7AD6A786E37BBD4A2D4FCC8C45209D5628E3C636144CEEEFD3D052A28
58625B3731C128654790E1ADCAAE393DB7331073EBC56A6951C4AF6E2088C51E2E982118DA0CC0E0
8FC280378566F8806747932718C76ED8E47E3D2B487BD54BCF2E7962B66C150E1E40464003A67EA7
1F91F434018305BBC7B2494A431B461364872A4965CAAF761842A14761DB756A5969A762E4342811
23C903CC755181FEE8F6EBEE0D4B750C3793473BC7B5A35CC52236D719C6791CE3A0C0C83EF81489
F6D8D82ADC8751DE587E6CF4FE1207F9EA3B805992382DA02154471A6493D07D49AAB6573BAEDEE6
5056370162047DD5F53F53FCBD8E226B796EA641793ABA21CF97147843EE724E7D874E95615FA63E
50CA0E15881CE48E4019E807F8D006A6E191CF5E9CF5A2B30C60C992B83C29C0CE0671D3B0E09EB4
F49E6897010B0C65431F6E9D4F72A2803468AA8B7C85F6B654E71EBDF8FCF9FCAAC24A920CA48ADF
439A007D1494B40051451400514514005232AB82194303D88CD2D140198349104C25B299A16DA502
BE64400907014918E4718E2B1E6B09ECD009AD1DE248195DAD18969DB8E5F001E792339EFCFAF578
A3033401C6AC93452426DE48EE6E228FCD43081B632F90C4F3CE464803A151C7350CCD6F2C7E5C73
B245841248181FDD6230841EC5588E7BED7F515D35FE89677F1C8AC8F1B48850BC2E5323DC020372
4F5CF5AC5D4F45BF62D23F9377198D63F9536B46B9F98AA9CE4E0E4739C814016FC2CC5F4C94B26C
6FB4CC4A63EE92EC48FC3357AE9732D9804806639E7AFC8F55FC3CB10B6BB48848145C93FBCCE4E5
54F7FAFE9562F587DA6D173FF2D4FF00E8B7A00B8A989948E80564DEC90DFDFA4115CAC722C6496D
A4EDC48A73F9C6D5B29C91F4AE2A6674D675378F284B7972E0E312625F2F1EC41527DF1EF4016A58
24B68551D7CB8E2885D6482713AA0F909EE30A4D16ED2E5E45402540E198E0E6E151F77FDB3392DF
53534F7522CB710B234BE719BCB8F3F7154B6FCE3A1208C1FF00680ED92D02CE6F3A480B26E596D4
A9DB82C4B11B7DC9E9F9500470C16C1ADE3F996DE4122C44FF001479937E7E8AC083FE2691E31726
2FB4A299A77F2E58CAF1113E561FD08F9578F5603D736952549E091E266F32562DB57EE1577650B9
FEF6483EC7B66AB27C90C40B16000324AA7874DB136173FC5B40C77C2B77A00A9F64468DB7461EDD
814980C0299F9E42A3FE7980DC77CE315664694F94B2C84A33C734370DF7958ED540DDB8452E7B7A
FBBA16679607000C451A797D3CC8F74783F56CE3D38C1A75BDBC92B7D9E21B95ADC2490BF1B242A5
5B8E481B53603D89A00ACC03E42C392D1C7984B7CB30222500B7B124E7DC1ABFA3DDC02E208A4B91
E7340EDFBCF919C6FCEEC1F50C0FE3ED5A7169F6965113310C3070ADC80074001EE1428FF808AAD7
B716978BE4B46B346A09C6C0DB474DDF4E46319C8CD004F2EA824DC962165603FD613FBB5E71D47D
E3EC2962B710862C5A562C4B3BF4620E0E7F5FA0C71C0ACE17ACD6E0F11ABA928C06FC929911E0F4
6E871D3803BD42F712B3C8E873224D216507391F382E07A0057EA548F7A00D692E115950BA6E7728
173924E02E38CE71919CE7A1AAC75181976872231B4B311D149520E4907EE96E7B60FA551922CCE6
3B694C43715B2707FD51C8572C0FF78E700F5E7A71554CB19B812C889E56017507010322280338E1
B3B4F5C7078E68034A2BE6959618E2D929D8151C9049E3701FEE8249F4E314D7D53FD1CDC3A2F92D
83B82FCC173183C67AFCEC3F2FC6825D79FE56527BC33328599508C90232486380080AC3AF55F526
911EE4DF5A3AC50460A141E648002236018B0031B88F978CE00F61800D0FB55DA3159407B884833A
22824EE20A84273EA73FFEAAACD7D3ED6C4885546165545DBC890861C741B533E9B4E78EB56D819E
1B247BB411AA17DF0C44C91B1DBF216E79E08EC78E83231341A7DC9103C926A01FCACC9B6DC2EC93
182A80AE003B989EA3807340164DDCB831194E361B50DF28DD71F741E3F84819CFB1A81AEE62AE17
0D71C220DB8CC8AA9BD4FE6403EA7E940D22F1846B2C3798F259240AD1AAEF39C05E73B7E67EBEA2
9FFD8534A14C969744F91E538377B72F907770DC0C8CF1FF007CD004D6DA94E2E0379DBE242C41CF
DE883E01EBF7B8738F41EB5D4D7249A2DD79E9288A756CC6E5DE7057CC5CE5CA83F7482401D3D875
AEB6800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800C514514019F701ED6ECDDC71B4B1BA8599179618E
8C077EA78EBE99E955AEAF2DA696D1E3951984C772E70CBF23F507915B38AA57F6D05C4D66278639
4098F0EA1BF81FD680294FAE4704623B75FB45C31D8A88780D8CFCCDFC231F527B66B9C8EEA38E17
9AE9A2491D36B3B01B248D83932004E720B371D70718E6BB69ACADA7B636F2428613FC00600FCBA5
62CBE1C785241A7DD6CDF108544EBBFCB519C6D2307BF7CE68033EF917CDBBF318A1047DA25C64C7
F7C47B71D7230A7D8E3A938648AFB1DBCB224CB2C10AF24AE64DF823A9525883E800EAC699776DE4
34C93C2F68AC111225C32CEC588C67EA41CF073C9EB523C97101BA97937E190ABA2928ADCE79C6D1
956CF38CB1E9C8A009D27FB1B3DCC524920326FB80BF780672136FA8224C81E83B1CD4C5E0912489
FCA8DADDA39B7C6DF26E0AA030ED81900FB007BD57D8218825B398665DAA5E4236860EC149CF0405
0FFF008EF7E6991EE2B6A9142C62572D6D6CDF79FEEEF573DB04EEF7A00D482CEDB712E6591049B8
15423692178047207390063A7B55BB8BF8AD53CB842872FB429181B988EA7B72C1BDC64D738B94B6
D90169FF00E7DA32A72FC0DFB875E9B5C64F403DEAF3BA86B9923FDFDBC8AD1A83F311944DCE4771
803DFA63EF5004B71235C4EB1C876B4AC52075E30565219B3EBB76E3B1E7D6A8AC8C668022059BCC
89193F85A20635054F71BC647B6734EB8BAB5B2894DC5CA0B3901586491BE644DE0B37BE7B1ED85A
AEA5FCF820BAF32D06F69609530CE51022AA1E0E0F0095EE718CF22801C6544B40C4B1027F2D90F2
C926D40640075218703BEEE383CC4F24AD6AC4048A286E123F3672434518185465E3206F39C9191F
9D5DD3FC3F2490D899E2F26584890DC823CD63B70A391C718C83C0C01CF5ADEB7D2AD2094CC62592
E49DCD3C8AA5C9C01D40E3803A5007390DBDC5ECF34855EE7CE9C1942A058268D4718CFA1E3A9C91
CE455BB6D24ADCF9422B7B46497CF8C840C483C051EC338383C741C60D74B803A0A86E20F3906D3B
6443B91FAED340149344802859659A401CC806FD8039CE48DB823A9E3356A2D36C6004476908CE33
F2024FD7D6A017F2B4F6F6C2102E1F2D2A93908A0E09F704F4FAF6ABBE72F93E6F2536EE1819247D
3AD003F0294003A546D2859523E4B38247B01DFF0097E74A655132C59F9D94B018EC319FE62801D8
14B50A4EAF31886438049523A0CE33F8F3F954A491400B4526696800A28A2800A28A2800A4CD2D63
EB0F1CF0A46AE5D54EE9163C36E5208C7D493C7BFD2803595D5D43230653D0834EAC47BE22D1608E
D0C3100DE67CEA1638D71BB047D71F81F4A906B9F2B37D95CAFCA576B025831C01CE39278E320F3C
F18A00D7A4EFDAB2D75A5666C5ACFB07DD7380AE7DB279E031CF4C0CE79A8E4BBB8D592082D164B7
8A54124D29601D50FDD0B82796C1E7B01EF401B355AE49F3ECF8FF0096C79FF803D3E79FC88CBED2
E7EEAA0C6598F402A87F6CA8C16B695B04EF68C6E4419233938E3009E3FA8C806AD159373AC796E0
0B795163CBDC39D9FBB403BFCDEE3F5F4A73EAE860F30453A7CC76A85562E063A6090412428F7340
1A32C31CD13C722064718653DC562DDE82764A2CE6216465692095B72B90464163923381F956ADB5
D7DAA367113A618A61F1C91E9826AC50071925A3473FD9A680C06E1CA1503F741403B70463271F36
323E6FAE6A491E491E691E291FED12AC6CF1919DC87194E7A10A7AE3A57572C115C46639A24910F5
575C83F81ACF7D0AD376E84CB010DB9446FF002A939070A7E5EE7B5007352DD405775C486DC4842C
D32215DA576602678CAE5908073807352DD5D3CA52E954451C816D669E3C6C58CA80768EB9DE71BB
B56AA6997B61F6731482EA1801458C2847C1E8C49382C3183C0EA7E9525968D2C43334C3CB69DAE0
C2BC8562C580DC7A8CE0F4EBED401956BA649722F23B3F2E6B29C6D1348F9DBBB3B940C7CCA3391C
F524574965A65B58285855C90A17748ECED81EE49C0AB7814B4006051451400514514018F32CD0BD
E3F9457CD71BA75619D800E077CFDE03DCD361835321E4669559833EC91C101B9C28C7419231ECBC
F5AD778924DBBD73B4EE1F5A7E06738E68033F4EB796379E498382EC366F90B1DB81D7D0E73D2AB4
D697B3DECB32931BE42C6C25380833FC2382724939EDC7D3668C0F4A00C4BAB2BD65222729B8E4B8
9082801001F5242E78E99350F937F75113132B22C8403E612245EB9E71D3083BF46EB9AE83029714
019B69A618A649A59653247F2AAF984AE00DA3EA7193CF735A54628A0028A28A0028A28A00299E4C
40E446A0EEDDC0EFEB4FA28022FB2C0400625C04298C71B4F51553FB3213731CAD1C3E5C5FEA9563
036E7DFF00138FAD68537FBBF4FF000A006496B6F2A2249046E89CAAB28217E9491DADBC52092385
15C2040C1790A3A0CFA54D45005492C96E26DD72239235398E32BC0F739EA6A56B581A378CC6BB5C
E580E327D7EBEFEC2A6F4A280201656C23641100ACA10E3B8C93FCC939F7A45B2B64C15854118E7B
9C67193DFA93F8D58A2801914490C49146BB510600A7D1450014628A280130297145140051451400
51451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451401FFD9}
}}}}\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsxn586\margbsxn213\pard
\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Two types of poteins are f
ound in cell membrane; viz. intrinsic or}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {integral and extrinsic or peripheral (Fig. 1.3).}\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Integral proteins are}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {either partially or totally immersed in the lipid bilayer
and difficult to}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {re
move by any means other than the distruption of the membrane with}\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a detergent. Peripheral proteins
are bound only to the surface of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {membrane and interact only with the hydrophilic groups and therfor
e}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {are readily remov
ed by extraction with an aqueous medium. The}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \f
s20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {arrangement of lipids and proteins in the memberane is
known as fluid}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mos
aic model.}\par\pard\li293\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li293\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li293\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li293\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li293\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
par\pard\li293\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li293\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li293\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li293\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li293\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li293\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li293\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2
pard\li293\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 1.3 Structural
organisation of a cell membrane (Fluid}\b0 \par\pard\li2453\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {mosaic model}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Functions of cell membrane}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li
400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The cell membrane performs a
number of important functions}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char

scalex100 {(i) It holds the cell together}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(ii) }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The membrane is a selec
tively permeable boundary which allows}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {water, certain required nutrients and metal ions to pass f
reely}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(ii) It }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {secrete waste products}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(vi) It }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {keeps out toxic
materials}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(v) It c
ontain receptors to bind certain regulatory substances such as}\par\pard\li400\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hormones which regulate the vario
us metabolic activities.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\mar
glsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsxn586\margbsxn93\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\b {1.2.3 Cell Wall}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Plant and bacterial cell membranes are surrounded by a
thick cell}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {wall.}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1.2.3.1}\b0 { }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Bacterial cell wall}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The bacterial cell is enclosed within a
wall that differs chemically}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {from the cell wall of plants. The cell wall contains a rigid framework
of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {polysaccharide
chain cross linked with short peptide chains and its outer}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {surface is coated with lipopolysaccharid
e. The pili, found in some}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {bacteria are extensions of the cell wall. In some bacteria the cell wall
is}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {surrouned by an
additional structure called a capsule.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The cell wall and capsule confer shape and form of the ba
cteriam}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and also ac
t as a physical barrier to the cell membrane. In the absence}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of cell wall and capsule is mechanical
ly fragile and the bacteria would}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {rupture.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\b {1.2.3.2}\b0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Plant cell wall}\b0 \i0 \
par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The cell wall is a
thick polysaccharide containing structure}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2
0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {immediately surrounding the plasma membrane. In multicel
llar plants,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the pl
asma membrane of neighboring cells are separated by these walls,}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and adjacent plant cell have their
walls fused together by a layer called}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {the}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {middle lamella.}\i0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { The cell wall serves both as a protective and a}\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {supportive unit for the
plant. The degree to which the cell wall may be}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {involved in the regulation of the exchange of mater
ials between the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pl
ant cell and its surroundings is difficult to assess but is most likely}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {restricted to macromolecule
s of considerable size. As in animal cells,most}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of the regulation of exchanges between the cytoplas
m and the extracellar}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {surrounding of plant cells is a function of the plasma membrane.}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Functions}\b0 \par\pard\li400
\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The cell wall protects bateria a
gainst swelling in hypotonic media.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {It is porous and allows most small molecules to pass. Some of
the pili}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {are hollow
and serve to transfer DNA from sexual conjugation.}\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-213\

{6}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\shp
{\*\shpinst
\jpegblip
FFD8FFE000104A46494600010100000100010000FFDB004300080606070605080707070909080A0C
393D38323C2E333432FFDB0043010909090C0B0C180D0D1832211C21323232323232323232323232
3232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232FFC0
001108007E009003012200021101031101FFC4001F00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090A0BFFC400B5100002010303020403050504040000017D010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191A1082342B1C11552D1F02433627282090A161718191A2526272829
2A3435363738393A434445464748494A535455565758595A636465666768696A737475767778797A
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090A0BFFC400B511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291A1B1C109233352F015
6272D10A162434E125F11718191A262728292A35363738393A434445464748494A53545556575859
5A636465666768696A737475767778797A82838485868788898A92939495969798999AA2A3A4A5A6
F2F3F4F5F6F7F8F9FAFFDA000C03010002110311003F00F7FA28A2800A28A2800A2A19E78EDE2324
AFB5471EE4FA0F53ED592F2DD5EB12CCF6F6FD911B0E47AB30E9EA307EA4EE1401B324A90C6D248E
111464B31C002B39B5495B260B290A0C90F2B6C0C38E8A016CF38C1506AB2594436C8E1DDC004493
4C490D9C705B3B7A76FC79AB291AE36AA70176851E9CFF00F65EBDF93C5002AEA936FD874FB82E30
0EC64232738E4B0F4EE07EA290EA376E330E9CD819C89A50A73FF01DDFA9151A3024C25A40CB8007
030338C64E7EBF90C9E29DB5D577188640C82A38CEDEDD3D7F3E3DE80251A918881750B44B923CC4
3BD38F7E08FAE303D6AFAB2C8819482A46411C822B2C3337CDFC19C0E32186460638EC3A0CF7E054
4923E9CEAF1A96B76C99225E76FF00B49FCF1DF92391F3006DD155EDAF2DEED0B412A4817860A795
3E84763EC6AC5001451450014514500145145001546F2EDE129040A24BA973B15890147F78FB7D39
3F9917AB12D88B866B929E60B9704EE231B338518FA64E3A6493DF80071B503F7D24924F72C78671
F778FBAA3A01C81C1C1EE73CD46D72CC1F6C12140782A492781838DBD49C83E9D7BD4FA83881D4C7
6E8CAAAF2CA405CE40E01CF4DC0B0CFE1DEA9BDFDF1512A69E1D0AE63468D876EA4E0E3218718C8C
30A065A8CB4ABE6229191C82AD9C03C1C1F61DBBFE75345B47CC171919071CE3F23CF43FF7C8AA31
5E5E5EDD5AC1244B68ACC59CC8983205FBC801E99C83904F19EFD2D34B119A54C828AC4BA86C8001
EFCF1F97D68109B8A90A848E41551F741CFBFD4761CE2B363B807C9923B91331660F0703C9503EF7
1CF653EFD46054D79149750C636EF4572F2ABC863DDC11D47BED38EBDB352471BC6A8EF2A395501E
466DA5DBDC74C6467D7DA801ED18439187555DAE33C91C60F278E98FFEBF494331999179741B700E
368C6323D3B71C0F6C7350BEC40301C1C1C1E4E339CF3F4FE5D7352796AA1D0AB9E08C2E00FC875E
FC8FD3B0045716B0CA51DA2DEE38122643AFD08E73C7D71EA38AB76175279A6CEE240F2A82CAFF00
F3D173FCFA7F9CE23906EE41C762DB4919E7FC7F138F7A64CAE63575645747DE857279C1C1F718E3
3E99E7D002B6A36DACCFAB99ADD992D228CA88D65C190FCAC1B1EBBBE5C1ECA4701E9F3A6B9E448C
32F2870C23565098EB853D4F3FDEC02063DCEAD9DEC776AC00D92A63CC8DBAA123F97BF7AB7401CF
ACFADA3234B6E5954E303682E471D89C0239F63D7815A5A7CB792ACA6E9153121118552095F53927
FCF4C8C137A8A0028A28A00ABA83B47A6DD3A1DACB0BB023A8383552DF62C5185015491851CED1C0
1C927DBEBE953EA84FF67CD1A825A61E50C73CB719FC339AA5BD514960030382BC0FCC0F639E3E99
ED400C934E85E340D77791ED52AE61768F271924E3A1C92727D7DC5571A6D8BA4856FAF118312AD1
CAE0AF3C0C03C8C05033D7031D799A76748A4741FBCDA48328E338E07A0EDC9E95043E40B8536971
2DC7EE899DA4624ABF18EBF758F39007071C03D4020105A5A32B4D7D24F824969958B20F943E327A
9C01EA3271D4E6E4724725EDD48467127C878273CE4F1DFD3EB9F5C3DE7689512DD06F7608B1A9C0
271FA0C0C9C7403F3E6B58D4A10AD0C0BBDD70CD78E8096C10C3667EEAE428E339EBD7920CE96292
E278D654B1B9923700A92EA0B0EDC16181F51D0E08EB9AB1EAF049773C2892AB82518EC380410A46
EE806723B807B8AF3AD03C49A66BBF685B3410C96A006708109192438C6319DA4678F5C7415B51F8
827B1B29A0BC592F6D959D95A49013164939F3324FF173D4900E32080411DB1C385237BBB12AF818
EC0FF4FF00EB1C54B22DB0916013C419806F2CB10707A13DC670C33C7A7B562437535B5E5B698563
9206883C13C721CCA98E1F6800019DA0E0F5C71822ACDCD86A336A725D8D360911E500FEF882C809
033CE08C1C9181C6DFBD8C000D453134DE589E1924E4005F3838C118EDF4E7BFA5492C422F99C820
F1904E491D3EA73CE79C7403A9AE5FEC37C9E519EC25695A31146A8DF77BEDCB060781C9381D78EB
5A7A25835AD8A16B38E091DC215C1DFB40230EC4727B6476E86802C5C4ED0482F5300427738DE07E
EC91BB23D319231D481D6BA0AC2788312AC0BAEDC80DFC239E48FC33C7535A3A5B99349B37624B34
08C49EB92A2802E514514005145140195ABB132DAC78CF2D2007A120018FC989FC2B25CB48E262AF
31919C46BE7BC2A8A8429395EA4B7427A0C700E6B635981DECC4D1A97785849B1464BAF2180F7C13
F8D6469F325C2A3C6DBE30F2B211C86C88C9FAFCCCDF8FBF14013DB4A02322B975650D1EFE5829CF
C87D486561EBC77355E6BB48601235CDB59DB162AB2CFF003990E0E428046475FCBA54654B49B327
90FCA91FF3D64EF8F6EBFA735245B9044E3194878C8FBA4C8D9C1CF1D3F9734015AFAE162D145FC5
7B05E1B906DE068B840B82CE075E48423DB1ED546DF43D4E4B712AC0181C1505900523D7DC63FF00
AFD28BBB6105A4D1A7989B7524B82A848C249094CE7BE5C373DC9ADE8E39A6F0FA5A7D9DDD1E2208
46DA4E4B700FD0633EE3B5219CC58F83E6D396EDA0D360B5F3A62EC50AE2419E09C1F52783C63A73
50DEF84F52BCB2307D9E58C0612292AAC5483B80CF73B8B73838E0D74ED632895D12C6F10CCA76BC
722662E878247CA41638C707677A92D51C5DC527D93515785971F69652A46361E99C9E01CFBE738A
6239FD0633058DDF999966826526694925A39090178E8A2419C0C639C0F5E962919A42549E063862
4139E9DB9E074F6FA0E674A575B8B829E63C32CC91CB2222E1990B38F7CF53C0E98CE074D858E553
232BA498CA90548DC71D7DB8E33F8E3392002EBB4A24233200A436148E99C671DBF0FC318C528772
383F7B232EDF7480477ED918FE63B53526372164230EC371F94ED0738EBDF9FC3F9D471C40A85242
A13B9813C8181E9EFE83FAE002779D9572CDB9148241C6578FC7B77041AD4D2C15D26CC37510203D
B9DA2B1AE54369E636218CAC91065206DDC4267DF93F515D2018181400B45145001451450063EAA8
1F50B2CB14654728C09055B28011EFC91CF18241E09A8D630D234D24D24CD8D8B236338EF8000C73
EDCF19E82ADEA6A19ECF271FBE209E071B1BD6A16CFDE07208DABBB073F8FF00DF5C7FFAA8031118
9B80C842ED8B9248C7FAE933CFA640EBC74AAF75A9C9650DB3C701910DB34EE003BB602C7E56CED0
D8756C3755DC7B5684FA734B28E2DDE224B012C64ED270580C32FCADD769241EA7835CFEAD6F7167
AD497534B3DCC58512425494911A37DDB40C0CE102E40380C38C9A00BFA88823B877323BDACC9F66
BB31AEE31E4EE8E5C0FEE31E98E8F923E539A0B7173E50B786ECB4AA0970B230070465863B1C123A
70467AD55B4B81A7EA0B3CA0B44F82253B6349536AFEF31FC251536ED3C8C484F0A0D6FC9671DCE7
75BC73445CCA982627438C6E465E9C0008E8475EF94333E7D4AEA2C32DE4EACA4318C4C41F5C75E7
A8EDEDEB551354D627305B5A5D5CC93CC0A2619C87239CE4E703DCE3EB8E9A8DA3D8CD84793565E4
650F939271EB8C76F5ED5A3006D376C96365B4101A792E49926914755183853DF19C0F414C0834FB
38ECA2B7B18999E1B3663248318926279393D4282579EBD3A8AB9F38964538757E08E0F6C83C7D3B
7D7B66AA412F90DB61B8B2960202C6C6E021DBCF0E0F46E403804FAFA55881DDD949F28C6E0EC7B7
71246C46780401EA0E08E838E868112AC88626DCFCE464827182793D013C718FE54C437D3C7E6AD8
5C6DC12AEBE5824F182016047F4393CE7351DD79706C967C25BA9065EE36E467EA300FAF7AEA770D
BBB3C6339A00E6639965BBB02E988E5986E0CA0153824671D0EE55FC723B57515C733C6CEF788A85
56E3CD0C304B289376467A02A3B7AF3EFD8D00145145001451450051D5011661D7864910820E31F3
007F426ABE39512649C1078C9DBF5EE0FAFF00F5EB42E611716B2C24ED12215C8ED915951C864B44
243A1190EAB8014E79193D3E6079FC2801CA9B95988C93C107001EE067E9DC570F7F0B47AF4C658B
7A4D73B6656C92136ABC640C0F98796CDB541E51327EF67B9DACEE19000D81839271EC3D471EFC72
3D2B1759B391EEED9E2601E70225DD3B826443E6280A0E3057CC527233B803B8734019E6C7ED0D2D
BA5A5CB4849B833C63626FCFCCF1EFDC006C676F23010FF166AF442EE0B6709A5DEB4A81F6172300
760B85E7B75E78FBC4D2CD60D71A82A3D8DC985A46C92DB1407660463603F773C83C0DB824552365
BE3746B1D40BA962B72F388CEDCF07E6007524F23DFB700CD785EF7C966B9D2E3B5F2C6CDD25C8CC
8C400368E01CB71C91EDD6A24BDD4E50B1C3616D290A4A16B800B11DCAEEC819C6476C8F7AAC0CB8
B1BC5D1AE26FB2C423459254C920643723EF73927A023DAA4B0FED0B2B88045A5A8648CC46E64B80
C044181C1E832324E01E80FD281172CADD961912421996770589CE06F3C73CF5CF1EE326A1955525
991061DB64D1A0E4E1490DF2F5CEC63C019E338CD45653AC7797821B3BE749EE2495EE2304A87F30
A719040DAAA0E471EC49399B7DE5E2C90CFA24727964121EE00249008DBF2FBF278E84FB50047398
AFBE44016CC60CD3212CB8C8CA27F79D88C1C723F432B40F70249EE1A5FF004962CF09998A818C01
807180001D39EBEB4C57BBBDF2239D20B39226FDC4735C19BCDC8C1CBF3B5B078EA7AF6CD5B98CD6
F0BADE5AB463183223074271C73D87D40FAF3820159A0054C45F709A411838248E4AE4FE3D73D71D
8D7595CD69918BAD46378C7EEE01BE42AE4A9623E55C74E8D9F6E33DABA5A0028A28A0028A28A002
B1AFA27B4B87BB5DE60900F342F3B08FE2FF00748183D87523A91B3450063C6FBE3528DBB6927200
EBC7E6723F1FAF22BEA366F7DA73DBC534904C4868A404FCAEA415385237618038C807A1E38ABD26
94A097B399AD98F2500DD193FEEF6FF80919EF9AAAAF279E60B8458E65E814921C762BEA3B60F43E
BF2D00708ED259665FB32144915A7B6DE77DBCAE480F131E486DCD1A91D0854C302089AF885315A5
C888EE04DB4D2A48E186F42372E06413CB007284138C06AEB6EB4AB2BCB882EE6B659A6B5264864D
A498CE41254FA12A3AFF00747E14E5F0F5A7989E4C935BDB171218E198AC4C41C82547425B9C8C67
A1C81C8025A6A16972E2D88314EABC5B9501946E201C2E720919041E460FA03A316532ED85655E40
E0018EE3D3D87F2ACE3A15B6D8D2DA4B88628983A4114BB5320280107217EEFF000FAB6739AD299A
48A17D832E118A0E31923FC4F53EFCF514014593ECAB1D85820478FE521790A4E4E3EBD4FA9E49CD
4362D23CF2AC93F9D01412799F300324818DC73F3281C0E01181C0E5B0890C76D7CB240E92E26121
0C0AB024B64061938E49E9F280074AD0B2B678E2059B7492932B648C9639EC38CF3DBBF703A804D2
5BA4B0949D0396387072403CF739E31CF5E2A98125B4652D1B6A95CAC0C4B452A60E460F41823A60
F73E874704C5B78CF43B863A7438C74E3F1033D7A5396137CF1DA4418F98A565200023423AF7E48C
81CF5E40E09A00DCB05B75B285AD2248A0750EA88A1400467A0EF56A9A005000180380053A800A28
A2800A28A2800A28A2800AAB77671DDC403E43A9DC8EBD54FA8FF0E86AD5140189225C5BE16787CC
45FBB344BBB6FF00C04E48FC0FBE4531264B86126F0C8D93BD7907B1C119C8E31EA3F0ADEAA5369D
6933F9A62D92921BCC8CED62474C91D7F1A00CE5693E56452CF82158A800F18CFB7F9CF1814E08A4
3AB03B3232ACBCF4E87F0E72482054B26937207EE2FBA1CE678B79FA654AFE1E9445A65DC591F6C8
B271F3080E4FD72C680288D32C2299EEBECE04870CC7A0720E7715E84E7B91D47AE3327DA96704DB
4571392303CA84856E3901CFCB9CF7CE3AD5F8B4A815899DE4B9232479C4151FF01000E38C1C66B4
A8031134FBAB860EFB2CD4E09F2CEE7FFE241F7E6B4ED6D21B38BCB813682724924927D493D4D58A
2800A28A2800A28A2803FFD9}
li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1.2.4 Nucleus}\b0 \par\pard
\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Nucleus is the heaviest pa
rticulate component of the cell. Except}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {matured mammalian erythrocytes, nucleus is found in almost
all cells.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The nucl
eus about 4-6}\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m in diame
ter is surrounded by a perinuclear}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {envelope. At various position the outer membrane of the envelope
fuses}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {with the inn
er membrane to form pores. Nuclear pores provide continuity}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {between the cytosol and the contents of
the nucleus (nucleoplasm).}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {The electron microscope reveals that the nuclear content consist of}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {granular or fibrillar
structures. The nucleolus, a discrete body within}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the nucleus, contains ribonucleic acids (RNA). T
he most important}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c
omponent of the nucleus is an organised clumps of threadwork known}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as chromatin which is distribute
d throughout the nucleus and contains}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {most of the cellular deoxy ribonucleic acids (DNA). Immediate
ly before}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the cell
division the chromatin organises into simple thread like structures}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {known as chromosomes which will
eventually be distributed equally to}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {each daughter cell.}\par\pard\li1000\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 1.4 A schemmatic diagram of Nucleus}\b0 \par\pard
\li3080\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3080\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li3080\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3080\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3080\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3080\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3080\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li30
18\cf0\par\pard\li3080\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3080\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3080\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3080\ri
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3080\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3080\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3080\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {7}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\shp
{\*\shpinst
\jpegblip
FFD8FFE000104A46494600010100000100010000FFDB004300080606070605080707070909080A0C
393D38323C2E333432FFDB0043010909090C0B0C180D0D1832211C21323232323232323232323232
3232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232FFC0
001108015701AE03012200021101031101FFC4001F00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090A0BFFC400B5100002010303020403050504040000017D010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191A1082342B1C11552D1F02433627282090A161718191A2526272829
2A3435363738393A434445464748494A535455565758595A636465666768696A737475767778797A
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090A0BFFC400B511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291A1B1C109233352F015
6272D10A162434E125F11718191A262728292A35363738393A434445464748494A53545556575859
5A636465666768696A737475767778797A82838485868788898A92939495969798999AA2A3A4A5A6
0A323D68AA97D762CAD1A6D8D23E424718382EE4E147E24F5A00B74573A2EF52D2AEC3EAB7B04D6F
24124AEB14057C9D9827072772F38E467A55B1ACB46F6D0CF69209DEDDAE2E110EEF2140EFEA49E0
01D707D28035F23D68AE4F43F12D85D3DEDF4D3DCC7E6E655F3A095238E04E170CCBB79CEEE0F57C
76AD6B4F1069F79A65C6A0923C76F6D9F3FCD8990C7850DCA919E841F7C8A00D6A2A017701BBFB20
993CFD9E6795B86E0B9032475C66A7A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0
028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A00334573F378BF4982E0C524920DB71F6
779367C91B671966E806411CF3C1ED56AC75C82F65BB56827B516D1ACACD7202028DBB0DD723EE37
DEC1A00D6ACED521BA916DE5B38A2965B79BCCF2A47D81C6D65C67071F7B3D3B51A66B565AB9945A
3C85A3C161244C87072030DC0641DA791E86A21E25D1BCB8DDB51B78D640593CC6DA4819C9C1EDC1
C7AD0051BDD2F519EDCDDC8905C5E9963636EB261163570DB1588EE402491CE3B71864F6B7B2689A
8CC1166D46E9952786194318E31806252703210B1E719273DEB50EBD60DA45CEA714E24B7B60E642
38C15192307BF4FCEB3BC3FAA5B08C5ABA4C93BA497724D244638E425B2E54B72402E064F6C62801
BAFB5DADAE953436E238E39849346D0BCC233B1B68658F92013D471903EB5485949AAD9A69053508
52EE66B9BBBB74F29E455230718F93730002F50ABD2B4F4DF17E91AAC90A5B4CC5E489E720E311C6
A71B988385CE47BF3CD3AD7C5363777E96890DDAC92301099202AB3A90497427AA8C727DC7A8A009
F4DF0F586937F7579688C24B84457DC7380B9EE7924E72492738AD7AC493C53A44179736D7174B14
96F2AC4D9E72C40390064E06E0093C0353DF78834CD3AEFECD7573B6509E63058D9F62FAB150768F
73401A945351D24457460CAC32181C823D69D4005145140051451400514514005145140051451400
51451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400
51451400514514005145140051451400514668A002A96AB71716BA74B25AC2D35C1C2448AA4FCCC4
004FB0CE49EC055DA280399B3D0EDAD2E6DEC3EC64D869F1FDA04922EE13DC39397F760031FABFB0
ACED48DEC5A6D95FBDB205BDBC5B8BC4B857C44BB0F96AE141385DA991DD87519AEDFA8A4FC28039
4866BB96DAF9EDE1B8966BC68E15BE3134792C4825508CAA46A72093C927AF52A961A6E972B20B36
4D3B46844FF3465BCC988243E4FDE6551F86FED815D562908CF51907AD007293DB5F4163A746DA64
B76B71726F351DAC3E539DC170793862BC7711E29FA8E973EB4E9F6CB2631DDB2C1E53E088200DBD
8BE3F89F601C74C8F424F554500735AF6910C70A5CDAD834B810DBCB14039FB3ABEE28ABD304E323
B81505A2EA927882FF005ABDD29D121B00B630870CE72CCCCA7071BCED4E9C0C81935D22DC837CD6
A519488C48AC7A30CE0E3E9C67FDE1EB562803955D1BC8B5D3F4E36DFBDBC9C5C6A53C69F7997F78
DB88FEF3E001E84D66DAACD732DE58DEDD5C192FAEC9B8B582CDD6454276E1A6271E585030401903
00E4D779F852639E2801AA8B1A04450AAA3000E3029F451400514514005145140051451400514514
00514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514
00514514005145140051451400514514005145212075228032352D7E0D3EEA3B34865B9BB90AAAC5
18E14B676EF63C28383EF804E2B6323D6B840D7A355D48C9243C5DB436532B162F3C830188F58A31
8207FB5CE69AB6F71A7EEB4D33519EE27483FB3207965210CE402CC1470046AA4E71D4904922803B
DC8F5A2B831A9EA7A25ADEBCB7CF7604B1585AAA5B96559704BB2AA82ECAA3B124928D93E9662BED
7ADF49BC97CD92EAEEE645874F8678D239036096665006D18CB61893803279C5007679A2B1349BAD
6EE355BE8F51B586DED6158C42230C77B104B7CC719C70381D735B74005145140051451401475186
531A5C5BA93716E77A28FE31DD7F11F91C1ED562DAE23BBB68AE213BA2914329C638352920024900
0EA6B8E6F1559E9BACCDA7D92C9A989D8C9147658731C8725D09240C6416EBC7CDE9401D9515E67A
A7C40BA0AA7EDBA6694ACB149B589B8976B3956E8028650A4E39CE4735CCFF00C2C4B99249557C55
7AE43808C9A7C4011E610C7A71F200DF538A00F72A323D6BC7B4FF001D5F5C4BB62F15C6DFBC750B
7564801503E5E139E6B7F4DF1DEA53185248B4ABB79360DB0DD18482CBBBA367A74EBD4D007A1519
AE461F19DD49E5EEF0FDD1F304657CA9A37CEF04AF71D85397C6371208BC9F0FDF379A14C7B9D06E
0C188EFC7DD3401D6668CD7231F8B7529B698F41CAB842A5AF00043FDC3F77BD563E33D50AEFFECA
B351FBBF95AF8672EE500CEDEC464FB1A00EDE8AE2A6F15EB7E533C5A5D91DB1CB237FA5EEC2C6E1
5BA0FCB1D6A96A5F11AFF47457BDF0E3AC7BCC6CE9704AAB0EA3EE76A00F42A2B8A87E215A9B46B8
96DE2DABDA0BA590F4EBC8031F8F15A36BE37D16E1C46F3981F19F999645FC5E32CA3F13401D2515
0DBDDDB5E47E65B5C453A0E3744E187E62A6A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A002
8A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A8E4912189E59182A202CCC
7B01D6B918E7F13DD9D357ED31DADC4CEF2BC4D106D90F3CBE3B8DCA1578E9C93CE003B2CD54BFD3
EDB54B6105DA33C61C380AEC8411D0E548358116B1756BA642935E44F71773CBF679EE8AA05855BF
D636300F054E0633B80F53531D4AFADFC397F74647B89B2CB64FE56D69890027CBFEF938F5183401
B90D9DB5BC51450C31A470FF00AB555C04E31C7E04FE74086DAD636611C71A2B3484E00009C966FD
4D736FAAF8896FE083C8B144FB334D75E664FD947F0B3B0386270FF2A81D3EF639A5B8B9D4F53F0E
585A15885FEA38326E56445841DCC4AE491952A0AE7AB633401A29A5E9FA9E8D66228E7B68B70BB8
0C6E6392276C927AF5F9DB2391C9A7D9787B4FB09A29E28E47B84676F365959DD99C00C589EA70A0
7B01DAB1AF756D4B4C1A8DBFDAA4BDB8CC314063B619599F71650A3A8540AF8249C7526A4B5D735E
BABFB9B73A525BB993CBB7499CFCAAAA0BCAE47047CC8005EF919C73401D6519AE474FF12DE4BA46
A9A8CC219A3B366822F263205C4A188054649C1CC63A9E734F1E28BA87EDF2DFD8456D0C11C5B434
F86F31CE15189185272A4F5DA08CF5A00EAE8AC1D2754BBBEBE923696CEE2DD2205A5B553B16427E
E0624EF180724018E3D78DEA002B3F57D5ED345B237374C40276A228CB48C7A281DCD5C9A64B785E
69582468A5998F4503A9AF2AF12DE5E5F5B5F6AB29F2268E2296F15C47F2A47201B3677F35B9E7B6
0FA0C006678BFC613BC821D51D8166206976CD8D986DA44A71924E011FC866B0ED6D75FD6EC956E2
E62D234CDEA54B1DA049E49C1393BBE65079E849E95BBE19F065CCDAA17F33CED4237125CDF4BFBD
8E1390C361CE246209041E0735DAD9F87BC3B66E5FC93A935BC2D24B71743CD0153385507E45E738
C0FE123B50079469BE1AD0A2B98A4BBBDB7BE8D98078CCCD09C18FCC277118EB95C7AD7A2697E19F
87FA92A4674B48276556F26E24656C150463E6C1E0E78AF34BFB3B9BBF1126AB716F0456CD77E508
6201550E4ED0140C630067D7BE7AD50D3756D6340125ADAE350B58CB395752D1A311E5EEE47079E3
F0A00F5CD73C05E04B7896192DDE19E4F9638ED5CB4AC7D979CFF2AF24D6BC31736026BFD2FCE7B0
8552432BB28740C481BB6B1C1CA9E3DC55C9752D7F5359A082C62B3B72892B0853AEC5001CF2493C
1C67939A7E8FA75CC13DBDD5D34515B493B5BBC77084AAAB0077302474127E18A00E97C25A3DBCFE
1ED3B54D76F2F656BD94C569696A154B00DB7739E33CF727B8EB5BF7365A2DCD9182D754BED22E5D
00B75BB550872481F30071C861F7B239AE16DA6BF8FC3D7F6B0CB23A584C96F14F1CA102C6CECD82
BD4827907B102B5B42D175CBC8A5D42D893140ECEC66FF0056429CE36E30DD5BB77A0097C1BA2DD2
6B37977AB6D9E1B2905B7D98B2B09E76E15413C6067FFD75D1DD59685AC4ADFDA9E1B9ED6E6491A0
5FB0CC5A40CB927722E3B0C8382306A8685653DBE9D7962D6F697575FDA0933C52BFEE9D64B76DBC
85E31838E3A8FC6BCCEF60F1059DC35F3C7A85B194965970CB956EE0F7A00F403E16D0C40D2DB6A9
AFD9C7B51D259A10D1A87FB8C42E0904FD39AE7359BEF177862E0C1777AB77657AB22C7313E6C53A
B7DFDAC7A31EFDEB94835DD66C2EA39E3BB9FCC8F61DAEFB8610865047A035E93A56B763E29D2AFC
DD5BC602A3CD7F6EEF812BB38DA62CFDD75C9C75CE40EF4019DE1FF14C173248D0456F6B76CC65B8
B6917FD1275030104782558F0030EE4FD2BBA8B4DD2F5A9CC3611BE95A8C51B79F617299527AA9DA
4156018F6E30C78CD78D789BC33A87872E52E61669AC5C936D7D11CAC8B9E3A7DD6C7041F4F4AD6D
0BC651CF14569A8BB417319696DAF61406612E06D0C49FBA791CFD381401D7EA5E10BFD3AF3ED51B
4F80331B2CCE1E15018F4DDD463B123E53C722AF691E39D5AC752165A846F756FE60411BAFFA5271
CF4015B0477C31183DEBA9D0F5F5D5A49349D4FC88755854731386494100EF43EBD0E3DBF2C7F117
8422B68BEDD6F6EB20693FD22188E3823682BC64E3D0632704EEC62803B7D3753B3D5ACD2EAC6759
A161C11C11EC47506AE5788DB9BED1EF239B4D13848A3C80A02B907920F66C3678233827230315E9
3E1BF15C1AD22432948EECA860AA7E57E3B73C1F6EBD7D0E003A5A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28
A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2802ADF59A5FD9C96B29758
DF1B8C6704804123E87183EC4D412E9AED25FCD15CC91DC5D422149300884007040FAB13F9568D14
018D79A1F9B359CD692C7049691F971F99089405F97A648C11B4720D4FFD98CE6C9A7BB9A66B695A
5CB05FDE310C3900741B8E00F6EB8AD2A28031E4D13CCB7BF8DEE199AF6E0492B141CC7F28F2FE9B
06DCFB934B75A3493EA66FA2D46E6DE42A88046A842A0DD9182A7A96079CFDD15AF45006441A1A41
7D6B389DD92DC48DB59412F2B9E6463DCE3701803018FD29DA8E8CB7F72263797302988C32242540
9109CE324123EAA41F7AD5AABA8FFC832EBA8FDCBFF234019565E1B8ED22D3E2FB41686CE79AE046
A9B43B3B315CF3FC218E3E83A631492F86BCDD3BC83785AEBED6D77F689220C1A4391CA1E080A76E
3D00ADBB750B6D1281C041FCAA5A00CED3F4BFB1CB35CCD3BDCDDCC156499C01955CE1428E00196E
3DCD68D14500735E2E9CB4165A701B85DCE0C8A1C2168D3E66009E327E5FCEB8F9E29F54D6ACAC6D
DE7558B6324AD2FCF14CE3CC0CD9FBDB215C7D7EB5D07898B5CF8892D952DE40B67B4ACC79CC8FB7
E5E0FCC300D6069D716AF77AC6A9E5DAB225B5E4A191FF007982E2345738F97E54E3D8D00695E6A7
1C3A7BE9FA522FD82DA48A1871CEE653B8B127DD7F3E6A7BEB7B8D33C29069B0B017F7255AEDB600
70DB8B0E060742BF41543C3507DBF578D644401647320C86C3A372BF4EBF9D5FF134B3DC6AB311E6
431DA61415623CCF955B240EA06F23F0A00C48F4A64B79216457067F308FC00C8FC8D68E9BF0F2CE
EECEE8CAE63B7BC956431A75C2BB6467D08DB5A3E19B56BDF352EA476C12074E9F291FA357611A08
D16304E140033401C8FF00C2151C5780DB04484445392738DCC40CF5E015FCAA8EB1E13FB0E9A6EB
ED288D04CB397DB90A71B738EFD16B47C4BF1034BF0C6AD169F751CAEEC824768F188D49C7E27DAB
4352D4ADB51F0ABDF69F7424864D8526857791F3AE70B8273ED8CE78A00F1898C3753788D08B6B86
178AD1DD49F24A01047C8BB7BF53CF18EF9AF49F0DEB3692FC34660E15E1B575943FF798B0DC7D89
E6BCD9265F33C577324D04B24932888DCA6C9A460492547183DC8E2BBFF0CE9C965E074BCB6BC80C
92C96F339237244048080C320F0092791FD68031EC45A8B7D46736FA4ADBCB7B142B0F99FE8CE228
DD8E0E3BEE0471D4815D4EB8CD1F84AC34FB91711406CF7DD35B004C68918FD3715CE3B03DAB9B81
5FEC57B6E65884A353B856314264572D1865C01EBB08CF38AE93C5CC6F6CE0B9805DB453D84A5BEC
ECA0042518EFDDD4638E39A00F1BF10B4173A4D96AF6D6CB6F0CB23C32AA91B3767700AB9C80140E
BDF3542CC5CE8D2DBEABA7482368D848090194B0E7383D4F206067D7B55BB98621E0FF002D9EDD2E
3EDA1523923FDF6D2090739E1791DBAD4962F2A6952A5D237CF6BFBA9500DCCB955DB8EC383CFA9E
F401D5E95E288A6B7952E005792399AE602372CF293B955E1718E3E6C94E718AA5E21F00D8DFC735
C6831AADE41933D9452131C83686DF013C918604AE723A0ED48B636C23964DB1CD3BBB39C49958C8
766F9A43CB1C63AF27238EE362C2DAFE06B8BBCF9FB4BCF179CCF10777546F35472118062D9CF418
216803274A8C58E8F676F726490292F0B42E018A63D183E33B46DCF1F5EB8AF57F0BF889755492CA
E6689EFEDBEF3C47293A8E3CC43DC7A8EC6B98C5B5C6ACB7D1CD0CCA2558AF0C4303711F24BB7B13
90AC3B120D4F2E9171A6C3A75E582CF23C385B4855FE549370DE1B38E2400F53C11C75140126ADA6
1B3D44DBC8127598662CA00CCABB42A9180AE012A319042AB1079AE6EEACE5B69249EC9BCC5998B4
C77302C546EDC1B2487CE4E0F3C72189AF4C74B2F13E868EB831CA37216404C6DC83C1EE0E41F4FD
6B8CBBB696C9BCBD432BB1B6492B2EEDD182C43648219490CDB5B0C046304F1401D3F86BC429A8FF
00A0CF3092F625E64DA17CC0383C0E873F81EBEA07495E2B6A9736FA80BC8D268EF2D77CDF367A2E
4856CF3CB02BFF0002AF64B5B98AF2DA3B881F74522EE53401351451400514514005145140051451
40051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140054571756F69099AE678A18875791C
281F89A96B235A8E399B4C4942B29BD5F95B90C42BF1FA7E940176CAFECF5180CF65750DC459DA5E
270C01F4E3BD5AC8AE7EE192C75FBEB8840555D38CB700700B063B09F7C07FC856669CB736BA6E9D
A25CC8C6582EADCAB370CD160C833F428CBEFB7DE803B3A2B95F11EA0F0EA56E52E8C31586CB99C0
900F303C813691DC6D121FAE2BAAA002AA6A671A4DE1FF00A60FFF00A09AB754B5638D1EF8FA5BC9
FF00A09A00B68311A0F4029D4D2CA8B962028EA49E958B2F8BB4388B85BD1398C6585B46D36074C9
2A08A00DCAAF77776F616B25CDD4A914318DCCCC700571FA9F8CEEC168EDAD058C655F6CD7B8323B
29019523539DDCE467AE3A5733AC5F8D366F335196792E0B09207BCF9E6F95F72B470E70A319049C
0EB8F4A00B575AA9BFF105CEAA228CD9C7B668FCE53E62471296F3003FC25971F5358F64EF63E11D
4BCB732CB2DB5BDA8CC7E5B2B387723DCF420F706AB5DBEA7756F22DDDA2E9D68C5DEE3CE9713CCA
AC18C7938C67CCC85000F9B3C8AD3BF926B3B0B7876C8D34B21BFD93B92D0C606C895BB92101F4FB
D401B5F0BAC595B50BE6523CC48D796C82C77331F63C814DB9D624BB8F5098C6B344B2C91C6626DD
BC6E2C0E49FF00640A6F85FC42B1E9B7D269B688C5706596691628A16C6304F719271EBF853B4EB6
86D2D459988441312C63CC0E24439F9C37F1727934017DAEAFB48B132D988C5C672C275254802253
D31DABA9D3F5786FA79EDCED8E689F1B37672300E47E75C7DD3DD4CB7162240BF298216C6D2A4818
391D7EE5573702E9AFEFB4F99D7F7DB55C12A4ED9225C8FC334018DF177C297935D8D7AD233343E5
85982F54C0C03F435E75A0F88F51D1D66B6B6B97486E000F113F2920F047A36475FE95F4768377F6
AD3A0B69C47E60817E5CFDE00952707E83F3AF3BF1F7C3381E4FB6E869B6EAE24C0B41FC4DD4EDEC
063D781FA50065DEDED85EDB269DA2DC94B8D5EEFF007F0CC58B292FB63624F72A493D6BB9B4F0DC
7E19F076A0B34C8D3DC408B2B30F915B1B40F7193D4D78A68FA6DED9789A3B3B9826B79E32DF2B02
08603AFE15EF1F6FB8BEF060B870A26B668BCC69BE65708C84B9031C639A00E42CAE562FB74B05CA
DB4926A12185ACA0DD1931C61405E08556697A9AE9BC4D6690D9E99626CFED71C16E518EFC18C7C8
81C0FE239ED5CC680C22860532BECB7BC78E6FB315313812A4859F77F0ED38041FE1AEC3C636ED23
D9CD1C0B2C8AB2052D2945460038638EB8D878A00F1EF10344FE1FD46DEDEEE078D752595611CCCD
95C6FCE7819FAFD4D6545E75DD9446DC8925F2BCB7007F0E7EE81D8007A9EE7A77AEBB55D46395FC
5CA2EAD238A589711805BCD21F2361C8E7924F079CD717A7EEB1BA8678CC69E5C6B23EE7FBF9CE07
B93C71401E8DA4E9F3C173A6450450C65AC1A31B10B9562E558A8C63BFDE247BF4AEBC594C74D64B
80BBBC9652A09381E4BC7839EA7283B56578735317B62B3AAA7DA6280A4EB1659548949233EE13F5
AE9E0BD59997CC84A191932A0E76065321C9E3B171C7A50073BA8B0B2D519AE1C8B291E60614809F
38BC843AE5791F2286E9D549CF19A9EFF5436FA0F97761A64119B7B88E33CF980BFCCA7AF60C3D88
353F881FCBB70F15CBC4EB238DF11CB2481558E072371C30EFF7AB98F10EAB6FA77867ED0AD24F6E
C420F315919DE32A10F2072D1B21E9FC048A00DDF066A696DA949A734D13C77999A24B784A450C83
3B9067D542B81E9CE066B53C57A7AA42F76B0349132813C6B8613104145643D4672320E7E63D6BCB
7C27AFDDEA715CC16FE7ACD66E2EED61882E0B2FDE2E4F38C641008CF039AF629B1E23F0C24B0241
9B98448AB30DC1495E391D0827A8E98A00F37B458E2BE8E633AC71CB1E26712191B86C365BB80636
3F435D9781AF71049A74B3BCB305FB47CE30543310CBF81C7E75C9DADAC90E93086FDDB86DDB5A30
1F695F2C9FF689420F3CF07AD6AE9D3CB67E2FB6754DC6E6EA48DA407E564DA4638E98619C5007A4
5145140051451400514514005145140051454175751595B49713B058D064F73E981EE4F14013E68A
E774DBCD62FF005B97CF8E2B5B1800DD101BA42CC015566CE32010C40E9903279AE8B34005155EEE
EE3B2B492E2527620CE146493D0003D4920014EB77964B68DE78BCA9594178F706D87B8CF7C5004D
4515564B975BE86DC5BCAE922B334A31B5318E0FB9CF6F434016A8A28A0028A28A002B2755D3EFAF
2EB4F9ED2E628BECB2B48C92A1657251947423A6ECE2B5A8A00C87D14C9A4DFDABDCB35CDF44E92D
D1419C95DA0851D87619FC727261D474692FB5AD22FE0B9556B09184EB8FF58AC98C1F719C8FF78D
6ED50B2005EEA27392675E3D3F7694019127846CB5382F5F59B1B3B9BDB99243E77960944FBB1856
2320850BF8E6B5B4617CBA2D9AEA6156F442AB3056C8DC07273579E448919E4754451966638007A9
AE2F58F1B96963B4D091679241BBED2E84A15CED26251CCA47B71401D56A1A9D96976FE7DEDC2411
9E0163CB1F400724FB0AE23C45E339AE7479C58C0B6B04B0B8F36F14EF70D1B32148C1CE1B6E371E
84F4AA12C116932BEABE21D47C8B99183C72C89E65D1092121910711295E08E6B97D47C5F70165D3
BC25A1CAB13A790F75343BE69431DA0648E065B007B8E9D2803AFB88EEA5D396F75CBB2903A4327F
C4DA4D837AB1691560418604607233D6B9E97C596715B868F4EBED5AD8068C6251691ED67CED544C
B32EEC0F98FE159165A46AFAF6B9FDA1E21F3AE6F1CB18ECC724B23E190807F7631B80CF1C57A8DA
781D5A051737B3400676C566DB0282FBC02D8CB9071826803C6E7F18EAE9773DDE9D6B6DA5AC879F
2200CEBDBEFB02C0FD31CF6AE8229960B8B28EEAE51EF6F15A4BBBE1FBF9D508286221B80718FE7E
82BABF13785E3B385206925BE4B9DC1435B2C92AB8264C8231F7896C93D07E188EEEC2D75AB54B8D
3A5867B6321967B345F9ED657DBBDC28E5C6011B7A73DFB0067CFAB6936329B8D3B49BBD4754DE54
5C6A0C243840416001DBC6D1CE0638AC9325EC7335C5D45E7C93064B97070C40C1CFBF15A765E545
71690B796A4AB3460382595B80C40E431E720F391DEB94D3A7BE1E2896D61226925DCD22BB81B492
493C9032073F8500763A6E8C971F0FCF9C1A1B4D543179917981965631BBE3F84E793DB8AC9D1AFA
F2D6CB51D0B533E6DE69E2478CB37DF8D86D75073C8190E3FDDAEC7C27E25B28608F44B95486CA38
5121966023DE0AE0EE192305B3820E0E45733E2AD3EE348BEB4F10D8BEF9F4D5586EA2C673103B51
F1DD193E527F0A009749D4A4B6BFB486E661E5EE213A658838073F4C74AD0F0EA19B50F358AAADD7
94CD0A1E11895247FE807F1AE5F548E19DA3103B3DBCA827B605B2444E18EDFF0080B92BF853B42D
5258AF351513F941F718999C82A5063E5FC08FCA803D374A730DDE9EC1B20A344401D89623F90AD1
D6E391EF2CBC9C87713C48E3F81CC6483FF8E9AF32B2F156A77E96F1C6B1A9492393CC881C8DACC3
1D7BFF00ECD5EA734AB732E9132F4698B8CF70617FF1A00E03C396C9E25974EBBBF39BB569A09242
B96631E31CFAED6233EC3DABBBD7BCBB4F0ADFA02A91ADAB46BBB9032BB467F315E4D26B175A1785
5353B26313AEB33856233F29032391ED5A96FF001562D6B42B9B5BDB310DDB2ED4789BE5DF9E090C
460671FC47AD006769DA8349ACEADA7C574BB37E639AD6DB0AEDB644000F982EEDE073DB1CD777E3
0412DAD9D84DF6695C46EEDE7B632701323D4E5C902B8AD1B50B3B6F13457514178C2690CF7324CD
B7CCC2824F9638187CE2BACD635086FB51B695DEDA10F1C61239D37BBE648C8D9C8C37CDD81E9401
E77AACD241A778AA049D7173A8089A35819830DC704499DAB8F4EF5CAC774E91CB0A4459FCA36F0C
81772F5C3639EE09E793C9AE8B51918783B5197CCB9649753DEEBB018C119C658F25B83ED597A6C9
64646DD222B63F881C300318C6381DFD4F7F700F42F04692DA7152D2172F6ECAC73C12C40E3F335D
DA5B84118239F950E7D848BFCAB91F085CDB47A63B4F7316EDEA80B31382581E5BA1270DF8E40E95
DE18CB0040E93E0FD3737F8D00675C58C4F146EC3996EE273F52A335E7F35B2DFF0087EE74CB8BC1
7134EAAB05AC81498D950F94CA400782361CF661F4AF4F947FA3DA7FD7488FF9FCAB88B84B9D3A6B
792D447FBD4955DA407F83638C01DFE5C0FAD0078EF87AFC69DAF5B4EF1C32461806499728CB9E77
7078AFA1FC1D728D637562934128B4B860AF07DC28E77AEDE4F1C91F85783F8B34E8F4FF00165EDA
C7FEA04C1A2DA3398DFE718FC180AF5AF006A2D75A86E92E4CF2DD69B0B48766DDAD112854FA9E41
FC6800F1285313DBC819418A567283211B04AFFE3EEC9C7A0AC7B38A7B7F166949E7A18FCE404039
3B9152327FE05C1FAFD0D741ABC12C6F3CAE7C9CBB0449470E77AF7F42C11BF122B02CE291FC41A3
CC205853CF402346E70657624FAE0803F1A00F5AA28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800AC6F1089
56CEDE78763182E6390C4D9FDEF60A31DF71523DC56ACBE62C4C6250D201F2AB1C027D33CE2B3E1B
7BCBBBA8EE2FE28E2584EE8A08DF7FCFD3713819E38031DC9F4C00677F6C2E91769A60B77BBBC311
B9B978C801598F524F007DEEBD005EB574EAF34F6F6C2D2C8CB753C0B3F932481163523F8DB07193
90300F20F6A85749BC360B14A6233DE4FBF5090670C9C9283D46004FA1CD49F66D561D5AE5E05B5F
B35C4D1C8D33B36F550AAA576E31CED3839E33400D86E4EAD7567BEDDE058625BB9A29386491B211
48F6C39FA85A9D7571245632456ECC6F27291AEE00F96371F33E9B541FF8101DE924D2EE254D623F
B4A225F0C44C919DF113184249CF3D323A7D7D20B7D1EF5247BCB8BC8DAF56DCC1018A2DB1420E0E
429272490A4F3D80A005B1D62EF53B966B3B6B7FB1C731864F366226182413B003B791D0F27DA8FE
DF79098EDAC9A69DE678E18C3F0E88706463FC2B9C8EF9E31555748D624B8B8D424934E86FCDB341
0B5BC6C03138C3484F2718E076C9A964D1AFE0BD51A75C4115B35B476CCEE0992254DDCA76C90DDF
A63BF4A0043E252E2C85B69F2CD25CDB1B87556C087A01BDB1B40277F39FE13806991789EE2E34F8
26B7D2659AE1EDFED5240927DC8C93B482402C5B69DA3033DF148DA0DC4564D6312A3C3737091CC4
1C7976AAB809CF5242807DDC9A5B8D3751BDD56DDE5B38627B5B8DF1DF452953E4EFCF97B472495F
9483C7248A00E968A28A0028A82E2EADED2DDE7B99A38614E59DD8281F89AE5EEBC6A9756F23E8B1
2CF1C6479B75312B142A4ED0C4752339F4E013401D45D5E5AD8DBB4F77711410AF5791C281F89AE3
62F1F593EA3791E9D6771781E5012724450B1118241763C7033D2B2351B549638AF7579F7DC19244
135C7CFE6C64328F221C71C107271C8EF59769E26D24CD7B7B15B4F7178AE8606D41D590B6D0A642
AB81BB8038F41C8A00D9B8B8BDD6D0DDEA77B14160CB1CB1492A948579CB22C6799CE00E5863AE05
62EA7E3B83428BECDE1AD237B9568C5EDCF2FEE40ECB9E70481ED514D1CBE23D46296F63B9BA5B99
166815098FCD5518931213844524F1F4C56CE97E19B9894EF9B44D347962395D5FCE9776D1F3027E
E9CE48E7F0A00E4742D1755D7B568AF75A2F777D7059A0865C1C30E8D2E3958F8F4C71802BBAD42D
B40D117C8D46F6F6EAE518C9F66B23E5AC5B9C3E005C000300796CF7E9581ABF89D34DBB92CFC3D1
48F25E132DC6A4C0179472DC0C00A80927F3E077E72E7C23AD462785352B78DED19A66B612670020
7249192461801EF401D9DE78F6C3C2F2CF6FA3686A501DD349249B5DCF524F5273CE093EB524DE36
BE9F55D3A059E55377B6516FA7A472958CAB12A4B73E60C02474C735E57AB47A9E93AFCF0EBE8237
9F264C1DC031076FE1F357436F0DFCBA5691AAE932A26A3A5C619D16008AB196C21DDFC6CC4918EF
C8FA807A243AC8D6B4FB7B3BCB8DB7E260D0FCFB0CB904989997015F69DA71DC8F5AE45FC3F7BA5E
A325C6933C9633492C92259CEAC9E4AA8CEEDE70A78038FA54726AF0F8ADCC37486CAF8B0F3230C4
2C12E46F9D4756055795EA319CE0935B5E1EF130D537786FC44FE796DED15DB0FBC01CA3A9239079
C1F4C7B8A0090187C45A136AD04461D4ADF0F7B6D190A5DC0C2CB9C76FBDD318E3AE2B86B2B39D35
3D774F7B88899222C2658BCD13383B90237B91807BF4EF5DA5F5EDEF877C4EBAE4A279C2BFD9F54D
B1854C1E1768EFF280DF972338A5F1359CFA75DC1AAE9F2B4F6ECBE5C512C20C6D6DCB3A31E0E57B
77C74E84D0072B6F6F73A5DB476FAAE95347F656647BC45F3E16D8FB70C9DB0C482CA476E0D6B2EA
57BAA59884DCA5EC02292D9260E870AD1E373B120E038CE1941F735B7E1E934FD4AD164B361A6DFC
444A629E77782601B77CDB8E473CF07AFAD47A87C3C9AF2488C9A3DAB6C08247B7BBDA64F9F2E429
500646401918A00E5BC2C1F59D336DBC9E65DD9096248BCB004911F9BE43C1255B0D8E0904E2B32E
ED50470B9647689E7DADD8B08C0CFF00DF4738AE82E745B8F0E5C41711C12DB4F0C717DA2D779776
554F9AE1194E383918E80E38ED57BC4BA48BD6B6BE8FC978E699527684FCAEE486575E7EEBAF3F5C
8A00E53C34D710F88E1899558465A3000C04D8D92457B45A4D188F4821D9963339049FE15561FA64
0AF22B3924B4BF8AF91377972C8481FC40A2E47E209AF4BD21E3996D705D6079E48159F8C7990AB0
C67A64FEB401E57AFDCE7E1A5A0EB9D567CE3B9C0FF1ACDD0B4CF3ACE395867CE5CFE52AE7F4AD5B
6D267D5F4ABCF0CC89E56A30CED3DA8627123721D3D01C638F6AB1A169F71A1DAA17883DC6F0DB5F
EE85C9CFA1E40523EB401D05AE9E8B73BC200DE5B8C9EB8E4FF8FE95A134E6D750B879962F2FCB86
4479640BE52C6D197DB91C9391C77AB3A68B6863B71266231C72A32B725BE5539C0EC73C5656B1AB
DBDBDDC3736F14570B6856E19A55382A498CAF4F7E78EC280392B2D2C5C1D57409248BCD52FE5B3C
E523475C90E0630DC023279E7A8AE534D26397717293A48032E71C743D074AEAED545D7C428CDDDD
44EC25102CD1E047908162639EAB955C83FCCD55F1ADA2D8EB30EA8AB2096467372AE141F3030DDF
28E8BBF38CF5028035AC35B974F5B989D236B708A62525542BAEDC283C6396735EA767AD7D9B7C8E
C92D9B334DE603B885F2F7FCBCF3D3F5AF9BEEB5979E36B63B8C08E64881EA4939CB7A9E95E8FE1F
F14C56B0476FAC4A047332152496DB9831D87404AF1D06EA00F5DFB5C1736200708F0AABB0738C63
3D7F0527E95CD78A608D6DA169ADD278A2B924C727DD7FB87078381F81A41776B3D8DDDEA3078150
C85803D04121E9F9573FE2AF1559AE95A95BBE14FDA59A0DA73E690E7273F464E3D8D00721E3FB39
6DB5AB679554486DC44C23248CC6C53A9193C05FD2BA9F87F752470E81707ED8634965B462CA3C95
0FCAAA9C727773CE7B56378DD2DA7F0A58DEDB4772A239C0579C3EE759620C4E5B961B91B07DEAE7
82A3CF8734DBA2881535A8977BDC3E73952711E36F4CF3D7F0A00F44F1316916659A0DFCE218D9B0
250A84B63DFF0078DF8A0AC4F0FE901351B072A0C8AC1A47E721CEE6C73EBB7F407BD6878C2E5A1B
D8842A24958794037446C1E8723921C7E3B2AB783EEA4D4359F336C91422D849E4B0184209403F22
4FD31401DFD145140051451400514514005145191EB400514514005145140067149D68C67AD2D003
17A12571CD5082468F589A32ECD1DC209630DD8A80AC07E1B4FE75A5599AB27976EB7880EFB57F37
E5EEBD187FDF24F1EB8A00D3A299136E40739CF4A65C5CC3696EF713C8B1C518CB3B1C0140135626
B1E23B2D25D6DF6C9757CF9F2ED6DC6E76FAFA7F9C562EAFE22BFBCB751A60FB241342F2433CCBFB
C9F6E06D8D7B13918CF3C92318ACE98E9FA54C6D7F7FBE778E58ED95B374D283C167CFC80E40C0E7
93EA45005768AF7C457B1DE6AED15CA461278AC91F6DBC71B6725E4FEF0C0241E7FA471DDC10B9B7
B1647C6D8C5EC917EEA3F99B62C71E097209C0639FC2A3125C6AEB358C8D15AD9A991161858470C1
282306573C3E7AE0124FB5767A668DA46956E2F1A58A66048F3988D89B981C201C28CE3DFDE8039F
B6F066A3A8235CDCCB1453483707BB8FCF98FDD2377202E082303B1E6B8AD6F4CB8D3EF2EA536910
31CDE55DA22048D998B32945EB8DA3D07F3AF50F11789E2B08963B3BBB41318CCACF2483E541CE00
EECDCE07B1AE3E3D486ABA834D3DFE1E44F205F08951BE62E00DA3EF2E14E587DDF5A00CBD5FC34F
0F85ED2E952E1E22A2E60BF89DA416EA53708FCBCE149723E61C7E35C85F26BBA25A5C348B6F7F68
0F966F22FDE20263C6038F407F3AF6030EB1A06E9A148E18493C212F6FFC2A831D63503712453AEB
4ED37C5764CF6F6B15BEA91C7E6AC6E30B2AB0215881D548CE0F047B500798F8313EDD0DD5DCCB75
13C8C6DF4FB88DF6456A7ABEE20E00008E3B83803D2DA5A5E6956A5FCBD3B5AD3119D962640B2796
AC06F32280CA09C05DC482074AE8FC197B1F83F4BB9B5556B847D4846EAC3614051474231F7863A9
E879AED358D274FD47497D434C82D7EDB08335B5C471024BAE78F7F4C1A00F3EB9B5B0F15E824DB9
B992DAE9984493E37DADD051B8492139DA107CBCF4F7C559F87B7161AA6816DA5DE06B6BFD3DCADB
DD21E49DE31EC402CBC1F5AE7A3962F0BEB372C629A5D07578C3A8997730C37CB2B28E3870783D41
3C55DD70DE68B763562929B39DC457D318555527254BED51CEDF9783DF1D4D0059F16E8379A55CA5
EC40CDA9D8B7DA7CD8E2C24D0E4979243DDCB70467A7B525D793A8DA5BEABA44924C21265B38D768
FB2850CF242FDF38FBBD723A77AEDECA487C6DE1F8AEE31099EDA72156404C6C4608471DD482B9C7
703BD711A8E94BA2DC19BEC6218257586FD2720C66E092C8CA80F31820727AAE47AD0075327D9BC6
7A0FF6BD8A437970B1B4535B4A0E1588E0E3B3A8239EFD33585A55CADB4B2F87755B873A6DD67EC9
7454C673CAF98B9E4018C1FAFA567691ABBF853C5C8E0B4965A812AE52268D7CDE372A83D4061B73
F5E6BA8F18689677703DE5BCF6F14173BA5170B1798C65DA404041CED70707AF3D319A00E4F5A78F
C35751C775044922CC5BCA404AA00F95EBCED20F5F7F626BA2D0FC5B7B125B5B2CE8E024A5639973
B80F994839CE304FFF00AA9D6C2D3C6BE1D365346ED7F69F2CB6E3E479115B263CE3E52A70073DBD
09AE09661A75C8B2BE64436F1868A70323E51F7187AA8C0C1F4E6803D9754B68FC49E1B4BDB60CB3
98891B0E18A9E248B3EE32BF5AF3FD3EFA0457D0AE6492DED701ADDE504C82DCB79B0BFB946CE467
2158FA574DF0E359FB746F0966293442745C642B2E125C1F42D8207B9AABE31F06E656BD846C804B
E72CF103E6DB484A82C7D62500B60720D0073B269EDA75E8B394C59925F32131312AF1953F329EE3
81DF3EB5D4F85041711DCE8F78C7CA9984B090C14ABAE3EE9EB9FBB8F4DA6B9DD3A596FE6B9D2E73
199607696DA48140466E413183C00EB9C638242F03762ADE92E2682691644925864F36374181F2F5
E0F23E86802D78BBC3D77A84BF68B566B5D76D4799BA3185BC55FE25FF006877159C97316A166353
391B10A5EC4A398E52A7E6C760C49FA30AEFADAF2DF58B75B792664BC898BC536070C08C11DBBE31
DF9AF3FD69BFE118F14A6A46041A7EA0AD0DEC01B015F8DEA07E2194FA11401BFA7DA7936FA6B49F
3321D8F9EFB421FF00EBD6078EE5FECBD1E2021041792DDB9C71B838FCB15D6581496C022CA2558D
8C914BCFEF22603637FE3A41F753587E3CD38EA77367A7AAAFEFAFBBF4008EFF00891401E7BAF325
B6B1693A45027DA6D609C416EDB95582F43C0C1C8C91DB9AF4FD674CB4D7742875A69AC41BDB40D3
4534BE546F2EDC060DD7E5CB0C1FD2BCE2FACE7D7BE22CB6212D6DE6591AD916DD7CA43B06382724
67079393CD6AB6B9636E6E74AD16D184A47D9D24B962CDB5D44663E0E3EF6581F4ED40174FC36B49
2D8DCDBE9934F01663BEDAEE39CED18DA072B93EB835C2EB3A33E9DABD9D8C171F68F9C67E6DC149
C7CB9C0208E011DB15EA7A56B571678BFF00312D6F2EC2B3C120C457923B7C8109E102AF05BD7D7B
D9F10E9516A9BB55B5569201365D30CC6CE7523CC2D1AF2C4E00C763CF427201C349AADE461B4EB5
B82B09B3572A9C64FD91F20FAF5159BAE5CC1A9E988EA9E5346E498CF3B49DBC67BFDE1569F47B8D
326B6BE3B658D8F94ED112E832992A4FAAA100FAE0F3C57172EA333F9918E564909FA138FF00E245
007A6EB320BDF8700C97F05D3C5159B858801E500B22056E4F23DF9AC7F0BCD047E14BCC8816E2DE
E229232DCC99C8E1474032012DF41839E35E2B87BCF8657104A20061D3627531CBBD8813F56181B4
FB73C1AC1F0B4ACBE1ED7A13751448F146C55C02D210E30A39F5E7BF4ED401E9FE2645FED78530CF
BA62A555885E7195CFF7B9073D8B2765AB5F0FED9847A85DBC9E606916243B40C05C9FE6D59BE20D
91DCCD6A8D8B851BDE157C98F71620E7B9F9B24FFD343CF15DBE8562DA768B696D23334AA80C8CDD
4B9E4E7F1CD006951451400514532491218DA49182A202CCC4E0003A9A008D2EA092EE5B54914CD0
AAB4883AA86CE33F91A6477B6F3DE4F691481A68150C8A3F8776700FBE0671EE2B8FD32496C750D4
658C09355D5962912373C479F308DDFECA21507E807535734A49E0B28D74F38BBD55DEE3ED138DDB
221801C818DCC41538F573D850075D5522BBF3750B8B654F96154DCF9FE26C9DB8C7A60F5FE215CF
E99ACDF5CE9BA85D5C4E860B25960F3E28F06795188DEA09200C05C0E8598F60285B4D4741D127BA
6BEBABDD467040802C6B19B8908C1185070091C963802803ABAAD14EF25E5C4260915220B8918603
92093B7E9C7E7ED5816D77AE5A4B7F77AB845B5B581560861C1F39C8EEC472D9C2F000C9E952EAD7
93E85A05B5CCF72D2DCC322BC8B9CF9F9CEF51EC01623B0DA33D2803A3A2A8E9F1DEEC796F665692
5218451FDC8863A03D5BEA7BF6153DC4D24080A5ACB7049E9194047FDF445004F4551FB7DCE3FE41
379FF7D43FFC728B4D4A3B99DEDDA2960B941B8C33001B6F4C8209047B834017A9A704107907839A
52CAA0962001C924F4AE2356F194F705A2D04218F6B9FB53A13E695C029083C3364F7FCB1CD0068B
6BF16909FD9614CF7F1C9E4C10EE0BB90E0A3331FBAB82064F704015CEEA1AB0328BFD4EE54CD657
276963FE898C1C08D7AC8C411CF2411D857317DAA5BAEA7716F60F35F497F2AAC8973216532260AB
3B0FBC410DF28F947D38AE7EE2D2E359BD692E3508EE6ED9822A348AB824B0DA070A30547E045007
4F0F8A27D47524B4D34B59DB4CF996EB619260A4EE7081721073D00ED9CD75BE1BF0D45A8D98BEBB
6716B36545BA31027557255E539C963D71D3A571FF000E3499AFB56BE865F32DCA5B074900C3C726
E055803F435A17973AAE86D2594F35C0820748888D9847136772B06279DD827D8E7DA8023F105F05
0D730D9948659E58A3918A794B1205202273B5BE5C9240CE7BE78D4D6348B8B1B7516DBA74B95DD0
2C31ED375296DDB64C1C02BF7948F4C76C54777E1B82F7428AFA689FECF36E33940CF2C054B0CA0C
E39C00DC7FF5A2D12EE6B0924F0F6AF20487685596094318DF8656523A11BB9C50073DE1FBAB8D56
4D6EF2E4FD9ED668845785017648F181807BEE503DB71AA3E1795B47BDBBF0EEAC5ED6EC36DB69CE
06CC83BD091D9811D3B9CF5C5752915D785751BCBB82CE129955BC802B7951A12CA012C79DFC367B
118EF8362E347B1D6244B782DA1B8883481164902C919328DEC9271B8E08DA1BD7BD006D693E217D
3D96CEFA331DAA637ACC7E6B70EC422827FD6A818CB0E99EFD9D7F633E89ACDBCDA6C61ADE5779D5
142A282065D59B1923603B40E871D87193A72C9B069B2BDCC76F086757BB522E34D070B1658F0C84
0E46303273C0E6FD8235F69D37862F7CA4BCB6FDE5A248FBF010E007F5079F5CAB7B1A00CBF1B693
713CCD7BA734F3B5D209ACE38954C6C402D264F5E400CBCF52D81CE6A6F879E2EB4BEBB92C55CA34
AECE20739646E338F6E4FE556EDF538D616D0F5E80F90FF781F95E16FBCCD81D22DC70A724FAE457
33E2FF0008CDA7CFF6FB5DB0DE990BC5768CB142D1AA7DC207472074E8DCE3D2803B3F13785C496F
77716B1F9B0CA7CCB8B251B7CC60080C180CF05B76DEF8FCF87D30C5712DDE87753C175711234565
7174095BB889DB94C9C79AB8C29FA8AEF7C1DE34B2D7749845C4C915FC64452C6EDF316007CDF427
BD731E3DF09C4F7125C94682227CD8AE5373157E9E56070A0B12FB8F0327D7800CDD1A6BDF09DF48
2C649D6D279430B79D4E6320B2ED957A233751DF02BAEF15D826B9691CF05A432CB7303DAB17900F
2881E629CE0F3856E3FDAAE474AB9BBBA86F346D52E26BABDB703CDF267004F1F0119A419C947607
3DD7D718AE8F4463ADE8B79A65CEC9EE5104A1386469626C37CC3A82428FA13401C67D86EF5FF0C3
48AB24D7312331904E0088C5C3A85EE5B28C48C1E4FD2BA9F076B49A8E850D94E374256181D50FCD
14859806CFAFDC3ED8AC887CAB4F103583791341A894B958212446B2FF001419EDB932B83D703230
71593BEF7C25ACC9A8C5079BA4C92C6F3C707222272C13271F3A83D0FF005A00BDAADBEA3E1AD7A6
D4A0F36762E56670FBE4672A499828036A9561CF406B72EECAC3C79A2B6A5671ADDCA51C49649314
0B31C0F39738C9C6320F07EA2A4D2357D1BC51A4089EE248678614B7179D081264794C31CAFDD07B
1CF0475AAD7B15E7873515D46D52DE1BC690CD3AA72974ACF81E501E885B39E98068023F03AC3A3E
B16B6025905BA3BC703B29469C166FE1F4DC475FEE935EB0E8AE8C8E032B0C3023822BCEB57B286E
6F6DB5CB2F37CBBA5044712977123AE0A0E76A655CB671F7B926B56DBC536DA4CB1E9B34935DDBC7
00985DB1CB88CB6D50C00E5810C0F7F97D680395F14E9979A3EA2665124A5623146A480268415291
C600DDE629C127D173D2B5A0B9B6BE11EAD1B47BC205B86440BE6C4E0A8761D995880DCF1F4C575E
EFA7F89B4C78EDEE89070CB247957898721867904579D69A9FD91E269F4D9E18C2DD0DBF6689CB08
DC7CAC8C5BA79A391CF5D9401A174AC208E688ED9629731B01F7482483CFD47E557757D20F8A740D
9725125B8C34532A80126551807FDEC91F82D17088B12DB925DD983AB67EF26090DFF8E8CFA127DA
9BA04A4EA32D9CCBE6DB5E820AB1C6DDA07CC3D3BFE5401CCF85357BBD2E1BCD22F6274BAB04731A
B8DACE8782B8F6215BF03EB5D469D6536BDABDD0D4BF74ED68D0ABC070530554919CF391D6A6D7B4
4805F41AA5E5D0826D2C8796E1E3DFE7DB73C301D4E72BF8E7BD6868171A442B14F6323CD6D7388E
2BA67DDCFF0071860153D3AF273D6803CF75BF054F36BBBA09E18AEA221A4842B24606E4446DFC92
5F249F704572732269CFAAA711DC7DA962842379814A329E0F7FBDD6BE88D4B45B0D5D152F6DC481
183290C5581CE7A8C1ED5E07E3DB28B4FD5B6D9442148A79B0A9C018738CFE0A0D00777E16BB5B9D
0A0D33514FB4D95C0F2C977CF94199B6919F4DC83FC8AA7A7C979E04F147D964B9F3ECAE983B1C71
2467F8FEA075FF0074FAD63781F53671259DC090CCF6E822503200428727D3205743AA8975B964B5
58D8CF03FEE2E4B64EF9E303CB19ED925BD80A00DBF165969BA8426E206B1C4CD2D9CF34AC4242F8
3F39C7F18DA4027AEE0335E53E1EF0499EE63BFD5A278EC8C80AC5B4EEB8C48AAEA00E7700C7E51C
9C1C56AE89AC4316A3ABE897D7C88B7534CFF6865DC2292339560BEF8C7AD757732258B4AEF34D0D
D4EBF33301F699448AEDBD79C46A5FF8579EB9E68022B9B116BA06A3A3F91040F756CA90C51282D0
46AECC5E639C29C30EE48C550F0FF83E194B59EC0FA7DACA25BCBE03FD6BC65D4C719EEA41524E78
AD8B1D0FED9134BADA2DAD91712AE970E572C5554B3B1F9B9017E5EA4B2E7048A4BCD792F162B7B4
8CC5650A158A2B7CA81BA2C8078C64648C8E832DE9400FB6B25D57E22CD244D21B6622560BF73015
7AFD493FF7D93D08AF4AAE7FC35A708527D41F264BB6CA92B83E58FBBC76CF5C7A6D1DABA0A0028A
28A002A96A762751B236BE698D1D97CCC0CEE404165F6C8E2AED14018D7BE1FB7BC93519924922B9
BD805BBCD804A20C8C2FA753FA53EFF467BB991A1BC96D63F2BC9912150094CE4056EABF87E9D6B5
A8A00C4B4F0FAD9E8434B82731C69399626541F27EF7CC031D0E0F1EE2B42E6C85CDE59CED23816C
ED208C74662A5413F404D5BA2802B5E59457C91A4D9291CAB2800E32CA7233ED9C5409A645F6EB9B
B99A49DA65D816439544C60AA8EC0F53EB5A1450056B1B5FB158416BE63CBE4C6103B9F99B03A9AB
3451400566EB2D0C162D7934E96CD6DF3ACCDC81EC40EA0F423BF6E706B42491228DA491D5110166
66380A07524D796F8BBC5292B417A4A9D3D58B59C2EB95B9756C3338C8200CF19EB8FAD002EA3E22
BAF13C7345721AC6CA300CB6624D929529B848EE463CBCE3EBEFC573F777B75A94CD67A4A6F49480
C604C195B691844EA8842E33DF82C474ACAB6B2D535F97302CA5588105A28DAD2A73B5BD0A2918F4
5EDE95D836B3A7E856127D886ED499764D2C4A710B31DED0A2F555003723A1CE68029DFE9DA5F87B
4C5B7D40A4FA9B2662B40E309F3128666E8C549E9C0C76C735D2F81F57B6F12477714D6F6ED01DAE
B6C6140B1FB600E7A819FF0066B91D3D98DCD8DA5B5C69C279EDD6E638D8995679B240F309E63621
B181C138F5A863B93E19D711ED9A4B6843E22598E583A8292823A0CB313B8E700AE3AD0075B269F6
FA778D22B5D38BC052E20DA8222C00209650FF00C2BB73F2F4FCAB3BC4A0CCC965731A1B88AD8066
94963956C2EDC1E58F23F1A8ECE69F50B9B8F141FB4248D3A88665F9E281B1B5B7A919DA01E0E3B5
171E20D9A821D59192295C5CDBDD42BB9E02C38603D0F04A1E4022803A5F07EB5141A0D9DA5D1024
669142F524EE1DBFE047F23543C59E1A32C319D3982C53122D72EA90C05B733E7D43751D707818CD
64DE5ABE9D35A4BBD1A591D4C17100CA5C20E09F53212727D85751E15BB3A9C11D9DC324F6E2D9B7
C64ABA9612639FF38A00E462D67528E48BFB76068E1B70862B987E77E0075DDD4300A72323B75CD5
D3A4C536969A869B72B3899C8667020119773932019041DC403DB0B8AEB750D034A1049069D0C36B
A8B23790F128CE76F43C608206306B86B19D747D4469F70805A5CC72B885A40CCB09C05563D98618
D006CE9B729E21D3A3B778FCC9E34DF6EDBFE5723EFC2E7BA161F930E38AAF25F19E08AE619646D4
74E0AB3327C8AFC958D9988E4212CAD9CF7CD55D45AE743D546A0D2493188892EA48C2AAEC621636
8C01F36428CFBE7D6A7D4C5DDF5C59EADA67135CABFD96D9D42A3960C274763D8328601B83F8F001
D3F9B69E28D38663853538E31208A55FBCA7A707931B7F5F6AA5A25EDBEA3672787B54C3A302B089
597CCE38652A3EE953C2FA81ED59509DDA58D5ECC4E8B0B97F2D987996D26DDA9C9C93091838CF43
9E6B5EEED46AD66DAAD940B2DE4642DF59C5294F32541C723A329E47A8C7B500719AF59DC786756B
9D5235796589D5AEC9548D1B24EC298E492B9CF1C1CF39AF4DF0C6A49AC787E09C48B329CA6EEBB8
0F51F4AE7B8F156907634336AD64A544E21E26460436D0C3DC8F661EE45710753BFF0007470DBDBD
D5DAE8734CCD04EE9B5895C70476C1007BE3A73401A5E29D3EEF41D50EA1656FE7C3A707496168C2
C5F66909C02739624BB0F6DA38F592DB537B4BCB4D6B4E76BA88A85C4784568942AEC03FE7A75DFC
7006476AEB60583C71E1F8AFC471C578994F986E4271D083D4739190707F5E0B57D3A6F0BEA53C70
24F058B2AB4F6A5D9CEDC0533AB8FBB8271D8F6E991401D1F8AF44B7D46DE39964786DEE17ED1677
27E55B57397601473BDCEDEBEF8E47399A56B506A85EC3539A2D335EB7052486F4E2DEE18AED3260
F0B263F9F7E6B53C3DAED9428FA56A52C66DAE031555DA02383F36D55C958F18209EE0D47E28F044
3770B4CD13DC0019A0BC84FEF37B10434CDC9655E7903A0C71C500616A5E17BFD1AFC5CE8F6125A5
C232B2D9F99E6473A226598B9C0CE474EBDFE9AFE1BD7A0F13E9234D827953528136C191F3248524
DE327F84A8DBEDC565DB78867D253FB0BC5333DD69170ACB65A90525976E54B0EE57AFBE3DAA9EAB
A4EA1A56BDFDB9A594179186966B7B75DA1A3C7CD2A638F2F691CE7A9FC803A9D225B6B7D52EF469
967834BD4118DBEF70AF1153B3A8E5486040F602B9EF14595DF86AF25B98A0796145586E9628F646
91E7F76C09CE5988C9F43BBD41ADBD6E28F58D3A0D5EC5221F6E01DE5F378B79511CB20FF789C7D7
35663D5B4EF1559DB5BDC1892FA3CBC6B74098664E70B273E9CF3D08C8E6801FE06BBB6BFBC82E6D
252CBE595700F3DCE187E23F2AB3F1034392F614B8B649DA762A9108A40A04C0FC8ED9233C6467AE
718AC6F07F87C7867C63E65C5C4703CE1ADDAD6397703295570C3FD8C120679E3AD7A6DDC10DCDAC
90DC006165F9B2718F7CF6C500723A4DD43AF68B6DA9C4E4CCB8372902FEF2D67C7CE42F5209EA87
390722B91F14CF25BDC413451C001F32485AD4E239140E70074276F23B64F5AD96D2A7D22796FAD6
66B8B20434F369D308E408A8C009173C92C72CC727E53C0E730EB006A3A0CB33980DC452334ED000
C8645C24C47D5591BFEFAA00E820BB179A088E790CB6C269048198932C057E607E82427FE002BCDB
498AEFC27E3C6D0DC493D8DDCBE434641FDEC6C70AE3DC641C8F4AED7C2BA9DACFF6ED182C665826
1341B8E04809F9939E99C631EF5D43E8F776F32FD866B5F2D3FD50BA84C8D00F4460471EC7F95005
BD26EBCFB5789E4F325B595ADE473FC457A13EE4609AF22F12E8775AE78BAEFECFB1558B3CB23B00
91293B412C7819504D7A8D82CD63A54B05BC91DC5E899DA57675182CEDF3B81D0639C75ED5CC7886
F2DBC3BE199B558AD1671E62ADBB4ABC4F31CFEF587F740CED1FC81140199A6785E1B522ED6F9A79
2184464D9C41102E1813E6BE146431191D80A925F11C36C6387434B6BABD41214284982DBE5C9732
363CD9081D738EBEF9E4E38F57D7AD9353F146A7702C0C8F1AA1395F3026E03CB1C01D39C0AEF745
F0B4BAAAA4B7D616FA6693B964161016FDF30CE19B3823AE3D4E39A00C5F0D785C35D09341DB2309
3CC935C9D0FCDB9486458DBEF1049E78C7AFAF556969A2786EDD96CE44B8BE4015EEA670597E5CFD
E6E1463A638E39E14D3B53D46495E2D2EC156184C8230B12E4AA2B72C318C744C0EFBFDAB9FD59ED
61B192D618A12A54F98C0603920F41DF90A3DF803FD900AFABEBB1DD2182394AC4E3734CD1B30F2F
72827B750CDEFB49FE273867853461ABEA49952B04610B8DA54F9650823B60B10338FEF1F71556FE
1B8BB78E285D3ED52C802BA9DFB3F7A4838C7CC7E5C0CF193938CA13E9DE1CD19744D1E1B6DA04BB
4190E49E7249193D8127F327BD006B63030000071D29D45140051451400514514005145140051451
4005145140051914573BE2FD4A5B1D19E0B6DDF6AB90D1A14C128A065DF1ECB9A00E73C61E20B6B9
59525919F49859E222DE501E6B80B91C7F714E3DB3D88C571161A6DEF893586BFD4080F2832A0501
00E389181E3CB1B70C47718EA734F96D86B5A8C92A2DC5C5869EAB6CACA89E692722305780C72067
BF5F4AD6D68DDE97612E99188C152AB733C4E493CE4C318CF11AEE1C7720D0069DC6AB1691A4BDBF
8755DFCD3235C5FA47F28DB82CA83F8546EC8EC3F335C66A2CF6F3DC0809092F12DB872CEFF28258
E381D5F8E38C8AE8566B73ABDC41ABFF0068DBC77D02FD8EF1B6C5BE32A15B746B85C150B9180703
1C1345F5BAEA8A4CD342D70F2322DD263CB99A49428DC7F802A6700FE1DA80362F7C384E8BA7DC69
F016B431A5C40211CDBCCDB4990E39640013B47BFB639CB99A0BCF2FEDEA1E550A3744CAA2EA032E
154B7556C81804670B83CD74BA26AAFA04A59219469727DF87AF95B7E4334678DD1B10A493D339C5
6A789FC3D67ACDA3CF66AFE6B28B978A25FF005DC101BFDE1D78EBDF3401C7F87F57BAF0BEA0F1CB
70D359CAE0490F927058EDDE40E36EDE47CDD707F0EA359D2ACEF6CE6B9D3A359A142C65B4D81B19
0BBE48867870381DBAFE3CC5B5D26AFA53A6A292B5F08FFD2E28F1BEF234076499E81949C91D485E
B4787B5AB8F0ADEC905C4465821063F315C1539619DA4281FC279CFE19A00658F892D347B3BCD175
6B6335A3317B7789964642C3B36402470323BE6AE787EF6D6492EE0863883C96E64768536AA862B8
4C74C8E7D2B724F0D1D599350B0169716C5DBC982ED0A883E660C06DFBC0B1279F4ACBD63469F4C9
0D8C3A80379FD9ED7173732B95DC1780A39FC00A00E834618D4B4DCF521C1E7B8893FC4FE74DF167
855AFA19E5B3877799BDCC71908CB2B284F301C64E17395EFDB9AE11E6D6B40BCFED282E21D46082
4741F67724ED1126E7E9D06E1F8D7ACF87F5AB7D6F4A82E609448CD12338EEA4F623B743401E73A6
DDDCD8EA2748BD224B6B79765B5FF9476DB36D191B58640391B958E0641ABB62DA7D824DE1FD6226
36572E0057B8DED190325C01C80EEC08C7F78E7B8ADBF1C69924D1A4D6E24064055B6B2A20902928
EE4F6C6E1F52B5C85BDD49ACE8D698758AE428525514711BB2C523363A26496C0CE0AFBE003A1844
DA4DD0986351B6BA50B1CC14BBDF2B71E59E70A50038CF079E9CD553A8DBF8675286EB48BC82E34F
92262D0E4A90BB98E0E3AB6EE1491C6483D4545E1DBD8D264D0F561FB9BB00DB48848DCC18859632
30541E307AF02B94F105FE85FDB53E9B0DDA195025B457B808B1ED27219578933C0DDC118CF6C500
77B7373FD9FAAC1AD59B3FD927CE56698471C0DCB4A8C3FBCD8181D981ED49E27D06D75DB092FED7
6BDADCA85B82C0E6DC641691578C371F30F6AE7BC0FA92DC4B2E91A846ED6F74DB2489D08F2DCE59
6524F4272ABDBAAF7CD74C1AE3C35AE81773F9B0DC64CCE559DEE8138DD8030BE58C67D41A00E3BC
21E2993C23A81D22FE36686400091C14DCBCED906474230318AF45F14E9D1EB3A447796B6EB7AE88
C523CF1223AFEB83B580F55AC1F14F8121B922786033C00A8182CD2DB20C9C4633F32E4F4EBCF1D2
A97853C49368B2DAE9F7AEC6C180024E0AC6580237376206720D0064EB7A4DFE8FA494D3ADAF20B2
49FEF5C851E6646178EB920953DB8E95ABA6788EF34D8ADFC9494C0F681FE7195CE495E074F4AEC3
C6CAAFE14B96CE7614718E79C8AE2ED0C536816AB1B827ECD12B0EE31183FCD8D006B6A9A6693E26
B5B878A0DB23AAC97B6B12A9924400905091D413DB19E73EB58DE0D922B863E10D70A9963884BA6D
C6F5F33CA6E766413C8EBB79E33D854179ACDE6817AD35AED2C2CE1C7638DE9C63D306B2F5CBFB1D
45A0D574B9E0B59ADAE12E12DE34C4C19D8ABE483D014DDD3A375ED401A1AADB5C783AF2E6DEF51E
F74ABD502E6204963D499E35FBAA4771D32476E9A57FA6CBF668B594FB3DEC13133DBDDC11AA9791
B688C4A0F017AE71DC9CD5DD5AFE3F127852D96F1ADA1BE8EE635C4C309212E1483CF039C9AE3FC1
3AAC9A56A571A05DCA2E34BB995A0770C42C7C95CA83C0E4839ED8A00E9EC64FEDBB692C1CCABAB5
9C7B4C68E1649E14652537766076907D49ED9AEA747D61B55F0F4E9338FB647010C541C38C101972
0679C83EE0D7976BFA06BF69E228EEB446996FAD9961924F386F92439F9C02725580C9FF00810ED5
D4783279EEF578633279DE6584AF2CC26678DD9D95F6843C2952E7207AD003ED2033F88F4EB70CEB
14D7327DA230C42BAF96CC063D320FE75A5610AC2753B162F23DB8DCA862D80AC60A155F5CC65327
D5FF000AAE9BB44D7ED2EEF63608913A796A434924A4855DAB9E7A9F9BA7355AC7545B4BFD43C517
E1E1B18972C91C9E6732EC0140E06E18CB639E7BE28038A6D2EFF4ED7D63B20D3A4B2EF8C919F311
8F0C00EBC73D3A93D715EA9A7CDAAA6916D6DA8CBF64976ED023FDE5C4BFEE8E8BC71939FC2A8D86
B5E1F96148B4EF15DCADBFDD58140665F40372161E94FB8D7ACB4E8FCCB61F668E65466BEB8F9E59
55B700C8A796E57BF4CF4A00D287C8D1E154923582365764B08903CB2F1C973CE4F5F6F73595E26B
5935C7B436F00D46070DE445181B230570642F9C6E0C781D2A1D3F44D5B5B8C4D79BB4FB391D2693
792D712384DA4824FC8BD700FA9E306BAEB586D74D8D6C6CA38E28C03CAF3B5B200CFA9249EBE868
03234FF0F5B594C2FF0058996E6FCFCC4B60A210BC6000324053CE38C70053752D6257B88ADD4307
DE176AE1824983C9F5C7CC71EB1F61CD59BDB9FB3CEE9932CFBF95CF03A60B7651808093FDE6AE53
509B4F9B4D6B38D9C3CAE2492552142E4A6E1B8F1920AE59F8F4049A008AF35482C6311472248ECB
B649B3CB6597E50C148E8E3E6E980A00C603E735C3DC45112FB99AD7722798467F7728E847B63AFA
8C92643583BD1351322EE6480C291C6E8F1EE2A5771C0E54039CB1E49CF5662477BE0FD21F555B6D
42E6051671C112C59627CD213D3A639FA6005ECD900DAF0C68EC8EFA9DCACA267675895DF70DBBD8
87C60609DC79C74FAE2BAAA4C606052D001451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145
0015E4FE38D4967BFBBB85F25CC47EC96ECB212EA5797CA8F52D8FC3A77AF559241144D237DD5049
FA0AF11973A9EA3A74442DDA84F3A4FB2AEC91FF008D8658E0B00C46723A5004D6AC747D362BBB56
8E6BC40F1401548911D9332391FC450FCA338C6E3C7155AC6CEE6C2EA0927B6DC27B95424E1B7E40
61920FDE20E71EF56249A48F50BDF3EF3ECD3DBC11C90DD4A0EF76651232865200621F1C8390A062
A9596A7708D258DCABC0B2466375BA6668E2DCA02C9823230AA983EDF900777AB784965CB5942350
B29AE00962DC3CD85149CA46E4E15776411D793F5AC28B4A3A45C433C96B7892186384DB5DA8F2EE
19D8829BC7CAA14608279EF5CF787FC737FA43C96F79772C1210CC0CE9957270738C6599BD7B67F3
F485F1A6917D6D716FAAC71AC2D1640CEE59B23955F53EFD3DE8032AE624896DAF349DCE86410430
C99778665C8FB3F27E5562C724F403D3189749D4868B7F6F7314865D0F5138572FBFECD27398C9F4
E78F5C7E799E1592D2EE4BED12EAE638A3B884342AA023C3B1C85DDFEDF7F5AD3BFB6BAD3E69EDEE
2DD76DC382628D730DC8F91238E353F71B82C4F518C8C8E80195AEE9775E1DF157DBF4D855639A4F
323DC722E598E0C5EDD4704F4C9A8E58B4EBEB7957ECC4A5B9512DB94CCF6B8463E5A67864DFB89E
FC3574B693BCB6B1E91751ADDC8812E34E6645DB71181CAFA06DBB94FA673DC5647882DA2D135C12
5B07922B7093089587970A6FC9DCA393F3123BE03F6EE016FC37AC3E9686D18AB08DE4DD1ACA1813
B54B10476CE71EC4D67EB3AA4BADCFAA5A7EE6112220B6678CBBBCCB8CC7191D0927FCF34DD6F4E6
B6956FB4F4CC450BC3B0AA2C6A371704F24925B23FD93ED52F80EF2C754D3F571AB428D1C2E92334
89C2939E73D8F4A00A16DADDB4D02DADEDA7F67EA0A9E4CD83B52F230D8746382413B71B867A1A8B
479E6F05EB2670241A6DCCA23991930B6F370C6319272369201EF9F6AE92F343D3E6554D3E67BBB6
DAB23E9F2B659E34621446E7E65C31E9DF23D6B997D226D4ED2EB4E9C1B929145B668F2E618DD95B
701C6E2AA483C679A00F5CB9B7B4D5B4E6866559ED674C100E430FA8AF37D7F41B9D17558AF21DF3
4CD2EF8AE00F99CFCA026D51F7B0096627E619EFD28787BC47AC787A01A6DC24B234616E63DE7FD7
425485E70768384E3AF5AF47B4B987C4BA20DFBA296440C4A1C189F91B94FB1071FF00D7A00E022B
6B79A3D2B59850B48932CCA21859E49664237C59CF0B80CE3B73D78E7CE5F4FD661B7BCF0EC5A3F9
F25EDC24D1DD08C9728A782A7BA9CF6AEFA7B73A06B125ACCDE4D8DE1114B1C2CDB6CE50D88E4672
4603E5C9E7EEB1EB8E766C754BFD1EEED2C239923B7F3CC73C490621B691F21620C7A018DC3D41F7
0280386862B9B0D7ACD6EA1BA7B810BC528328C3C9112531CF0AB84183DC1EB5E99E33BC8C5C5885
B892302099E47890395899704E0F6E9EBF4AC3D46DFCFF00B7EA76A9632D9DE46EECD2DC0596DE4C
29208F660480BD49EE315CD78AAD759D517ECF042B3BB0437172A7CC419E115485F9301F695CFA7E
200DD1FC65AAE8DE178A79753BAF2DA5923B4430AB29501B92C41CE18AF1E95ABA6EA69E2C9A5D91
C06FA456311452A93481319917A06F9880DF811F3573D79E1A96DF44D3E07F2F7DACCDE794725B71
7DBB587F09054FAE4352E8B12E91E2D9E1852E55232AEBE49270D1B1CE7D410BCD007557FE2D07C1
FA9E99AA3849D1F65B338606501C638E48E8473E95E7963A86A7640DCE9F6B31595BCC76F2DBE755
CF4F6C753EFF008D77BF14F42892FA2BD110D923A3C84C84023700CA07B920F6EA7AD7097A2DA38D
AFD2F264F11AEA4505BAA602C6BF776E3A608C63DFA62803574DD797588A56BD915248E3C01B8F3D
768FC318FC0553D2C47168BAD5D5D4D710D9DCDB8853C900F9B370CAADC120679E31D3DE95F49D32
0BAD4757B92AF6E97AD045630CA16420E7E71C1F941E3A735D27873499B52582E6E61806A122A436
69B7CBFB22A8DE272B8C1E87F13DF2700177C17A2DF5E2588B82C973259BB4971315991A16C28D8B
D9F20E49ED9EBD071BABCD1685E26BCB11F25AC5732A8F94EE23042F3F51D6BBDD42FA0D305ADA69
0CEB05CCE86F2F256DCD38F3067049E172C4F1EBF9F19AFE857DE22F1ADDDA5A46770BD963DCF903
EFB9EBF443401DA5AF8A3C37AB9B787C490ACD730C9E5C57699C30FF0068A9CF7E7391D6B42EB567
9B53813C3B6DE4ADAC0F0A462DF9C312372C63A00D1807763AF4AE7B4AD2B4DF0DE82752B9568B4E
118492E91099AECC8B1B796AA785DAC186EC8C7E66A97FC275AF6A2D25AF84F4986C2D5E45533247
E64ACCC703731E32493CE3AF7A00EB6F62D3743B4177E25BD5B7793CC22DD1B75C4EAC436D761F7B
05474E07F7B9AE62E6793C51147737769FD9DE1BB2951D2CA2C09270CC543FFB4783F91FA9659681
6E3538AE758927D735593CB945B23EF2E0960CAC7F876E01E4E3B74AF41D27C36D6CEBA8EB5E49FB
36F7B6B65E52D53716E4E3E62338CF6C71EA0032745F0E6B935A058841A35B3470A06116E9DBCB25
83104E149CF39E78ADED27C3FA3694D1C9992F2E636DA2E6E4EF653BF6803B2FCD9C600E86B467BD
733491A0F910E46C3CB63A8FCD76FF00C087AD547508ACAEF911AED320183C0209FA83E737E02802
592F1E78CBB731677854072CABF38E3BE731AE3D4B0AC3B8D4271298551D2624055886677FBC1881
D13399883C9E4703156756BC58F4E91232DBC02C0C39C29073952307EFF65C9C2579F5D6BF736AAA
6C22686160FB9A4F95E5C107E675F9B1F28FB98071D783401DF8D422D7BF72B298F51B43BDE28DFE
5936B1CAE467918EA324678E7A70135C4A645732A2AEC126D20292141E42A9E8361E73EF9CE4AD1D
3AEE687574B8B6976FD9773120AE015F30E42820051E9C2F2786CFCDDB5B68363E31BA5D66DA4686
CE772B750BC582CEA4E7664721B7673DB03B8F94028F857406D6EEA69F708AC032ACC6218DCC8784
5381C0C7518C71C671B7D4638A386258A34548D400AAA3000AA8CFA7683A58C986CECA05C0E8157D
87A93F99AE6352F19EA0628DF4BD2CA412F31DD5DE4075E790839C74EA47D2803B6A2B80BEB9F15D
AEA6F6E6E6FEE237DA6DE5B1B188C4F9233B8B6ED98E7A9FC6B7ACE0F135ADBC267D42C6F252A37C
52C26220E3901D723FF1CA00E868AC9B3D6E39AEBEC7796F2D95EE3E58A5C6241DCA30E187D39F6A
D6CD00145145001451450014514500145145001451450056BF2469B75FF5C5FA7D0D78A5B5C349AC
2B996F095B3D82448F6C80F9781C0C7CB8FD2BDBAE50BDA4C8177164618F5E2BC1AD6069678AE523
9E14FB2603A3799239FB9D39E09F9700671F9D007A1E856965A86B3E23D32E62F36222156DC31F75
00047A718C7D2B9FF1668A34C69636492731813C73DC4E36BC230A22C1E0904FE55B9E1BD16FCEA5
AE5F3A6D4BF82278657390CC573F5E0F15BF7FA5BEB5A369D39589EF210932FDA13E56257E6561D8
1FA751401E3E8B65A98BA85224B98CC48823989DD002464C4C4F504F7E0E05269EBFD97AF5B5BDC4
976F6041BAB692261E71887033EE368383D39CD6C5F7862683CC5BAB5934B7936C6252DBADC724B3
161D07DDC56468F74F6CDFEA218EFECA6173E74D2146023CE5391FC60E280376C346B8BFD76F995A
DB52BEB98CABBC8FBFCA464E24DC3E5C8FBB8C75F6AE8AC359B79E49F419F36C1D88B65598CAD68E
A48C3B7F09DCA081CF5EB5B5A6EB9A5DEDAC371A2431A2DC3A177116CFE3456078EB8623DAB1FC53
A334537DA0DCBA5B3CDE75BCC3023B5909CC8F27A82071EFC77CD00561AB3DA69777143A7902D4FF
00A3A47FEB2CA470E9B319C938058E3FBDDF15C7E8B6ABAB6B76B6BA7C73BEF836DF234E53CC2092
E33E8463EBE95DE695707589FEC5A8C0B67AC5BA0686EC0C383B70BBB3F79B6B0E39E09E954B44BC
B5F0E7894E9EB6705B4720C32821A40400A493DB2CB903B86CE3D00285ADA5C585D3585F453CD6D2
C4892DA347B64DC14ED319E8DB028CB719E78ED576F51B4BFB5466F2031DC1562E3ADD06909DF81C
02B8C6076CD775A9DBA6A7A53885F2C54BC12C4790C064107FCF5AF3AB24B779A6B08A25B529FBF8
024A1898E40A1E267FE1DCA5467B124E680366DE131CF3489C3AC402118E08656FE62B3FC47A44FA
7EA10EA1A4BADBEE937DAB636ABBBB02CAEC785039619EB9C76A9344B9963BA36B761C464F928EEB
B7120018C473D481D0F7AECAE5EDE1F0F42B75079F0B42A8C981C8DB401E6515EC9A95A5C4B2436F
6CECED22C491977B897E4F947A03DBAF278205759E16BC10CFA7429B8C33C2E000D80A7731C91FF0
023F1AE6AEEE7FB1B59325D3CFB644F25EEC152CB8198A58D47F08508093C1E879A2D2E9E08CC919
44823789B7EEDC779E8CAC492DB9B7161D07E7401DCF8AF454D4AC26768E59A12845C5BC2E14CCA0
1DB8CF5653C8CF5E87B579CD88BB9EE26D0AF25B6B8BF48B65AE583C728F2D476C032AA1F94F1D30
727A7A8E91AFC3A85C49692154B940180DDC48BFDE15CB78B3C0B2DE2B4DA6AB121D5A18E2904660
CB12E57A06CEE27048C1E9C13401C35DF87D25BE5B9B6BE4FF00456796586F3E5995239001B86396
6EB8AF4BD23C396B7F64659E49503EE4F2ADE62B1152413C0E0648CF1C73557482DA958C9A26A4E5
AFA3566B4B99CAF9E4A1E0B0192A54E3AF5193577C3975FD9D2269B2A792923BA4513CC1A41228F9
C9F40C724638F619000061E93A45BEA1E28D5AC4C6B0DBA438411B31258480EE6249C9C8E7E82B0F
54D1A5B2F17DFC68BD6D433B2CA5028601371201E3739278AD1B8B9BAD1B5F2F0CAF14D2C630001C
F0DBB20E7207068D1BCDBBF18DBCB72ED24B3A7913173BB7A61B83EC71FA5002F8BB5A3A9E87133C
5716DB2CC1F35D061A47C150075DA7630CF6C8AE0753B1D557C1F63AE4B159986EC9804A8A3ED04A
EE1C9C77DA79EBEA7D7D8FC47A0693A77863539ED34E81275B7608E137367A0C67EBC578EE99A0DF
5FDA4497B33DB5A4792119BB646EDABEA4313C0E707D2803AAF0D595B41E0AD25A4D4ED628AE1A49
25B4BA84C8ACE59E3565C7238FD45742F7B6D15AC9F63B8B9BEB87B568A4BE31044F2A2E19143600
0339279EB9E7354ECFC31B3438A3B926D6C6D86125BF7F2D53E77DE54704860C08DD8C11513789F4
912ADB58DADC788AFE49010047E5DAAC85761C0C6083F439F51400FD3B469B56611C96915F25AC81
02AFC91604922B8F33193D15C6DFC470312B6B1A668212C2289B59D4F6C56ED0D9A6D84C8B90BBDB
9CB12C73D7AF22B3A6B8D5755456D6F55731308658B49D3118096273865CAF24A80720E79C7AD6F6
99E12BD96D8C50411E8D66E7070034EE8242E9C0E15972006C93C72280392D5FFB435CB9B5B8F13C
A25C3136DA3D806382B20574603386C6EC1E7BF38ADFD1FC27AF6A4BB260BA0E9270160840371220
7DC818F3823D7AFB577DA6E87A7E95B9AD6DD44ADF7E673BA47F5258F3D727D2AE4D710C05448EA0
B10003D4E481FCD87E7401434DD1B4CF0FD9BADA42B0AE374929E5DC8E4927A9EFFD2997D706797C
B4C9857EF6327CCF51F4C2C83EB8AA97D7863824B8919DD10170B8CF19240FFD0D0FD4573926BF63
2D9C690C92A004ED0AC4B9031B8E1485E80372C7193C5006CC9A84904D208844F2E771763B803C74
00FF00136CFBDB475ACEB9BB7CA160D2918744948DCE72BB58A9185E4A72463E66F98573FACF8813
4FB34B3B28CC372CBF2BC603ECC73F2B7DDC9C9FB808E07358904A12ECC13196599E405F73B3FDC7
63F3ED23A041C331231D56803785FCB7134B3B2AB47BCC5B9C2BF04A2A9196C16FBC7196EBC0FE2A
E7AF52DE31F6FBA90E4DAB16F30EEF35B2E81B9F94E09EA14E3B64D3E59E46B55B5860FB44F81046
AB0EFCBEE763B4630790A3818F5C9E6BB8F0CF800891753F11817374DF32DAB316488E73939EA7DB
903F900737E0EF878FACA417FABACB1E9E30F1C058AB4E71FC43B2F5F4273DABD23C436B0C7A1ABC
4EB6D2D932C96851785900C2A851D4104AE3D0D6E76AE66FF528DB5B88C8A64B7B5720053D64DA72
7EA38007A93E94019F75A2788350D46C755BE834FBC4846E6D3DD9944676918527209E41F987518C
FA542A1F5F8EC3C87F0F4370ACA21600ACF20208000FDDF393F74EEE3B66BD0410C320820F7155EF
2CADB50B56B6BB812685FAA38C8FAFB50061DB5ECF686D3469A64B7B981A25F336931CF1F20004F4
660A78F50704D66EB967669AF4D7377617B7D7B22EDB5441FBB23685EBFC243127DBAFBD4D26996B
A16A226BF8DEF2C674FB3A4F2869A584E490A7A92A79008E878EF9AB7A6EA6DAA581BCB69E626C5A
51E574FB4AEDF90B6403C8C1FA83401AB3E9916A1A54769A8A8998229671C10E07DE523A1CF7AA76
17971617E9A46A92F9AEE09B4BA23FD728EAADFED8EBEE39F5AABA63EA56FA8C1F6CD485C9BA6C7D
9F68F9176160DC7DDE4600E983DCF4D5D674CFED4D39E346F2EE50892DE5EF1C8BCA9FE868034A8A
A1A3EA0354D321BA29E5BB0DB2467AC6E3865FC08357E800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800
AF1EB4B2874ED4B54B48D1209E179A389E3948918AB895481FEEA9C1F7FA57B0D79E78A627D33C54
6F91D228EEA15919D9371F323C600F4CE117BE7774A00E9BC27317D06289F224809420BEE201F997
27FDD2B53A5ECE3C46F65B730984C80E7EE91B47EBBAB8FD2F588743F1108D5563D3AF40653B4820
312439FF00749287D368AE825BB1078D11020CC9118C9FAEC3401D0CD047710BC3346AF1C8A55958
6430F715E3DE31D05F4EB87B98A09E5B8B73E6CB3B6195A005563FC4631D3B66BD91A4456556750C
E70A09E58E33C56178A7463ABD828512B795932431BED33C67EF479F7C0FCA803CB34EF117D86E4E
A770D1A5BDF3B349045D22901521987A3151D3DEBD5B41D56C35DD216389A3701364916EDDC0E3F1
E31F9D78ECB64FA2798D04F1B45731F91329467116EE7CB72D8F9B03B77AD8D235187C39ACD8DE5A
85874FBA95A29AD10B39470B8DE07246E38E3DBA9A00EAB5AD0D348F205ADCAA41234AC1EF64CADB
CA7E6F314F52D852064FE3C9CE6DE08BC57636DAB44DE5C8C5229C6FDAB6D30206F718C905463DB0
3D4D774CB0EB9A6C6C8C11F292A3603796F80C0F3C1EB5C06A1A45E69D7D25E5ADD2AEB2D379725B
871E5DD215DEF23AB7014F3C7418033939A007587882F3C3F3A89544B68DBDD5D9B1E7A64ED64EFC
B13CE3A7B56BF89B4189963D5ED65482DCFEF1CC81B6C59C12D81D9B0A0FA601F5AC99EDA1D57403
7D022340582DCDA79A7FD1DB1B5183E33B003BB6F4E7DAB6BC03AB1D4743B8B4BB95264B3010B103
614C1FCFA5007393CF3EA6048A0FF6B5BC61648A552256209208047DE0AAB93D4A935D4D96BD1EB3
A4A4129892F00DE001859932577A03DB83C1E78AA3A97862321B53B392DEED6069240E771955B800
EF07E608070BC7F2AE4B55D66CD6EED1C214B856C3DC04C09B18C4EABF2924FCFEDCE7B9A00ED60D
2DB59D32484F175027900B9215E2C82627C73B4F4FC2B8C6D2A4D2AF5A3925BA821806D995800D08
75D85D4E40DACCC46012768EBE9E93E16B88EF2CE4BA8F6067DAB32A36E5590677004751D0E7DEA5
F116942FAC4DC43B52FAD4192DE5DA18AB0EDCF63401E7B7115D68DA9C2ED6E8925A1472E09F2D72
D90463AC64B050B9DDC7E15D369DAD6A82547BE9959D66F2A50C36A81F2A938F62735870EAFA64DE
1E92CAF3F737162CCB6C6F21DCCF091919DBC642B6782390318ABD1A34DA13B9795A4C80E654DAC5
811F311D8B2E1F1D836280373C4160F15DC5AB59825F72928AC155E51F2C6CC4FF000E0953CF4229
352860D46CE3D6B4F944514E2337132C60BAC6AD90E0FAAFE3C7D0568E9F730EADA031B97DCAD1B2
CA5B038E413EDD0F3585E0ABF0F6D790DCCF1326C170E1DC9299243EFC8017A67006003DE8038CD6
6F64FF0084AEDEEB5166FB3B46C6D64642A245DADF380791938E3BE6AD69706AADAFC17F6A91C504
2DB43DC12AA0B16DA58100E3E5238F5AED4786765D7DA8EA117D9E37DD6ED2A6F68A3D841404B602
FCC4F4F4CE70319D36A9A269D7115B592C9ADEA215218CB48ACA3190A09C6DEA4F201E4D00360B2D
535F8927BC90B23479F3A74D91C5B90676277646070C783EB595A9F8AB4FD32E264F0DDAFF006B6A
CEE43DEC8A5A38C9624853E9963C2F1CF7C5335792E754823B9F116A2A2D6448A7874EB76281D4BE
1918672CC17D7BFA55BD2F43D53558DA1B3B15D174B2B2C5BE58F134B1B3EE00AE7390001927F3A0
0E7469D737D78B7DE31BF7B96594AFD9049D30C51C051C2E319F715D6695E1CD42F6DA28D611A5D9
7970A4ADB7134E6339570BFC0D9EE79E95D3697E1AD3F4B90CE88F3DDB1DCF713B6E727D467A7E1F
AD6CF0050066E97A1E9DA3230B28023BFDF958EE77FAB1E4D4F73A8436A096DCDB490DB47DDC217F
E43F51546F751792558ACCB6F505989E339470060F3F7BCBFCC571DA8F8BA186611D9C5216590C67
CC4CAB80C0139DE3F822FC726803A1D5FC4B0D83CA27BB8EDDE2FE0CE7909C9CF700B8FF00BE0D61
47E288574FFDC22928CC22FB4104AA90AA149DE0F077723B2138C8AE777DE5F6A8B35ED8099C2E5E
36B6C90ECE5D86CF301E0E2324E060FB8A8B525BB36D35A88BCF91F8667987C8BF30DD8590AE4624
3D0E37139C5002DF6BE6F96402E15A1700F98F23818C82481E6F273B738CF29D3AD67816E6FCC85C
35C2A8F2A4662DB08E4E3F7981B4FCA0F4C7381561039859EE1DE4B9560815662F92339C3798413B
B3C00DF7FE94A2E8A5DAC702DCCF34F2AB471C619DDC2E36B60B1C9237F249C6470B400C92D2D13E
D21668E0B762D0310FB8B00C14903792C70E0ED1C1C756A9B45D0EF35D91D2C92596456F9E6998A2
46A54F042B607DF3851C8F6E95D3687F0DE7BB64BDF125CCAEEC7735B2CA493920E1DBF01C2FE75E
8B6F6D0DA40905BC29144830A91AE00FC28032341F0CDAE889E60CCF78576BCEFD71D70A3F847B7F
3ADDA28A0082EA716D6934E464451B3FE4335C140ED705AD9E36599721C1E5981C9391EE77654FE1
5D96B996D2658C67323247C7FB4C01FD0D7272CEF04ED2411AB34B27CFB9B9719FBA1BD89C8CF43C
D006BDA6AF71018D1951E140142A8C9231D8FE071EB823AE2B5A2D6AC658D1CCEABBC719CE3A91D7
A6320FE55CA4B7912B14954E00323155C2ED19623DB24723B107149F6CB292332C4ECE37A463284E
0600DCC3FBA7186EDB87D6803A2D76FAC9B449C4973080E02619F6B724703B86F4F438AC0D2B598B
FB6AC2080896E934C7825893A34919E07B636B7E0E2B035ED421B7B4B940CF94425CF5CE7803DC8F
EF0EB9CD6BF85EF666D2F4EB44D3258EFACADE7BB9125899305B76D45C8E4316CF1C7CB401AB05F6
93A4EA4C96FA7CA2F5E306650D928A46428DC7FF001D15D547224B1AC88C19186E523B8AE75A1D42
E596F2CACED55EED43486E90EE818003A60640C7E7EDC8DEB4B75B4B282D9092B0C6B1827A900628
03334C8D6CB5BD56D1405499D6F107AEE1B5BFF1E4CFFC0AB6AB26E311F8A2C5C7FCB5B59A36FC19
08FF00D9AB5A800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800AE4FE20DB4D27865EEED955A5B36F370D
DD30437F307F0AEB2A39A18E785E29503C6EA5595B9041A00F2DD2F6EA56B188A590A5EB14F32E0A
A79D290AD2C385FBA8C15707B107D6ACDA5EDD4177A5B5F5C0169652F91E64AA53CB73B4C8841C92
ABC00DD3902B26FF004B9BC39AD5F5AC4CE22689644E999220C33B188F92418033DC8F7C8D8B0B9B
5D5E78E4BB302EA281636964422199F39104C0807782A39EE474E31401D57896509FD9E4B003CF07
3F90EBF46ADAB694CF6B0CAC02B3A2B100E71915E5B7A6F6248EC2E256884459D609A5001600B3B4
6FD020C050A724135DAD9788ECA3D3AD6DDA5097FB162FB34BFBB6DE141239E800E7E9EF40181F10
74382F2489ADC471CD367CF91DCAA4438DB2B01C6782A33EBEC6BCFECAE22B513E9B7E19ED664579
153E590B2A128C18F4C673EFC7E3EC7ACBD9D868B742F424E664324BE62922401803D3A6370039E3
8AE52EFC2C75DD25AF6CE64D4E194C9246B723CB995B685037F7DBB470460E28022F026B725A5CFF
00675E4F0FEEFCA8CBA950BB3648571DC93F2E4FAF15DE6A3A6596BBA7BC72468F9C8490AF2AC323
3F9D7906BA66F0DEB1A1DEC565E5DBC659237963505973925B6B7CCDCFDEC8CD7A57873C4505C69B
099A54D8E23113853FBC2C48C639EE28039196696D3581717DE7AC37AAF697B23B28CCDD0ED51D14
654F3FAF5A4BAB2BAD235576B3678AE66889BADDF30B85604C932E000100C71D73818E39EA3C4FE1
D8752F3350B68FCEDEAAB731C65773A02181427EEB74FA8AC5F0E3DC6ABA75CE89335B4D7963B2EA
D497DE98273B1F18E3B11C75F61401A5A35ECB69316DA230D1ABC8981B5803B41C8F5DC08C7A554D
77C0E2F2E52EACED23BCB720B46BE714913715C8049C6C0A1B038C16ACD6BE6B45793FD21C5CA982
30E103091590B80A0E4282B8031DF1E95D6C9E37D06CAD1099E4C29F2C22C6770C74E3DFB5006069
969AAD96A925B5CBB470F9C04702C9BB68DB81B88EA429515A4BE284D0E102F52496DDA14652BC95
C2853C13D3827F03D7358F6DE2B8751D52EF53784A5B210638705A472AA5BA0E07CAB9E4F154B5D9
CCD1229B5585628D90F992A862CAA18AF01B921F8E280393D4B4E9862E64BAB582DAE2089D516667
27F7673D7927F77D3A02715D5787352B096CEFEDACD9AE17ED11450989582CADBB687627EEEEDCA3
A9E6B3F4DF015B5C92E6CD9E18DD596E2690A40F89086C96E482AABCA8C7CDED5D52DB585BD8ECDE
6FE2B6499CC3680C51040E24219C9CB6DCA600FCA8029E9D0DEBC326996CBBCB36668637DC1991F6
4892B606D5201200F5FC2AAEBBAC45A1E9F75A369046A5AE5E45B2F6E97948502EC39238C81F9753
D856C5FEB6B1DB7D91E4B7B684C8D1B59D98CB3859B6B2E783F326587009AAFA4F85F53BEB65805A
47A458040A49506697F7663625474DCB8273CE7D68038EB2F0DFF6742A35C91AEA55936AD944ED23
7CB26C64C03804AF2BD73DABB0D37C39AF5EC71225BDBE8D662311BB6CCCF2AAB6E42470430F5382
2BB5D2741B1D1E3FF478CBCC725E797E691F3D72DFD06056A50062695E17D2F489BCF821325D30E6
E276DF21FA1EDF86335B5D31D2B2AF75AB685D638AEE0F33785618F330738C10A720E7EBD0D72D7D
E2CBD92F644B36570A9F342A8CF9EBCE3CACFCD9403271F38F7A00ED6EEFADEC515EE1CA2B1DA0ED
2464F4C9038AE76FFC636898FB25C2B4B853B4BC457690493F781FBAAC71FEEF4CD7193EA4EF1431
08C430BFC9B8858C9DA08624EF50189F30E73FC0BC542D34B7704923CB248C55A47490C851385C29
01CFFD325E40073F7B8A009FC51A8CF7CD0FDA2DAD649C928AF0C6558B9F930082E4FCCAD8C03CC6
0F7AE71EDA2B18921F2164B88CF96A0B790ACB9F740D8279C3119DFD39A7242E248EDAEEEE256555
750B08806F6C04DC1A325B8DADD0F7E73CD6CD8DAAC6F0AC51C6A189012DD8349C1C6085901C8DD9
C16E760C8A00CAB78DD9A2DD651BBB06750B34632ED8C1750A31D633CF7079E4D3A6BEB286286DBE
C9B641878ED915583B70572429FE1551DFEF3739AEDAD3C1DA86A364629EE66D3E166DD84DC1B1CF
0ABBB0A39EE09E07D6BA8D17C2DA5E82A4DA5BEF9DB97B898EF91CFBB1FE9401C1697E0DF116B51A
B6A5235942E3F7865E65939E3E5047030301B18C74AEFB41F0D58787EDD96DA3DD3B9CCB3B7DF7E7
BFA7E15B54500145145001451450063F8998C7A14D2055628F1B619F603875EADCE3EB5CAB5E4B0C
76D25EE99796DBC37CC543C6F853DF39C60138650D8040E6BB4D62DCDD68F7708277344DB71EBD45
73B7FA7EBBAD5969E52E34DBA863912E77B2B44CECA32A081B86324138C67A71401CDCBAF6973A86
124C5E70A02B5B4A4900FCA3EEFCC385FF001A69BCFDCDA7D82CAF1FED0FE55B4D342D1C65DB3B72
CC38C9E700104FA56EF89ADB53D66DED74BBF9F43B12F3248035D33B48C0F0155917BFB9FAD6B5D5
A0D41FC8D4F54876DAFCF2C704223504AE3E62E5B8C138C63AFB5007217BA04FA46B5A2CD34D16A5
7BE7B49F618A3D8A0853C83C9E188193C0FF0064035DD46ED697B1B4F037DB7500412ADB9536292A
99F4C6EFC73EB55421D26FECAD74BB1B74B6B82ABE76325800491BB3C90A0119EB83556DF50D71F5
3B5BA985BFD827936A5BEE1BD54F0A4719DC0125B9C63B0A00CED164922D76D6417E2E9E65792EDB
2C3CB0AB86DF9E07CD8C0C7073D3BF6D6B279D6B14A0921D41049539F7F9723F2AC8B2BEB63E759D
CDCDACBA892EAEB6EC14B9FEEE78F9B1DBB569D8DDA5F5A24E914B106FE0917047E5C7E540156EF0
DE22D3467EEC33BFFE803FAD6AD64407ED1E29BB907DDB4B74847FBCE7737E812B5E800A28A2800A
28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2803235ED15358B22A005BA8C130B9E99FEE9F5538E6BCE1ED21B
A98D8DC4A9617D12B44976EA081C1511C80F0404C0DE391CF6E6BD7AB9CF137879354B692E6DDA38
2F922602565055D48C10D9F6EFDA803CDEFD2F346B99AD9E38AD657703FB3E7CCD0DD70773A33707
D319DD9EF4AB7B61750C875192EB4EBC9E290A2DD40D3C28B20C0287EF038EE73CE3D0625B4D626B
5B810EB56AB3DA90EE6CAE8138240CC8377F7B0E7807EF77278DF5D3F45D49236D3F5C92012320FB
3DE05B8886CC32AFCFCE06FE9BB1CE31D680306E26D26717445D68BB99240A5259936960983B7673
B42671EF53C2934BA75E45A55C4F35A7EF19A3D3AFBCCDA0C78DA637C31F9B9240E84FA55EB8F87B
AA4BF722D0645CB9DC1648C9DCE1F3F2E718C151E82A95DFC3ED5639249E3D1F4F6625D956D2EE45
2A4AA8182D8FBA431FF81500637882CEEFC43A7D96956735BC8960EC9034AE6395B748157729E849
E9C74EB4CB1D335BB38AD6254DCF090BE60F9826DDCDF2907938C738CE33DAB725D42FF4AC1D5629
D54B8554D56D16E1022A641F354024EFE07FBD9A8E1D45A6DAF059786559A658CA99E4DB968F39C6
40C63E53F9500241AE6BDA45CC91DB08918C60946C74501B001FBC76B8E07AD6C6913DF787A0975C
D66158ED6381A3890A84776770DB403C9191DFB560B6A9A94D2208351D374D560A1FEC3080C064A9
20852DC0407AF4C5644FA65A4BB66BDD5AF262E124C32EE7C97C3005B1C85191EBC5007A65D69965
AFC6D7FA2CB6928B931BDD44E7EF856DDD4731B1C107FF00AD9AC64F0FCB15CC12DCDAE9892AB216
37779B948CC995C73C6D64C7FBB583A6E9370F6CDFD93E1BBBB9336C267B93E58256424F2480432E
D07E95D05B7857C493DAB42F69A3D9465268C7059C2C8DBBB0C657A0E68027B7834886D45BCF772E
A25220248EC61D91B18E3C31DF9E4ED27A36706A95EEBDA5E9B3B848EC34C65729E7B2FDA2753E58
65604F001CEDEFC822B71FC0F3DFB336A7AEDD3EF7323A5B011024A853DC8C6063A0A9ED7E1FF84F
4B5F3DF4E8A4F2C0265BB72E0003A90C76F6F4A00E1A3D6AE7C4226161A4DF6AEED0C909965CB221
754E4138552AC1B18ECD5D2DA785BC4DAA5DC971AD6A5158C123F98D6D643731F94290491B40C281
D0D75E752D36C156279A2B688602965F2E33C670AC70A78E7835CFEA1E249A4905BC701556231F3B
C6EDDF0325391C0F94B64B0F53401B9A6787B4AD1FE6B2B38D25230656F99CFF00C08F356CEA167B
5D85CC2C1012C15C1231D7815C06A1AFDCD9A85D45DD090CA864884AB1919270DB55B23017392386
3DAB246B8EB728B129B89C92764C04B23639C846E7BB1C6F3C851D07001DE5FF008B34E80F950CCA
F2B0C1DAEAA6338E396C2E79E4678C1CF435CFBF89753BA445F3E160EA0E620108F9473912F525B3
CF400647DEC724F38B9970F124D3632A41DE0E33F7558679C1CE46793CF2D5567B6B8B0B8F2FCD95
3276C825FDD90076DAC09DC4E791FA9CD006C6AFABA6A53892D971E639037C92313C6C07632E587D
E3D1BEF74AA6B63BD8298D13CE6DB6EAF183B97D0288BE6EA33F28E10E08A582D8C65162D4D4C93E
4BC69248558918E111724FF0E7247E1C9DBD2BC1FAA5FA389EDE5B581DB20CF2E0FE0807FBDD7079
A00CC83CA1343E5CABE5888C470181F2C0E42AEF0791D559B3FBCE17D2CC1A4BDF8B784C28D29257
6C70994AFCC4927F79F27CCC4F45FBA2BB9B3F07D95B5C79D2BC92B73F22B154FC7924E38EA6B7A1
B786DA311C1124483A2A2E07E4280381D1BE1C98A6FB4EA37065998B6E91865C86EAA003B50633C7
CDD4D767A668B61A45BAC3656EB1AA8C67A9C7D4D685140051451400514514005145140051451400
95C568F6177A678DE7B3B68A1834D581A4936F1E7166CA9C7A8E99C7AD76D58FAD58DC398751B15C
DF5A64AA76950FDE43F5EDEF401837D3E889A8DDC5AA5BCD737C6E022C38E6404828140C6E180BD7
B83EA7367568E3B0B6D2A5D5A7115B429BAE980DDE6CCAAA00CFA9C1E7DBB56F585D5A6A70A5EC28
A5F1B4965F9D0F753E84563EA12EAF6D15E44AD1E1D94452CA46C5DC4B31248C617E61CFFB3C5006
736A31E83A241358D93ADA3DD97B74972424400070C73B771C91ECC4D6945A769EFE218AEECE6B78
75104BDCC0D20790291CE173F21CE3240E727D68D36EE199DA1BFBF4BE114F1AC370CA31E7B06F90
1002B10BB48E3F8BD6B2ADACE38AFA247B3BB5B982E7CE9AEE76212155E598360021B918F439ED40
0F86C24D3353B956D2922B6FB42CAD76A4967C382814671963807180335D4453ADA69B2DDDC0F2D7
0D33FCC4F1C9EFD38ED4B610AC96501961C143B911D53E4E78C6D257818C62B3DA41E21BF114473A
5DAC81A4907DDB8914E420F5553C93DCE07AD005BD0ED66834F32DCAE2EAE9CDC4C0F666FE1FC170
BF856A5145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500159EC7EDF70D0804DB44D8909E92
37F747B0EFEFC7A8A75C48F34BF6480B2B1199641FF2CD4FA7FB47B7A75F63662892089228D36A20
01547614019BAD78774ED76302F2DD0C89FEAE6DA0B21FC7A8F63C579B6B1E16D4FC3A41884B7360
080AF147BBCA041CB10083D76F07238C671915EC1498A00F24D0BC512DA40DE54FB1117CC584AB14
24F272339DA03364039C460F386CEFD9F8E2F1815B8B789A40C430504639195FA8F9B1EBDB90376B
EBBE09D375A265479EC6ECBEF33DABED2CDEAC3A13C0E7AFBD71775F0F75ED159A6D2664BE05F3B4
3796DB47DD5C36410303BF4E3E801DC5AF88A39E411DC22946046E5191D5874C9CE71DBA8208CE7E
52F2CBC3A92896E74CB562F81E60B753B94F4231CB0E474CE33E95E7735E6B3A748E6F74796CE190
8192876A0181F787CA4FCA8DC91CA76CF35757F15DEEA8F0476E9108955B1B640E40CE7A2E3073B7
F1407BE6803D1A59BC316716E4D3ACB1D4158230081820EEE98C30209E39E7157A3D5F4AB472B144
22E429DB10523AF6EB9183C75E090315E35FDBD74B7861B979FCC2C0386624CA40230021DA7AB2E7
D979E6B460D6245091979E58D4B06DC8AA0A9C8DAB953C1F9B8E83CC1C5007A85DF89A3B59123F21
598FFD34E30080707072327B7E3B6A05F164322AB8558D0FF79C65410086CF4E99F6E0FCD5E43E24
D51E796006DADAE04588DA46756CF0720004679DDCF3FC383496BE629CFD870547CC0C03AEE18392
4F7C00720E1B8CE6803D5EEBC5B1980471AC572CEA3E649CC44E476032C3B0F973F7873CD735AA78
8A3B2BB9A78EF272D3388D23B59D652DC000E1595D881CE595BEF28ED5911CCC5D8DCC915B5C171B
DD711162338CFCC002323B7F0AF279A643649AA2C6AFBAFA74565491515B8E791E5E1872C782ADD7
DA80274D72448FCBB48A128A87CC5590020E4EECA285240C73946E063F8854715FDDB0612346553E
5D9146132C7258B4676B1619FEE1E724F0B57A3F06EAB25CA341658B751C2BC2B851D80597A631CF
7F7E056ED9781F5131C29733C71A46A36A3CA6E1411D311B28518C9C63A500706D6778DA9B986572
B1841BFC866F2C74DB9214019F519C9FAD5EFECB8A2B57478E49C7CAC31F321386E44683613CF427
3FA8AF45B3F0369B6AD97F98E727CB8D63079CF50370FC0F6ADEB4D3AD2C462DAD92338E580E4FD4
F53401E73A6E97AA4EB2476FA2DD0B673906E1D6DC7419CA9CE4703B1EDCF0776FD9782A477F3752
BBDB9393059E5075CF2E7E63FA7E831D8E3DA96802858691A7E99185B2B38A1C0C65579FCCF357E8
A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A280316FF48B9179FDA1A4DC
2DBDD1FF005B1B8CC538FF0068763EE2AADD7886D12D24875BD3E4B7738530CA81E39493C057FBA7
F1231DEBA4A423390791401C8B2D86B96F1D8698F0599B3937BDB82BC6E5203028483D4F43DF9E6A
0D56F6586E1524D596E26548F6C16C37C9E606CB36C5EB8201E7191915D31D134A672C74BB22C7AB
7D9D73FCAADC36F0DBA848614897D11401FA500727A669DAF6A81D7529E6B4D21B023B565459D900
FBAC50008A7D073DB35D5C16F15AC0904112C7120DAA883000FA54D4500145145001451450015937
9AF5B59CB2C620BAB8308CCA6DE12E23FAFBE39C0E7156355BA92D34E924831E7332C5116E407760
8B9F6CB0A44D3618B4A6D3A369523646469037CE49072D9C7DE39CE7D4D005B8E449A2496360C8C0
32B0EE0D457B34D6F6AD25BDB35C4A080B12B6D27240EA7A6339AE7350D5F52D36E6E6CF48D38DC5
BD9DAC71C608F9565278527393F2EDE00EFC915A915F5E99EE94431CCB676E0384041927DBB8AAFA
0C63F16F6A00D8AA915EC536A17166A18BC0A8CED8F972D9C0FAE07EA2B1AC356BCB9D3EEEF5EFF4
F786284B131C2E1A09002595D4B64E063FBA6A3B18753D26D5AF2EEE85C5EDF38FF45F2D517CE6C0
1F375C2AAE0F5E07B5007519A2B98B5D47518757BF82FAF217B3B18C5C5C4EB16CDB95CF96064F03
05B3D7A0A759EAB7779A8D9B477B6934771F3BDA429BCC31ED2433481B19CEDEDCE703A6680376DA
D96D95D57792CE5D999B2589EFFD2AC514500145145001451450021008C607E55526D2B4FB95DB71
616D28F492256FE95728A00C79BC2DA14EB89349B4C75F9620BFCAA90F01786474D2C2FF00BB3483
D3D1BD8574B4500736DE04F0E489B64D38C8A3901EE246E7F16A55F02F8694F1A547F8BB9FEBEC3F
2AE8E8A00C8B7F0BE8368C1A0D1EC51D7A3790A587E2466B5800070314B450014514500145145001
45145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001
451450014514500145145001451450055BFB417D66F6E5D909C1575EA8C082AC3E840354ED34FBC6
BE5BCD4A7866922431C0B0C651541C6E620B1C9381F41F535AD450052D36C9ACAD364AE2499D9A49
A4031B9D8E49C7E83D85568B499E0D392086FE54B90CD235C04077B31CB657A639FC3B1AD6A28030
DFC3ECFA6DD5B9BD94DDDD32C92DD15524B2E3002F4DBF2E31EE6AEEA16535DA4260B836F3432799
1C9E58700ED653907D98FF009E2AFD1401850F86A286DF548BED53C9FDA2BFBC32E1B0DB7696FC7D
3A76C638A9B4CD3EEED252D33DAC71EC2A20B483621627258E79CFFF005FAD6BD140051451400514
51400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514
51400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514
51400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514
51400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514
5140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451401FFFD9}
li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Functions}\b0 \par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Take part in cell division}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Contain DNA mole
cules which are heriditary carriers.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\b {1.2.5 Mitochondria}\b0 \par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {These are the largest particulate components of the c
ytoplasm}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and repres
ent upto 15% -20% of the dry weight of the cell. They vary}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in shape (spherical, filamentous, sausag
e shaped) and size (0.5 to 3}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-30
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {long 0.1 to 0.6}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { wide).The number varies with the size and energy}
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {requirements of the
cell. For eg. flight muscles in birds contain rich}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {amount of mitochondria when compared to any oth
er parts of the body.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Electron microscopic studies show that a mitochondrion has two}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {membranes inner and outer which
are separated from each other by 50}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {to 100}\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {A. The outer and inner membranes differ in lipid composition}\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and in enzyme content.}\par\pard\li
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmul
13\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\b {Fig. 1.5 A schemmatic diagram of mitochondria}\b0 \par\pard\li3013\ri0
li3013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8}\par\pard\sect
\sectd\sbkpage{\shp
{\*\shpinst
\jpegblip
FFD8FFE000104A46494600010100000100010000FFDB004300080606070605080707070909080A0C
393D38323C2E333432FFDB0043010909090C0B0C180D0D1832211C21323232323232323232323232
3232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232FFC0
00110800A0011803012200021101031101FFC4001F00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090A0BFFC400B5100002010303020403050504040000017D010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191A1082342B1C11552D1F02433627282090A161718191A2526272829
2A3435363738393A434445464748494A535455565758595A636465666768696A737475767778797A
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090A0BFFC400B511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291A1B1C109233352F015
6272D10A162434E125F11718191A262728292A35363738393A434445464748494A53545556575859
5A636465666768696A737475767778797A82838485868788898A92939495969798999AA2A3A4A5A6
F2F3F4F5F6F7F8F9FAFFDA000C03010002110311003F00F59D534BD134BB169869566AC4854FF470
403EA401C80324FB0A860D2AC22DDF69D16DE52C0BA036F1070A0725BB01D31DFD6BA29FECE8C934
E5415F9159BD58818FC781541C68EB16F6B841146DE49FDF1DA4E73B0F382067A1E83DA8B0CCF6B3
F0F2A3C8DA3DA88D7682DE4200491923EA1793FE355E5B6D183BC49E1E81660D1AAABC319C96F607
FBA18E0F61CE2AECF2E98B78D6903A4F3CA0B797F690361639E39E09273EB8E9C7153D9C76B651AC
D75751072EF895A604396DB93CFA11B47A01486450E8BA14D6AD70746B58D54B065681320A920F4C
F71DAB3D2CB45652E741B29118A0410468E72C71B4F18CE3938E83AFA9E9565B4B4B528B2A88E253
91B813851CFD4D4365690456D03989607C2B797BB2236208C0CF4FBC4718A2C230E5B3F0FC76CF2F
FC23F0B14DC5E3104794018AE49CE3AA9C6324F6152C7A6680903B4FA3DA6F850B48C96CBB58AFDE
DBEB83C5699D334E90AA97DDB70C479A70C5589C919E7E627AF7A49F4B051638E69086907CC48FDD
AEEDE71EB9200E734068661D374433C70FF61DA44F9DD2896040563DAC7771D3918EBC521B4F0B01
36ED2201E520770D6607CA4E01E4743FD0FA1AD76D1E1772ED3CC4B46F1BE483BC36324F1D7E518C
600F4A72E96A93C93ADCCFE7C9B7749919C8040E318E8C46318FC79A61A18CD61E1A454DDA141B99
1A40AB6C8C428C7391918E7839C528D33C3B344E22D22D62665431BC966A41DE485217AE320F5C7E
55B23498843246247C4A9B1F38C91B998FE658E7F4C52CFA645712B49248E4B1EC40E36B2E3E9F33
1FA9A03433ADB43F0E5D1630E916AC000771B500303DC12391EE2ACFFC231A1F07FB1ECF8FFA6095
7ADA09A15DB24E240000A04614003FAFE9EC2AC8DDEA3F2A04647FC231A17FD01ECFFF0001D3FC29
47863421FF00307B2FFC074FF0AD6F9BD47E54BCFA8A00C91E17D08FFCC22CBFEFC2FF00852FFC23
1A17FD022CBFEFC2FF00856A73EA2979A00C93E17D08F5D1ECBFEFC2D2FF00C231A177D1EC3FEFC2
FF00856B5140193FF08C685FF408B2FF00BF0BFE147FC235A17FD022C7FEFC2FF856B5140197FF00
08DE887FE61163FF007E17FC28FF00846F44FF00A04597FDF85FF0AD4A2803307873451D349B21FF
006C17FC297FE11FD1BFE81567FF007E17FC2B4A8A00CD1E1FD1C74D32CC7FDB15FF000A51A16943
A69B683FED8AD68D140143FB134BFF00A07DB7FDFA147F62E979CFF67DB67FEB90ABF450052FEC7D
3BA7D86DF1FF005CC528D2B4F1C0B2B7FF00BF62AE514AC054FECBB1FF009F483FEFD8A5FECFB3DB
B7ECD16DCE71B475AB5499E71459015FFB3ED3FE7DE3FF00BE451564D1459019F79622FA7804E15A
08B2C6339F99FA027D463771DF3ED552E74673731BDA3A24411D1A224A8CB36E278E7EA38CF1CD6C
E0FA9FD28C1F53FA53028C36524134D28910EF89117E5C6DDA0FE9CF4AAE9A75C5B322C02DE4416E
90132E7E50B9E71DF39E9C74EB5AD83EA7F4A307D4D00621D26E5E3952468B692EA3693F32C92067
278E0E38039FAD4D1D85C0D42476F2BC933F9E5812598EC0A148C741D739EC38AD420FF78D183FDE
3FA503394BBD3ACADDE382796D0DF4D148B1C6E77192691B25B07AA8238F4E6B774EBFB2B857B6B5
B9491ED4F95226ECBA153B791DBA7E35C75F6A9A3EADF116D74D16F72BABD94802CCDC26D00B9E33
CF1DC8AB9E13BBD065F10EB3158973AB79D235CB10482BE636307A0EA381401D8CB3242A1A460016
0A09F52401FA9A48678EE22F323394C95CFB8241FD45739AD1D6E4F136976D6E60FEC791D4CE4E3C
C0EA4B8C7B7C83F5AC7D1BC457B7BA86A9A22DA1840998DACC495322492312C077014B1C8E38F7A0
0ED56FE12A1C92AAD2F9519C67CC3EA31DBAF3E809E9CD5CAE0878B6CA0F8850F8752D25904518B7
8A4460444D8C9F97E9B4673C60FBD77783EA6810EA29B83EA68DA7D4D003A8A6E0FA9A36FB9A0075
154EEAF63B428AC25776C9091AE4E07538A70BB89916404985A2F37CDFE0DBF5FA734016A8A82DE5
F3E04942C881C0215C6081EE3B54DB7DCD002D14D0BD793463DE801D45371EE68DBEE6801D454292
472EFD9206DAC55B69CE0FA7D6970238F2EE4803966205004B45451B24B12BA12558060791914FDB
EE6801D4526DF7A36FBD002D14DDBEE6976D002D149B68DBEE7F3A0009E3A668A4DBF5FCE8A005A5
C5252E6800A28A2800AAF77702D6CE6B92ACE228CB955192D804E07BD4F5C4F8E3C4DAEE877BA743
A3E9BF6A499B12334658139002F1D0F3D4D0053D07C5B6FAF45A878864D296D4E9B0C819CE0B4848
040DD807385231EE29FF000FF58D1352B2D4750B5D34584D0902EA67C1328033BCB76E84915178AE
FF005BD3EDADA3D274AFB6DD3DC89AF42A1911588F95081D400073DB0A7BD5CF16EA31F84BC26BFD
9FA25B95B9904525BA4788D4B839C85EB9E940CC9D0EDAC67F116AFE2BD2B5392F9648DD523910A7
97339015727AFA74E011567C2D1CF1DBCFE21D4228A5D4ED6C4C0560915C10A5884CAE406F94038C
F51DEA8EAD64FE1CF085B59E9D3DBE9322CE97976EECCDE5166F957A12C723FF001CAB7A9E9371A7
783A2D13C3C52D6F6F66372A8F36C72BB81C0627EF7283F0340137C37BFBED67ED975AAE950C53C0
C122BBF2363BE4B161B8F2707F9D7A177AC9F0DDBEA36BE1FB2835697CDBF58F12BE7249C9EFDCE3
0335AD4082968A2800A63BAC51B3B1C2A8249F6A7D1401CDC8F3ADDBCF75218A1B985982A21F3511
3184CE7A90C4F0339C8078145D3B2DBDB69F7138B6F34F9929C0DB1A03C460E319E839EA035747D6
8A0773023BE9D5D21BDBB7B71B4BAB328124C0B30518C750A14900672C3A778E4BF99C4504B70E92
951115460AE256C60B0EE3054FCBC0E7231D3A3A4DAA5F7606E1C67BD0230A4BD9D8CD10BA2B711B
08D62551CE31977E0E17A9EA063DEA292FAFD9FCF1751C36F23195018F2120006598FA93C81EFDF0
456BDC5F2C0D3215DC6287CD39200C64E07E86A0FED584CD1C4619887254B6D0423052C54F3C918E
D9C1E28199A6F75094FD99A668255404C8E6353962768239E8303E55E4F1918AD5B8BD92DACDCBC7
890111C464200918F19E3A0CF3F4A863D56D6E105CB5AC98010C2E554970E481B48270723A1C63BD
3CDF421E385E39A74126C33B2AED0E33F4E983C8181408CE6B89A19E1B1B2BA55904BE500CA18C87
05A476F41D4F18C9F634D9EFFED92C4A6E8988976960400E6350721BFDA271C0C719F426AD8D4A28
D24B978BCC63FBE5540A0A478C2924E396E703AF38ED5663D4A27BB36F15BCA5811E63003084AE46
4673D31CE08A06508354BD789E75C3BBC60456E700798C7E5191CE060E49EBC900015734C96F2692
6F3E759238C08F2A9806404EEC7A81D33C739E062B4638638976C71AA28390140033EB520181C714
085A28AE37C4B689E24D5B4CB1D3F5678A5B59DA5B8FB348098D463AE3A3670067D4FA5005BF13F8
86EF499EC20D3618EEA59670B3C7CB3C71F76DABCFE35A9FDBBA688DE47B8F2F62962B2A346C4019
242B004FE1562C6C6DF4FB7105BA6D51C962725CF724F527DCD49736B05E5BBC173124B1382191C0
208A00A5A1EBB65E21B0FB6D833B441CA1DCA410463FC456A571CFAA69FE0309A74F1BAD94ADBAD3
CA8C13C9F994FAE320E4F241EE457619A005345068A004A28141A0028148467F0AE2FC43E3DFEC3F
1559E88BA64B74670A59D1B046E240DA31CF4F6A00D6BED7AD2EECF54B5D2B51B66D46DE17F9778F
DDBE3009FC7F5AE6FC35FDA9A4E9769FF0916A025D4AE653F62B7B9906509006589E49C76EA338EA
6A9DD59E91E031A8EBE9632DCDFCAE1BCA2DB92DB71E031F5CF3DCF61EA6EDEF8734DF15E9B61E25
717B3CF1C06E161DC14CC719084638E463E5FF00EBD03134EBBBBF06EA1AA5D78A75502D2F6E48B3
5E5C9E492D81F7460A8C556D034FBCD2EF359D735DD644DA4B4BBE2C4A4A4C43641F9BA01C0C0E09
EF8149A587F88360B71E28D252D63B0B82C24CBC6080065704FD324F61EBD2A6B5ADDA78AACA082C
348B8BFB34BE5B48A14630A0C2E436476C71CE3005006969BA6D96B5E34D4E695E7BB942426E43AA
9B78D7875443FC47E55E7D377AD51D4F4AB0F885E2A59ECBC402292C4EC302C649D8ADF7D4F193B8
9E79ED5D2EA77BA7787EC6DF4CB8BC82CAE2FC88CBE0ED8D71803D800028248F5F5A3C37F0FF004C
F0E6B33EA56B34CED22958D1CF11A923F3E98E7B500CEB80C0C53A928A042D252D14005145140052
52D14009452D140141B4F8E4D4BED8ECEDF22AF97C6DCA9621BD49F98FB77EB55E3D14406E5A2BA9
15E62E51BA98CB36E383E99EC31F9F35AF498A00CD874B2970B712CA1A412190AC69B50B6DDB9C64
F38EF934D4D2985AC96AD75218190C6A8147CA0FA9C73E9F4EB9EB5AB5CEEADE32D2344D663D32FA
492291E232F99B728073C13D73C7402802DB6976B71A83DDC528120215F62A12081FDE20953F4C7E
06B0743F11E9D7FAEDFC77324904B61234511BA74504127A700E7E5E873C554F0CF82E58E5BDBDB9
BBBE82D6F64F3059090A395C9C798CBCE7939031EE4D75B0787F48B65DB0E976683B9F25493F8F7A
00AF0F89B4DB9F11368B03BC97222F34B200531C77F5C115B558B71E17D2E47F3ADEDFEC3758C09E
CFF74E3F2E08F6208AC5BFD7BC45A26ADA669D35A417B0DCCC23FB6282A5C71C11D15B193E87B014
01DA1AE5F43B6D2AD3C5BAD47A798FCC91239670AE58890B49BB3E8795E2BA8AE3B5E8AD3C31711E
B3A6E9B2C97D757412558727CDDD9C83E9CF231DFF001A00ECA93EB59D6DACD9DD3797E6F91703EF
5BCF84917FE027A8F71907B1A7DD6AF6568C2379D5A66FBB0C7F348FF451C9A00E7FC6BA8C9A6CBA
4CD6DA71D42E16767102A9276ED20918071CB2F6EB5D5C4C5E2472A5199412A7A83E95CBE9F1788A
5F1A4B7B7969145A6B5B6C8FE705939071C77CF5E31C75AEB2800345068A004A0D2D250053D52EE5
B0D26EAEE1B77B8961899D614CE5C81C0AE2F40D6351D76CE3D5F54D3EDED6F9257B6B14652B9723
9639E40001E33CFCDED577C71E24D6B439B4C8747D3C5D35CC855CB46580E400BC74273D6B375FD1
6CFC51A85AF874EB3F67BBB0559E48D17719598E5DB1C73C839EDB8F140D0EF0D8D5F4CD1F587F1B
8B7FECF570C1A65570E72771C01C8276E3233E9559F4AFF84B3C5DA76BBA46AFB347B6847FAACA18
88246D008C0CFBF41FF01AD0D675C4BFD7E6F054DA3C9770CB000657638CE010C71C851C739CE6AE
EA5E1BFB2F8363D034B964B5848F2E49A388C8E46092481C9DC7838EC7D280336F755BE7F1358E9F
609696FA543135C1695C169783B5B66771F9B0471C939A9B428AE3C27E189756F12DDEE9C169446A
001196C7CAA075638FC3E99A7E99E1BD2BC3720D7751C9BA5862B789A69016C850A3AF019B03A1C0
F5EA6B3EDAF3C43AAFC42B9D3F53D255F4768DA3612444A247B7AAB7724E071D7F0E002AD8E8FA47
C51F2F5B9E7BC8A681CC52C031B719C800FA73D7BFA0AF504558D151461400001D8552D2B47B0D16
D3ECBA75B25BC3B8B155C9C93D4E4F5ABF4085A28A2800A05148280168A28A0028A28A0028A28A00
28ACED42FA4B39ADD56DCCB1C8C7CC2A7E64503A81DFE9E9F955E4759143A90CA402083904500123
88E367392141271D6B82D2F50D37C7BE23B7BB4B0648F4B064669906E6727F7633E830ED8F5C57A0
572FE1DB9B19FC4DE215B1689955E1DC62000CED6CF23A9DC1A803A8A28A439ED400B54755D3E3D5
34F9AD1CED2C328E3AC6E39561E841C1ABD48680392F07EBDADEB525D8D534F8E08603E5A4C80812
3A92ADD7DC575D5CAF85B5AD3A7BCD4B4B86E035D457971218B04617CC3CE7A1E4F6AEAA8031AEFC
35A6DFEB51EAB750F9D3C7098823E1908C9EAA7BD25BF8634BB5D706AD6D6C21B8588C4162C2A63F
DD1DEB6A8A0028A28A00439ED452D1400955EF5A75B2B86B550D72236312B1C02F83807DB35CE78C
BC6D0F841AC44B6725CFDA9981D8C06D03193EFD7A563AE8325D78D67F1336A970BA7488AB144995
79495C145F51C6723AF6E99A008F43D6357D3BC3973ACF8C27005ACCE208C8019DFA7F0F5E72063D
CF615837CFE19D4EEEE8E8DA95CFFC245A95B0293B070BB8E188181956650463A0CE2B70DEDCF893
C31AFC8DE1E768E0FDCD8DACC870CA31D1463918CF1F41D2AD784AC215D26CBC47A9E956D6B7C900
8A14862DACC338071EA46D007A7D78066968D6937867C3D6F1EA17A27D41612D3DC4C4910C6B927F
E02B9C75C93FA58F0B7883FB763BD992E23B8B58A4C4532295C8E7839E840C1E40EBF8D73BAEEAFA
BADF58C5A7D8DB6AB67A9B18AF19184884F431020FCA02E4E4F5393EB46B22DBC23E194F0D68D241
06A9A86EF2D19C8C96383F31E871F2A96C74EB40146C2CAFFE21DFEA707886CEE6D6C61915ED2440
63DBC9181B861B20E49C67A7B57A15FA4969A6410D9C8D0849218830009085D548E4119C1EF59BE0
6D3B55D33C2F6F6DACC8CF76198E19B71452785CF7AD7D5B8B48FF00EBE60FFD1AB4085FB2CC8A4B
6A573803925621FF00B2553495E45B675D42F4FDA0FEED76440E319DDF77A639FF00EBF156B53864
BC8D6C90B2472E7CD9001C28EABCF739C7D33591702EE3293B9B999657318623618E303FD95CA866
19C804E302819B5F639FFE82577FF7CC7FFC45385A4C3FE621727EAB1FFF001358E2DE436F12BADC
F916E1A72AA0A995989DAA3B8033D3A8F97D0D446DAE6C5223E7CA5A1219E562C50348C41017A155
0CC79FF679A02C6E7D927FFA08DC8FF80C7FFC451F639FFE823723FE0317FF0011590CE619977CB7
71D9CA39762E5DCAFEAA5B77418384E3AD518E6BA2CAE05D2DB5C299625DD212133F28F97273FC44
707903200A04749F62B8FF00A095DFFDF317FF00114D7B7B84D816F2E9F2C01C08C607AFDDFE5599
E55D9811E492EC476D1AC4B1EE21E790E3966E4E338191EE738A67DACDB42619E4B89E503ECD1853
20CED0373B11C8E4F5E4E318EA68036BEC937FD042E7FEF98FFF0089A64B13C113CD26A370234525
8958F007AFDDAC74315B6C417578E93217762D2179581C044CF2BDFA73D39EA6882D4DD59E9B0DD4
F72C2E733393338E00188F20F5E475E4ED27AD006AA24CC9096BABD5694670C91E53BE0FCBC7A54C
6D273D350B81F458FF00F89AC790B5BDC37EFAEE2B36731EE2F2484ED1CE33920B1E07B29C72C2A1
DD7D2C2F234F71120260B7872433B31C8DC7AFCBC0C8E46D6E68036D34F61771DC497971318C10A8
E10019EA7E55073F8D23B7F67C85FF00E5D18E5FFE999F5FF77D7D3AF4CE2DC2863851198BB2A805
8F5638EB4AC5421DE46DC739E98A007F515C8C1A0D9F84F554D434F89D2DAEE4315E02C4EDDC7E46
E7A00DC7D1B3DAB6B48321498A7FC7917FF45DD9CEDC73FF0001CF4F6F6C545E26D11BC43A24BA72
DD35A99083E628CF43D08C8C8A00D9A2B9DB78B58D0A18E2264D5ECD230B9E05C2903DF01C7D4823
FDAA5B2F19E877C5D23B991648DB6C91BC2E0A1F43C7B50074358FE24D722F0FE87717D230DEABB6
253FC6E7A0FCFF004AAA3C596B7B712D9E8F0CB7F7717FAC403CB58F9EAC5B1C7D01358DA0DA4DE2
D37D3F8A348756493CB863981088BDF60F5C8E5BBF4E9401B5E18D174AB3B0B7D42C638DEE2E2053
25D00419B201279E993CD74351410456B6F1C10A2C7146A1111780A076A96800AE4ED7C5F24BE2BD
4B489F4E9D22B500C72471B3973C76038073C1F6AAB709E257F1FC96D15F05D2E6837E060985381C
0ECC5B3827DCF38C575B696505943E55BC6117A93D4B1F527B9F73401CADCEBBAFC5E2A857EC2F16
858C4934B012471C938CE39E3D2B7CF8834A17D6F65F6E84DC5C2EF8954E438F504715A95CBEADE1
FD3ED7568BC449668D35B65A5451F797FBE07F797AFBFD7040075145315D6450C8C082010473C514
01CAF8D6F74BD2AD63D4757825BA8A13FB9B7118643267824E38FA138F6358570DA8E9FADC3E35BD
D45FFB0D2C4318141CB19070813B7250E7DABAFF0012DE68B65A60935FF29ACCC8142C91EF05FA8E
39E7835CA25E6B3AFF008B753D1A7B48E7F0FCB6CA612D18112A90A55F3D4F19C01DFD3190011596
9DFF00095F8C6DFC4F61ABCBFD96D01124041529C15319E71C904F1F5FEE9AB5AFF8A2C975DB4D1E
7B4B9782F6168EDDA003203029BC0EE7A81E839EFC5DBEB486DBC3777A26812C36A96901E491976F
43EA33D4FAF1EB8AB0DCEA3E1DF0B47AA6BE0EA1ACC30398A244198D7BE703D3196F4E073D419534
AB0B6F879A34B04720BDD72E1249A2B7660A70074033FEC8E9C92303A715FC25E1E5F17C56FE22F1
159CD1EA16F3108DCA8B8504306653E8491C606063A54FE19F0FDAF8AAF2CBC637A2F21BA0FBBC87
90147653F2B0E010BEC38FC2BD2A81062A86AD0DC4F64AB6A91BCAB34520591F68215D58F3838E9E
957E8A00A292EA840DF6568BEB8BA63FFB4E9DE66A1FF3EB6DFF00810DFF00C455CA4A00A9E66A1F
F3EB6DFF00810DFF00C451E66A1DED6DBFF021BFF88AB94500644D697D73238902085F1BA117070C
31D3FD5E40FA1AB9BEFC70B6D6D81D3F7EC3FF0064AB54B4014C49A877B5B6FF00C086FF00E228F3
350FF9F5B6FF00C086FF00E22AE514015049A877B6B6FF00BFEDFF00C452799A8E78B5B4C7FD7C37
FF00115728A00A5E66A5FF003E96BFF812DFFC45064D4BB5A5AFFE04B7FF00115768A00CE179791D
F5BDBCF6B02A4DB8078E72C41033D0A8FE74D907F69CC6207FD0A36224F495BFBBFEE8EFEA78F5A5
D42C25BC9AD5A39FCA58DC99303E665208C03DBEB57E38D228D63450AAA00007402802B6A1A85A69
36325DDECEB0DBC632CED9C0FF001E7B5720ADA96BDE294D5FC3FA804D3A283C9637019A2958E725
50119C647248E477AE83C5525843E1CBB9353B537568A14BC4A325BE618C723B906AB7819E16F08D
8471AF96F0A18A58C8C14704EE04763DFF001A00CBB9935BF0FEB726B7ACEA5F68D23C928F1DAC45
5636E307612719C75C9E4F615ADE14D3F468EC9F54D1EDA4853513E6BF999CF53D8F41C9AB1E2AB8
86DBC2DA934FF32B5BBA05EEECC08007BE48A83C1677F862D65FB55E5C8972E1EF3FD60E7A7D2802
ED8683A6E9B7D777B696AB1DC5D36E99C12771CE4F53C73E95A9451400551D61AF5347BB6D35435E
888F92AD8C16C71D6AF51401C7F818EAF28D425D7863510C913038C840A597A71FC6D5D85707A16B
BAAB78A7529355D39ED2CD992DC4A54855705B6E49EB9CE3238FBBEB5DDD0028A6B05652AC3208C1
07BD2F359FAB5E3DBDB7956FCDDCF98E05FF006B1D4FB0EA7DA80396F87FA1AE9E6FAF63D4C5CADC
36DF254E7CAC31C6EE7AFE5456AF863C1F6DE176BA6B7B99E66B920B1971C019C0E3BF279A28025F
1478722F13D8C5637385856412190121D081FC23DF2473D3D0D65EABACE99E15D00791E6AE9F1958
9A7870CF21C602A93D4E075E800C0E781D8C91A4D1B23A86460432B0C822BCF64D5E4F14F89F52F0
7DEE8F18B087044841051548F9BF1CF0474CF7A008EC34ED12DAFAE7C75BAE7EC2D6E1A181C72485
04E077C6DE32719C9E801A7F86ECEE3C57AF5AF8C5751952D94347F64208DAC32368E70579CE7B9E
D4DBC92F7C47ACD9AF862FED058E9B29B7B8B6E30A9C024823E652030C0EDF538F4082DEDAC2DD61
B78638215E152350AA327B0140138000C01814B45140051451400514514005145140051451400514
5140051451400514514005145140098CD70775E17D6F495D6355D3356B9B8D4AE251245128508467
A32B641383D78E95DED1401CA59787B51BABAD2754D5354B86B9B706496D98214DE5718014003193
CF27DEBABA28A0028A28A0028A28A00C7F1358EA1A96817569A6CB1C77132850D274233C8E87A8AE
7E59B59F05784A3B9B9BA1A8980289639724A9271F2BFA723A827F0AEE298CAAEA5580653C104641
1401CFE8BABEABE20D1E0BF86D6D6CE3981C79AED230C123EEE17D3D6AAF87F45D7ADBC457FA86B1
7F1DC4722F9702AF619C8E3F87E83AF7AEAD54280AA3007000ED4EA0028A4A28016B92F145F5FE9F
A16A77D65652CD77230B78915092B182416E3B7DF39F715D6D1401CBF82F48B4B4D2D7524D2BFB3A
F6FD44971165BE53CF0013F28EE076CD7514514005145140051451400514514005252D1400514514
005145140051499146D19CF7A00338A5A28A0028A28A0028A28A008A7992DADE49E43848D4B31F60
29B0CADF668E4B802276032A4FDD27B7F4AABA979ECF0471DB3CD0EFDF26D651D3A0E48EF83F863B
D36E8DCCF1DB4A2D243E5CA59E16650C700E39CE3AE0F5A00BA678831432A065201058641C67F973
51C77D6924A228EEA179186422B8248FA565FF00654B24864B88D2474066542DF23CCC0819F65015
471D0F4A59B4693ECAF05BB46A444C50B67F792B93BD9B1D3238C8E9B8FB5006AC7796D323BC5731
4889C3B238217EB522CB1BEEDAEAC14E18839C1F7AC41A5DCDCC261B911AC72C886728FF00332A8E
8300606428C0ED939C9A0E93309A478ADED8A3960227E1100C043803E6E3271C727AF7001AD7973F
66B5791577C990A899C6E6240033DB922AC8AC5B0D3E5B6874C84C202408C64C364F9980037BF57F
CC56D5001452668073400B4514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500145
148481C9A00339A5A28A0028A40314B400514514005145140051451400514628A00A97B70D6F6F94
01A57212353D198FF4EE7D81ACC92F6EEE49B44316F598EF990954F2D4024E3EA76919E79E476BB2
5AADEDF16B98F30C2311AB7462472D8FA71FF7D559FB25B98DA2F26308C9E595000057D3E9C9A00C
A1ACDC9B58A45B78DDD9D23219CA6E66C6001827EE90C7D07AE0D4ADA8CE97444A63861072BBA366
12281B890E0E01C0638233C7E56DB4DB47B8170D02F9C18387190410319FC471EE3834F4D3ECE376
64B6895882090A3A1EB4014AC7537BEBA50045E4B465C15392BC8C0CF427079C74F539AD7AAD6F65
6D6858C312A138048EB81D07D2ACD0014514500145145007FFD9}
li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The inner membrane is very
much folded to form shelf - like}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {structures of varying width. These shelf - like structures, known
as}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {internal ridgs o
r cristae, extent into matrix of the mitochondrion structure.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Thus two structurally different spac
e can be distinguished, the intracristae}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {space and the matrix space (Fig. 1.5). The matrix space is
rich in}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {enzymes. T
he inner membrane shows the existance of knob like}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {structures, which are proteins involved in biolo
gical oxidations.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
{Functions}\b0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { : The mitochondria are the \uc1\u821
6Xpower houses\uc1\u8217X of the cell, where}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids are oxidised to
CO}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { and H}{\sub
\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {by molecular oxygen, and the energy s
et free is stored in the form of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The enzymes involved in this energy}
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {conversion are loca
ted in the inner membrane.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\b {1.2.6 Endoplasmic reticulum}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The endoplasmic reticulum consist of flattened single
membrane}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {vesicles.
These have the same lipid bilayer structure but thinner than}\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the cell membrane (about 7mm). The en
doplasmic reticulum is of two}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {types; rough (RER) and smooth (SER). Only the rough type has small}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {granules known as rib
osomes (Fig. 1.6).}\par\pard\li293\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\b {Fig. 1.6 A schemmatic diagram of endoplasmic reticulum}\b0 \par\pard\li3080
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3080\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li3080\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3080\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li3080\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3080\ri0\sl-213\slm
i3080\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3080\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li3080\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3080\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
ard\li3080\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9}\par\pard\sect\sectd
\sbkpage{\shp
{\*\shpinst
\jpegblip
FFD8FFE000104A46494600010100000100010000FFDB004300080606070605080707070909080A0C
393D38323C2E333432FFDB0043010909090C0B0C180D0D1832211C21323232323232323232323232
3232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232FFC0
0011080088009003012200021101031101FFC4001F00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090A0BFFC400B5100002010303020403050504040000017D010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191A1082342B1C11552D1F02433627282090A161718191A2526272829
2A3435363738393A434445464748494A535455565758595A636465666768696A737475767778797A
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090A0BFFC400B511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291A1B1C109233352F015
6272D10A162434E125F11718191A262728292A35363738393A434445464748494A53545556575859
5A636465666768696A737475767778797A82838485868788898A92939495969798999AA2A3A4A5A6
0AA926A16B1AB9F395CA3F965508277E3EEFD791C555BEB89A6905ADA18CAE08B89189F932380318
F9B3CFB01D391591A76876B67A8EE818016C02224470C32AA0EF3D4F62074F6A00E860BB59170D85
94005A3072579AB4082320E41AE7ED96DACB507B64DCF72D1994B48724AEF6E33D87CC401E9D78AD
3494C7861801B248C11CFEB4017A8A6AB0650C3A1A75001451450014514500145145001451450014
5616A5E2ED0F49BD5B4BBBF44B92C14C6A09284F4DD8FBBD475A47D6A3D4ACEF60B132ACEACF0249
B72010301F3D36E4FD4F6A00D09F52B784B22B89665FF9648C0B67DFD3F1AE5E5D43C5726F967B6B
316DE6710DACAE242986FE223AE429C8C75AB5A7F8761D3618CA5C4ED3F99E6DC4E4FCD7070C3E6F
6F98903B71C563789F4A8353D536CD73716E96F68269A65948F2943363620FBCED87E4E400BD2901
D2690CB35934D6F3A4B6D3397B631C5B15530383EBC8272707E94971617097B6F3D8B47123499BB4
7FF96AB80B9EF92028C67FFD7CB586B76BA542F25AEAE6F50DC08DE39A20195DB27E560A00E8C707
A01807A67A1B7BA946352B9BA125BB2AC6B6F028608CDB41F987DEC36EFC0D3034E34B9FB74CEFB3
ECC514A05049CE4E79FA6DE7F3E9CCE3F7649185048C0E871FE1F9FD2978037918EF8C0073EC0819
3C0AC2BFBDB6BCD2AD6F54C62DDA6494AB960CC01C8C05C65B705001EA3A5006F5B6A10CD7535A86
CCB0901B8E324647E38ABD5E7FF6CD45E6492FFC85B8854BA5BE7F756E9CFEF6661DF6F451C67383
D4AF6D672992100B6EC0001EE6802D514514005145140051451400557BCB81696371725770863690
8F5C027FA558AA5A9DCDAD9E99733DEC8A96CB19F319880318F5A00E634A86DAEEEF522F114D5964
DB7371B46F61B46D65CF45C6303B0F5CE68D1ACB51B3D4A686F3584BC8E388011188ABA64E371624
F3C11FCBAD73FE1FBFBDD2A26D45F4FB8FECCBE951208FE79EE11029DAC463EE90338EA33C7615B9
A66B697971A9B5BC514F7518DD1187832A0076A96207209208EC4FE680E97AFCD9DC78CFD39AE4B5
ABADD2C97BA4DF59BDE5AED4BA89C970F1161C1DA09539CE081D1892318AD5B69F555BCB717CF669
0CD010F1027789064E171D46D19CFA8FCED5868BA7E9CD23DA5B4113CA7E77887CCFF539C919278A
6072BFD95A86ADA6DA5D6A9369CD60261288E16654746390DB885E8A7803193C923915D3E99A469D
A6BCB2E9F6FF0067FB42A8668C92B819C11D81E48E073581A845773594B1CB6F15869A099AE649AE
7396ED1FCBD172138039078E7AE72EA32C963613E9371FD9DA3C7C179212CF2BFCC0A449CB30C367
1EDD1B06901B3A8EB4FA44169A2E95E64F79B554193E72171DCF42C40FE64E003887CA9EE356B978
A4824D602012B292D0D90C1006091BE4C1EF8E33F741C3627869ADAFE79E1D1E1BF863481629356B
C23CD640788D3B47D739E0F7C679AD95B5D374EF0DADC5ADC8B78DE245967897E79C608F97BEF24F
5C673EE6801EA23D06C16CEFC8BDFB5991A712E1A59E438E36F71F5E07B56FE8577746768EF488DE
72648ADF39F2D00038F5EA0F3EB5CD69D67269D1A3BC424D52E55A502724A5AC4493F31F404FD49C
E31F311AFA3C96F0EA1917925F5CB0FDF5CF18500642FA28C73B473CE4FB8075F45145300A28A280
0A28A2800AC7F125AC17FA4FD92E63124534D12B2B7420386FE98AD8AA3AA59C97FA74D043379333
0063948C847041538EE32071401CCC30DB6B3703528E6BBB7960F32D9E00C00520B0F997B1E723EA
3F1A5A6E8F1EA16F657915D247AB58836F25DC037091946D28F90378E3FC306ACE924DA6A172B7D6
92595FDCE0B46D8F2A72831BE3DB9E71D41E71F4CD5A9F4DD4019BECB76902BCA8C1560055463E70
0E792DEBC75A006DBDEDC5EEA90D9DDC31DADD5A913091C0904EB86526327057AAE7B8CE3BE4CDAE
78863D2E44820B796F6EDB930420C851083866033C6463B67AD62431C62D2D61BABAB9BC79AEFCA1
7A010609957612AC3EE82CADC1E0E4E49E85EF36ADA35E2C72DDE9F7125F4C36492C6C8E4ED55E42
9209C851D475CE29015ED7ED573A15D7F6D5A3D9DA4EE66BB3704179DC91F22AAE76AF0A339DC7B0
CE0D5A5B08A0D5AC755D41BCB09B6DEC2CD1405B72D95C719DC4AE09E38C7702B22FAE206B29A6D4
B5192E7538D42A45685444A598ED29919CE158124123247A564BDFDFDF5ACD737574625B16796DCC
93842AAC5B69C7018F257918F971F2E4D00753ACEBB672452E93610C93492C7E5A8B72532E599769
38E0615CE40EDC75AA3245710DE4304C05DEA31C65ED2C2D888E3B6500804939E78C67D781819A58
7C3306890D85FD84D1D86A3F2452071E6248CC0F0C0756DCC7E626A4D122D46FEC6769667B4B7794
B5CDC48CBE74A4001802B858C0DBB73924638C60350056B3FED5B89EF9EE6EA3FB296912FE750012
01C0542DC00003939E3711CB64D6CE99796B6ED6310CE9B679096D6650879B20F247F77BF1CF727B
551967D3F561F64B46F32C6CC22C22DCED49E7CF0A1BB85C67233D49FE106AE58D94FA85F49334A9
2AAB05B9BA3182642083E5440E70808C13C927DC6E001DFD4315C47329646E01C1C822A110A470B3
A4AF1218CF1BF2ABC7519E98F6C0ACC96CA1452D05D44338545C06000C75E7903A9CFF00FAD81B69
2249BB69C807071EB52550B38ED2C2278D248D546189E00F4FE86AC7DA612D85911882010187CA68
027A28A2800A63BA451B3BB05450492780053EA39A18EE219219543C72295753D083D6803CEAE0E3
C41E6EB4E1D2EEDCA17F28800F9A3C91B872AC0313C60F7CE5735AB6DAB8B1BE4D3351CC723B98AD
A7940C5C0C038CF661BB0471CF4E320665F5EA787A5BF5D59DEEE0460F6B315DC80A018527076BE4
6720609C639E06ADBDD689E2AD32DA69238A6466F9629C02CAF8E98F5C73C718E471D002AC924FA9
42D9893FD075319206004470DBBEBB47407D7D3072F5ED6B5BD40430E930C510B80AB6B34AC0BCAA
4062E8A3A2818CE703A6393C477DA5EA5E1D37929D48C763700B99E38033C2549DA1B9F9815C2972
7B64E3925D25EBE9B651DC21173E23D5B0B08DC088C1E4019076AA83EFCFD49A4020D0F4359AD3C3
D1C22E6E84C25BC9914128704925BB12401818C0EC3E5ADAD6D74CD231A9CB0A4B771AF956D1B9C1
66246063380727AE32013DAA2D024B2D27419EE38511C8567943EE33B8206E1EA776463924F4CE73
5913DB47AA5DCB7DAA45BE78764E514922DA253B954107963B7B73D4FA500433EB7AD5DADAC3AA5A
BE928D3A37DA6371221420820B11F21E4104F7C7B0AD47BAB0B83E52C427D1EC1028F2F0CB35C640
58B1FC446475E093EAB57EEB5086D6EF65FF00CBA5DCD9F05A321036790DDC121D7F2AA3E43AA425
228ADEEA6256C2CF18107CB832C83F8A4083BF4FBA3939A0082DADD4493D859B5A437CA9BA411B1F
2ECC371C1EAD291FC47F0C0EBB706AF00B28AC74B808915CC296F2295D8108CB37A280473DFA75AC
DB9D323D1ECADB4C8229275959A7BB97A19D81185DC31F79CAAE3D3F1AD3B6B49C5C8B749B7EA176
BBA7B9C6443183D81E83270A0F7C93BBE6A00E9A555934FC4927960A025B2702B324B5B077061BB4
6700B850CB8CE3A9F4E1AB65A15685626F99463AF39C1FFEB5571A744A182B3AE5B76411C1E7FC69
814469B69851F6AE106F2FF2F4C63838E3A66AC5BE9B02C91CF6F28203672002187E1DFDE9EDA5C6
CC0F992646492704939FA55B8214B785634E157A7E74012D1451400564EBB737B6BA6E74FB37BAB8
7912308A71804805B3DB033C9E077E2B5AA29E78AD6DE49E7758E28D4B3BB1C0503A9A00E4F48D53
4DD76CBCB489D46D2DE44E9825724679E1864119048ED9AC7B0F0B69B15EEA1A73092394132DBC91
3956546057009E011961D380477A239AEAE75EF0F5F49791832C933436D100A8903C6CC3F45539F5
FF0076A2F19DD5CD8C96D2E9CD9D49A658E089307CC2464A91DD78CF5E383C1E6901D4C76DF68D39
AD2FDD2E4382B27CBB430C9F971F4E3358EBA3F87BC35E6DE2816F23ABEC919892140276A01D80CE
00FD79ACBD3B50D6EFF50B9B3D56F63B2B9CA3C56D128C100866D8FC641031CF23D08EB10B982FED
2C9EDB4EC269E3CBB5B76219E5B923EE063D948E5BA6413D12803323967D32C6C92E984F7BBCFD92
D72400EE4EE91D467272D9249200E073C9D39F7F84363C574F3BCBBEE2F4DC9C020119707B37CC17
1D0F1E8B5723B67D23428AF6F2C6DA7D7669383BB399643B7193D00040F4001F7358F713C9F634D6
7555805ECAA56CEDA227CBC293899D4F5003647B63B95C006D5D6AB1DFEA9696DBA3934E36BF6D95
88046C8DB21B3DF95518FAFA55354B4BCB38353B8260D62F834D048E7708CA12FB54F455DB8FA8F5
3D61B2B46B2F0D241BD2E45D491D8DB88C08C79409F3304FA957FA8506BA2DCB203A4456C635CFD9
E21CF31051BD87A601233CF381D4D005548FC965D73525097774624B6B269084127217775CB61B3C
0381DB2327A9F0FE9D75676D2CFA8491BDEDCB0693CB5C08C018083AE40E7F126AAE8D13DE6BD7D7
EE0886DC9B580100720E5CF73D703F0AE8E9805145140051451400514514005637882DA7B9B14308
7748E4124B1A7DE75C1E9EA412180F55E39C56CD63788649459C310CA5B4D288EE5C755420F1EC09
C0CF607B75001C7DB5FC73EA7A3DCDB2116E4F94B7130C4933794DB5B3DC60E339CE723AD6578B2D
A0D47C55F60B9B6F3D4DAAAA951B846FB99886FEEE40CF5CF1D3A55BD5ECAFF459EDD74F85E6B46B
C49A355FB91BE0E41CF4539CF1DFA03B8D5411491F88E092094C973D5C1600CC7E60E48EE467A720
1F6A4052B408BF66D2755B9B87B72FB2D6E65244B03E0E1778C1C11C0CF43C7CC3A6CE8AE6F3594B
E85638B43D3EDCC56DB71FBC38C17FA606327B1C8CE4E2D5868B6C905DE95A9CD1DDC69044D38923
00EF62F8218FA0017F3FA551682F26961161A9892C2E94A5AC514630131F3BB93D40C1383FC4403E
9400BA9DFB6BB7AF1F9A1745B35134F711120B1DA4EC07E8D82382064753C442EDF508A0F26D6DA5
D46F648E211DEF004522B1D800E4055DA723AE49AB1A440D3CEB67A55A47FD8D608541390279C2E4
11EAA18753C679CF02BA8F0A336A77179AACD6C207045AC71B0C34617EF6476C9DBF50168033341F
0E6B33F9235B9EDE38E28248CDB4317666E1B71270DB9436474E31DEA1D19A5D2B51D6ADF52B8DF2
590DDB9D465A16677DDEF9C8E99C1E3B577E78997B6411F53FE7354AEF44D3AFEF60BCBBB48E79E0
52B1B4833804E7A743D3BD0047E1DB6B8B5D06D63BA60D3906472AD900B316C67BF5C56AD1D28A60
145145001451450014514500150DCC22E6D6681B1B64428723230462A6A280394B192F2D561B0D60
0FB5ED31A4C092B70067919E8D819DA4E7BF3D466EA0D6FE1CD4E3D46E9736CEA63F3157263662BC
9F6E31C7B575DAB69B1EAFA64D6323BC624031226372107208CF7C8AC050D2432681AE9B796E1A2D
C4AE76CF1648DD8FEF71820FE1D680330ADA5F78C99370990D8C53CB183F2EF593746C471CF27AF0
4567EA1341691CED6B098ADCB0B4410E008E2DE3CD7CF6F9DF6E4770295AD35B8A7B8D1632639647
89A2D422554C45191CB63966E8318C608F522B53C37E1EB7D456F66BAB675B258FEC7604B10CD015
059FD0EE6E41EBC52013C3BF62B158AC210115B3E5C4C79E0F607D8E6B6B439E24D6B57B72EA92BC
C922A1E0B8F2D416F7E9D467DFD072B25AB68BE2EB3B39A59C5BA4852D9E6218CA8C9CF403243718
EC36D4FA6234BE35FED20C0DCB5D4B6CAA48019151B8CF381950703BF3DE803BF9FE5F29FF00BB20
FD7E5FEB52B32A2EE62001D4938AAAD6AF3E3ED32BB743B63250039F6E7F5FC2AB5E4372F2958D77
B2C402C8E80F24F3DC63814C0D30430041C83C82294903193D6B36EA3BD465168CE2358C2841B7AF
AE4FB71F5A80C3AA1973E7487E6DCA484C2F18C1EF8C67A77A00DAA2B15D35801F6CAEC558A8E230
5C6386F6E79C1AD0B349D55CCC492CE48C9CE07F87F9C0A00B5451450014514500145145001591AE
69E6EEC9E6B7851B508119AD5DB82AD8E80F6CE307DA8A28039D8AF2EBC431AD8DB5A5C22F99E4EA
0FB82F903243A2B7F13641FBB9C0E783B6BB1B2B54B1B1B7B488B18E08D6342C724851819F53C514
50066788BC3D06BF6B123C8D05CC0FE6413C79CA37BF4C83DC77AC2F0C785F50B4D6EEB51D58C619
65792D921236E64FBE4F7CE0018E839C668A2901DC514514C028A28A0028A28A0028A28A00FFD9}
}}}}{\shp
{\*\shpinst
\jpegblip
FFD8FFE000104A46494600010100000100010000FFDB004300080606070605080707070909080A0C
393D38323C2E333432FFDB0043010909090C0B0C180D0D1832211C21323232323232323232323232
3232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232FFC0
00110800D0010503012200021101031101FFC4001F00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090A0BFFC400B5100002010303020403050504040000017D010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191A1082342B1C11552D1F02433627282090A161718191A2526272829
2A3435363738393A434445464748494A535455565758595A636465666768696A737475767778797A
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090A0BFFC400B511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291A1B1C109233352F015
6272D10A162434E125F11718191A262728292A35363738393A434445464748494A53545556575859
5A636465666768696A737475767778797A82838485868788898A92939495969798999AA2A3A4A5A6
28EA37E6C121296D2DCC934A2358E2201CE09272C40C0009A6C1AB5A4E233F688556600C59906E7E
3278F514977A5A5F5DA4D34D30458DA3312901583119CF19EC070471F5354E5F0DDB480037130022
31E46D05B39C96E3E6E49383C64F4A00B8358B06BA4816EA06DF19915848B82013D39E7EEB74E9B4
E69E356D398295BEB621B38225539C027FA1FCAA9DCE836D31324F7122C8D22B1946D04B01B40E9C
8E5BE5E84BB71CD556D06D56C64164D1DC5CB3EE5967707A48CCC3214E46E66C8C73B88268036175
2B060A52F6DC865DE3122905719CFD3BE69D6B7715EA3BC077C4ADB448082AFC0E54E791CE33EA0D
60C1E15853CB90DECEF3B8123CAA10A7981F796008C0058B1C01DCD6B6971C16701D3E295E468188
7770012CC4B9C90002DF364E3D73401A555AEEC6D6F9112EA08E6456DC164504671D71F8D59A2800
A2A936ADA6A4FE43EA168B3671E59994367D319ABB4005145140051451400514567FF6CE97B9D4EA
5681918A3A99D415607041E7820D006851543FB7349FFA09D9F1FF004DD7FC69D3DC19F4A9A7B064
9DCC4C6131B821DB07186E9D78CD005B5656195208F51EB4EAE6469BA959C282CAE2F3C9B78D1121
66467949FBEC4B719008206472A7A83C905B6BFF00B9325C4C81642594B46C597CC2704E3A6C455C
8C125C93D2803A6A2B0ADFFB5ADF4694C8279AECC8026EF2F76D2402D807683F79B1923F905B58F5
24B83737F7FE4DB43D61609F3AE09CB3638E5B1C63EE7B9A00DCA2901046452D00145349C1E94500
3A8A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A00A5A95ACB7967E5412AC52092375775DC06D756E
991E958D2785435D4B279D1C91344511268C92A5810C77020FCDB9C9F763C55C9B54BC9AE258B4EB
789E3858ABCF34842961D42800E71D092460F1CD4F61A91B999ED6E62105DA0DC630DB95D73F795B
0323B11C107A8C104971D9DAE66AF86996D5233341230601D65B706375F9C9050103EFB96F7C2E7A
6696DFC3062D622BC96E1678A3CB08DE30363EF66041EBD19475C7C838E9B7A4A28105615D6754D4
27B6907FA1DA90AF19CE2590A86C37AA80CBC7424F3D056ED73FA824F61A834F1FCD05CB8624F459
301707D9805C7A118E770149EC38DAFA973CBB78E0F21628D62C6DF2C28031E98F4AABA35C2C5A84
FA6A31302AF99003D50038641FEC82548F4DD81C015CCEA1AA5C9DEA8AF1BA641323640F7AD5F064
171307D467DE6365290B3759324166F75F95707EBDB04C45BB9A4ED63AFA28A2B4320A28A2800AA5
A58C5A38C63FD226FF00D1AD576A9E987368C7D679BFF46350043ABB6A0B64069AABF682C0E58020
01F31182475C6DF6DD9ED597E7F88516180E24769543CC2DC01B3705638DDF2FF13739382A307E6C
6B5F6A51D9B24423967B87059218802C54752724003DC91EDCD571ADF94EA2F6CE6B5462079A4AB2
29FF006B0723EA4607734AE8767B955135782472BE7BB5D5C4858B88CAC2A0ED4C018E3661B9CE4A
E382D4E8E1D68E1EED92E15899C40AAAA23DB9658F39E5B7328CF4C267826BA0A2988E4E7BCD72D5
A1B27B8596EE670A24589063EE82DB73C2FDF6EE70BD467E5D3D4E06D4AF6DEC92EDE358BF7D3840
A738FB8086071F373FF0135AF81BB3819F5A02A82480013D4FAD0072F147AFB248ED1DCC01F6C6B0
A3C3FBA1B492CA79006EDABCE4E0138CB71A7A445A9ADC5DC9A83B6D67C451FCBB54027918E791B7
AE0FB0AD7A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800AE7F55F10C5670C9279F15B5B46FE5B5DC
AA5C33FF0072341CBB70738E07BE081A1A9BB8862B789D91AE64F2BCC53828B82CC73D8ED56C1EC7
15CE58E9167AEB47A95D47BA02BB2CA01C2430E06D007624004FE5D00A4DD8695CC86F1DC0B31D92
F881A3ED27956C323FDD23A7D706BA8D0FC490EA91C65678E78E562893229421C0C94910F2AD8E47
623918E01C6D7BC33A7ADABCB0298A40BC229E09FF003E95C968324B0EB3E5DBB73770BA85EDE6C6
A668DBDF0508FF00811A85377B329C1257476373A84FA74CDA63294742EC0A8C9914B921BDC60AE4
8CF39151F8584F73E28B89C92C90C4E8E4F210B14217EA42E4FA607AD75D25B596AF67135D5AC371
13A87549A30E0647A1FAD4D6D6B6F6702C16B045044BD238D42A8FC05572EB717369627A28A2A890
A6491A4D1B472287460432B0C8229F450065AF87B47597CCFECBB467E30EF106200E8013D07B74AD
4E94514005324758A367760A8A0924F000A7D67EB79FEC1D470093F669381D4FCA6802AC564DAA22
DCEA3E6089FE68ECF71088BDB781F79BB9072074038C98750B18F4B114FA6E2CC970AC918C4473DD
93A11EA460E3A115B8AEACA19482A46411C822B1B5E984891D9A7323B0381C9A993D0A4AECD3B0BA
17D630DC05D864504A1EA87B83EE0E45334A1FE823DE490FFE3ED50E820FF6446E7EECCF24C87FD9
77661FA30A9F4A24E9B0B1FE205BF335449CD35E4D06B5A9EF6C3F9EA808ECA154AAFD3E6CE3A658
D477178F72CC8EE06E3B5C9195C60E723D31EB5B3ACE80353912E2DAE3ECB768302431EF561E8CB9
19FCC62B3ECFC21279C926A7A87DA157EF4304462490FF00B5C9247B6403D0E47159B8B6CD149246
E687BFFB034FF337799F668F76FEB9DA339F7ABC480324E00EE69D595AB23B9B6FF4592EADD64264
893077100EDC8620119E7EB835A199A6181E873DE9D5CACF26AB67266C74F54C0388923CE51470BB
BA633BF0383F32E3A10489B5CB36FB14199BCB80159A7870247618C923A6188241E701BAE46003AA
A2B027B8F1041200B1DBCE173C47191BCE1DB032DF28C045C9EE73D2ACE8F26A52ADC36A2BB4ACBB
621B02EE4DA0EEC02707258633D00EF9C806B514514005145140051451400535996352CC42A81924
9C0154355BE7B0B3CC1124B75212B044CDB433633927B2800927D071CE0570B73AB5BDD4E1AEB51B
3B993B6F8677881F5126CD8A38EA07D49EB49BB0D2B9D3EAD7D6F7626FB25CC33ECD3EE9BF74E1B6
B008074E87935A3A746A96512AE31B0600E98C7F85733697769FDB7600C688D74AF6E7041496265C
EE47070C37228E0E46EE40C8ADBD02E0FF00625A190E592108FD88718047D720D4B292B6C375A9C2
4050AFCC7919ED5E71E1E89A6D4AE268D4836B672B45B7FE7B483CB8C7E3BDC0AEE3C4B701ECA528
0870A483DF383FD4D63F836D6D6DA3B213488936A3335C90E705D223B634FF00BEB7483BF07DE945
5D9527A1E87146B14491A0C2AA8007A0A928A2B4320A28ACCD749FEC991324248F1C5211C6236755
7FA7CA5B9ED400C3E22D357932CBE5671E7FD9E4F27EBE66DD98F7CE2B57208E39AA77A522D3A45E
1176ED503803D2A0D0011A15A60623299881ED1E4EC1FF007CED14931D8D4A28A29882908C8C1A5A
2803060BA5D1D2F6C5CE63B54596DC77F29890ABF832B2FD36D64D8C371AD5DCD92CAA4ED9641D23
5239507FBC41FC01CFF7736BC44CAB73793282DE459A348A3AB7CCC547FE3ADF9D68D8359E89A0D9
ACD3C6ABE5A8DDD7CD723271DD8B1C9C0C93536BB2AF646BAAAA2055002818007000AABA4FFC822C
CFAC2A7F4155FED9A8DC0DD6BA7AC69D9AEE5D84FB8550DC7D483ED55ADAEAEB45B2B787528235B6
8916237314A5C26001970546D1EFC81DF039AA24DDA29A0860194E41E78EF4EA0028A2A39A68EDE2
696691638D4659988000FAD004954AD1DDAEEFC3B16559C0407A28F2D0E3F324D517F1240A729677
F2459C19043B47FDF2C431FC073DA9DA3EA9657F79A8ADBCE1A41382636055D47969D54E08FC4517
0B33668A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A00E4FC4D0FDBEF858C8C52378E38891DD1DD99D7DC1F2
5148F46C77ACABEF0F7D9AD5A4B6776651CAB63047A715D0F892D77C715D6E08B1E564908CAC632A
EAE47701D133E80B1E3AD575BE332B4453CA9D3E59A26E4A363A7B8F43D08E6A268D20FA1C169B72
F1EA6966C80A4B289A0DDD22BA5398D87A062361C75DC2BB7D32E911AE6380EF8273F6DB727F8A39
897CFD779718EC315C9788ACC4571BEDC11263CD84FF0076452181CFB3006B66C11B620B152446E6
EAC109C178A551234409E839CAE7BC67A014A3AAB03D1DC87C4D72F169172E8332052147A9C8C0FC
CD6A585AC3A6DFCF0DE112696208B4F06500C49E52A95DC0F1F333B8C9EEA07522B3BC4B24371A01
BF809D8BB663C1070083D3B74E86BB1D276F97791360B2DD4BBC76C31DC3FF001D65A70099527B81
A346B245A84525B372B6F75380C47A46EC79FA367D32A2AD41AC3DF429258E9F72E1C6774EBE4AA9
F43BB93F55047BD5BB7D3ECAD1D9EDAD2DE166FBC6388293F90ACEF11DD5CDA69E5AD86643F2AE4E
01624019F6C9AA6C84AE59F3B566C85B6B10C3B7DA5CFF00EC82A1B9B9BA36F2C3A8E945EDA542B2
1B593CD1B48C1C82158F1D9413588345D52C8933DFCD23673E725B891319FF009E6B8914FD198772
6A4B6D62486ED2C3509A1B882E09884B149B949C6707F895B009C1EDD09345DF50B2E83239CEB106
896D70EED05C03E63480A99C2293D0F77DA0E08FBBB857635997FA5C1776D14283C9F2F1E5B46306
3C74DB8C63F0FA74A64767AAEDF2DB58CA7FCF416C825FFBEBEEFF00E39493B0DEA8B975A95958B2
ADD5D451330240760091F4A96DEEADEEE2F36DA78E68F246E8D830CFD45416B630D9873129695C83
248E72F21F527BFD3A0E8302A1B9D26CAE67370EB24533001A4826785987FB4508CFE34EE2B0FBAD
521B7B8FB3C6925CDD119F22100B01EA492028F72467B55796EB59652C2DAC6D22EF2CD3B48547A9
40A01FFBEAAD5A5A5BD94663B785630C4B311D5CFA93D49F73CD73DE25BC8C6A9A7585D35CADA4EC
4BFD9D1D9DF68276FC80919E391DB3D339A5CDD87CA6846FA62C0F68F72D249704B4923F0F236073
F90038180062A6D2BC3FA4E9B28B9B3B68FCC20859300951E8BE83D85654961657901834CF0E5924
2DD67BDB508A3DFCBC0763F5DBF5A9FC316F73A71BED3E4B9FB4A412A947C11B3728629C93D32319
E70467D69751DB43A7A693DBAFB528F7A4CF354D9073FA9E932C50F9BA7CD7490C7967B28A428B20
FF0060AE0AB7A007693D473910470413C31CD6D717BB1D4488E2F66208238382DCFE35D14D3456F0
BCD33AC71A8CB3B90001F5AE674FBD8C5FDC5842970B0B66E2D8CB6EF16549F9D06F0338639E3A06
03B54BB971B6CC1F5BD4F499425C422FED8FDEB90C11A1F4F3140E57FDA51C771D4D599239EF5E3B
ABDB88DD061E08213BA25F46CFF19F73803B01D4E4EB5AB8B191C91232061108A290C6669482C559
FAAAAA00C48E4EE03D8C5A25E412C9035A5BC969BA5315CDA998C89F32B3ACA84FBA30E832492738
04ABBB587657352F2768218D54192E257F2E18F38DEF8FD0000927B004D710F7F6336A57B35DA5CD
E410CE18DEDB4DE4884F969968530770E3A96E4723B56EF896E82493B2925B6AD92329E417FDE4A0
FF00C012319EDBEB1B4FB15BE12A4703B40F20594467999F68FDD2678C95182780A392685D86F5DC
F48D0A4B8166F6D75722EA6B590C4D718C1946032B1C71BB6B2E71C139231D2B452E21926789268D
A44FBC8AC095FA8ED585A7DA6A1716621B985ACA3919A4B83E6032C8C4E4A8DA4855EC0E49C0C707
9A65F436906A1A7D9585B4514CB32B2794A14A2860CFD3A0D8181EC7701DC5686474B45145001451
45001451552FEEC59DBEE0864919824518382EE7A0FEA4F6009ED4015F552D71E569AA4AFDA41F34
83822218DD8F73955E391BB3DAB2AF7C3F24411EC4964886D8903012C2BFDD463C32FF00B0FC7A15
C0A9ED0CCB7DA8DDDEDDC60C22388B101122C02C704F6C3AF27A919E98034AD352B1BC6D96B7D6F7
0EA324472AB1FD295C76388BD2D2ACB1DE2A2BC641F3954A6C62380EA79407900E4A9ECD9E2A2D0A
4296C6D262E8D0E2DC9070C8BB8BC0DEDB5BCC5E7B8518E6BB9D434D8EFC290ED14E8088E6400900
8E41078653DC1E0FD4023CF6FED26D16F5E6742D18C41750464E555C8C18F3CED24294273B5D7667
07226DD515CDDCD3BD0F1DBDF6F8559594BDE40A30149CFEFA3CFF00013CB0EC727D496F847585B6
4315D4E711AAC73EF39C01F2C7367D0AED563D8AA9E99356EDE58AF52126765B8401E1B98782C0F0
1D739E0F42A73839047AE0EA1A3DEDBEA3F6BD2F10DDAB6E58A20024DC7261C9E38077447AF2451D
46D687AA678AAF7D650EA36725ACE0EC914A92A70402315C5787BC5CAA63B59E331E495100CFCA41
E562CF27FEB9B61C7206E0001DC5B5CC37508960916443919539E7FA1AA5A90F42A24FA85BA88E7B
36BA61C096DDD06E1EA558AED3EC09FAD55BBB09758B9B5375671C10412097E760D2B119C0E32146
707209CE318ADBA314C431850295C8039A66E02A594B61C4902985B8F7A527774A8CA81D2931A42E
4D56BBB0B6D42309770070A728D92190FAA91CA9F707356460519F4A4519DFD93246AC96FA9DFC68
7A2964931F8BAB1FCCD5BB0B286CA131C41B962EECE4B33B1EA493D4FF004E071560F14E518A6B72
5EC3E931CD38553BEBE8AC6D8C92B739DA8831B9DBB003B9FF00F5D5589397F1C6A72C302416CE52
40E8AAC3B3B93C8F754490FB1287B5739E1688DB6A21226778FED28E1093C3F932891BEB892204FB
AD66EABAD1D5B531246C92856731ED6C2C921037499ED1AAAAA86C72149FE3AEAF48B53A35A2CF2A
E1946E25F8217258B37A312724760147F0E6A1BD6E5A5A191E312C97C9181D6EA5C7B1F220FF0013
57FC2568D32A4CDC6666954F70918312823D37B4C7F0ACCD6647D6359B4861F92698BBB17E911902
6D2C3B158625720FF7B15D1AB5BD8787D9943471CE8238BAEF4B645273FEF6CDEDCFF13E28B6A173
9DD54B6ADAC45041BF041958C606E0242B8E0F1BBCB16EA33C02F93C66BBFD1B464D2EDD0958FCFD
9B7E4C958D739DAB9EDDC9EAC7935CD7842CDEEEF64D466401DDCCCE0745C165541EC1BCD3F458EB
BC1544DC766B909B54874DF1949F6953B0C4559D54B1881DA43B607CA9F2B02DD010B9F5AD7D6756
1A746914673712F0B8192A32074E84E4800123D4F0AC472FA9D886B4884877DF4F2EE4392C633C73
9EE4B1442C40E1F0001C53048F41A29888238D507451819A29923E8A28A002B31BFD275F553CA59C
21C0EA37B9233EC42AB0FA3D69D60691AA69F25C5E16BFB6FB4DC5DBE21F397761711AE075E5501F
C693039AF15497D65A8DE496A15EE2E2E2116A1E30E202D136E9029E0B621DA09E9CFA9072AE6FB5
BB068FFB49E79E36F9825FC0AC84E3B100153F42306BBED6F486BE0971000678C0046769700E4107
070CADC82411CB0230C6A88D516788D8EAB68656032EAB165B1EAD172DD78CA6E5EE0D269EE8A4D7
521D03C5115CA1490C85117732BB179211EA4F5913FDBEA38DC3BD6CEADA7AEA56CB242B14AFB0A8
573F24D1B0F99091D8F1C8E8403CE3078DD4BC3EB184D57C3F3991637DC0C2E19A223FBA7B8EC41C
FA1C8AB3A0F897E7588EC8E7639FB3921639CF731927F76FFEC9F958F4C124814BA3071EA8C796E1
B40BA8C4C2E4583CA42CEA079B6F2606411CFCF8FBCBC89000CB93C574692C7731223889DAE14323
A7305D2F50C87B3719DB9C8ED91C9D5BCD3ECF5FB491E22373AF952ACA848600E76489C743CF623B
11939E326D1F52D067922B108F6F3B65F4DBC21D2539E3CB6380E7F157E32437143434C9B5CD22DA
F4319D642E400589025FA1272241C630E33FED8AC8B6BFD63479879139BE390A0AB18EE0FB618317
F4C62603B15AD14D5EC6E7304F3CDA7CCBC35B5F077553E9E6FDE41FF5D067D38ADDB68A37D3F0DA
7FDB2DDF3BA68192E237FA0072471FDDA9D47A19969F14ADA39CDBDF4443AFDE5910C722FE00B2E7
FDE29F4AD51F133C3C7869B69FFAED0B7FE82E6A95CE91A54C36B58EA200E886CA69235FA46CA507
E559C3C23A593BE3B6D4739E8BA7F963F258D78A7762B23A193E21E82D16F49E37F61756E0E7E864
CD5097E2669680B2C5E5A8EAD3EF03FF0021A3D50FF84474F059E4D3AEF9FF00A708E41FF7C956A9
ADB44D1ADA4DF224B6CE0604925B9B307DB2AA80FD050097410FC498EE5B6D9A890F402DA337058F
FBA5A323F2AAEDE37D74E4A69578147432E97227F266FE75D043A5E9B3C41C4515D0ED24B898FF00
DF4D9E2A44D1B4D5E574DB2049EA2DD07F4A572B94E5A3F1BEBAD8696CA5443D3CBB67CFE4D528F1
EEA90FCD2699AA9419E7FB30B01CFF00BC9FCEBA596DB4FB4899E78EDA18BA1DCAAAB8AA3B7409B9
860B4B87F4B7884AF8F5C20268B858CC6F8A11C0A1EE54E0F2125B6109C7D7CD7FE54ABF1774E390
B1420FA999B8FC360FE75B3F679320DB5AEB0C98E02DCB423FEF97917F9544B25BC8DB678AF495CE
035FC248FC7CDC8A7A9364641F89177A92B26936F25CB1C8FDCDB6768FF795DCE7EA95806D7C41E2
4BE90DEDC48A846C68B059C8CFDD31F1B738E43F96A7A90715DC5C3D8456A7ED16B298C0C01777D1
3A0F7C3CA45643F892CED504315E59AC6A30AB6CCF7257DB6C6A147E2E287704913E9BA069FA247F
68B864F3170CCEEC085C720BB719C633800283C819F98C5AD6B491C58741BB01A3B670774849F95A
45EA133D13EF39C0E067397FDB577A831934DB791DA3FBD7D79B3101CFF08FF5719CF725DF1C006B
4B4AF0E1898DEDD4CF1B72F25C48C55B38E4AEEE412382EDF3E3380BD4AF3657922BE85A6BF973DD
5FC87748CCD7734847DDCE5A3CFA96197238E020C8069FAADD4DA8DFFD923222DD804C9D218C61F9
F43C0918760883A9203F59D662B7892DED54208C0F220DBC01DA471FDDCFDC4FE23CE315A5E16D0E
573E75C29003132973925B76ED99EE770DCE7BB00BC853904CE8FC3DA7269DA62AA46621261B630C
150142A83EFB5573EF9AD7CD53D4752B6D2AD0DCDD3EC8D7BFA9AA961E22B2D4A57B78CC915C85DD
E4CC8637C7AED6C1C555C9B1CE6B8F7375E274974B8CDEB451AAC88832B1901FEF1E8091271D4FA0
60D95D1D1F4BD46E3514BDD4E1108847EEE2C82075E9827239049383954C01B726DF8564536B7D12
800C776D91DF2CAAFF00FB357414D2EA26DEC2D14514C41451450054D4AE5ACF4BBBB98D773C30BC
8ABEA42935E56FE1CD42E23B9B9B7BB711C32496F1C493100AC6C501D9F74E42EE20E412493D6BD7
4804104641EB5C3DCD86A1A25E116B6FE7DBB000655C860000A728AC43851B4EE186014E41DC2949
36B42A2D27A90F81BC452DD4AD633B90D13794622301721994A83CA8C2382A7201518DA0E2BB8B9B
4B7BC8C47730472A039024504035E7B63A46A577E209B50B6B1F28CBB010C5E2450A431259939625
400141182C4904815D58875CB25F33FD1EED7A98E226371F4DC4863F52B495EDA89A5712E7C37097
335B4B224E475762C4FB7999120FC1B1EC6B90D7F42BEC7FC7B8795CE02B900C87D15C00AC7D9821
3FED577361ACC178B824A4ABC3A38DA633E8C3B1FAF5EA38ABF2C315C42D14D1A49138C32380430F
A77A3463D51E59A2F8B26B39C477D248AF17EEFED2E8772E3F8274EAC39FBDF794FA82D5E836BAA5
9EA910B6B98915A75E2390ABA4EB8CE51BA3AE3D39C7502B2359F06A5E62487F7B2280AA6494A4AA
3B01260EE03D1D5FEA2B97934DD63C3F1BC711792D198B3C1790AF944E73F3027CAEBCE55D493DA8
D56E1A33B4D43C2D6F788157CA641F763BB8CCC23FFAE6DB95D0FD1B03B0AE72E3C0089335C43672
4721E86DE759493EA77846FF00C7CD523E379B494517F69A95A464644913655FDC2CE3007B2B9AD3
B2F88F65707E4BB57F4492CE58CFFDF49BC1FC06286D06A66C9E11D6946D5D4353404FDDC3FF0035
B83517FC2077D2656E4DE4EAC391E44648E7D5EE0FF2AEB20F1AD9C8C159EC998F48E3BC01F3F494
47FCEB5D3598B00CB6B7B193CE05B3C83F38F70FD68B05CE017E1C409192965A8238F58AD40FD1BF
AD3A3F0C6BF638FB36B1ACC283A2B2EF41FF000159CE3F015DFB6B56B8FF00557FF8584F9FFD02AA
CFE22B68159CDB5D88D7EF493462DD57F198A67F0CD16EC09F73849AD7C4C65324A2CEFA451CC93E
96E588F4FF008F71FF00A17E351B5EEB6B80DA368F26EE086B7191F834A31F957513FC40D3A36012
6B061ED72643FF009095EA03F122C17219AD148EC4DC03F97D9F9A4339FB593C44F21365169D6726
4F36F669951F444908FC6AFF00F616BFA97CF79AC6AB367874843423FF001E68C1FF00BE08AD04F8
8D6320DCA2D88FF67ED47FF6DEA19FE2659C209F2A223D7F7C3FF428568D00AE3E1B5BCA774D6D1B
13D5A698485BEBB113F99A70F86F046730DB5BB63A15B9923FFD08483F0C1AACDF13C4C76DB09257
3D238ACD18FE7E78FCF1F853C788BC4D770978F4AD4238FAE6E1842B8FFBF6981FF03FC680264F87
BE5C8247B48DF19C017E17F55B707F5AB11F822D55B2F05B46870DB5B7DC9073FDE9495FFC705631
BED7A620BDCD846A7A2FF6806FE7707F4A825B6D6AEB051F4F321EB218A39BF50B31FE547A027DCE
C239F48D3E333B4E6F64B607E7254A43C7AF11C5C7FBB9AE72FBC48FA94E4C2136160223E5B32EFE
DB1080656F424000E30ADC35410783B50D4658E4D425D42EF67DD5443B633EABE7EC0BFF0001422B
ADD2BC211D9EE774580B8DADE5B9795C77064206D07FBA817EA68B306D18BE1DF0DC924ED35C317B
A0E4C9316DFE4377F9BA34DEFC84FA8E7BF86DE2B68121810246800503A018A218A382148A34448D
00544418000F6AC7BDF155959DEA5A0579A57731A8478D7738382ABBD9771078F973CF1D78A62D48
3C413476DAAE9971780FD861937492632A870D82DEC1B69CF6EBD01ABFAD6C45B2BF29BD6D670ECC
8A58AA3295278EDF3027D867B532DB53D3F5DB5222DEE85431496168DB047070C01C70791C707D2A
AE9EEDA2EA29A7B37FC4B6553F6777E91382A0479ED9CB601F4C0F4A17606B4B99B7FF006387414F
11DB31B3B96844B110E492082C14E3EF0E724723AFD6BB442CD1A961B588048F4AC75F0AE8EB731C
FF006573E536F48CCCE62539CF099DA39E40C6076ADBA69584DDC28A28A620A28A2800A28A28032F
53D426B370904713B796D2BB4AE555114807A0393CF4FAFB02FD2B50FED5D396E4C5E536E6464DD9
00838E0F191EF814ED474BB5D521115D090A8E8525643F4F948C8E3A74A9AD2D20B2B64B7B64D91A
741924F5C9249E49CF393C9A034B105F6956D7D876DD15C28C24F1E03A8F4F423D8E47B561EA3ABE
ABA0D9CAD3D9F9C888764F0A174CE38CA8F9979E7078C7F15759452B0EE79ABF8BB5049A642F7ED0
ABB08AE54C3E5CCA0F0C1FC92B8239C0CE07539ABDA0F8EE1B9B916B76E59B19F9B69907B8DA3122
F0795008EEB8E6BAD9F46D3AE25699ED2359DBACD18F2E4FFBED70C3F3AE53C47E0083518E49A006
6B8FBC37388652474C4A14E4FBBABF3DC75A350D0E9934BD32751716C8235946EF32D24318901EE7
611BBF1CD66DCF8334DB990CCE2379339065B585CFE7B371FCEB3B4BBCBFD12D9E2B8D3AF0333EE1
0AC2F36CE00FBE8086271B89E32493819AD31AF5F480F93A55E39F436EC9CFD5F14AE3B19971E028
198B2476C4E3016369A0FF00D9DD7FF1DAC26F877756B296B4FB444DC9DD6FE5BFFE3DBA239FC2BA
E5F12BC27FD36D25B61D099A268C67FDF3F293ED9AD45D62D7606CB723238ED4B4EA167D0F3A7F0C
6B87E497C43ADC4BD00F26EA4279FF0066623F334CB4F870D2DCACD325FCD2FF00CF597CA8030F72
7CC907E87FA772DE2ED35519C34924487E792143208C772E5410BF8915BAAE180653904641F6A7A0
6A71F07C3FB18C0DD059107F8644967DBED979083F5DA3E9563FE103D201DDF61D309F46D3E322BA
BCD63DEF8934CB1B8104F7088E49032C002475EA79A1D9095D9413C11A527DC82DA3F68EC2D80FFD
166AD43E16B4B760D0CA633EB1DB5BA9FCC4755B48F13DADC69D010F2DCCAC096312190F53C90992
07E15B7677B15E43E6424F0C5595948287D083820F20E08140DA6575D1D40D925F5EBA0E8A26F2F1
F8A6D27F1A921D234E899645B280C839123460BE7D771E49F7ABA4D61EAB7B7506B3A5DB5B795894
4CDB649FCA0EEA170B90189E198E00FE1CF6A7711B9C5277E95433AD49F2886C6DFF00E9A79CF363
FE03B533F9D4525EDF69CC1F5158A5B5FE2B9B752BE57BB2127E5FF68138EE00C9A00D7CE0734D2E
810B646D0339F6AE7F51BA9753BC6D2EC593EE867766E0A9039E3A8E4703193DC75A9C68976D1F92
FA90488700C3061F1F562C3FF1DA2FD82CBA9CEDFF00892EAF04863124508DBF2ABF9630C015195C
C8EF865E14A0C9C02DD6AB69BA55E5C168D608DE432234AB1F45287211DFEEA00460A26F207B9DD5
D0DB782B4FB79A397CFB9774508198461CA81803CC540FD38CEECE38CE2BA18A18A0852185152340
02A28C051EC28B770BF639DBBF0F5F21B5974FBA8D6E123D9334808121C93BC6338397738EF9EA31
5CFB5AF89E446F0FDC5A79824720DE80447B09E5B3CFD76139CF1D3E6AF46A5A1A40A4D6835576A8
1927000C9EA69D4514C4145145001451450014514500145145001451450015CF6A9AFDC58CB2186D
637861711B99242A5DB19C28C6318EE4F5E31DEBA1AC7BDF0DE97A85EFDAEE206690FDE02560AFC0
1F328383C0039EA060F149DC6ADD4D38264B88239933B6450CB9183823352D2018E052D310D20118
2320F6359AFE1DD12497CD6D22C59F39DC6DD339FAE2B528A00E53C69AB3691A398E2DD1AC91904C
780D8DC91855383B4969106707033819C5723A6788F595B6D91E9D2491A000186F9D411E98647C7E
047D057A3EABA543AB5BF952801973B4B286523BAB2FF129EE3E84104023097C26CA7CB104410701
DEFAE1D7FEFDE467E858FD6934FA149AEA72F7DE2DD7F4F6471A6C8901525B134A580FF7DF2A4FB9
4FCABADF05244FA6CF76BB6479A447F3826D2E8D1A3A6464E3E571C67AE7D6A39BC16B3AED796D4A
742823B80AC3D0A89F047B115D069DA7A69F6E6256DCCEDB9DF0064E00E83A000280074005249F51
36BA09A32AAE936E140036F6FAD707A9F8A6F34DD76FA2889549A5698797B57014F93C970D9E62CF
006338C9AEFB48FF00904DB7FB82B86BED42CE192ED1EEAEEDF569267263899490F92142C6DC1E02
F20658739C9A6F605B949BC5DAADF4398ED7589D7A130C6444DFF038A3663F815AC7BF96F3EC724E
6FF4E8E4E19E191212FC67AF98199BFE0449AF54B6D16D1EDA27BCB7325C3202E6595A428D819DA5
89239F4C54E346B51FF2D2F3FF000366FF00E2A938B1A92313C13777771A70FB52143E447218C820
46EC5B2029FBA0AAA36DEDBFD315B7AB5CCB6F6616DF0279A4586366190A58819F7C0C9C77C62AC5
B5AC3670F95046117258F72C7B927A93EE79351DFDA2DF5A3405DE324AB2BA6328CA415619E38201
E7835449CD6A3611E872595D5B5C880C51A5B44D27240031F37F794803238E80820815B76BAFD84F
636D7124F1C4D3429298C9C95DCA180FD6B167F096A3A95CA1D5F5A5B88071B22B531363D036F206
7D719F4238AEAE3892189228D422228555518000ED5314D1526882D352B4BE9248EDA61234603380
08C039C7F23572A947FF0021BB9FFAF787FF004292AED512158975E24B5B49252D14EF6B0BEC9AE9
02F9719CF20E4E4E3B95040E475071B75CDDD784A1BC976CF7B74D65E6190DA0DA118924904E3247
278CE7B67149DC6ADD4E928A28A620A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A28012B8ED5B5992DE49D9B
5392DAE1257548142911AAF42CB825B70DA7A8E180183CD5DF126A17365246164BA822643B5EDA11
2177C81B4E55B1C738C64FE18AD3B4B58EEEDACAF2FECE137EB1212ED10DC8D8E40EE392690D1761
6778236913CB72A0B2673B4E3A54B4514C4145158875B649A22F698B59A511A482405F25828253B2
92477279E40E7001B75C78D6266D522B78F5195B50F39167B1F2D76A2961B97EEE480B93BF3DB3D0
E2BB0A2800A28A2800A28A28028E8DFF00207B53EB183570A2960C54161D0E39154B4539D16CC8EF
10FE557E800A28A2800A28A28031EEB5FB6B49644315CCA91644D24511658CFA7B9E7A282477AD38
A58EE2149627578DD432B29C8604706B9EBCD1B55759ED2D2E608ED659247F31F25D37B163F2E307
9638F9871F99D28340D321B382D9ECADE610C290879625662AA303271E8292BDC6ED6D09E3FF0090
DDCFFD7BC3FF00A149576B26C6C2CEC759BC1696B0DB878222C2240A18EE93D2B5A98828A28A0028
A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A002B193C39631EA26EC19CFCFE60
85A663187C939DBF539C740790335B3450014514500159CFABDBC72DC2949BCBB752D24C13280819
2B9EA4E3DB1DB39E2B46B3BFB22D3CD9582C804B209193CD6D9B8306CEDCE064819F5FC4D00167A9
4770D3445833DB61679570A9BBF8863248C63BF6E84D471EBFA74B7515AA4CFE7CA70B1985C1E84E
4F1C0C7393C55A4D3ED91655F2F779C3121762C5873C724F1C9E3A0CD362B386C5247B58374ACA01
DCE497C6719639F53CFBD006526B365A6CFF00D9D044C6DAD3114920DC4A36D2D8031F3600C9C740
73D01C4CFE2BD2533FBE95C062A3640EDB8838F9703E6E481C67A8F5A9868D0CF6D1A5E65A50EF23
98E4600B39248E3195EDCF618A9E4D26CA548E3687E48D04683710028E8073FE4807B0A00CF4F14D
819158C9218A4DA55BC92A101D9CB313803F78BD71D0F5C524DE28836036F6B70F2B4AD12ABC6CAB
F2AEE24900ED1820648E09C1C60E2CDCE8B68607482D21CB646D7660BCEFCF4FFAE8FC7BF6EA1B67
A0C16D0B40E4490985A10A06D3F392D23641EAC79E3A638A0017C4BA536EC5C499562AC3C89320F3
C1F97BF6F53C0CD695ADCC57B6915CC0C5A29503A12082411C707A567FFC23BA5B45246D6EED1CAB
B5C34CE43FCE5F279E4EE6639EBCF5AD44411C6A8BD14003273C5001248B146D239C2A82C4FA0AC3
4F1061E369A03B5E28898E31964909F986491903720C0E7270324E06CDC411DD5B4B6F28CC72A147
0090482306B0DFFB0E778A588AB4D69958B0EE9C9DA704F7C965E4E73BBBEEE40277D56C84D75327
991B83F673395CA929BC9EFF00C38727383F5C8A49B5D55743E5CD188C169639140763C8551938E7
0CD9CE00439C738A3A64FA3DE4EB6A96B2A3DC44C4F9A64DC430C2F2DC8CA47919C10071DEAE5F43
A323182E11DA48B63825A42770CED1E67F7BE63C13920FA5005DB3D561BDBA9218A29418D4331700
6320100AE7703CF703A1F4AA516BDBEEE6778DE3B25678D4B44416283E66CE7A02AE318EC39E40AB
502DA1375159B3C332E04922C65B6F5E14B02081C8C0C81E82B320D434A6B78DE6B70B656EE56DE4
951DA4760705B6EDC91B88F9B272719E714013C9E248793F66BD4788E7CB554265E3000192704950
0F009239C6697FE12784BC50C7693B4F2CA61111280EE0581E84E400A58E3385E7D0196DEF74359D
12DE3895E4902AECB7232C7041E074381CF438EBC55B8F4BB78EFF00ED601322AEC418004631DB03
3F9E71938C64D005FA28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A280
0A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A28003D2B06DBC2BA7DB5B4B6E0CCE92000EF7C90047
B3AFFE3DF5E7B0C6F51401523B0823BD6BA507CC6CE7272324283FA228FC2A27D2A07B99652D2832
C892BA890ED2C857071FF005FF0024D685140194D66F6A93A588732DDC85E49DD81119C05DDEF800
003BE393DE924D0AD25784132AC712C4AB1ABE1711B6E4CF73C9F5C7E201AD6A28032ADFC3F616D7
30DCAA48D34318891DE427E504E01FA6E35AB45140051451401FFFD9}
li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fun
ctions}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {RER is
concerned with protein synthesis while SER is concerned}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2

93\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {with lipids and glycoprotein synthesis. T
he cisternae (enclosed spaces)}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {of the endoplasmic reticulum play a role in the exchange of material
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {between the cell a
nd the extra cellular fluid. The exchange of material}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {takes place by the process of pinocytosis.}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1.2.7 Golgi apparat
us}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Golgi comp
lex is a smooth membrane system consists of flattened,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {single membrane vesicles which are often st
acked (Fig. 1.7).}\par\pard\li666\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li666\ri
ar\pard\li666\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li666\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li666\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li666\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li666\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li666\ri0\sl
6\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li666\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li666\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li666\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 1.7 A schemmatic diagram of golgi apparatus}\b0 \par
18\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}\par\pa
rd\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\shp
{\*\shpinst
\jpegblip
FFD8FFE000104A46494600010100000100010000FFDB004300080606070605080707070909080A0C
393D38323C2E333432FFDB0043010909090C0B0C180D0D1832211C21323232323232323232323232
3232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232FFC0
00110800BB012103012200021101031101FFC4001F00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090A0BFFC400B5100002010303020403050504040000017D010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191A1082342B1C11552D1F02433627282090A161718191A2526272829
2A3435363738393A434445464748494A535455565758595A636465666768696A737475767778797A
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090A0BFFC400B511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291A1B1C109233352F015
6272D10A162434E125F11718191A262728292A35363738393A434445464748494A53545556575859
5A636465666768696A737475767778797A82838485868788898A92939495969798999AA2A3A4A5A6
F2F3F4F5F6F7F8F9FAFFDA000C03010002110311003F00F7B10C7FDC5FCA8F263FEE2FE552518A02
E52B8B8D3ED0E2E27B684919C48C1723F1A4FB669A2D16EBED16C2D98E165DE02139F5E954F568BE
DD6F2AC37F15B470E45C318F27819DA4E46D1EB8E48E84541652C2F1ADDDDC51DBC7690A22438C08
DD9558E07AF2AA3BF5F5A2C1736D1609143A2A32B00432E08229DE445D7CA4FC8552B322C74AF32E
0794A37CAE3FB80B16C7E19C56759DB2FF006C224AA9F695DD38B98A42C645CE36BE47CA3E6040C9
1C71D28B01BBF6784F5893F2A3ECD0FF00CF25FCAA5AE5E764BBD443CCD859416B7955CEEB7D8016
52BD8E43739F63EE582E7462DA11D2241F80A8D7ECD24D244A10C91E378C74C8E3F4AC63A83A5BA4
F2CEEAAD9BC9803CC7163E44F624EDE3BFCD55A0B87B253730DE9BB94ABDC5DAA3068C12BF2AE474
39DA0739C0F4A2C173A436D01EB0A1FC051F668474853FEF9158CF3DC449E4C37064923510073C87
9DC839FA28F9B1E87DAAA08648EE5AD60BABA90BAADA79B2CAC598FDE91FAE06D5E0103A9A2C3B9B
3E7C49F675368CB25C310232002A0672C7D063F9815744110FE05FCAB16DAC2D752BFBDBC7927255
CDBA2ADCC8BB02F0DC2B719607EA0035BAAA15428E80639A2C2B8DFB3C3FF3CD7F2A4FB3C3FF003C
93F2152D1405C8BECD07FCF14FCA8FB3C3FF003C93F2152D140117D9E2FF009E6BF951F6680FFCB2
5FCAA5A280B90FD960FF009E29F951F6583FE78A7E42A6A28021FB2DBFFCF18FF2141B5B7EF127E5
53552D516E64D36E22B2216E9D0AC44B63692319FC339A008A2B8D26E182C725B3333B20008C92A7
047E62A748AC657744585990E195704A9F71DAB1201269B1DCDAAC3689708904493C0983F39D8376
7A918CFBFA5685A5BC116A891DB28096D018DDBA92CC548C9EE7009FF8167BD005EFB0DAE31F678F
1FEE8A5FB1DB7FCF08FF002AC8D52469648E669AE16C537472FD9E431B23EE0371E848FA7D70456C
5B2491DB4492C9E6CAA803BE31BCE3938ED4007D92DFFE7847FF007CD1F64B7FF9E29F9551D44CF3
8F2AD4EFD8E0CF1A49E5B9520E003DB9C7A77E4550B595D2DD8DA49320BB944304733990C45721C9
C93D36B1C024703D680377EC96FF00F3C53F2A8205B3B94668A34650C57EEE390707F5EF59771737
32178ACEE0EE61F65B766E77C98F9E43EA140FCC11E94CB692E2DEE3FB36DEEBCC5C246AFB001111
9DF8F5C0D9D73CB0C93CD006F0B58474897F2A3ECF101FEAD6B165BDBDBC99A3B0751E63E119B184
894E19CFA92D900771CFAD4516A372D2B86BC0D02BF9CD394002C2A3E6FC1981033CE371CF4A02E6
AA4F0992DE36B6759A752DB0804A003AB7A761F5356FC88BFB82B234BB1BFF00305F5CDF49E64D86
68CC4A309CED5E9C75CF1DF35B9405C8FC88BFB828A928A02E1451450055934FB39A713CB6B13CA3
043B28278E9CD39ACAD5AE96E5ADE333A8C090A8DC07D6AC5140084023079151416B6F6A185BC11C
418E48450B93F854D4500150ADAC093C932C31ACB2001E40A0161EE7BD4D450055874FB3B78CC70D
AC31A6E0DB5230067B1FAD4A6089A268DA3528F90CA4021B3EB52D14011430436F12C50C29146BD1
114003F014A914718C222A8C93C0C724E4FEB5251400C54552C55402C727031934FA28A0028A28A0
028A28A0028A28A0028A28A002A0B8B586E955664DDB4E54824153EA08E953D14014C69B682D9ADF
C906273B98124963EA4F52781CE7352DBDBC56B108A18C220C9C0F5F5F7A9E8A00A6FA7DA4971F68
6815A4C86C9CE323A1C74CFBF5AB94514015AE2C6DAE583CB0866031BB9071E991DA9B2E9F693DBA
40F6E8628C828A060260718C74FC2ADD140155F4FB392258DED6228ABB546C1F28F41E94D974CB39
628A268102459D8A995DBEBD3F977AB9450040B6B02A954891414084000654741F4E699258DBCB6D
25B342A22963F2DC2F195C63191EC6AD51400D5508814124018C93934EA28A0028A28A0028A28A00
28A2B1A7BFBD9639EE6C8431DAC0AC4493027CE23AE3046178FBDCE7B0C72403668AA916A36D2491
C2668D2E5903F90CC3780467A75AB0B22380558302320839C8A007D154EC6ECDDC066202A976098E
EA18807F1033572800A2AACB7452FA0B555C9915DC9CE36818FEAC055AA0028A28A0028A28A0028A
28A0028A28A0028A28A00A7A9A4EFA5DDA5B7FC7C342E23C1C1DD838FD6AAC37627B76B6B2B49024
70903CE88A2A9C70B8239FC3815AD55CDEDB0BB16A664170464464F2450073B6905C9D3518A49F69
8B1B079053F7CE0A9918B7DE2371248E3EBC61979A5436913416B6EE56DED844662BB9D8C84275C6
4855CB6071D2BAA0EA73861C1C1F63492489144D23B054504B31E80500624DA35BA496B67616F1D9
A64492CB142012108DAB9C75DC41E73F74D675CACB142D62F3DE4B731C91C31C8ACC0A072BBA6273
C8CB100127EEE3FBD5D55BCC67B68A66468CC881B63755C8E9F5A97228032F4B58DEE2EE54391138
B6552492AA83BFB9249F718AD5AAF14F1BDD4D0A0F9A3C6F3DB2474FAE307E84558A0028A28A0028
A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028
A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A00AB7F75F62B19670BBDD46110756627007E2481586BBDAC604B
68A798DB389E495E2646965E4E06403CB1E4E300715ACF6F71717EAF3F962DE16DD12A924BB63AB7
1818C9E39F5AD0A00E5AEF47FB0D9C5752DE4B2CD149B8BB708AEEC019368E30BB98F20F6E78A827
B6B331A44AAD169F733A47BB2C3CC0A19998E3925FEEE4F5EBE95D851401812E96B717AB6F6ED3C1
0C0A652E198F992302A3E627270A0F423A8E6B3A24820F36CD1E46FB3E2073C964850067638E4173
C7A9E3D2BB0A4C00738E68038E4B7B97B59A47B5B96D4DA6370EA770488039014F424A855E327D78
14B652CA24FB528F3AEE28897688BBF9B2B6142B9206D5C9CED1D00C9C639EC68A00E526D2D74716
AF26A52E5FF7067964C08B3B9DDFD016DB81C704F7A6DAC995BD92C66B90CD28B3B5499DDF692AA4
C8431CFF00B5CF65E3EF5758403D466902A82480013C923BD00730824B193CA86F2711965B249667
C8DC01666C741855C038E4F5CD3A498DB3C56F6573797105CEE94B2B976444C03B59CF4624739C01
D3D6B6B51921482359EDC4E924A91EC6008C96033CFE7525C58DA5DAA2DC5B4530439412203B4FB6
68020D21245B046925320725D33217DAA7A0DC7EF7D6B42900006052D00145145001451450014514
5001451450014514500145145001552FEF63D3ECA5BA94FC883A671939C01F892055BAA37765F6BB
AB7697635BC24B98D86773E3009F61963F5C1ED401457532F0DAC6B7B6F248079B773C654A468B82
C3DB248033CE327A8AB56DAB477377E47D9EE23CC6D2ABCAA1415040CE33B875EE0679AA773A2493
5B5D059112E25991D4AE4285460557D87193EE4F5A41A2DCBDA5D234A91C9329528AED206FF7DDBE
66E38EC003C0A00B275DB60F18F2E72253881C27131F45FC39C9C0C73D296E35B8600C5219E550DE
589113E532670173DC93C646403D4D40FA65FDC5F2DCCF7112ECB7923896353885DB18719FBC719C
938F403934C874FD41AE34C5992DA3B4B52730C4E4F210856C9033C9E9F8E4D006BDAA4C96EA2E1C
4929C962060039E83D874AB1451400514514005145140051454534F15BC4659A448E35EACE400280
25A2B09FC63E1F46DA35389D81C6230CFF00FA083517FC263A6BE44306A1311DA3B390E7F4A00E8A
8AE77FE12C42485D175A6C7A599C1FD697FE124BC908583C39A9B13D3CC0918FCC9A00E868AC58AE
BC417271FD996B66BFDE9AE0C847FC05463FF1EAA16579A9E9DE2CFECCD4EEC5D417B1196D641184
08EBF7931D718E7926803A9A28ACCD535AB7D2C223079AE65E22B68866490FD3B0F7E940126A9831
5B03FF003F317FE842AFD71D7C3C557A90492358E9E8674D9180657073FC47A7E556DA7F14E9C03C
D0D9EA708E585B831CA47B02707E9DE803A6A2B3748D6AD35AB7696D988653B648DC61E33E845695
00264514B4500145154B52BF8B4EB279DC8CFDD45271B98F419FAD0052D4352B989AE9ED7CAF2ED1
4070EA499643821170460F2A33CF2C38E2B5F7A8DA18804F404F5AE56DF4C8647B716F773DEDD2CE
267B90E7CA8BE6DCD80B85C9E46393CF3C54772A6FEDA0616F27DAE6B88FED172F1106DC171F2293
D08E071C0EA793C80756F750471EF79A354DDB41660067D29AD796C97496CF7112DC38CAC45C0661
EC2B05ED527D556D85A1F22356B7785A321162233BD5BA039E38393F8533488A5B8961172B219448
6698790C9893D199BEF01D005EC01E9401D4E68A4C8FF228073400B45148480324E00EB400B55EEE
EE0B2B769EE2458E35EACC6B26F3C51671486DEC8FDBAEFA18E120AA7FBEDD147EBED59C2DA6BABA
5BBD425134C99F2D1788E1FF00747AFB9E7E838A4D8D22D49AE6A176C7EC56C96D08E92DCA92CDFF
00000463F139F6A81EEB5F07747A85B31EEAF6D907F261FCEAD638F4A6904119E99E9D295D8EC89F
4FD78CB722CF50856DEE9BFD59562D1CDFEE938E7D8F3E99ADDAE3EFE1FB55BBC6A764830C927747
1CA9FC0806BA4D2EEFEDFA5DADD91B4CD12B95F4247229A6268B945145310514514005145737E2DB
D996DADB4AB4256E75190C41C758E3032EDF971F8D00326D4AEF5D9E4B5D2A56B7B347D92DF2E097
23AAC63F4DDF955EB3F0D6936B893EC8934DD4CB3E64727D72D9A9AC2D21B3B48ADE04D91C6A1507
A015A2836A014BA8DAB2112348C611428F4518A7D145310514560DE586A96572F79A44CB22BB1696
CAE1894727A946FE13EDD28037AB9EF13C2A26D1AF00F9E0D42250475C39D87F98A9ECBC456D7138
B4BC8E4B0BDFF9E171F2EEFF0075BA30FA551BE07C533C56D673C91D8DB4C1E7BB88E3CC65CFC887
BF3D5874EDCF400D0BCD42E2795ACF4ADAD383B659DF98E0FAFF0079BFD9FCF15369BA3DBE9C5A41
BE6BA93FD6DCCA72EFF8F61EC38156AD2D21B1B64B7B78847120C055AB14010CF6E9388F78CEC70E
39C722A6A29AC428249C01C93401CD6A6834BF14E9BA840028BE736972A38F3091943F5183CFA715
D3D729A94DFDA7AFE916D18E12E0DC13E891A9E7DBE66515D5D24EE0145145300A4CF383D7B52D14
0084803278159373AFDB4523C36C8F79321DACB1602A1F46738507DB39F6ACFD62F65BFBB934EB59
5A3B78B02E65524163D7629EDC753EF81CF48E0B78ADE1586188471AF0AABC0029363487C9AB6BD3
E7C982C6D4762E5E63FF00B2FF005AACD37891C83FDAF6C9EC96431FAB1ABBD01CE7E82949E063A7
7C52BB1D919E53C439CB78871ECB67181536CD648F9B5F9C7AED8221FF00B2D59EF834B9F6C11405
914FCAD4C9F9B5EBD231C811C43FF64AAD368715E306BFBABCBB5FEE4B70DB73FEE8C0FD2B578E46
69338193D075268B811DBDADBDB4222B78638D17A2A00054C71D1719AA6FA82642440C8D9C617A7E
751C97378180091A0EB8623A52B8CD118E071EF4926154B31000EA6B0DF5B86390A4BA85A2483F84
3A93F9734CF3E7D413FD1E0BCBAF4F2E160BFF007D3607E468025BFD41029099F2D7E6765EA79E83
DC9E3DCD759A2DA3D8E8B676D2FF00AC489438EB838E47E758DA3F87655962BAD4422B4677C76E87
215BD59BF88FE83DCF35D4D38AEA4B0A28A2A841451450002B98BC1F68F1DC484F16FA79603D0BC9
8FE4B5D38AE6A6531F8F41FE19B4F047D5243FFC58A06B737157038AB02A007903A5581490E41451
4532428A28A00AD79636BA85BB5BDDDBC7344DD55C022B2A1D16F34A0ABA3DE85B55E05A5D297451
E8AC3E61F8E6B7A8A00C6FED7BAB438D4B4D9A35FF009ED6D99D3F20370FFBE6AC5AEB9A5DE9C5BD
F5BC8D9C6D0E0303F4EA2B46B36F74AD3EFDC9BBB2B798F4CC91027F3A0695CD1CF1587AB6A88B1C
8A1C24480991CF0303FA534F87F4F897642B710AFF00762BA9507E4AD54AE3C216570541BABD540C
1990DC33038E83E6CFD6A5BB8D449FC2F692C924FAB4E850DC00B023755887427DD89CE3D315D2D6
1A4D75A65E5BC371706E6D6E1CC71C92001D1F0480700020E0F38C83EB9E372A89614514500151CF
208609243D11493F80A9299222C913237DD6054D0071DA4C6E34C85DF1E64C3CD90FABB7CC4FE64D
6905FF00EBD64E8B2C890C9A7CE36DCD8BF90F9EAC00F95BE85706B5839006462A0B1718E47149CF
518A69249C739FA53BA8C67A5001DB8A439C7F85432DD450960CC370EAA3AD529AF9994EC2234EE4
9C71401726B94887CDCB8E801AC7BEBF0369B96237FF00AA82319790FB0FEA78154A4D59EE731E94
893B92775D4991129FF647F19FA71EF459D98B791E6795E7BB947EF27979247A7B0F6148034FB99B
51D47EC9AA4773A7593B0589AD1810CC4E02C8FD413DB18FAD75F0F82FC3F110CFA7A5C3FF007AE1
9A53FF008F1358F6F1C274AD49AE0E21F249723A0383FAF7AEB74EF38E9D6C6E46263129901ECD81
91F9D544962DB69F6566316D690423A6228C2FF2AB54515420A28A2800A29320F4E71406078A005A
28A4000E9400B5CF789336771A6EAC0656DA7F2A63D311498527F06DA6BA1A86EADA2BCB696DA740
F14AA51D4F706801A08247D78AB15CFE977D25BDF7F636A448BB8C168266E97318FE2CFF00780EA3
F1E95D052436EE1451453105145140114F2F930BC98CED19C7AD73AFE268DE7689253248A70D1DBC
4D291F50A0E2BA1B8B68EEA1314ABBA36E08F514DB4B3B7B0B64B7B5852289061550600A40617F6D
5F9C797A66A1203C03E485FD188AAF3788EE6DDB17361771EEE9BAD99BFF0041CD7497374B029E46
475CD73F757735DDD8B7B340F74C3209FBB18FEF37B7B753DBD932919777E3183ED76902DD451B19
87981F3190B83C1DDD3B56EDB6B76F283B4C6F8E863941CD38E976F630D85BE3CD2F75BA57914132
B147CB1FF3D38A7DC784BC3F72C5E4D26DB71EA5536E7F2C5160E628CD76DAA6B565691AE7CA904F
2E3911AAE719F72703F3F4AEA6AAD969F67A743E4D95B45047D488D0004D5AA69584DDC28A28A620
A28A28030357D15DEF3FB534F005E050B2C64E16741D013D98763F81E3A620D6049702056F2EE47D
EB6986C753F43D7EA322BBAAAB77A7D9DFAEDBBB586751D04B186C7E749AB8D3398373723AC401CF
A13546EF5348322EEFA2841E81A4009FC0726BA793C33A44A9E5BDB394FEE89A403F2CD51FF840B4
08E5F36DA09ED24EED05C3A93FAD2E50B9C93EA134B26CB0D3AE2407813DC8F293EB83F31FCA93FB
226B921F50792E4820885548887E1DFF001CD76CBE17B75FBB7FA80FACC0FF003147FC22B64C7F7B
73A8483D0DD328FF00C7714728EE73096EE235254C68BFDEE00152C4F6666F2D67175371886D4191
FF004FBA3DC902BA48BC23A0C4431D3219187399B321CFFC089AD782DE1B68C470431C483F851428
FD28E515CE7AC74ABABC9236BC892D6C91832DA0C33C8C0F05C8E00079C0CF3D4F6AE9738A5A2A84
19AC6B8F105B4175730086E2516BB4CF246A0AC7919E4923A0C1C0C9E7A5685EDD2D9DA4B3B29608
A4851D58F603DC9E2B26CB4DBD7B35B6BC8A18D4C866B8689CB199F76EF41819C7E031D28027FB60
1A85D5D48EE2DAD8081157277C8482781D4F28A3DF70A64DE205486E5A3B1BA79EDC00F11DA08662
36AE49C12720F04F1EF8149169B7D1E9D6481A01756F2995F24949188604E783D589C63DBDE9B1E9
178BA7344F3C525D9BC172D2B038970E186476E028E338C0A005B3B9B8D2B4779AFACA44280C9279
6C1D9C9F99D8E38033EF54EC1A68A54BA36720D466899A58E56550A09077330CF1C05518CF078EB5
A9A96E9A0B7B16219EE5C23ED180507CCFF4040C7FC08536E74EBA9AF2E364C896D7288B21C12E00
C8207D73D7B734015A5F104ED22A5969D2DC3186290E0E150B91804F6C0393DF1DB1C88DF57D5249
F3696F6E6192E8C3009490D22A83BDF8E8061B07BFA722B5ED6CBECD0CEBE612F348CE5D40046780
3F050A3F0A8C6930C68AB0C924663B636F1104131838CB0F7E073ED4009A4DC5CDD412BDC3C6E04C
CB1BC68543A8C027049EFB8673C8E6B4AA2B7812DADE38225DB1C6A1147A0038A9680286A9A55BEA
D6C229F7AB23078A58CE1E271D194F6354F4FD4AE6DEE174DD5F6ADC93886E14612E47A8F46F55FC
4715B755AEECEDEFEDDA0B98C4919E707B1EC47A1F7A00B34560B47ABE96310B9D42D8740E409D07
D7A3FE383FEF53ECF5E8AE94ED2199787520AB21F42A790680B1B74551FED38BFBA4FD39A8A4D51B
A47173D8B52BA1D99A448032781595A86A62352901F9CFF17502B2EF75A1E6881A4324E46560854B
39FC076F73C52DBE8573A8FCFA99305B9E96B1B7CCC3FDB61D3E8BF99A2EDEC16B14A39750D6E730
58480C6A712DE38CA467D147F137E83BFA5751A769B6FA6DBF95086258E64918E5E43EA4F7356608
22B6812182358E240155106028FA54B4241728DFFF00C7C69FFF005F3FFB4DEAF566EA6E52EB4BFF
006AEF1FF90E4AD2A620A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A
280294D6B25C5EC6D2B0FB3C38648C7567F53EC3B0F5E7B0ABB45140051451401521B258A7927692
49657E03C98CAAE73B4000003F53DF356E8A2800A28A2800A28A4041E9400B45145001546F349B1B
F60F736D1BC8A30B20E1D47B30E47E757A8A00C097C3193FE8DAB6A100F40C920FFC7D49FD69A9E1
6476CDE6A77F74BFDC320897FF00218527F3AE868A02E54B2D3ED34E87CAB3B68E143C908B8C9F7F
5356E8A280209EEADED5435C4F1C418E019182827F1A937AEF09B8658640F5158D760C7A889E7821
B9B4B9D90AB120B203DB18C15279CE73F502A0B196F7EDF717925BD9A59C03ECE1BCF6251509DC40
D983CF1D47DDA00DE9208E578D9D03346DB909FE138233F9134F0CAC58020953838EC6B1A3D6A537
91452DA79714B13CE24697948D472CEB8E0F2BC64F7E98AA375771D9E9567F6B251EFEE04D300096
C7DEDB8FA044FA5007534556B592E254679E0109DDF2A6F0C718EF8E01F604FD6ACD001451450014
51450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014
5145001451450014514500145145001451450067C1A55ADBCE265572573E5AB39658F3D7683C2FA7
1DB8E9447A5A2D85D59BC8EF04E64E3A150E49233F5635A14500624DA02C8B74E6EE792E6E2DCC0F
24B820AF6E00181D7A63A9EF571F4D4B899DEE88915EDFC8298C00093BBF3F97F2ABF450057B38A5
82D638A69BCD741B4C98C16FFEBD58A28A0028A28A00FFD9}
00\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {These are organelles to which
the newly synthesized proteins are}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {transferred and temporarily stored.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\s
lmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Small vesicles arise peripherally by a pinchi
ng - off process. Some}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {become vacuoles in which secretory products are concentrated.}\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1.2.8 Ribosomes}\b0 \par\pard\
li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The outer membrane of the e
ndoplasmic reticulum contain small}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {granules commonly known as ribosomes, which are the smallest}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {particulate components
of the cytoplasm. They are rich in ribonucleic}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {acids. Each ribosome has a large and a small subuni
t with a sedimentation}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {constant of 50s and 30s respectively (Fig. 1.8). Each subunit contains}\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {about 65% RNA and 35% pr
otein.}\par\pard\li853\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li853\ri0\sl-213\sl

pard\li853\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li853\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li853\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li853\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li853\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li853\ri0\sl-21
\li853\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 1.8 A schemmatic d
iagram of Ribosomes}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\b {Functions}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA binds}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in the groove between the sub
units and specifies the sequence of amino}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {acids in the growing polypeptide chains. The proteins syn
thesized on}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {membran
e bound ribosomes must pass successively through each of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-28
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cytomembrane system.}\par\pard\li3013\ri0\
i3013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
page{\shp
{\*\shpinst
\jpegblip
FFD8FFE000104A46494600010100000100010000FFDB004300080606070605080707070909080A0C
393D38323C2E333432FFDB0043010909090C0B0C180D0D1832211C21323232323232323232323232
3232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232FFC0
0011080080012003012200021101031101FFC4001F00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090A0BFFC400B5100002010303020403050504040000017D010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191A1082342B1C11552D1F02433627282090A161718191A2526272829
2A3435363738393A434445464748494A535455565758595A636465666768696A737475767778797A
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090A0BFFC400B511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291A1B1C109233352F015
6272D10A162434E125F11718191A262728292A35363738393A434445464748494A53545556575859
5A636465666768696A737475767778797A82838485868788898A92939495969798999AA2A3A4A5A6
F2F3F4F5F6F7F8F9FAFFDA000C03010002110311003F00F7EA29692800A5A2928016A3791228D9DD
82A28C92C7000ACABBD76313496BA7A0BBBA4FF58436D8A1FF00AE8FD07D064FB56125CAEA572192
1FEDA9B70532C8765A43FEE273B87FB583F51D28037FFE121D3DCE2DDA5BBCF7B681E45FFBE9411F
AD0754BF63FBBD12ECAF6324B12E7F0DC6B1209F53D46E1EDEE756FB22C47CA716508552EC328124
60DBB8E4E3041C5450DBE8D2C73CB3C9713B451C65D2FA712297CB654339DA589520F381DB1401B9
FDA5AA9CECD2EDDB07A0BE1923FEF9EBF8FE344BE214B4C7DBF4ED42D94F1E6087CE4FCE32D8FC40
AA36FA5E877D1DBCF1D8DB359B65E26682251212586CDA541C0EA08E4FA9EF57FB32C34E9A1682FE
E34AB9B82EEC91DC42A91F19DAD19CA903A65549F53DE8036D3C4FA2BB843A9DBA31E02C8E109FFB
EB15AA8E8E8191832B0C820E4115CB99AF52DD95B5332CEB182D0CF142E1DC923671B09248201E01
AA2B2456AE71657162C09C4DA44A2446C36D24C3ECC707E4241EFDE803B8A5AE7ACB53BE756304B6
DA9C69C385CC33A73DD4F04FD76D6A59EA9677E4A4330F35465E17F9644FAA9E45005DA2928A005A
28A4A000D2D14940052D252D00149451400B45251400B451450014514500145145001494B4500154
8FFC8693DADDBFF425ABB544FF00C8697FEBDCFF00E842802ED14556BCBC82C2D24BAB9916386319
663E940125CDCC3696EF717122C7120CB3B1C002B93D6355179038BCF3A0B164256D13E49AE17BB4
8C7FD547F5C13DCFF096CD7779A8DF5BB5C4491DC9C3C36D202C966A4E164940FBD213D17A0E79E0
9A857EDB6F732BE93736F34EE0DB5CCD24E5F12B37C8E4E30CC07F0E303A022802BCF698B2075516
E34C0C563B3B40C2D1132BF3BC89DC65B9600679006335A11EAEB707125B5CE9D15CB6CB6BC9803B
9792B9246150E3843CF3D2A9A4967A569A9A43F9178F3626B9B499A242E249198B2F40EDC01807D2
9971AE471A8BBD52DE4834E91CB987C925E352FB712C6E7F88AE4301C6081C904805A96D16D74F6D
32C7508ADEE2D523185B864170FB0B01C3011EEC3E7192473D85456EDA3DEC97F246913C8CFE6CF2
9491A395902B05F33270A0ED3819041C0CD47E13BC6BBB49D12E659A17632A5CC36E8C244760A378
E4EEC8738C00075C0C0AD5BE7B8B97B6B76B0BD936DE2811B4482308B26E0F91D0055C0C91907A66
801B1ABE9D7BF69B9D42CA2B68C12D1C9645194073C467238CB019C1249A9ECADEC22D42E6E219EC
C8B99CCE5412A4A18D776FF53921B9E81AA8A6A569A95DDC585A437179AA686A5D7712629262A463
731E4827B907D0F5A5D46C206B9D4EF8BCF7335AC0276B26997CB95F0E40750391D00CFA0C722802
79ECEFFF00B527D52CEF239239ED5562664072A0B305401C02DCE4161F8F5AA93BB4D2EA57577752
496B022148DDD9D0C5B576C8123C6EDCDBF249C71E82B4A18B51852CCDE5DDB18E360EE88B965072
00E41C8C9DBC05C0EE6B12F3C43603C4CBA35F9BA8DE08CB4886E36AC9BC6E11FCB8C95E00CE063B
FA806B5D58585E245E4FF11956DA60C9192EDFBC0636033FDE1907D7393CD412A4D249BAE223A8D8
C403C3770126E21E08255D40DF82A41039C633BB38A8DE2B7B3D7A28552481914C89058032AA9E42
BB2E30A4A965E9CF249E14D45A8BB6BC8B3A00F676E1E496CE449206503E5642E99059595CE077C7
6E4806DE9BAB32CF0DB5CDC25CC37009B4BD4C01363AA301C0703E80F3C0208ADEAE194DBCC2E1E5
8A68ECA670D720A857B59327CB972A5BE6C0524E79055BA6EAE9748BD96589AD2F48FB7DB00B291C
09076907B363F0391DA803568A4A5A0028A28A00414B494B4005145250014B494B40051451400514
514005252D1400514514005511FF0021B3ED6FFF00B355EAA43FE434FED6E3FF0042340172B98D66
F63935091A552F67A58591E3519335C363CB403B919071EACBE95BB7D7B0E9F633DDCE488A142EC7
1D80AE226690BC16D71657374D0A9BDBE8E0241F3E40480587F7137918E72100ED401346FA8C3AB4
1A346CF1DD338BDBDBC85C3348481B976B0C100B01819C281819E292C755B937F717F2C0615597C9
22DADF32DE100B032023318DA54E3AFBF18A8CEB697EF0CB1DB9BA7B924DAA65A416ECA76C930200
902E5B0303B67E5CD687F6840AB24B0FD9AE2E7C98EE4C6B002D3AF97B77862DB88F9BA9F9B00800
E680393BBF094B77AE69D7CBBACAEE1D3EDE499FCE5410962CB8008FBDC1E49EB5D3F9BA46AB666D
6EE693500B0335EA7DA1DBC9E17E560A0027238CE083923BD09AD43717332C50DACF60CA2D625883
4733B2A82554FF00754939271827FD9F9A7B4BBD2AFE7D42249EDA3BBBA810DF25BEC94AC99D9839
C93D40E5718E7BD0067E89A741676EF1E97650416A930FB5DAA4D219CE70A15C60E0852C700E0900
E71935BBA75DCD7975139B78E2B18E32D6C1642CC003B773953B4023A0E7A13D4629B6E2C23B85B6
0F14734F1AB4CAD74C5D91010855B3CFDDE7F1CD73BE2BD5745B186DB56B9BBDF14D2B5ADC8D3E4E
6E1149210F3C018E4820F50386A00BDA25B68DA647737F00B716F391733DDC8CE62126709B19BA8C
B1EFD4F1ED38874F8756816E67B692F2EA165C3C4FE53A330671181F290704E492738C9A20B64D43
ECDAB4508920974F3343149319123909053621230793CE0638008A6EA588ADA7B8BEC5A5AC16E0C7
332FEF99E320025DBE550771500F2C18E78A00B579A9A49AB5B4B05C40882397703703F788029593
0B925771C763F374AE5BC57E03B8D73C4316A3677D1DB46A162B86672C49550098C0C92703186C1C
8EF5D0C5B05A4773A14BA6DA5AC9704493C7088C1006D44E3EFE58E3208F6A9AC56E22B3052E7ED1
3C90C7709208958AF40C76E4167396F9B681EBCF5004482F61B7B283CC924B345F22E55E02418847
9CEE3862C4606403C9618CD737E31B2D566F09DDC3A7DBB9956792E80861C3E1A476DCAD9CFDC603
0173D8FA56FCB6B71612DD7D9560BB8C3969CCB148645703CC0D92D86FA0006780474AAD6F671DC5
9ACFA7CFA899EE03AA5D5D2C8644122EE4C48380B955C920E338E0D00723F0EC6B765A7EA171AFDB
5E3E9CAD1B4715DEE059CB11940C324F6C700E79AECED8DF5A98F36CF1DFD9C465821660E65B638D
D0EE1C165207FE39CF26A5923596785D2E2DE5B7110696D6C6CC3B3C7213C6FCE0A175278033CE6A
9C53CCF25EDD5A8F3AEED658E48212BE4C8E155566F91BA29071C64646476A00ED6DAE62BCB68AE6
070F14AA1918770454F585A3CE91EA13DB4441B4B9417B68C3A1573F381FF0221BFE075B9400B451
4500252D252D0014514940052D145001451450014514500145145001451450015493FE43529F4B74
FF00D09AAED528FF00E4333FFD7BC7FF00A13D00666BD2A4DA9E9961211E4867BD9C1E9B220319F6
DEC87F0AE66C9B52B911A5B4205CDDF997B3DCC437CD11754DAA0B6151B636D00E46173D78AD0F11
B17BCD7589DBB6C2DED8107055259183B7B718FCAABEAD05E5D442C6C424F2B6F862927BA5CA1019
8708A4282854E41048001A00B4606F36CE0D42E8A6A4B24E229981334A8187DDD84610AF51D8E31D
05676B163AA68DE186B7F0C5ACF35D19559E1B80253E5966C37CC396F955719240038EF525EE951C
4B3EA4B7525BD8DC24A595EE4057563BD95038531B311CF20607AF4726A4D79A73ADC5A5CFD9041E
6C57368A10DB3E1B76D690824E09E9DBA0C1A00B7A6E9E750B7D3E5B9FB347AA35B9577551307505
7CC5933D7F7992307823AF5CD7B9F0F69B65ADDFEAD60C6CEF67DEF2DE24C5C46A5376EDA38196EC
C4671907B542F76F01BA5BDBB90C8890CB797919225232CD14491F45E012D9E3AE410722E4E24B8B
73656536DB58E586D5EE610AB184525986D3C6D0BB149E8738F6A009ADEDD2DAE0DBAEFBB8AE765D
5CBDC4224628DF288F628017A29CE31C3123BD57BAB2D3ED744BB9AFF4D49626D45657864B550AA0
ED55FBFC01B7682C3A722859A4D1E5864B5D2B4EB896447B895ECE76841118DA5B6608C7CD8C67A9
FC6AE4A6D7521A6ADCFDA0A324972D67E66F2F2290C5086F9980CB00381D3FD9A0086EB4FB45FB54
D2DD8911E730C769B41468D428302A1C609DB9C8E3B9AE43E223DC69BA0E9F613402DADAEA7323A4
73B4B18C03F28C8047054E3A67A74AE920D7B45BCD41BC3961ABDE5B4A66754DF12C88F81F344A5C
1E07BFD01238A75A49672E8965A75DC11C8D73E44AFE7012C64310BF7493B0100003D4F19C13401C
4F80AD750935A9E4B75962D3C214967619442549527919230A73D45777006B3BE5865D425B9B2923
8C3ADDFEFE500390A729C056C83924927B706B425D3A3FB1C3A65A2C76B0CD2067B589D6329083F3
11B7A86E01FF007AA0B09AE525FB4BA69D3411E59258490B6D0ED2A194EDF98617900E46719C5004
290B41777504CAC4B4264F32EA402579A4DEA2359870B85E800380D5CE4FF102DAD7573616F0DDCB
6116C8629CCE41DEA301B000CAE48CE4E4F5C76AED1956189B623B23AA99FC80218CB3E49951BA96
CF18073C8FAD727A8783B4BBDD5DB5ABABD932E43CB6BE7468EF28059908E8A4285CFCDD89E3AD00
6F5C8495E5717371F7A3825FF4333B62125B2B8CF3BDBEF1079ED4CD360B859EE63335DCD1CD035C
C4B2CAF1104B0186272E99DAA4630397E3B086EA28E2BC91C5DDA476ED6B1A44E64370FE482CC300
F2C5CE7A13F7075AA68B33C56573AD6A598AF0A4B2C64A61CED0C91B938DA0FF00740C67927D4035
B4FC5BDC69B1AE435AEA1716600FF9E4CAEE07FE3A9F9575F5C55A165D52182467F31B58DDFBC20B
0C5986238E33938E2BB41400B4514D0CAC32A41E71C7AD0028A5A4A5A0028A29280168A28A0028A2
98AEB246191832919054E41A007D145140051451400514514005528FFE43371FF5C23FFD09EAED52
8C7FC4E6E0FF00D308BFF427A00E73C4516FBED6A2006E9B47122823A98D9C8FFD08552B8BC2D2DB
DB5B5FCF6EB23AC4CB6F1086088603A7CDD9B05173C83D302B7B56897FE120D38B0F96E6DEE2D0FA
1242B81F923573105C32787F4EBCFB0C932811DB5CC10D90769D022ABABE725BE71C11C7183DC800
CCF07E9FAEE836BAE2EA17EEDB6E12D944B2EE48E47C7CE59F191864F739E39AD3B697ED3A24297D
706E1A09CB65A413CB71B005431B6E28AD9203633939FEF56D2DCDD5C5AB4F777B05B5A6D703337E
F76EEF9F76DC2AB2000719C1EA6B18DC5A493E9B258DAC87CE9A4716D6372A88EF190C84AB803E65
60D8183923AF5001BF757963A7DEC9F6BBE8A2B99516004CA994450C439DE396F98F1CE7B0EB556C
E2274A32588862631858104019EDF79565460A0E0370CC4F4273D2B9D83C3FE2097C5B2CDABDCC71
696CA56D2CBCD4915CE095408D91B8633923F1AE8ADDAE2E26BBB9D484AE15DEDD6DE263B60C11B7
6AA7CCCC430248E83A714012E9BA83EA19964B6B8B2B72480ACEC67576CB6580CED423900E39C718
C554D323992E25BD9B54BCBE9228FF00D1C2C607262DCDB94FDDCE1480DB7A0EB924F39E399F5A92
25B985A56B304B485ED57CA8E40AAB94246EC64B004E39CFB56BE8A2E17C2D617571A73ADE17F32E
6D640C249A2551103B73CE14A64118383C739A00BC9E1EB21E21B7D4EDAC521D54C6EC64322E0165
03CD68C1E4E770C0C77E7A1A5BEF2DF515B2822B282C5945B98665311964DE49F2D09009036B6E1F
8673C49631C5E60B69EE47D9AE199628DC9D970B2207648C6470A7A1C1C038F5AF2AF1A6A17FA9F8
9EF6DEF0AC6F0B844456DE916D27A70303B938E6803D66295B4DB331CD7788A04F20DCC69958D146
D2400A763EE38C1C8C2E6B13C77ADEA5A6E8F697DA744E1E5CE2E92312ADBC63A303B7E52E08273C
6062AAF84BC473C9A3EED5ECEF6610C8545EC7048FB91482803282586EDC304FE75761D5EDA4B668
EF2DADEDA1690016D70248C4924830EC4E0EC5C171B70467A9140189E1EF10DF7882791F559ECD24
B1391249334026FDDC85471C0C1CB12304607A57453DDDC5BA5EDC4765B6C9D77B29BA8DD6528176
B3704FCE9B41C93903D79ACF8AC74CB2D21AD74A8A2293348B3837AE5488D83124B00A46C5C6E3C7
38E464D5E82582650AD04D359C329DB2DDF927CC0849CA13866F93F88E30ABC13CE4023D67508BC2
9E19B8963B99E4850EDB781255915838DCA738CA270C00CE31C567687AB69FE26B1FB4AC7F6668F6
5A1B69266FDECC0978B6CA082067380DEC076AD09B4D8B59B3D52C6F0DCBD8DD96956E23B1C96118
4036119EC1801B79CE47715159695A6F871574FB4B6FB22499FF0048FDECCF2CD0C81947978196DB
CF03D40E072013B417969A9431D8C76F2DCC5ADB9025263462D68598F1923AB1EF5D32CBE26FE2B2
D2BDB17727FF001BACBD3DBED9AA69D281FEBAEAEAF8E783B154C2BFF8EB21AEBA80318DEEAD05AD
C3DEDB59C6F80B6FE4CED26F76E00395181922AF4490E97A76DCE228232CCDDCE0649F73D4D3EEAC
ADAF9112EA049515B700E3201C75FD69B1D8C16D0CA96F0AAAB8398C93B49F4C7381F4A00892EA7D
966920459E6CB4A00384503271F89519F7CD535D4AF219D85DAA2614B084272C3200DADB883CB28E
40EBDAA7B1D2D209E59A486246741104562E02FA163D7E98C0C5591A7DA047430290E02B67278078
1EC3DBB5005737D748B731B410BDC451AB222C980CCD9C2E4F7E3F1CD470DFDDB3F947C9964760AA
42B47B0804B0653923036F3DF70E839AB834EB416E60102F965B711CE4B7F7B3D73C75EB4D3A559B
4423683700C5B2CC492718E49393F8D006749AE5CAC6C61B449BCB85A473BF683862AB8EB92DB490
3F5AB09A95CF9B24525B46252E891289091B882C431C70428C9C67DAAF1B2B720AF94A0164638E39
5236FE5814C7D3EDA457568FEFC9E6921883BB00641CE41E3B500513A95C496F7A8163578585B874
248695B18C7B0DCBF8E476E7561892DE08E28C6D48D4281E800AAC34AB3589A358B623307211994E
E1D0E41EBEFDFBD5B911258D91C65581047A8A00E7DB5CBF311963B288446292642F2104A291B4E3
1FC59E066AE45AB34F7A90C51C6D16F647612E4A15072718C63231D727AE302AF9B2B66EB021E107
4EC872BF91E6A1FECCB3DD2B8B75CCBBB71E7F8BAE3D09EE475A00CB4D7EF18237F6700AEB1C9969
B04077DAA08C753E9F9E293FB425B7BEBABD748FECCF70600C492EC91AB6EC7A00CAFC77FE7B46CA
DF71630A924AB64FAAFDDFCAA0FEC8B01B87D99769CFCB9381939381DB27938EBDE80339757D4922
924BAB386065804BE5BCBF7140CB162338E4E00C762734D6D67506589A2B6854BC48C5642721E46F
9138EF8EBF9F6E75AE34EB5BA9C4B3C7BCED0A4163B5803900AF43C9279E952259DBC6136C318D84
329DA38206D07EB8E33E940199A7EA571A8DEA4AA425A3C6CE88E84330C8C119E4F5CF030320726B
423FF90C5C7FD7BC5FFA149525BD95ADA1736F6F1445CE5B62819351C7FF00218B9FFAF78BFF0042
9280297896176D21AEA105A7B275BA882F5250E48FC5772FE35916925AC3AADEC1E579B1385BF865
8890EB03E5DB6E3E661E626768EBBC715D71018107904608AE1407D27CB224F2C69BBAC2E2400129
6EE55A2939EA06141FF811ED40153C75A92E99A21BC411EA5723117952DB12A0A92CEE4745E19464
60E7033E92F8375793C43A059EA9706D7EDB0A496D6F0B8F2D0B000B364671F285E80639EB9AD0B6
D263B796E26B5BED4EE05CDBBADB5A85D9E52061908CE3E5E481824647AE38C81A85869BA5EA7753
59EA9322CB34B7F692DBB189A5C86001230A07CA011D472474A00D5B3D12DADF55D4D6199EE23B7D
8C96925C148E16604938EFC1CEEE87A755CD739E2CF125E6916F67636A6CB3340C8970D6B2A48AB8
0A4A9C9C6477049C0CFA66FF0082F595F16469AD4DA7DBC17F0CFE44D2476FBC4AACA07D558018C9
C800F7CF1B31EA36FA8EAA6C0DBF968C8E92DD072AB1CB1B2AAA461C75F9FA8033EF400FB2D452E3
49B0B8917C898D9B793E632C972C4AAE193FBDEFC7271C53AD92DB52297F7266837B1135A897744E
7CB20F9C00C0EE39E3E51EB8AACFA8FF0068E9D2477F6D7903BC988F644AE913C72050118772EA30
1BBFB0ABB2B26A9792E9F736EFE44A5647568194B280C0A3107A6E4CEE39041C60F5A00A9A94A967
67F6BB421273E4DA4AB0127CA4246EF2176FCDF7BA81CE3D462B2B5C5F0EEA7A84AF3D8DBDD5C18C
35B88A50924FF29DAC1D5879818FCB8E48DA4D4F6B6B0C7A789ECF47013E60A2289E37747DD97523
254E4630AC484E71CA8ABDFD9D7CB14AEAD1DCDE3CC1AD8CB1AB4101DA3F7A9C96098C8C6793D803
9A004FB45BD9D85ADB99FF00B3A6302CB09DF20883BAE1815C9DAAB8E013806AB5C9B7D1435AC06F
C936F34CB04B73B54BAE542903A06F998608CE338CD58B59E4952C12D6EB75ACAAF34D0C76D19895
540CC785FBA5F7E7962734D94BDDD94B7D6571F668E7658EE2F2E218C89800006009E003F26381C9
3CF5A00CF9ACF4B58E792F23B77105B9128114AE4306DCCC030248289C1E7DB8635CF586B1E19D6B
594B7B482EED1DCCCE5E5768C4CBE5B2AC6A23279C719209C0C724E2BAFD3EDA6B599ED1AD206373
9949B569000EB8DB1BE32AAA087538246368C7AF11E1CF024D69AC3DE5EDC5B471DB4864B7314A25
5521895391F75772B65980E98A00E966B59C4B713417DABADC8992111D9DC090B398B925085C0CAE
D05B9E32714ED4756D76CE364BABBD3A7BD87CA9608D41470C415299CB7CD9C8230339E08ED6E536
975748229608AC2646BB9DA29A40ECE8C44987E095CBA81C608270071492BA6992436D3C49169F63
04371711C43CC7320244516EE0C84BFCDD0741FDEA009F47FED3B4D5248CE9893AE9D69159660B80
C49C6F27E70BC90538ADD6D7FC9FF8F9D2753840EA7C81201FF7ECB549A1DA4D6BA76FB9005DDCC8
D3CE3390198FDDFC0617F0AD4A00A335C4B24FF67B52A1C28779245242039C71C124E0F1918FD0C7
FDA2B616CBFDA73C714997F98F019149C377C71B7BF53F8532EB4C9679A629243E54EC18F9916E68
CED0B95E71D077E87D7A5491E95009CB4A892A2C2B044AE3255075E4FAFF004140134DA959DBC812
5B98D5CE30A4F393D063D7DA9E6F6D95CA3CF1AB071190580F988040FAF238ACE4D2AE4CD6CD2DC4
652DEE1A600212642430CB7A11BBB71FA6244D2145CA4D2147733B4D2B1CE58FF081E807CBF8A8A0
0D1F3A2CAFCEB9662A067A91D47E86AA417EA6D3ED57122246EE7CBED95C9C7D491CF15560B0BE58
5B7985658E17485958B0676392EDC0C7207033D4D25CE99787EC5F67288B0C26268C4B8033B7A36D
24F031D8FA11401A126A3671411CD25CC491C8328CCC00618ED561596450E8415201047208AC9B9D
3AE9D63587CA478D02C3346C633171CFCA3218700E0F1DBDEB5638D628D63450A8A000146001FD28
024A29296800A28A4A00296939A280168A28A002A9459FED9BAFFAE10FFE85255DAA517FC866EBFE
B843FCE4A00B9589AE594AB226A7670F9D3C4A639A0E0FDA203F793DC8EA3DF23F8AB6E8A00E2AD2
FADF4E104125DBCFE1DBC468AD9DFA46E481E548C464770A4918E41E40ABBF666962BAFB24D1A4D7
C89346914E4EC9102A37CDF74A8C2F6E790454BA86872C57535F69A89224E3377A74B8F2A73C7CC3
B2BE0633D0F7F5ACEB6B69D2CDA2D027252021869B7DB91ED9B2718208257FD96CA9EC7140115B24
3A1CE82E04914714B3476A6E2DC48F34DB7719598609C8DCA00EA3A9CF4D413D96F8217D420CFD99
66123B86F2CAE1B387070181CE59B381C74C866F87559D9610F6F796D2A5D7D8E46314A64C156CF5
0632A40CAE41E79A71D32C2F3435B1533DEDA5BBA946DC9219507545208E3195E71C6473401C5F84
BC277C7C453EB379796D3B1CCAA607130593702588E393F36319E73CF15D646F70F7A268F4AD4125
9DCBC7E62A8454DCA4EFC499CF5201C75E9C55F7476D55ACE182258E2F2E6924FB390022FDD8C107
E6604139E8060639AC9B3B7BA5D3EC8DD5E5EAAB466E678E3696372581C02C724B6E206CCA8EE071
4005BDDC50CE620D0C2433C96766C8825815090556362189906EC63800D0C8E86EEC3EC9672F9AC5
6D8C9853129C3245855380A55CF3C0207AD79FDDF83F5897C7735CC913FD885CAB4D7771370AA586
0077C65B055781D7A7AD7A013777373732DD0B086D395920328032DB59E297048326D04E40FC6803
84D5BC5775A46B2BA335824FA6C310B731DDC6E8F34642905867861C0DC173FCABB2B8FECFB7994D
F2CEC9F6791E3468C2BC232098D22541C1C9FDE0E7E5E0F7AA1AA786E3D5F52B3D7654DC2550E925
C831A211923CD4DA7036855C67E6F553D767CFB802D626B06B9659166589730B59C6A551080BB98A
B618E09C9190463380086785C4E25D359D967845C5C8FB430B58C3AE19B030DBBF8BD4927A1E4497
B67717F0C10DA792D1DD485585C44190050087C2E415FE20AC41CB6739E29D7769616B10D50B7C8A
669D64B69CC76EEEEC146E704B293F28C8E3AF6A82DCC972D20D1EDE4921569152E242CA172B8327
9C7EF1CF71E670A3A50059B2D56FDEE23107EFA5BA479C38CAC31A12AAACEAC4B2F0A7014E0F3EE4
5CD134E170E2ED8BC96CB21962924FBD7321183337B63851D873FDDC41A6D82DCAFD92DA412DA17D
D7F76802ACE40004498FE0E0038E30319249AEB0000000600E001400EA28A2800A28A2800A292968
00A28A4A005A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A4A005AA5163FB62EBFEB843FCE4ABB54A
1FF90CDDFF00D7087F9C9401728A28A005ACFBED2E0BE64958BC5731E7CB9E23B5D3E87B8F63907D
2B428A00E6EFAC2ECA28D42D9754890E527807957311F51C8C9F752A7D8D54B59D12E916D350B3BB
9D50A4706A117937014F550D80719C7050FB9AEBEA0B9B4B7BC84C3730473467AA48A187E468039F
6BA680209F4C9ECCC1162D4ADB19D227C104E6324918206081D2A8B0D26E66BF43A95A39BF9559E2
11912238081588DC080A558F6E4E735D00D0E38062C6EEEECD7B244E1907D15C301F801504F61AB4
802C9369B77183C0B8B52091EE43119FC050061CB0DB4B7BF614D51D639E612C886ED1250B1838C1
43B983FCBC9C9C0E79C5472E97712405E662D697291ADC98F0BB9318574321277AAF0C58648E8335
ADFD91A99DE1AD74168588020FB3B0E3D4B773EDB7F1A6C7E1A70432699E1FB6603AAD99939FFC77
14019D23595DDF32CCF1DF0590ACD04119952E01002C8C13761940DBF31033CF1C5596B896068D1F
ECF672AB1308957CDB8D9820288A33CE14E0124FB8CD6C2E8B248AAB79A8DCCA8BC08A122041F4D9
86C7B16357AD34FB3B04296B6D14218E5B628058FA93DCFBD0073B6DA1CB3C8674B554676DE6E2FB
12393FDE5886114FBF5F515AC341B5979BE696FCF7172C1933FEE0C2FE95AB450035555102A80AA0
6001C0029D451400B451450014514500145251400B45149400B45145001451450014514500145145
001451450015461FF90CDDFF00D7087F9C957AAA45FF00213B9FFAE71FF36A00FFD9}
li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Secretion may involve the
fusion of the vacuoles with the plasma}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {membrane followed by a discharge of the contents into the ex
tra cellular}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {space.
This process is called exocytosis.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\b {1.2.9 Lysosomes}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Lysosomes are single membrane vesicles, having intermedia
te size}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {between mic
rosomes and mitochondria. These are surrounded by a}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lipoprotein membrane (Fig.1.9). Lysosomes are
rich in many hydrolytic}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {enzymes such as phosphatase and ribonuclease and because of this,}\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {they are named as lysosomes
(Lyso means lytic action).}\par\pard\li946\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
cf0\par\pard\li946\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 1.9 A
schemmatic diagram of lysosome}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\b {Functions}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {The hydrolytic enzymes of lysosome completely destroy the foreign
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {materials like bac
teria. They also serve to digest cell components after}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cell death. Inside the macrophages these lys
osomes combine with}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{vecuole which has engulfed the foreign particles and form}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {phagolysosomes. Inside these phagolysoso
mes foreign particles are}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {degraded or killed. The pathogen engulfed lysosomes are destroyed}\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {by the reticulo endothelia
l system. Due to this action lysosomes are}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {called as \uc1\u8216XSuicidal Bags\uc1\u8217X.}\par\pard
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12}\p
ar\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;161;(0,706);(0,666);(0,640);(0,613);(13,586);(13,560)
;(13,533);(26,506);(40,480);(40,453);(53,426);(66,413);(80,386);(93,360);(106,33
3);(120,320);(133,293);(146,266);(173,253);(186,226);(213,200);(226,186);(253,16
0);(280,146);(293,133);(320,120);(346,106);(373,93);(386,80);(413,66);(440,53);(
466,40);(493,26);(520,26);(546,13);(573,13);(600,13);(626,0);(666,0);(693,0);(72
0,0);(746,0);(773,0);(800,0);(840,13);(866,13);(893,13);(920,26);(946,26);(973,4
0);(1000,53);(1026,66);(1040,80);(1066,93);(1093,106);(1120,120);(1133,133);(116
0,146);(1186,160);(1200,186);(1226,200);(1253,226);(1266,253);(1280,266);(1306,2
93);(1320,320);(1333,333);(1346,360);(1360,386);(1373,413);(1386,426);(1400,453)
;(1400,480);(1413,506);(1413,533);(1426,560);(1426,586);(1426,613);(1440,640);(1
440,666);(1440,706);(1440,733);(1440,760);(1426,786);(1426,813);(1426,840);(1413
,866);(1413,893);(1400,920);(1400,946);(1386,973);(1373,1000);(1360,1026);(1346,
1040);(1333,1066);(1320,1093);(1306,1106);(1280,1133);(1266,1160);(1253,1173);(1
226,1200);(1200,1213);(1186,1240);(1160,1253);(1133,1266);(1120,1293);(1093,1306
);(1066,1320);(1040,1333);(1026,1346);(1000,1346);(973,1360);(946,1373);(920,137
3);(893,1386);(866,1386);(840,1400);(800,1400);(773,1400);(746,1400);(720,1400);
(693,1400);(666,1400);(626,1400);(600,1400);(573,1386);(546,1386);(520,1373);(49
3,1373);(466,1360);(440,1346);(413,1346);(386,1333);(373,1320);(346,1306);(320,1
293);(293,1266);(280,1253);(253,1240);(226,1213);(213,1200);(186,1173);(173,1160
);(146,1133);(133,1106);(120,1093);(106,1066);(93,1040);(80,1026);(66,1000);(53,
973);(40,946);(40,920);(26,893);(13,866);(13,840);(13,813);(0,786);(0,760);(0,73
3);(0,706);}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;324;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;9;(0,13);(0,0);(13,0);(26,0);(26,13);(26,26);(13,26);
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}

824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}

824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}

824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}

824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}

824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}

824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}

824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}

824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}

824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}

824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}

824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}

824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}

824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(0,26);(0,13);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
{1.2.10 Peroxisomes}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {Peroxisomes are otherwise known as microbodies. They are single}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {- membrane vesicles of abou
t 0.5 mm in diameter. They contain catalase,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {D-amino acid oxidase, urate oxidase and other oxidativ
e enzymes.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Functi
ons}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Microbodi

es participate in the oxidation of certain nutrients.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hydrogen peroxide, the toxic reduction produc
t of oxygen is}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dec
omposed to form water in these organelles.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1.2.11 Cytop
lasm}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The intr
acellular cell content that posses both soluble and insoluble}\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {constituents is called cytoplasm.}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Cytosol}\b0 \par\par
d\li400\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The soluble liquid portio
n of the cytoplasm is}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {known as cytosol in which the organelles are bathed.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293
\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cytosol is also known as cell sap. Cell sap
contains}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {water, pr
oteins, lipids and numerous other solutes}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and is highly viscous (Fig.1.10).}\par\pard\li4173\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4173\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\b {Fig. 1.10 Cytoplasm}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\b {Functions}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Some important metabolic processes occur in the cytosol are}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {glycolysis, gluconeogenesis
, activation of amino acids and biosynthesis}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of fatty acids.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Plant Cells}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Plant cells have cell wall made up of cellulose and the
cytoplasm}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {consists
of big vacuoles and chloroplasts (Fig.1.11).}\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
3\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {13}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\shp
{\*\shpinst
\jpegblip
FFD8FFE000104A46494600010100000100010000FFDB004300080606070605080707070909080A0C
393D38323C2E333432FFDB0043010909090C0B0C180D0D1832211C21323232323232323232323232
3232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232FFC0
0011080101017A03012200021101031101FFC4001F00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090A0BFFC400B5100002010303020403050504040000017D010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191A1082342B1C11552D1F02433627282090A161718191A2526272829
2A3435363738393A434445464748494A535455565758595A636465666768696A737475767778797A
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090A0BFFC400B511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291A1B1C109233352F015
6272D10A162434E125F11718191A262728292A35363738393A434445464748494A53545556575859
5A636465666768696A737475767778797A82838485868788898A92939495969798999AA2A3A4A5A6
F2F3F4F5F6F7F8F9FAFFDA000C03010002110311003F00F7DDC7FBA7F4A327FBA68C1FEF1FD28233
C6E3CD0060C9A8CF75717296733196390C71451AA9048C64C848381BB238C1C0E3248AB516A326CF
33649335C48C6DE24C0F9060673E9DF27FBC07A55D4B448ED96DD0B2A2A6C183C818F5F5F7AADFD9
3088A04596E13C9431A957C12A71919F4F9474C1E281902EBF098126104BB64728858A282475E49C
75C8F7C7191CD4973AE5BDA093CE8A6568A3596450A094049EA41C0E87BFD334C8B4DB57B67B1827
B848A01E44880801811BB1D3D1BA8E7DEAE1D3E2208CB61A55948CF04A818FC3E55FCA81108D5E22
CC821B8DFB82AA1500B920918E78E013CE314EFED25242476F3C929CE6301415C1C1CE481FAF3DA9
D269B13B9759258E532F9DE629190DB76F70474E318A69D2A1C8DAF32F04315720B8C93CFE24FE74
015A3D6D16D9AE648E4656DD22222805631C64E481CE091EBDB38AB3FDA709BEFB2AAC8D20C6EC01
F2E46464673D3DB8EF519D0ED3F71B0BA793188948C13B0741920E3EA307DEA63A6C2D7293BBCAE6
362C819B2109041C7E6680201AE5A34A23459D9D99D576C44862A70707FAF4A47D7EC92DD6E0F9AD
1940EE55091183D377A1F6EB56D2C208D5422B2858842B863F2A7B7F8F5AACFA15948AC8CB2089B0
7CB1210A08000381DC055FA6280203AA9FED3999E2B84B6B78C072400A1980639E72481B7A7A9AB9
6DA9477734B14714CAD101BF7AE36920103EB83F877A5934CB793CFDDE67EFD95DF0E47CCB8C11CF
07E55E9E94B6961058492187CCCCCC19CB316CB6319C93E800FCA802E7E145183EB463DE80168A28
A004C514B45001498A5A2800C514514005145140051451400514514005252D140051451400514514
00514514005252D140051451400840CD1B47A529A419C73C1A00368F4A368F4A5A2801368F4A362F
A52D140051451400514557BA9248AD9E48A3F31D70760EAC33C81EF8CFE34011D9802E6FF1DE719F
FBF69572B0E0D47FD2AEFC844904CC5A06DD80EE234F973D8E39FC0FA56ADB5CC57518789B3D88E8
54FA11D8FB5004F494B450014514C7912242EEC155792CC7000A007D159AFABC7B4BC104F3C43ACA
9B153F02EC33F519147F6BAECDFF0063B9DB8CE7098FCF763F5A00D2A2B123D7D6E25D96D144CD9C
6D7BB8C337D0296CFE38AD1B4BB4BC87CC4574218AB23800AB03820D005AA2B27FB60158DC0B68D6
450C8B3DC04720F7C00697FB58F67D3FF1BC23FF0065A00D5A2B27FB42593959EDFDC431BCF8FC57
18FCA945FDC03C90DF5B49531F8F3401AB45649BF99BA5CDB29FEEA44F293F911FCAA3FB6DF19102
BEE058293F609001CFBB8FCE8036A8AA17B3CA24B782160AF33905C8CEC503248F53D073EBF85663
5ECA659765DCB1AAC8CA0CD3428090C41C7CA4E3208E6803A2A2B9C37119E5EEADCB1E0FFC4D587F
202A78A5936EE825B8651D5A2952741F5CFCC7F0140EC6E5158E2FAEBA79B91EA74F987F5A72EA72
2B2A192D9DDBA2B96859BD806CE7F3A046B515486A312F170925B1FF00A6A303FEFA195FD6ADAB2B
A86520A9E411C83400EAAB7171E43448ABB9E46C004E303F889F603F5C0EF4B7779058C0669E408A
3819EAC7B01EA7DBBD626A378905A3DCDF8D8CE85E488904C508E4AFD5880A7D49C0270280372DAE
92EE3DE818293F29618DC3FBC3DBDEAC571D6F7325BAB5CDC6E1A84EF1ACC91E0BB4846E48173D15
54E49FA9F5AE9ECBED7E466F4C5E731276C59DA83B0C9EBF5C0CFA5005AA28A2800A28A2800A28A2
800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800AC8D42D6E03FDA51DE5D992020024
8C77DA7A30E3EEB039F5AD7A280393B174BA92F00F2A6124BBE5B65E038DAB89623D8E79FAF70793
60031CD1C8B3992390ED82ED87CF1BE7FD5C9D323B73CE783CE0D386985BED53DB8DC4DCBB1809C6
4E7AA9EA8DEE383DFD6A05BB5093CB2A19A1084DDA95C3491F237EDFEFA952AC0751C8EC28036A1D
4E031B7DA648EDE58C7EF11DC0DBEF93D47BD56B8D5890BE40F2E36FBB2C8858BFFB918F99BEBC0E
FCD513791A32245A8D9DC953885258CC970A7D300824FB90081D7B9A6C8AECD2C9248558604B23CB
B403FDD2CBC93CFDD5C0ED9279A007CB36F3B67967121E8B2DD18DF1ED1C5D7F1E69BE467F7BE4C9
26DE4C86DF0EA7FDE9DBFA5247B90470C1F6858E47D804718B588B609F4320381D7A5650BDB8D49D
D748B1827B8B7BCFB3CE278D8BC6A3AB091C907DB23F0A066ADB3C57B7CB1C2F179C519C4B20FB43
9008CFCC0ED5EA3E504FE15146F6771B6E4FD9C07C32CABA3C8A4FBEE39FCE96E2D751D26CF54D6D
2EDEFEED602218259408A1031BB040009E33D074C5645968BA069D6705CCC621E4335D4AC2EC48AE
8FF2E7FDA553B7A8001CE33408D4D4751B781EDCDC5F5EBDA2482494CB64420D841001118C92DB78
19E335B3A74AD1432BCD0CCB24B279A57CA2701D8851C77002E7D3A9AE7ED6C748B283EC2D756EF2
416AD70679A6532A2072525DFB3BF1EC001C1ADA0F6C5ADA67B8B62F3B9B80E8376079446E0C3B60
7DE6E31C7A50056114D0CA8DE5CEA634313A2EF01C06CAB0281BB16E0FAD49E6DD30DAA6E235C723
1237EA631FCEA48E2B4961CC9E482E1011246ACEC926D0439524317DBD471F954316A96C75996CD7
79B9488DDADB189C4982001824EDCFDE18E9C8E9CD03B8DD92398D9ADD265971E5995449BB8CFCBB
A6F4E69D0CF2329687CF1B58A9D9E6900824118DAE07231C55D20C4D1A3C9E5BC506226651E53363
96DA0F1B40F51C36052012CB2C6ED3033481D5631888AC7BB970392580DBEDF4CD0172ABB5D3839F
B4315049FF005838FF00C707EB50AA95115CC900484E2432B2A8C275277799B871CE79FA55992E4B
FEF446A4184113C3293F286EEE4018C60E3AF5AAF28BA11C9E445046EAD2153120251DB2DBB2D803
2A707DCF5A43342EE64B8685AD268DA78A52103642B9284952474F94E73EB8ACEB79133E64524E82
66DE04525BBA92E4B7CAC792092D8CFE14F91D608A4DB2E7F763099720124B963B4FB761ED9E7157
2D8C9319278989DE24F9E26474241DAA32403900671D012464F14C362346B991330B5F10188241B7
C641E4700F3C63151CD6EACDE65CACEB2740D736D1C831F58FA7D49156FED11B34425552F18DC627
8897121DA030C678F9C8246473D7AD0E7CAC3793124AA30410D8323E3EEBE3A64E338FCA815CCF32
C4BC096DCE3FB9A94CBFA00702A5412C9096532BC2DC1F2675B943F5DE3711EC39AB611377EE964C
310AAF1B90C7CB2786DC79E411DF39E7D6A9CB1224D34F34338C22E642DB2453C96E5002C0023A13
D3007A8171B13ED90470B00FD92090C4E07B4327CBF8D39152490A4690BCDD59416B69B1EBC7DEFA
F029C22924B5DAF7697291A66437300F289048383D41C83D49C0A63DBC3716EB0DCFEED6421A2F35
BCF889C8C156383E9C71ED40132C6617332594A922A93E75EDC86118EF83B988F7E9F5AC7B86FB6D
F5A46643756AAE6EAEEE88C2486204AA20FEE8620F19FA939ABABA61B497CCFB3DBB36E18170C5A3
639006D66CB2367B1C8EC2A5BAB85BF47011E2905BDC42F13E372B7CB8E9EBB720F7140751FA6DA1
7D59E699416B68940F412C99690FEA83D856FD65DA4C897974C58049238EE371200E46DFFD90559F
B6ABF1046F3FA320C2FF00DF4783F8668116EAA6A1731DAD8CF348E51510B12BC1E9EB4BE5DD4BF7
A54857D231B8FE67FC2ABB58B196345E6DC3091B7CACCCEE3A0E7A0C807AF6E9401990F9A90C7143
7371319A3F2A495A467532311CA13FDD1BCF1C6073CD6B26A366AE90248724F9680236188EC0F7C7
7C74EF524B6CF2DDC136F1B63571B7DCE307EA06E1F8D54834B9E2780B5D2B0B788C51011600071C
9E796E3E9EC2802C0D5AD7C99272CEB0A26F323210A47B1239A44D5ACA494471CC598B05E236C024
640271C6474CF5ED50C7A51048768D622E8DE4C6B84F949238EC7383F853C699B981793399249188
1824B02A3F2538A00962D4ED6695234972EE4EC1B48DE0771EA3DC7152CD7B6B6E713DC451F19FDE
305E3F1AA76DA74F15DC13C972AE2185A15458F680095E7A9E7E5FA7B0A4BAD2CDCCB73236C2D385
8B27AAC3C6E5FA9CB73EE3D2802DFDBECF648E2EA22B1E0390E085FAD3D6EADD9559678CAB0254EE
1822B32E74CB96944B0346A4499099DA0285DAA33838C7CC7A77A24D25E446E230E90F950F248427
EF360F7CF4CE7A75E680350DD4019C19A3CA2EE61B8703D7E94D82E526B7595B09900904F2B9EC7D
EB32E34A6F2DA2B68A2587CA58954B11F296CB83C67901467F1A5FEC969A42648A28A3764F322889
00AA6E239E39DC41FA0C5006B19A25C6645193B4648E4D345C424022542186E0770E47AD62DE68B2
BC1756F691C11A4AA42392731E4E48031C6589391D3D38152DCE93F68694F92817624112F1848FF8
980ECDC903E8280355AE20495226963591F9542C016FA0EF53573F65A7DDA5C279D101B252C5F0A1
4804E31C924853819C003B66BA0A0028A28A0028A28A00A7A77FA998FACF27FE846B2A4448FC46FD
3CA9015914F4F99096FC311A7E75A9A711F66918FF00CF79BFF4635618CDF5E311C2DD1DA0F60AE3
9FA1F2E35FA17A002D6498585BC93B98EE5ADD7739E4C116073FEFB91D3D7D76F2EFB326C692E6DD
0450289A28B829185624825BE50F9C12D9CF5F424CD10FB448AEDE601201704C6B920B6445C7A2AA
E79E338351DD6AF6F69A825A17F2EEA7B566B6B6950FEF5CF2490A4F3918C100F5C1EB40187AE4B6
9702E9355D2B54FB2DACEA7CD8D48376F9F948D9818E833D718E78A86F2F2F75496FB4FB5226B349
96D9ED34F91A09E36CFCEE5987CC074CF439E715A17302416365AAF8AEE12D2E2D59A73159CD200C
E70338CE7D060700F7C1AB6EFA95C1D96914767A54B6AD2A4D6AEAD3B391C003A12473C7E74009A5
693168FE1FB8D3F5AD46376BC660C0ED8FE5236850075381EE49ACC697C0B6B0FC96BE7246E34F39
47386273E5FCFDBBE3A55FB6D16C608EC12F447777D659BA4BCC1791D4119760B8249E83EF74EE6A
FC85667685154DEEE927861654040CFCB2326EE79180C79C9E40E680316FB53F0D2A6AC25F0FCB21
D39122BB0224C856E807CDF30FD2ABDEDB4D0EA30CFA169B7B677C6C8017570A66863B7CFDDC649D
DD3E41CFB574B0FDBD351B82B286B6690F9098208600EEF3371C919FBBB78E9DAACC6E3E54759CC5
0AA49B5F7B481989C6707E6C7A7340040D3AA988CC1AE7CD5123265C28033CAF1B3728E9CE09EF49
0C31322CD2470C89215DCAE9B761DC5C1F9B9FBC5783D0F4A67EF23B568A565DA2E1325629000721
98E7774EBCF4078E7A544D7B6B6C6D52E2686292EE5322473B6D695460EE6DCB90CA3071C6300668
01B2453B5D412C5750C42395D67800555BD90AE073924743C7278F6AB6D12BB928D6AD26EF3BCB04
80C3202B13EC171E84D633F8931A35C5D259EA50C76523AE4C46432C6AA46F0C43061DF9619C7271
D6FF009BF6ED3E28CC32C51CE11A181A209852B92AC0E464727181C80281897004CD23392C819D81
08EE54ECDBC63EE9E7B039E7BD39D48909752194124ED693236853B476E4F4C73E9DEA0B69CB0902
CE0104CB1B79C244518C73C866058BF078E3B6054B1C8048B02808BC322798502B60ED03006E076B
123271E95258E743142A13CC3E51213F7442A10BB40DA31B979CE3FF00AD89E3849640B671B3845F
25DC1014263863CE0E59B181D2AAA34129572CEF1F96AF1BC62462792C7E7FE21903E5F4F6356237
323A79DF6712348A0959DB2AC23DC308C386E4FCBE9C9CF4A689931934324965344B772C7B91AD9E
589DDDE36270ACB9079F9B927A7D053A08DB4DB4F2649AE18C70888DCCB28720283890AFA9248E9D
B9E2A632BC88AFE64CB1EC8C6F92305650CC33F28E43718E4003774E2ABF969B638E048D9D95A258
D223091103800B7550B8EA3AF614C92D4B23492C7206895958C4A258896DF91CE41E0100FE87DAB3
A7B2B492FAD35178EE0BDBC4638266988010801998B7461B8F5E4E2B4A3D3A71248F25EBAB484332
C11AA02718EA4163DBBD364D3DE2324EB792B3140A5668D5C10327180013D4F7CD0067B1D47FB655
5BC96B511958C1656B989F8195278C6DC31CE4F3F414B7115DC9AA94CC66D0C1266495B7C8C76AF2
918E0AFA82339CE3AF2D7D45D0CE9343700CC3188ED9D7CC3B48F9188186E070C78EC6A948C9A3F8
764B2845F69B6EA8CB0CF279798CF24F2CDCE4E4F6F6C71401A734A9670CAB7815F4C206E129DC62
53D18E79DB9F5E463D3A5096DAF06A71CB25CA2ADA1052641B9E485F2A3713C654E4E79E39EE730D
A6A26CD74CB636F7B7B24D06F4B9E1C4A0292C6470CD91F31214679C0F4AB50F9C2D9524B2811216
368CA642A3CB72368C05E060A7EB4144D6B6705B4B04922995ED6436CC6525B0A71B081D01FB8380
3A9AE92B998D6FAE18C52BC11B4F1B5ACADCB1DE99C1ED824166FCAB52D1AFEE6D92469EDD1F9570
21270C0E08FBDEA0D02669515545BDC9FBF7AE3FEB9A28FE60D37EC521043EA172C0FF00B83F928A
045BDC3A5568AE4CB793C417E488282DCE7710491F96D3F8D362B258E457DF3B329C8DD3B91D3D33
8350DB26A10330682D995E52ECE266CE09E38DBD40C0EBDA802CBDEDAC7298A4B989640012A58020
7F92294DDDBAC9E599A30F923058672064FE9CD662E9B77E7DA3C82DD9609DA53C925CB061BB38E0
FCDD3A7BF029B2692A96C2731446E4B19262CC42B82C199738E9C606474E3A13401A7F6FB4F2CC9F
6987CB00316DE3006719CFA54C668846243228538C36460D7371D8EA136CBC8D22533C924AE83AAE
42AA3027BED53C91C16E95AF716B20D0DED628D7CC5836A221C0C81C019EDC77A00B26F2DD7CD2D3
2288880E58E02D2B5CC0B1348668C227DE62C001F8D67BD9DE168A40B0B48CC5E40E4E11F00291C7
CDB40231C64F3C541069D71696B6517D963B8F2632AE8EE002FC7CFEFD0FB8CD006D09A22C5448A4
8C6467A67A524B3C70C324AED84452CC7D0564B59DE013471451228732A30230C42E235DBD80C2FF
00DF3EFC3458C99568ECDE3467459033297700EE2CC73CF61D49C67E9401B1149BE342E0248CA094
CE4838A9323D6B160B3BAFED937171023ED77293703087A0CF249C1C6381D4F26B6F140051451400
5145140051451401865C2E91244CDB44D753464E7185F31CB1F6F9431AAA19DB94F966915801D0AB
C98DBF4291AE4FB53262D340D0A217C7DAD8A2F24FEFB69C7A9DA5FF003A489C5CC2D29F3143B957
F311958195C023047056318F6A009D6645DFB1DBCBB846658A39563611A85557C92081852723FBD5
856DACDE588D6269165D6F51D3E5F284915B84112310700753C93C0CF0BD40E6B6AE66BD8F4B696D
218E489B002DECCA6268D9892C1BAF42060F038001ABE05B88983B0655FDDCEB75840E09DBBC8C72
4EDC03C03401936DA6CB0CFAADDB5D5CDDCF70514C6EBE6440024041F2F1FED01F77F5AB36FF0068
8ED925BA8AD61BC8E3124B1C1B51226C1E598E4856555538048C558D523BC8F4E94DB08C5D088B06
24880386041201DD93EC0FBFBE6DDDEB5A4B169323DBAEA9240D3C31C50BAA4D39CE5BE56FBB9CE4
375EBDA8025B78EF347D1AEA3B5BE1793D9E42FDAA6454C1DADF363EEE14E00240C7B114EBC6B5D3
1E2BABC48A2B92B15AC334D2282EFD7EF96DCCB9EA0F3C6706A0FB0BDC5DD83EAFAE449A8DB36F10
412054DCC02E0A93965CF4C8CE4F53505F5B7F66DCC90B4EFAD6AB33BDE5A59DD4AAA9191FDC07D3
3C0C9FC3AD00492BEA1A9694B23A5BE8D1FDA99A592E5C4A2488939033D03FE181D299706079B535
FF0084B23B79A744762AA14DBC6BD36F3C29C9E4E7AD52D52DEC65D42EA0D545DEB3A8490C32AE96
A31E573C9461818C9C9E7B739E2B46CA5D3B5092F2E56D37A5C4A6DAE8DEDB90F380547CA0755507
1F7474C93C1340081D4BDD241E22D305B5D5B8F2205D8A213C9322839DD9273CF1505BC96105B59D
DE1FC417AB20852EA28098E3763CB640200C8C92327E82A5D5EFB47D193ED9243179F6D184658962
3711C05C05454191B0E71D8E3DE9D67AB690B7977A5DA4905ADAD9C3E61110DB1344CB923208C3E7
9C8EDEF9C004B3693AADE48C358D54887ED61A38ACD0AC6F08192927A03839C9C76CF22B45E66575
548E44902A91E6172E81D8839C06071818E481DF039A476223120584AC91ACB20DA151CEDC012336
4807E5C1C646DE69B25D8779CA5E0579118A451967270BF78AED254651FA707DCD004714ACFB642F
E6233864465CA637800EE0BD71D07E7EB4E62CE3648D295398CA6D60763719247F1641391D07E751
C8D2279B26D11856740486C024021B2DB703B606793D78A69280025631B983202859E43B4700E7E7
3B430C8FE9526972CDA8924462629F7BB8CAEFD840DDCE0F1C018E9D6A549A3771B2F250D2104AF9
004AA58E57236FCA300AFCC3A77CD5788DBB94803C11982411233B1594609665C0C6D1B50118E08E
A3149047756C2E5A2B9BED412E1DA58CE5022ABA9DA031E8176F6FEF0E0D510D92CB33298E5DB701
C9050865F3393BBCB7047CA09C2F1938EE319AD2B4B6F214BBB6F9E43991FD4FA0F6159FA62FDA67
490BA4A20400CAAA4798C4704E7249098E7BEE35B54088DE448C6E7608B9032C71CD4954B50D32D3
548521BD8BCD8D2412052481B8743C55DA008E58A39A268E450E8DC107906B06F20580CD6D724347
3C4543BA06DE01C812360E028CE49EA0E7A835D1551D4E069AD0B46BBA584F9883AEE38395FC4123
F1A00CF9208640228846B1C08844503B4691306058E47CA3031C632467B1A6342924D3DBAE40BA85
C070CCC3392CA4311C9C3B1E3206303A55B49DD963613DCB44B1072440184EB81C8C0E09CF4E0F1C
0C554BA436B24770F25CB8B668C0320F94A853B9C81C0F95DB9C0E57140D08F3EE56BA03696812EC
28EBBE338907D76955AD5B43B2EEEA11F74B09540E8030FF00E2958FE359773696D24AD15C431C91
437618238CFCB28C1FFC7D89FC2934ED3AC84968AD6B16E36EF1C9C0E5E3655FE65A8067454554FE
CDB30302DD07D0527F65D9FF00CF1C7D188FEB408B94553FECCB5EBB1FFEFE37F8D3534CB58E7595
23937AF20F9AC474F4CF34007F684426118490A17F2FCC03E50DE9FD3EBC54B7490184BDCC68F1C7
F39DEA0E31DEA85B457B1DA25B2DBC71B46857CD739123638200E793C9CFEBD6AB5A69F3AC322C96
BB19F62485B682E370DC4E09CE46793C9F4140CDA82E16732284653190AC1B1C120363F222A45911
D37AB065E790722AAD940D142FE647891A5918F427058E3F4C0ACAB7D3AFCBC2B38DB13AC91CA818
108BB81E3D4B7CD9F407DB904740082010720F208AAE97B149746DD776F05874E0E02E7FF4203EB5
916F05F36A16D24B1DCC718DE671E77C85BF840507851C8ED9E339E6AC6970CCB71BE682442D006F
9B1F2BB33338FAF2BF95006CD149B47BFE668C0A005A2930296800A28A2800A28A2800A4C75E6968
A00C4934AD3EC9BEDB25CCD6C559C891EE480A5DB27A9C609E71D296E22DD0C57035292440E04721
788052C76EE076E09E7001EB9F5AADAACD245717575104F3E25F261690642111B484E3DF8155EE10
4522EF9E0864174D0BC8C0225C298C90241D0FCCCABEBE9D6802FCEF3DA5BC9359D95BCF791444CB
6E9265D8939003B6303258F23E829C1AE22B58DAEA1C300992B321790671862401DF3C1EBD2A6425
917CCB4924F2C10A12308BB49DBB70CDCE00CF3C11C8F4ACE6BDB79643E52ABDB459883C560EC150
15CA87E98F9587CA08E87F879002E3528AD350B3B38C91797504B22ADAC65D198E3E6EB8EBDDBF31
9AC7B8BDBED2EDADED4C971A9EA9266DE5BF863522DCE376D03D738F73DF3802AAC9A45D68F65A8C
962CEBA629864D3EDED6E143CD18E5C1660490739C1278E95BD61A7DA6917135C436B0C1A85E6669
8124A40B8E7BFD7818C9F403800A3A3E8D7165E4EA1AA848DFC886311850D3C8EA7710C54E1BE6E7
0064E393D6A196E24BF9CEBB733FF645BDB492DBCED75021661F70221EA39C9C83C938C102AD9126
BC65FB15E29D366B61BF534765951F772A9D028C01D3A77CD32F66D0351D3D74BFED9B677B79B6B2
DE2891A476071F21C6E24B6411DFA64500672DDCDA118F48D2EC6E2D11668ADC5CDE0791E7460CC4
4654300460F5E013D8D5EB3F0ECF6DA4C46FE7B9B5B6025F36C639FCF32994E0A9661D3B6074C939
EF59D14EA267B3D36E2E22B9962916E759BA8D44F88B6AF08DB7839DB9F5F7E6B67C3B6B757DA66A
56F7AF24D63780981648CA322B020A9C939206D39E99CE28029595C5DC5079DA5E8965A7DBDB4E20
69AF5B731B7518F315F3CA8E98C91E86A4BFB4D6FC41689A7EAB67A6C71B5F05756908796152092A
0670481D339C554D361BBF0FEA5A66990E82F6BA508F373785C96571963F32B1C2160383D73CD5DB
2F1269F7B65048D7125A2EA13490416F70855E797383B997240C15008C11DC9E280368C71D959B41
0496E8D6EC8A229D94EE8F244699FE104F009C91EE69CF72CB78CD16FB9943E1151801B7203AE070
4AE3ABE3938CD3E5965491D26B9F299B24A2C664017B6D6C0E70AC7BE09EFC6574F993EDD7293945
B9242A02E189403D7D73938ED9A008E392E9AE123F2C8B88A2011AE9B0EEA586F6F901427017A77E
B806A9DF5C4714681AD2E6F639A48C488B16E964C82BBD90E3CB036839E01AB5AB4A67BBB682DE48
C4B1C9925A629CED38518E49C65B1E8B4C0AD6F23158E61E5939DE0042001B97241761F333000751
8E281D8AB05D5AC57BAAC51246B7BB62FB5CB0E62F36460026D6638E9C7D6AF5F3412CF24724CACA
1B6933E36270A5A30010492A19B3CE39FA554B1B6BC8B4ED9792FCF1B18F16D0C91A084E0A88D57F
887CA37638E454DE54D7574239DA42D29313AE1D576A8F9D829620AB61003D46E3CF3401A9A6232D
846EE3124BFBD707B1639C7E19C7E15768A28105145140051451401882DCDA5E2DB905A377061266
750AA0962A00E0904E71C6471FC3559D53C82CE90A868012CFE6E41DC7682C7059496FB8718E7AD6
E5DDB0BAB768C92ADD51C7546EC6B1ED9AE6745014C722EF20195D9524058719037124B7CA5B0005
2281A1997FB1481DB74AD62CA5BD5E12467F36CD5A8580BE555FBAB7ACA3E8D0973FF8F1AA7034D7
7A543716B0F9AFBAE22754756C025BBE707E655E86A5856586683CF5449E5B85758430660A230849
FF00EB640F5A019D051514B710C03334D1A0F57602AA7F6C59B31589A49883826185E41F9818A046
851541AF6761F269D7241FE266451FFA167F4A75BCD70448D751470A28CA959CB923DF818FD6802C
09A2264C4887CA387E7EE9C679F4E0834E465750CA72AC0107DAB9D8FE568A32A54EA68247072369
CEE707D0EC6DBF85584BF9A412B4523C8626924745C1202E42C7D382719F5FCC5006ED470CC9710A
4B19CA380CA718C8AC392E43DA381A8C931902C4EC028452EC1720E3823278CFD79A77DBA66D67EC
71C8618E270BB36A9DEBB41CF738E71C600C124F6A00DEA2B9F4D465F21A61742490C2EEF1617109
E300E3918E41C9EC4F6A967BA79124F2AE9BC92151260990C41CB72BD3238C8E841C73401B74553B
1FF8F2849F310B28256472CCA4F3824F27AF7AB5C7F7A801D4537FE054BC7AD002D145140051589A
D4C50C51B24B2C6A1A69844D83B5477E471920E075C743504B6CF0F916EB0C8E92CA6730D9C9B022
050300EE5E37153C63273C5007454573378B1B5D47662DE465F2D5556525A3491C9E5CE48246381C
F2DC75CD7430C66285232E5F6A81B9B927DFEB401CFEA44EEBF51D44AEC07FDBB28FEB4334A6F5D9
377CA6E4B6C19700320CA8E72DE949723CE96EDFBBACCA7EBB9235FF00D00D25C4D0C333DC4D2344
8BF683B81701489131B8AF217E43ED8A00B5A9F9F0E9572E8B2349024CC934AE038CA920A05EBD48
C1C1E2B562582DACD163D91DBC7180A460055038FC2B0ADF525F32D7CFB19D2267C5BCB731648053
A03966DC79FBC0641C75EA45A45925AB333EE822DA4C724B26C038243459DAA71DB181E940181746
34D5743BBBCB28469EB2DC5CC57324B878C166750A99E41010F438CE38A89AF96FF51B2D4E7D1EE2
FAD2691459DCC2E401348486DC07CC1542AAE48C7CB9C735D1EAFA469B7D6AD05CDAB4CB11DA8EA4
2BC484027CB2393CA8F7EB53BDE5A588B896EAF6DE28A105249DE4C308CF2801C01D491DCFBE6803
9A967B8D52DE083578ACF4BD2E64303E9B2CE609237DDF2E0AF50543100803DBBD2AE9B0DF4365AB
5FDA45A1C10C85DE36092BDC6D5DB1B67190546483C9F6EF526A9AB436905D6A9AA5DDBEA3650CE1
B4CB754527728C6F27BE0EEE7F1EE2B92D4DB52D5E49F51D45DDE0825652518016F265408C1070D9
52B8C7F7C92783900DAB6F12E9F6422B5D174A95D61C4714D266694AE46E0A3920E4F4E99EBB6A7B
3BBF13DEC0D7B3EA76905AACA5662E244680638040C066E9C0CF27AD62F848C56FA818F509658351
BC57433F9CEBE7A020E0391F2E586DC8F4C7CADC1EDDE69AF1ED2E6669E311A2C73471331525986D
C75CA9C60B36081820AF3400C86F67D3A358E6BBBB69E24C4A2528598F3891872123215DB9607031
CF4A6DD5EE952C70DEEA62CBCD8D8325D4040647E0128CC3E7018E09E99E08CF15359A5E40A624D3
278DD70F24115D03BF852A5A46FE2F970541C1DD93C1CD676B3A9DAE99E623CF224AF1362394A392
EA33BD9D4390DB5BE518FE1F4A00885B6B5A06972DD69327F6CF9F782E1A69AE08089CE72A318EBC
F24772062B5E1D6B4ED60EA31D94BF69FB1173349232AA2B1071D46180DA465BA63A9AC3D15AE6CE
ECDB457C45C33AC8BE61491719036FEEDB24316032C3E5C13562FE1FECCBCB7BFB2BB874BD126F32
5D41162018BE30572075EB81D8E719C81401B52DC436E5951E2565215025CA2A3ECC70C3184CB3ED
3B413C8A961B4925BA48C0F2047B847F2E446A870A55496193B9BE6C024718150D8EAB61AA157B5D
4E56B792212C5B301C92CC0E4633C614608EFCE6934DBE10DF984452B32B491148ED4C439C30EB80
49019BFE0540C9E0511E4CDB627495E3F3D5514424B82796C9FDE6578C1FE556B4B8364F33792909
8D447E5AB1608C7E76C1EF9DCBF95651BB0B7171742DFECEF34ACAF24B3471890282BB0B0DC46305
B231F5AD1D2D2F8DA315F263DD2BFCCECF292012A3FBB9E14739E68036EB3ECAD2F60BFBD9AE6F7C
F82660618760022007233DE9E6DAEDC8F32FB6E391E4C417FF00422D9A5FB086FF005B737321F5F3
4A7FE838A045CAAF25F5A44DB64BA811BD1A400D33FB36CFF8ADD243EB2FCE7F339A9E38A38976C6
8A8A3B2800500573A841FC2267F4290BB03F8818A3ED7337DCB1B83E858A01FF00A166AE557BB49E
4B3992D64114EC8446EC3215B1C123BD0047E66A0DD2DEDD3DCCC49FCB6FF5AC396DEE5351BA89AE
E1B6538BA33A5B8FDDB11B73B99881C291D39C9E95BF671DC45650C775389AE15409240A1439EE71
DAB33538A33AADAB3EE0CC8543AED057E655EADD3EF91C73E940D1534AD319A79DA5BCBD3BF0EC12
60103F2197E4E010CA781D3D73565ADB49B3919FCA7983C4F2C923CCD2E426339DC4E7EF74AA72C5
3B048DDA462D1BDBEF281007D8589C649CEE8F764F67EA6A5205C6131B5263903B049A3391FF007F
06680B1BB05A5AC203416D1459E7E4400D58AAD6137DA2C2DE63D64895CFE20559A0414514500145
53BCBD16888562799A4708A9195C93F891DB2688AF04F145246BF7D886562014C7073EE08C5005CA
2A85F6A30DA5AF9827837310A9B9C0049207E5CE6AD09E2233E62900819C8EA7A7F3A0093007E34B
4DDEBCE1871D79A62DC42F1EF59A32BD3706045004B4530BA28CB3003DCD286539C1071D6801D451
450014514500402DA3133CC33BDD42B1C9E40CE3F99AADFD8F6BFBB0A67411C6225093BAE14741C1
AD0A2802AB59C0CAE0A921DD646F98F2CB8C1FFC74531F4BD3E477924B2B7776396668C124D5DA43
D0D0072306996322C47EC36C5A616CDFEA97A97691BF4E2AAC9A5D8CA2364B58BCC2905C796B1280
E4CA5CA9E38CF0B9E9EBC56ADA10A966FD956D58FD19593F99A6DAFCB0A15214FD961576DC5094DA
EBB720123E603A608EB9E304021BF8B4FB936CABA525BA2CA2591E6B758C9087714507963C738E31
939A7AC7671C30DD4D6964E4C65959608C024AE78C124FDC2703B1EF8ABB1869EE92191919D9F122
AE09D884B0C9C927EF20E7A8E70334BE524F34F6B1808973331765183B1400DCFAEF247E24F5A00C
F6B5B05550DA7C6D1A83681F6A3AAEE2373167F4231839CE3A7355B50B38AE6FD34C7B6B0B8D1A5B
53713DC109BD3690780BD148C60FB939E2B42E77417A47DB1D208E428AAE4BB13847C0C83B8E7803
A8DC71C8C56559DAA0D43C497260992468E2B792492453E760105828E178C71FA0A00C36DDAB6A77
B7B0C72456B660C50C36B0AC9E532B000B46AC189E491918C839DC00CA5FCF1DA8BDBC9EE34EB431
EE194182C708004DA14EFDC7E627380D8239C52E9DA19F0FE99772DCC291CB2C9F68124EC257854E
DC6F8C1196DD8E7A06E4E2A6F154371A88B4852D4C93CD248D13CF11791408E262F12741D1B82739
E87A8A00A1E148D2DAC97509B5749E67698F99397F22301D81239FDE6776769EB9C9E5715D524932
6C304FE65D41080D2476243C29B53E431A9E771504023A671D2A3D48258D95C25BCB2AC76B23EF16
96A04716497DC09E038E9B86719E4735C4DFF8A755BB91ACECA77892360AB0C44968973852CD9C9C
12A0927A9F5C6003B26BBB1D06095E6B9489123092E6E248C79AAAB90A31B98F110F9989DA7038C8
3C5DD6FD4B507B0F3A592D1AE018ADC400BAB9C862138DA397C0271C8C138C51FDAD7327EE9EEEFE
F089995A38D990A9DA46E031C1DAD919E3F2AE97FB3B419B4D92DE1B492DE6753E5496968C926581
0C46491B029C609C1C363A8A00AB65A26A3672CA896B6724266F3258DA006E183651B82BF2A92AF8
C6787EB804D6BDADAD9DAC7134B6B135B5C868E7DD1A932A91F7810483801D8918C020638E32BC3F
AEDFC928D2754B6BD201DCB3CB116190E8AADB595882A4718C027AE4F35ACD756EE1A6DF7312B39C
87323808245CC8E7EE8C88D863D38C8391400FB1FED7D3F559FED7736C6CEDE4115A4714417647B4
162718E36956C02795E31525E9D4ACB599E73756ED22A79A42C32124EC28A026F23AB632393C7D2B
22E974792F744D4357371E75BC6F6E01061DCC08DA0A9EAC41E9BBEB9AB325F5B5D6A23ED05559A3
44966F2CB330428CCBB719C651BFEFAE2819A9696DA8C290F97A9471F98EE87CAB7C02AAA4172189
F9B701927BFB715B7A6437834CB5CDC460989588F24E72464FF17BD73116B764FA7BCB15C1CAC2D1
AF96461495CE181E46E66CE47655AEB5353D3511505F5B0000001940E28064DE55DE39B98F3EA22F
FEBD022BAEF743F0887F8D37FB534FFF009FEB5FFBFCBFE347F6A69FFF003FF6DFF7F97FC6810F30
DC11FF001F447D105316DAE41CB5FC847A79683FA52FF6958FFCFEDBFF00DFD14E17D66DF76EA03F
4905001F679BFE7EE4FC153FC2A3369393C6A1381E9B23FF00E26A717301E44D19FF00810A70910F
4607F1A00ABF62B8C92753BA23D36C5FFC45656AF6F240D6D3497F2B26E6462E23014637673B0FF7
3F3AE8770F5AA9A946D2D8C9B06644C4883A6594861FCA8039F92CE4B77B48CEA92AB348A005B648
CB383E5B3F2A7236B2800E78E7247482D2DA6315A0FED0B9DCD05963E58FFBCEDFDDEC013FCF352B
5F233E9FF664DF1C923484E1C966588EDC971CF063E7B9CD496716238013854961018724A1B7D83F
F1F6340CD0D26D263A4DAB0D46E515A30C0058F804640FB9E957BEC73FFD04AEBFEF98BFF88A6E92
DBF49B3CFDE10AA91E84000FEB5745022AFD8E6FFA085CFE51FF00F1349159BC537986F2E64C7547
2B83F9015728A00C99E49DB52F96D656F29088F3C2166EAC4F60071EBC9E2A09B4DB830C8A177B2A
800120093738797E9BB18AD833462E1612E048CA582F7206013FA8A21992742E87203153C6390483
FA8A00CE4B46796D9BEC490C6256964404121B6ED07D3A7A77C7BD5268EF24B86B358115FCC92E5A
5660431C9F2B81CF5D9D71F738CD742402083C83C62A0B45B6547FB32222EF21B6AE3241C1FD4628
032174F7FB3B2FD85D2378C44F1AC8A246EA4B139C139F53C8CE7AE2963D3EEC0859ADA1970642C9
295539240466DA304850471EBF8D6FD4692A48EEAAC0B21C301D8E01FE44500613E81E6C25274123
B6C877671B2251DBD09F9B91C8DDED514DA75CC721F274F46B7964919E11B4E080AA848240618563
827AB0CF4AE9A8A00A7A742F6F63142E9B762850A4E48007193DCFD38AB581FDDA751400981E94B4
51400514514005145068039A8FF7714499E556188FD629F6FF0033557CF582E43E242C22C02B9040
324807214E0E768C64673DF18AB51FCE4B9E8CF0B8FA3DCB37F415491BECF7FA734ABB9552342A10
9C3A33ABB16CF001607DE80362C4A35DDB18C82BF67948236FF7D7FBA00E31FE34FD2FE6955CF536
B1C9F8BB3B37EA2AA5BA0B3F144AB985566DE5502E1D8B056DC4F719471D38F5A9519A1B4917EEC8
74F0A3D8C7B81FD585003ED519845220769261E732C99F2F05F775C101806E00C138E781C60E969F
67B6BF94E966CDAEF5101E08A5F38B90779727FDA5E303802B7763C4D20C47085C29D9BF0A0E541C
F01D8ED518E0AFAFAF2D609676DE13B9486C6E21B5B4BE63E4DFC64BB02B8C9039396638C50058B5
89E068E3B588437729DD12190C8241E5AE3E643CC68B95C9072C109393535C4B2DBDADE2142AB245
197597CC696490A20C170465CAAE362F07B91BAABB5C40AF1DABB59159B69F2ED67C1B8611ECD823
2711A0DA4E723941C134EBCD3E3B8D30453CB248A91C769143C88F718C600947254B2A157EA0F07E
F628029EA53DAEB5E19BC7B29A5F2C3453244F3972620C57EE02405C8C01D7239E4579CDB48A92CB
F6ABA97648C4B488ACA111BEF28C6039391C6067D7815AFA635D585D23AF9AC2F005B9B77D8A6425
57E554C8E776F00B2E00258106B56F7C2EF3CAE9657F691A4A849812E32622376E192A3805586E3D
76F3D720039CDE648591DA511B27961639D63746C95DC429E547CA307A9E2BD0341B130787EDED9C
A199A22644FB42271F39505083BFEF2F0DF29CE7B738FA2784EC84AB7D77A9DBDC28F9A448940126
1C01863B414C91D3AF6CE78EBAF6EE70CD199A212281210F0801555581E19711A332021998E7D471
40193ADC9FD9E24D752217463995E474BA590EC566C200172391D390393C95CD509754F105CD92DE
5B69F14768C11E1F3499AE00DA00DBBF392C188DC179E41C1E4DAD7B508356D3EF2D2DFC99A7876C
8585B4630E3B64B72CA164CE077C0238CDE5D3A6F23309BC479141658E22047BB3965041DEA5DB25
188E3268033F57BDB4934DB5BAD6ACEE2576D49552196328CB318D76EE0319008EDC1F7AD38E564D
7E40851A70EEE23DD8E0C8514F7C025C8CE0F4AA7E5EA4D3696B6F24D7104D23CB3CC62587ECF0E0
2A374CA9DA9FA7BD5A92CB526D48C6248CB369824E508712EE2C060118395CE7D7B50366BAC4AB6D
696F122986278D11D588214322E1D70324857E7A605747CD72D1A5E3DDD9482EE02CCC0884C382C9
B5B6B336E62DF749073DF9E6B7BCCD447FCBBDB37BF9EC3FF653408B7CD18AC4D5AD2EF56D2E7B19
6131A4A002F6D71861C83C12A2AE433DC430A4474EBB6DAA06E2F1927FF1EE4D005FDA3D298D1447
EF4687EA01A83EDCC3EFD9DCA7FC0437FE824D27F6841DE2B9FF00C0693FC28025FB25B375B688FD
50530E9D627AD9DB9FFB643FC2906A568465A6D9FF005D14A7F3C51FDA7A7938FB75B67D3CD5FF00
1A00A11DB46DAC4D6CDA1C096A91065BA2A987627EEE31FAD5D3A569C7AD85B7FDF95FF0AB097304
9F7268DFFDD606A4CD0071F169B6A86387EC31796B786301E251C2963F2E072368E493D68B6D36CB
ECF028B5843347643FD58073BB737E94FBEB629A9DC5C0D9B9A29DA12C49657F95303D01DCBC0EA7
AD682A2C77D1A20C28BD11AFD16DCFF5CD0325D2B4DB33608FF6741BD9DC638E0B123A7B11578E9B
6A7F81C7D2461FD69348FF0090358FFD7BC7FF00A08AB9408A434BB65FBA6E07B0B9907FECD4834F
B78E447F32E0329C80D732104FD0B7357A8C5007397F2BC77F1DFC7FEB1A436716412304373EC378
19F65A962BAF29A6B3B7B8FDEA916F045C12B8033230FC49E78381DCD69CF7D6F6F208E4930DC670
A485CF4248E83DCD490CA93493055C18DF6127B9C03FD7140188BA8B2DBC9706FD9A5851DCDB0552
0019C06E320F439240CF4E2A0FB74914CB6715DBC6B18458997611364025F072CDCE461475CE4FA7
500518A00C337EED74EAB7444AB3ED36C003B6307966E32323241E07DD1F58ADB558E1822944B191
344F71B4104C8E5B845F523A63E95D162A16789668E238DEC0B28C7618CFF31401910DDDC4DA9C50
FDB030030444148257EFEF046E5E7A1071D2B73F1A8E33BF2DB0A9C91F30C1383FCBBD4981400B8F
7A4C7BD1814B8140098F7A5A314500145145001494B450073582B0164E42C7B87FDB39894FC0F34D
B88567BB7431C52445A6CA4AC54125900C119C1DE3F9D4D0FF00C7BA83FC315A86F6C4AD9FE54825
68651222CEECC643E5C2AA4BE256DC3E6E00CB0C9C8C7AD0055D48CA93433B6C13C20C7248D20425
A306440323187E723207BF1576565921F394E21249271C88A51839F421F93E80552BA46C46F6725B
B00A3CA0A54248146E511819C8C07E49F50383C476174F2D96E5857F7C1D82CA490CC7FD7C78C961
CEE383CE41ED8A00D084E4A958EDE331312CA30121258E71C03BD8330246403FAE0DA08F4FD7E7D3
2E24D4E54D5213233DC0252D864AC4BBB2707A8FAEDEF5B5693CC62DCC772AB04943382B8C802524
673F28FA06073DC8A3ADDA5F5F699756115CCF6735D2A2ACA402CC463E53823733286CED38017DE8
038DD7AD1ECA59EDD408CB18E268628090C4EF3838DA0E3AAFF75554F735674AD7E1B7D3EE089ED1
D615925B76520042E24F95847C8DC11491CE188EF815B066B6D6E2BAD0A3B863AD58C61127994066
6DA70A58646F539208CE08C8CFCD5896DA26A9A3DEDACC90C77A96EC1910B08E56752CBE5EF61F33
6DE4A93C8518F5201269FACC71B4D34B76F7324ACB16618977A45CA86DAC3748EDE5AE430E8F9071
9ACCD7BC526EAC5F4CB14B8B16958E443727CB0992BB76B05DAA5581C9C01C77AEAF459EC75AFF00
4A8AD244F291E28E0B88C3285DDF2C987396656400E0F52076E229FC3D637B134FA9DB214B798CB2
985374CBBDCC80320036E328495DC4F2327AD0065F87BC476B71771DB59DBFD956104EF694460040
5A318381828EE32C0938C9E466BA2BCFB0D9D86E91A2586DB222995966319C05CA1CAE30B8665239
2DC67BF177DA1A4FA95C8B312182C6DC33CAD1084493202711260ED042B9E9807A7539ECAD9BFB4B
4448AE6333433408177F993A38C646D501771F90312DC8C904F6A00CFF000BDC3DE5A1BA924B99E1
BB9C3C31DD179F0824C6CCAF421B6B676E3040CFDEAD6165717B6E6092431BCAA180657F9C1540EC
C4B0270A18659579230335CBC7E10D4E3D75FF00B0B59D8FBB12C90C4B1A44985C7393C10700724E
DC935BAB686CC45A35B417BA9FF692C82F3536270E557A17EC3B75F6049CD005AB182F2E35A9191E
DA4D22458E1B68C31DE8815B24F1C865DDC67F887422B451FCCF1CC83CA41E5C017CD27E63C676E3
1D3E7CE7F0A93C37A35BE930982DE178E287E545762CC0B00C73EFCA8E38E38A6696167F10DCDC86
81DB0E0941F3A8DCAABB8FA61323EBEF400964D32DEDB5B0398A1BC954EEC92B846DAA3A71B7078C
D7495850B4ADABDBF07C96966901DA3191B97AE7D3B63F1ADEA0028A28A00A3A95BDEDCC312D8DEF
D95D6556763187DCA3AAE0F4CFAD5EA28A0029080782334B450040F676D27DFB789FFDE8C1A89B4A
D3C8C1B1B7FC2202AE521A00E32E2C6D05FCED1ADC80A1E4622670802C91E42F3C1C2938157869F1
0BB8D44970A63D41B27CF738DD1311D4F5F980A614F37740CE54CF34EAA18A60A3971C639C6ED9D7
BE31564CDE74325C630AEB6B767D8EE19FD1050513E936727F63D9EDBEB94C428081B0E080011CA9
ABBF64B81D3509C9FF0069233FC945374EF912E203FF002CA771F831DE3F46157A824A7E4DF8FBB7
7111FEDC049FD18523AEA0ABFEB6D9FF00ED932FFECC6AED14018F6EB3452CB0CB68D219A5DED283
F215C01CE4E7200C631CF1EF8816CA7B764BA0B70D2F9934CE825246086DA9B738EEBF88ADFA2803
9FFB3DE5AAC42E2EEF2E4322890C4A73BD47418E80E7393E839A468759900FF4A685FF00731FCB18
6048019D893DB923803902BA0A5A00E75DF518A3D8D2DE3313298CC7102CC7710A09DB8518E72719
CF5E29F6D6F76D7115CDC1B96956CD1B682154C8725D71DBA2715BF4500602C3A9AC885EE661B5E1
8F6AA821C000BB9EBC1CB0E31D2B7A968A004A5A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A00E7AE418D6ED
41E523B804FBE5645FD18D1711A89E44668D55677542F2141F32A3F51FED9ABF71A7B5C4B365C22C
991C0C9E536FF9FA525DDBA4024BBDE720EF21A3320FE11C28E49C2E063B9EF40159D638FCC92551
B194961300BFBB0CC183B74D803E40EB55AEA231CAAC5124BCC1923C4403965DB965F98ED8CED504
75E6A5878CEF22372E10B3B0DCB26D2AAD2E1807DC0A6171C7F24DA64B86638370CE809285D15D58
AEE087047CBC6E1C7A67B8036DF6D9EAB1BC4920B568D5720A88F63B12BC75CEE38F4C1AB17564B6
51E6DD5961C9F923628065B711C10064FF0011E47D0F114F6E8FA2DA33468E624F270D93C9F93B73
D71D3D6A6B5D511AD0C5751CF232AED2CB033798303A803E53C8C82060FB50063EA7A649AB5BC902
5F3DA5D3481E5B9B688ABBAA939CC79C81940031DC7D383517DBE4116A371AC5A4B65656D20892FE
5600CE98C067438C8E71C0CF381839AD28D63302F9D32F9C628E501499CBBECE095E72014C80A792
33D6A6B8B3B6D49AE21BA863BB8D650B2473727675E840C00D9C119CE3AF5A00AF1C26F20DF062E6
26E0496863751818FBB27DDC3056C02791CD615FE8515F4E9F6980DBDAA30DF146A41906E3953214
5DAB8E7018F39C7AD6C0F0EE9D73ADBEBBBE58C4B6FE5443286145CF0E3A8C9CE45573A5F88B4C83
5568755469A79CFF00665B75445E4853B81C71D8606475E6801CB1C3610B5B58B727737D9ED37149
0E4B1DC305A3C9240209FC8629D24735B5F092422D126C8412CA0C8E4B6ED9B46E69141DC7008E18
8C62A0B95F10BA6885756824192DA9A211921480E23D8371C1247B1C558BCD3F447D76CE3B88235D
56DDDA7B524606D2400ED820360E0609C9C500554B4D4AF2EE7B41A78FEC17B670648E755779002B
8C03804630171B47E157F4BB08749D1A1D36CA593ECF1EE58B7C8D970CA5C1E8373641E14818CD3A
68669218A1B5D44C1752B8952470ACFB71F349B1F0471F2E3071C71D4D116AD6F2C7742CAE63964B
67C398BAEFDA7F79274183E80751D7D002E4D25DC5E7ED91624998141B479A4ED190A09EBC1FBDD0
FA8A4F2DA155588F93E56216998796A509C00339DCC30B83D093C1EA2A4BFB3B6B5D324923402E54
66298E37B4BDB27B927F0C7B5676A114571A73DB5ACEF12885D15E0450E2320EC09C00138277647D
D1CF34017ACD4C77166DF668A146DC80212497DBDF2A0F44C67BD6E57376CA2CA0842DD497290BA9
591C16DCA0042C5B247DC719E9921881D6BA4A0028A2B2F5AD72CF41B68A7BDF336CB208D446BB8E
4D006A5145140053242CB1B151B980240E9934FA28029E9B35DDC69D0CB7D6C2DAE59732421810A7
EB56C9C0C9ED4B54B5373F636850E249FF007498EB93D48FA0C9FC28030E132086D0EE467778647C
7550CC080416E0F2E720738A749816970ABD3ECD78A07B24981F966AD1767B9B2B72265DB234F22C
E0028A1738C8E0856741C13D3A9ACE92657B5655204935B481173825AE64CA8FAF1CFA0E6828E82D
78D42F1474608E7EA463F928ABD5434F3E64F7D2F5533EC53ECAAAA7FF001E0D57E82428A28A0028
A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A00CABDBA905C4D109CDB
C1042B34B22A86720EEE0707FB87B13E9552DEE4B4B2476CD791DC20244574432CA4632339241E47
71D73822A6D62DE4694F9470D7303C1F5700B27E1C3FE750C322497F1DCAF0924DE693FEC9807FF1
22802282455668E04F2E1684BC1BAE3CB047CAC000A3007CD825BE6FA8ABAEBB9C99622F21B80B18
99011804303903381B4904F7EB59D1D919F497B679923592CC09648625DD11089B4B72497032463B
7A6065D045A6E93F66D312E944E17CA8A399C3C93ED1BD4B903200258E38EBF41401A0C47FC23F78
7FB9E7907D0AB37F5155248985CAE164FDDBF908C80B18C64156CEECECC8C3E7A91CE00A088E491A
556B8789E512B82ACB17F07F0FDE3C3678E320EEA8A578D448C23F3232AD2AEE5508A18B1569718C
A939C0E78C93CF2002D25DA247FBEB8D9323050897287E5254938E060720719C7D6A40F1DC4DB629
62BB6511B348C54050AE4FF0F39EE0118E3EB55B31C36B11F32F650CC53ECF0EC88A360B1185DBCF
1D3273DB39A967802C76D7293BCF6AEC8A37B6590390032375072475278A00B092068E69400D9027
692284132AE4ED5DBCB13B428CE39EDE828CB73A9DB6A934D77F63874CF2D489D66DACCFE670A777
006DE0FAF63E961654F2FCDBCBBF272DB5DD4040C6362092DD81F427D8557B0D1ECACB4F4D2E5B54
96D6265729E4BB8323393BB71CE403D7D3B9C5004F77F699E585AD6FAE218D2E4B4C05B07DCA0853
18E32013CE7938C9CE2A1D4E1B9B686D1ADADE0799488774B392AA85C7F78FCCFC2919079FD5F1EA
36C360697CF94175985B167E0F7223046785EB8C0279F58D2EA6DE1934E9F6AED5CA01BB6296C64E
FDCDC11C11D73EB4011DDD9C305E1D7A7B396E6E6DA3251A0977384C371B78054819C7272C454BA7
EE96C12F45B4F1ACCA6691272215DFDDD80DC70C09382481B4703AD436B71697B79145021696048C
4805B088C6DF3AE76B6194E32472703A0E79B25BF711DCAC56EC14891A4C893F78A0A105BB1CE06E
00F43914011C5011E41B569E56460A92075938C105883F2AAED65601704F4C7632056373BA479223
91BA369D00C12DB495191800631D0F7C91C5192E64BA9C9B64324692189FED4B81E6E4820041990E
D38C6400072720E0D434F7B982D9350B2B49A2B660F144F13C28A40E3E6567007B30C5005E8A5492
34B791E38F70103AE7702485DC1B6FCAAFC8C73DFA569E9B71F69B28D8B8775CA3B2904160704FD0
F5FA564C734F7533AC66EADE618DC23641E5A10F8F9589523A7CCBD4E3FBA453ADEEE1B4BB794174
8E53FBD85F60318017E6017B0DC01CF23E82803A0A63C692637A86DA411B867069F4500155350D46
D34AB43737B3AC308214BB74C93C55BA82EACEDAF61F2AEADE29E2C83B2540C33F434012AB0750CA
72A46411D0D3A900C0A5A002B02E5DEEAEAE1FC96922894C69FBB2C38EA463193BC0046470BEF5AD
77702DE02E14BB9E1107576EC2B16D2DDCDB85D85A690195918B4526E523070491F7B71CF00F1C1A
004B95B78E6B6924BD16E543C514EB70A5186017DCAFD7E618C0C9181C8A96DF492D8781AC210E30
D3DA5BED765FF65B276FEB51C53CBF6899A131BBA98ED629321F2771676E31CED2188F515563371E
4DC4C8C91CFE4F9D0C96EBE5972CCCB1875E558B60751C5033A6B7823B581218576A28C01D7F3FF1
A9E9067033D7BD2D020A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2
800A28A28033F539442F6B21E91BBC87F08DFF00C6B1E285E3325B91968E17518EE44310FF00D99A
B5F538FCC36CBD9DDA327D018DC7F3C5675BCC44D04CC3869219491FDD923F2C7FE3CA2802787CA4
B8B725226497CB649180C83E5B0F94819CE0753C60E01ED513436F746D2E6482391ADCC26092404B
A92C54E2452771E071D3D783C36242B0FD98655D5960FDDFC8DE5A49C65FD3630F97AF5C75AACC34
CD0B4DB78775C456AECB6CAE3719A404BF0F91B946E2C7239F4C5004CD6F1C8F09DF1A45F32BB473
997F76B90EB961C0E101C6093D7A5223DCAB24B2CB19B820292701416C3793263A75F95BFC7E6B13
EFB99843388C48D1A4256362570E4B48012067E44A814234D2796229E632C8A70C0ACE849631B67A
301D33C71C1C16A008D4057411A6FB724C66DCE44CA4024478FF0064E18364607B60D3184D6D0ADB
3DD23BA379F2C2A9958DC7CD966EE3386DA0649E4601C0B1144C8A14FF00AF03CB9675077E396584
3804E00E0B75FC4F147518E48ED8082230CB338F252390A281D3703D416DE10938E79C71401627D4
96DCC56F6CB234D12ED918CC0A039C90E003B98819C282DCFF000839A6C76CD7617ED129757CC82D
E2518218E73E58254024E72E5B3FECD594B0B0D344169BE24E33725484C2E0E3A7DD524631DFBE79
AA7AADF3DBAB7D8D945B30431884040DB80C739193839C6738FE1C7340134B710410451F951DC4CF
21508C4C8912ED66191F741DABD3207BE2B226BEB87966B50B0920878985B2B92B81EC011D7A76E8
C715622B6536B6C16E37C56E02062E0A03B4AE32A305B9CE14139EADD296E3ED1992DB6BCECCB182
C81D482C47CACA77313804E19B80471DE800BD8E1BAD3E39E778E5B8B7843C850862B1B0DB321CE7
EEAB6413CFEB9D7BFB99ECD6E2752166540B1C68A18921885576EC1CB2F000239E4D653594B1C173
6B2732DD66D8292491E6045C756C61119B009C0AB7A8C9241A7DB3A2C42059212160DA621B59485D
DD49054F380307A64500450DA48C16CD0DDB2A902DEE10109B829DCCE4742CFBB2460907AFADDB58
5E1BF885D6A71C5316C8B5F3D9988E703E6739FF00BE7E86A8C31CCF61612F9B14725EC424482132
C654EDDC429DE572338E4007F4A9E40B133B5DC8E55B63B6FE33F312EC50741B76A8CF39031CF340
0D9ADE2975C86258524822F3936984C815184791C741CB8EF8E98ED56CB3C2AC0B111B2A300C0C61
C67E5CE500527E656079C01D2B23C84B682F7514B6B98DB633C76F148EAD19425B0E15FE666CEE03
1DCE6AD240B2C247DA67B533B09123B8C4888640005911B07736E60541233C939A00D3B5BC5B32C9
B66FB128C892485D7CA1923072395E3A8E8319E306B61595D03290548C823A1AE61ADEFBCC2EF269
E6446F30CD3C4498D4336CC3743C6EE3AAE7BD24126A56B1A4A91448F2B10B0C248121C927F75205
DA71CF0C33D4E6803AAA2B1EDB5A76F316EAC2E22789B63B46BE6AE700F44C9EE3A8A99B5DD3A35D
D25C797ED22329FC88A00D2A64922451B3BB05451924F402A843ABC57A8CF62BE7AA92A5C90AAA47
5CE791F95569835C798F3B2491A84D9B262815988E87B9C1186CF5E001400C79E4BBBE460DB14131
AA1F94AEECFCC18F1BC056F979207A64D38802D53CD78A356390241858DCB9D8DB4F249623B819E9
51EA0D746D2FA1B59E24BB0AA04A70122762DF3606581E475EBDBBD55861BA8B4DB78EEB50F32F9A
316F2B46E300A821DD9B009C025B9E8703BD031CBBFECE1E3C7992ABCE0A8C7CF2111C47DBE5CD5B
863492EE34451B0DC1007A4710DA07E1273559275CCB782326388091630393F2ED8A31EE725B1D41
65ABDA4C2DE6E58EE16D188378E8D27590FE781F5068066C5145140828A28A002939CFB52D140051
4514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514014B54E2CB777596361F83A9FE95
8D38096B391FC30DD301FF005CE5053F2CD6C6A2772C11777990FE0A771FD16B1A62CC6D213854BA
B5995D9BFE59BCC432E7DB2187D714013CC99B9BE623F77E780CCC0BA29DB1107CBFE239EFDBAD57
B6BAB8BAD4678A5B2335B05CC139923637913751D06506FCFE033926AC27992DC34A2267954ABCD6
A48574900DBBD4F46047AF071D73C52433248C116E3E62144C0B14941C60E1491E5AF0A7E5CE7D3B
900496392D655695E28886478A6443E52B0528508FE118F538C9F6AA46674995E3681429C8916E03
0CE36E43385076AB3703239C939C0377CAF3A52A42210E18468F1904EE0C768E980C376E2371E7A7
14A83090F9D713A92808779F191851F2AB0E7E62A32E01C9EB8E280228E05B7DC6E63F320550EC76
08C145DD8DFBC7CC7259882C71807BD45A93CAB716F2B632CC419087081C15218E72150B2443AFF1
13EB560DBC56B24537901248F1B118EC48D9B81923B9E410B9049191D0D3FCBF36066F25F63601DE
8E58803AC99C16255B1B48233EB401004B8BDB87B8852D0DCEE62C03049621801549218A9FBC0E07
A60F7A73D824E92C96CAE085113C3BD91A201718E0E4F6E3214F5EF93427124316E8890908D91B4C
1A52CC1B690AD1E190F4F978E7803033524D67732DD9C10D240E14491C970485E0E09DC3079FBBB8
FAD0050135E69E6DEDAED1A29115A2FB4344C084508142919009DC49208C9E377157AD52186D2D63
4B2DD7E0072EC80C9BB3D5573C0CF7242FB9A6410DC4D7578DE6CAEF14AA9188A02A5F3106DACF92
EA41233961E9DEB652CADEDAE0A0872ED2068E277502438425C7725719CB739CFA8A00A114915A5C
D95C5E4AD14B3CA23B7563825989DC082325B8193803180303ACDA859A5FDB08924121281E1944E3
32B20DCA420C230DC790703FA2DA9BB96D924BEB4F226562AA81C5C981CB611BA13921B939C003B0
A5D3AE2EA7B733DDC11DA38730C8B2CC67FE26017820672CBCF3C71F400CB1A7DE5AA416BE5205B5
004714576408D18F046D42E17E5239E833CF15756182D5ADAEAF6E11505C2F97B591216254907E63
966ED9639CF20019ABD13A3B431178CC6A636587600558292102E014FBA181639ED552FEC1277B55
92D000D2472AC9244AEE92E0AE59B2416036F623E5C64F14012466FE7BBDEF1C488A418E5DAACE25
656189141E0282A3E5604FAE0D2C7771F9CCF15C30561E6616777046E665FBCB850C03E4E78C003B
50AB1DC4EF13EC0EF231559250CF1B8556CECE5490769C738EBED52CD05C5CCB1C9B7F72EE1B32A8
62ABB07387C6CCE1948193F3678A0092140330A2C888A760861882A441903739E1B9E723B9C7AD45
35BC93C4DE45ACB1CD2C2559E50082ECA06E914361F01403D7D0719A90432BC28E06E9194AA070B2
3C0589DC49DD82A32A303B0EF4D7489376E290448E228DF06358422F1F2B70DC92010318C7A50045
6F70FE75BE99752AFF00692DAAB30B6948C27019B180BF79703BE3A639A92DE48EF85C4B0CB3C934
24C4D189D0F94ED82DC8CE0AEEC60F4DBC0EE611358C91EC5974E8808046A90B2CAA4E4F1B700903
82318CE4F155E26B6D3B536648E1892E5DDC33DB3C6039605B2C464B327BE3E5E98A00D0B8B0B5BD
95D9A204B2790931B70CC091BB7027208FC319AAD0D93049D27592CE36B8F2A1F22E78893002301D
012DDB0719A93FD1D6231C0C6E1440F1229B42CB83D172A00DA318C7A77A9277548DC35A0B78A452
AEB34C9123F039F97273818FA5004525BDC34B2AA6A773145249E4EE38762707A657E5E7BF20D54D
97B797654CB66E5A430908A70554EE90E73D09D8A78EBC5586B99AE656759DCABA85F2AC83484F27
A4870AB9F5C03EF55EF164B7D3EF56D422DE2DB98C088E52D23009C67BB77F5271D866818FB69AE6
49A0796D51D19A4BC26397258676A70C071B48239FE1ABFA4DD343A55A896D2E50B4619982860588
C938524F524D457AA218B5448C0558B4F48D00E3070FFF00D8D6DA00A8AAA3000000F6A0456FED4B
307124DE57FD76531FFE84054F14F0CE37432A48BEA8C08A96ABCB63693B665B68646F578C1A00B1
4552FECCB61FEAC4B10F48E6741F9038A63E9F71FF002C753BA8FD148461FAAE7F5A00BF9E7183F5
AC65D4E61A95E6F19B75455811472EE18AB7EB85FC335A889308155E556900C17D9804FD3359FF00
D8A37467ED0C0A4062040C1DC7F8FF00DEE5BF3A0086D75109A6C7717F348CEAA6E0F968480849DB
C01D307BF3C66A6B1BF856DA1498CCB33E19C3C6E36B31E8723819C819C7B549269A4C73AA3A2F98
11506DE15171F2F5E47DEFCE91AC6769E50648FC8926599B03E6380A02FD32A0E7D38F7A007DCEAB
0456D7322927C9563B8A90848E31BBA673C536DF52B44B34DF3B1F2C888B48AC0B36D073C8C9E39C
FA734D834F9C5BC56F3CB1343114C2AA11BB6F3939EF90A7F0F7A61D3EEA39A49229222F3021A47C
E63249E5477E368C1C7DD14016E4D4ECE299627B841236D0A3A93B8E0545737F1EF5B6B7987DA1DC
22F19C7396FA903271F9D476DA4A5BC91B8DA36BEE381CB00BB507D02E3F1E6A04D36FB6C08CF0AA
C3034685492779006FCE3AE3771EFD4F600D06D42D0A909750EFF2C38F981E0F43F4E47D686D42DA
164866B98CCD95420752C47A7AF7C54234A821302DBC491C4857785E32172547FDF441FC2A18B4FB
B5B9B4791E2315BB3B6141CBB1046F3EFC9E3DCF3401B145267DA8CFB5002D14514005433DC476C8
1A46C64E000092C7D00EE689D4BC12280492A40018A93F88E9F5AC58923B56767682DAE24CEE5476
B89C8F6279EDD3045004B74E5DDDAE888D8C654A83930C448CE71D59880001F8670735DE3965337D
BA7102DC8016DE287CD94460700F078E493853827AD3F288E42A888C6DBB2E491193FC4DFDE73D81
C91FCEDDBE9DBD59A432A2B73B44843B1FEF3B0C1CFB0E07F200CBF2E38A2489AFAE195010A75156
89BAF016601483F9922A60924E81585DCDB7A00D6F2AFD416E4FD4D6A1D2E1EA92DCC6DD88B87207
FC04920FE5503692C48E6CDC0E866B30CDF98207E940144D992A43417053BEFB7B7910FD55393F85
36299606D915C7967B2C3388DBFEFCCBC2FE1575B49653E62C3A7B38E9E5C0616FFBEC1247E54C2B
7A8BB3171E5E31B278D661F810C09FAB73401496E1620556EA345DC4EC92F638D812727845C13939
E4D061924026585E41BB72CCD1248D9C83F2BC6DC0E07F0D6801A8ED036DCA28E02C2B0A0C7D096F
E754DECA432B3BD80663D5A6B28DD8FE28E3F95002334C83CD9C344A4150F249E4020924A9725A4E
BE807E54696D0DEDE38C5C052B2432C324F23A820272BBB1C1571D40F6EE4BE18A547260D3E3B794
F05A1B501C8FF798803F1CD68E9FA79B691E7970656E072588F525BB9381CFA0007028032AE60F27
ED312CB2999EE8842848DABE5A31385C0242A60139E719EA692DE749EDD27568561619064D55C9C7
BE3233EC09AD092CCDEBDE08DC2C91DC8652C3233E52A9047704122A286CAEEDC2288E40A802AF97
2A3E00E832E80FEB401007B6476649AC816C64AEA2E09FF1AB311918662FB4B8EE60B84907E6F52A
DBEA4D9259BDB74E01FC8478FE751C967396CBDAA4ADDD9E28E403E9F70D00298EE0F0D16A0FE81A
68D00FC50834816E10908B720F710DCAC847E1274FC2A236DBCED4B48A43DD7EC24607D5D80FCA9C
D6731500D846C0740D6F1903F2714011CD24CAE05CCAF18E71F6ABB4888FA08FAFE269AB6F13FCCC
44DFDD75B2793FF1E62DFA1A9E0B4BE527C9892D97B8454881FCBCCCFE9530B0BA93FD63853DC99D
D81FF80AEC140EE3F4D802191BCBC11C296B7119C7A71D4554D764920733C281A68AD6568FE5DC54
EE4E40C1F7EC6B46CAC05A1760C997C6E11C41067D7D4FE24D3AE6C22B995252F2A48A0AAB472153
8FA743F8D023023BCBE703F7D752AFB6718FAA41515E2CF25BE520B9F3508923265B93C8FC3B8E3B
75AE8069887FD65C5D49F599947FE3B8A70D26C87DC84A1F58E4653F9834AC3B9851DCFDA628E458
242AC030CBDCCBC63D3681566082656DD0DBBA67F8EDED1223FF00911893F954F69A7C10DDDC5A6F
B80A0F9B10171201B5BA8EBEB9FC08ABDFD97667EFC025F79897FF00D0B34C2E635C5B5CDC382EDA
A803AA87B719FAE307F5A748D28D3A5B0852206489D122688C27241E99CAB1FA115AFF00D97A7E30
6C6DB1E9E4AFF8557B8B210C47CA0D241D5E0624F1EA87A823D3A7A60F3405CA770EB3ACAEDBE286
F2216F2961CC12630323FE058FAE3B1CD6A585CB5C5B9122EC9E36D92A7F75801D3D88208F6359D8
2C581C4C4C5CE791750FFF001401FF0021B864529B497CEDE5CC215656273E6C073B5F3DCAE4E4FB
37A8A00E828A3AD140828A28A0028A6B12071FCB358916A73C9720A4F118C48FBE3D87E48D491BCB
678CE3238E7F33401BB45637F6AAA5E209E6C2ADB895C246D8C31E09E380369E4E3AD5D5D42D8BC8
BE70CC6096241000079E7A1C1EBE9DE802E51541755B52AC4B3A05C7DF898139E980473D0F4A7C9A
9D9451ABC973122B2EE059B008F5A00B945535D4AC9A27945D4251480CC1C601EDCD2B6A5668A8EF
7502ABE76967033838FE74016E8A4C8A33400B4526696800A28A28018F1A4B1B248A191810558641
15957564622A96D1CA222DB84569B615E9FC6DD71FEEF3EC6B628A00CCB0D38DB2AB4C55E4049454
1848813D00EE7071B8F27F4AD3A28A00298644552CCC02819249E314FA8A58BCE85E2970C8EA5580
E3208A00A2BA9B889AE65B7D96BE534AB26FC9C003A8C719073DEA31A9996CD624907DB5822E4210
016CFCCB9E180018F191C54C34F95E0F22E2EDA68C15C028064290707D73D3B71DA97FB38FDB7ED5
E6E58B92415C8C60281ED803F56F5A0078D46D0AC8DE70DB12966241C607523D47B8A4FED4B228C5
6E15B6B0421793BB19C6077C76EB558E8C0C2914B3349146AB1A2B28C08C104A9F5CED5049EDF8D4
F369EC6749EDA48E0755653FBAC820EDE7B73F28E7F4A00925D4ECE0F2CC9731A8950BA127861C73
FA8A635FC6B71213228B78E3562FD72CC7803F0038EFB8550B6D34CF2C934337968A9F6446DB97F2
D090707B12DBB9E7802AD9D2C2A27932796E931955B68233B4A818F65C0FC2801905FD9DBF9F21B9
F304938FB91B1218A8F97807270B923A8EF4B36AF18B8B48E349DBCD2C5C7D9E42550023D383BB68
E6923D1845049124ECC2591A47F3543862D8CE4639E467DBE9C54B6FA525B03E5CD20FDC88949C65
7058E47181F7BA74E071C5003EDB52B6BB94242CEC4A9604A300C01E70D8C1EA3A55EACEB1D3BEC9
3CD2974264C0D91A6C4079F9B193F31CF27BF15A34005145140052100820F434B450014514500263
34B45250053BCB69649ADE6B791639626209652C1908E46323B853F853C25F779EDCFD213FFC555A
A2802A84BDC9CCD6E476FDC9FF00E2A8D97BFF003DADFF00EFC9FF00E2AAD514018BFD9FA845244D
1CB6DF24CCC0794DC2B0391F7B9E79C543FD9FAA0BBCAC96C1125241688E1A371F32FDEE9BB9C1FE
55D051401996D6BA95B59C300BAB67F29026E685B2D818CFDEA9F66A5DE6B4FF00BF2DFF00C555CA
2802A6DD47FE7B5AFF00DFA6FF00E2A985753ECF67F8C6DFE357A8A00AE52E1ED0A9911272A46F55
2403EB826A81D1D522922B731C31496FE43855E4F5C1FAF2DF5CD6BD140195269D712CF705AE13EC
F3B0DF1843BB68006DCE7A1E7B7734D8B4CB98E18D0DC44DE4C6238808F008C8CEEE4E490B8E31D4
D6B6696803162D3AEA031BC460528EC52162C638810000BF4C1E3007CC40C52FF62E5650EEB23481
51999064A6EDCE3FE044B7E9E95B34500614FA75F09D2780C7B8C92175DD8C642AA90707042AE3A7
734A96132CC105BE15808E66C829247CE72092DBB96FCF9CD6E5140099F6A33ED4B450027E1471E9
4B450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450052D27FE4116BFF005C97F955DA
28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A00290D1450014B451400521A28A005A28A28010D2D1450034FDF1
4EA28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A002928A280168A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A00FFFD9}
f0\par\pard\li813\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li813\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li813\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li813\ri
li813\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li813\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\b {Fig.1.11 Structural organisation of a plant cell}\b0 \par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1.2.12 Chloroplasts}\b
0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The ability to
use light as a source of energy for sugar synthesis}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slm
ult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {from water and carbon dioxide is a special feat
ure of certain plant cells.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {This process, termed photosynthesis is carried out in organelles called
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {chloroplasts. Thes
e organelles are commonly ellipsoidal structures}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult
0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bounded by an outer membrane but also containing a
number of internal}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{membranes. Internally, the chloroplast consists of a series of membranes}\par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {arragned in parallel shee
ts called lamellae and supported in a}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {homogeneous matrix called the stroma. The membranes are arra
nged}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as thin sacs c

alled thylakoids that contain chlorophyll and may be stacked}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on top of one another, forming structu
res called grana. Lamellar}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {membranes connecting the grana are called stroma lamellae (Fig.1.12).}\p
ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {14}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\
shp
{\*\shpinst
\jpegblip
FFD8FFE000104A46494600010100000100010000FFDB004300080606070605080707070909080A0C
393D38323C2E333432FFDB0043010909090C0B0C180D0D1832211C21323232323232323232323232
3232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232FFC0
001108009500EC03012200021101031101FFC4001F00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090A0BFFC400B5100002010303020403050504040000017D010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191A1082342B1C11552D1F02433627282090A161718191A2526272829
2A3435363738393A434445464748494A535455565758595A636465666768696A737475767778797A
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090A0BFFC400B511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291A1B1C109233352F015
6272D10A162434E125F11718191A262728292A35363738393A434445464748494A53545556575859
5A636465666768696A737475767778797A82838485868788898A92939495969798999AA2A3A4A5A6
F2F3F4F5F6F7F8F9FAFFDA000C03010002110311003F00F799E7F263DC14B31215547727A5450DE6
E95E299552553D14961800127381FDEA75D4027119F35A268DF72B2E383823BF1D09A81B4D8C907C
D931B76C8091FBC04E4E78F5F4C75A0061D5636B86204BE52A81C42DF331C10071D863FEFAF6A957
56B279628C4E3CC955591707243671C7E069971A6453C5B3CD963C4A660CAD8209C83DB91C9EBFD2
A4B68A18679224DCCE36B92D8E38DA00FC17FCE6801975A8C56D7B0C2EFB14AEE66DA481C80A091D
0127AFB53C6A76A4E37B0382D86460768192DC8E9EF4CB8D361B992569A495925015A3C8DA700E3B
678C93F5A46D3ADD9F7CB248CD83B999F1BBA75038E303DBDA801135BB39182A994E776DFDD9F98A
90081EA727B7A1F4A62EB76DBA4766610AB6C188D8B06CE1B381C7CDF2FD41A98E9B6EC22D85D446
AAB1947236A80471F50C7FC8151A6896A9B421902290C103E06439604FAE093C1E3DA80268F55B39
A578A39773A30460149C12DB71F983F91AB11CC928728490AC549C771D6A95D69EED6F0436CDE598
8E564321CA9DA5738C1DDC13E9DAADDADB25ADAC56E84958D4282C724FB93EB40135145140051451
400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400500FAD145001451450053D42CDAF2
2440C0056DD824F2403B73ED939FC2B325F0F0494086285A02811918E09000DA49C1C9FBFCF5E456
EC9224485E460A8392C4E00A6477504A53CB955FCC52CA579040C64E47D450065CFA334F2348DB0B
92DB464ED5E02AE074E17271DC91E8283A1EF6937794BB9FEFAE7714C6DDB9EDF271F5C1AD9DDCD2
138A00C59743CDC612381ADDA4123F9849638E48E9DCEDC9EE0631DEA37D066DCAF1B441B786939F
F59904B13953FC4D9C74C018C56F6E14B4010888DBDB2456C898450AAACC40DA38EB83DA9BF6B09F
EBA3922F7232BF98C81F8D58A31400D491245DC8EACBEA0E453B3513DB44EDB8A61BFBC84A9FCC54
7E4DCC6731CE241FDD9473F404631F8834016723D68AABF6B78FFD7DBC8B8EAD18DEBFA73FA54B0D
C4338262951F1D76B038A00968A32293701400B9A2B9CBFF0019E996AD24367E6EA3748DB4C56685
F69F5661C003BF35C96A5F14278A5289FD976195E3ED574B2303EE232481F85007A8669335E2737C
41BA91F0DE32B0200C3F956F281CF5E7C9AA2DE28B099F173E359250DC1511DC7D3392BC7E5401EF
5914B9CD7CFF002DFE8B750BA41E28B192E0E020B96B945CFA676E3D696DADAF659B7409677BCE71
A76A818E47F0EDDC180FC2803DFF003466BC164D6F56D306C9350D774F9580056EF730033E871CF3
EBCD6DE99E2FF11891445ABDA5F479FBB708A18FE414FEA6803D7E8AE1ADBC7B751AC6350D21C9CE
D76B76E41CE3843C9FCEB7B4FF0016E8BA94A218AEFCB9CAEE314E86361FF7D707F0CD006DD14808
3D39A5A0028A28A0028A28A00AB7E85EDB037FCA4365180230739F9B838C77ACD874F79A3691A42C
D2AA0F3A393E5DA796603A6492DCE3D2B4AFB2D1C719562923857C0CE07FF5FA7E3549AE2ECDDBB6
D9FCB8FCC2C9B30A76FDD51C649239C8E3B50024BA6CAB23FD9F6BFF001A3CB2162AD92C47D0FCA3
3E9511D21AD90BC2D8917E58DA49093C210BD7B9639FA714E2754890933BCAC87B4415480A013D33
F78E40EF835262EA4854832BB8DCCACEB8DAC7E55E08190324F4A009B4C80C22E257555F31C6D0B2
6E01428C73F99FC6AF79D1990C7E62EF1FC3919FCAB04C9A847BFC849D5228F60464F97EF85C8E09
3B5727DEB4EDAD526B48CDDC6B34983CCB18CF5E0723B5005EA2AB0D3ED17EE5BC687D631B0FE629
7EC518FBB24E0FFD7663FCC9A00B14556FB34A3A5E4FF4C21FFD9697CBBB1D2E233FEF4473FA3500
58A866B582720C912B30E8D8E47D0F6A666F17F82093DF714FE8690CD769CBDA061E91480FFE858A
00635ADC479FB35E38F4498798A3F937FE3D5C4F8B7C5A1EEC78774CB5FED2D5D13CCB98D6531DBC
031D656C8C8191C671CF35D2F88BC45FD83E1FBFD4E6B29945B4459776D219BA28E18F722BC574CB
4375752DA6A125C7FA4EDBBD518A366799FE64898E385553B8FA93400D9FEC5A8385D4751D435D2A
76F91A7016B610E3B072307EAABF9D687872D98F8A6DF4CB6D0B41B28523F3198299A623B209250C
0391D3200F7E456E4773670469E54D04646461579C0F62403F98AB1F0EE04BAD36F75D95848D7D23
2962C6558E252711CB1F61DC119F72067201D15F68725E0F2B47F105D6917B8C885EDA2009F5DBB4
67EA0915C34D078B6DF59FEC9D735F68EED94C96D28B186686E1075C6541047718AF45BC134D6262
8CC8F03104284172857393B1F07B7F7C7E55CF6A3E1E9BC4925A5DE89AB4525C6952B87B4D411CE1
D9718701B0BEDB5467DE80319B47D5E446135F687763B25D68F10CFE2B8AC7D47C38BF6669AEFC35
E1E9C28E5B4FBB96D580F53BBE4AE96DF5094EA171A6EA3622CB51B70ACF0AB7991B29E8CA4F507F
4ACCF102B6B5A85BE856E8EB138126A32C509262B6271BC1276FAF63401C9586A9A0DB3490DAF897
5BD1260482933ADE5AB7B663E1BEA41AD68ADAF6E2369E5D2349F1141B7E6BCD0A5F26E117DD171C
FD52BD874FD3B4FB6D320D06EADADDE08E3F2E20D12EC9900EB8E9BB1C91D7BF4AE07C61F0FACF41
63AF68D6ED1DAC4775D4109C490AF79226041E3FBA4E3D3140199A5CA2E9BCBD03513713460EFD33
511E4DCFA617276BF6E8455B1AC69D7727F67EAB6CD677446DF2EE530E80E07A678C7A01C9E4D50B
A49B50B5865B887FE122B3281924993C8BC8C71CA4C3EF9FF7BF5A8E29A4D62DCDB4121F1259DB82
C6C6F0F95A9D9FBA37F1E3F1FA5007470CFAB682F136957CCF6CC72B692FCC85074C7F77208E98E9
5D5E91E36B1BC616F7F8B1BAC81B653857CE3054FD78AF38D32E2FAD237B9D1EE5F57D3A2CF9D6F2
0C5E5A0C7F12753D7A8CFE156A48F49D70096295A688AA2ED03956CE73EBD4E2803D9770A5AF24D3
7C4BAAF84E78E2BC925BFD31B3F31E594F5E3D3A9EE73C600EB5E9FA66A969ABD845796728786419
07B83E87DE802E514514009CD26453AB0D9E4FED2F3E7134AD1C8D1C5146C76E4E4E48E070B8E4F7
247A5006DE28C7359ABAEDB363F75381852CC5461370CF273D872719E0E7D695B56458F77D96E092
E542AA862405C93C1E9DBEB401A38A314C899A48519D36310095273B4FA549400514514005145140
05181451401C2FC581E678356D8E765CDEC113E3D0BE7FA5721A4179354F124A22412AEAF30DE396
0AA40553EC00AEFBE23E9D36A5E05D452D416B98556E22C752C8C1B8FC01AF39D2AF6CFF00E1239A
ECE4DA6BAA2F6D5C1C6D9F189A33D06E0DD8F6C1EE280362FF004C6BFB39EDDAF9A0F3E36549108C
648FE20BD2974ABC836DAE80F636F6DA95B44331C9262328319314C32486E9B082413ED576778ED2
091E7921855416F35CE17F306ABE836F2D8E9CFAC5FCF676973A84AB22B5ED8BED8D972B1A331C1D
A42EECF183CF391401AB126836B7DF659E29F45BF971B66323086E4E33F23E70DF986AE2DAC2F7C0
5E266B9B994AC73CAF33DC5BC8C05CC04E586189C3C79DC07391EB5D9C563F64CC6D6CDA75B49832
5BB6DB8D3AE3240C024663DC48EC07B1AE5B5448755F120B18DA38AC74A88978CCBB916775CE630B
9E36F183D3A62802DFC50BA9748F1068DA958A99EE2E2CA5813E52FE6152ACB90077DDF8D741E1CF
0E2F8734C8AE249616BD977492EA51A9209624F9720273E58CE339E08CFCA7AC3E1DF2AFB41F08DF
DDB3ADD5B5ACAB6F70465636F9630CDCF20AF1CFAF6AEA434904C71B2DA591B2D0BF304E4F756C7C
AC7FC7E53D680214213366F04786E4594AD8C7BC4C7861E838C7B74ACCF145C6A76FE1ABD4D2A1D4
E6BC78CA476CF00971BB8FBDDF827B9ABD7CDA759D94AD7C6E34EB541BA5478849081EBCAB201F4C
570F71AF78AF58BCB97D335B96C74C12ECB6F32C93CC95401963903009CE38A00A5617963E1BD2A1
B2BBB5D4AC9224FF0097DB6653D73F780C1FC0D4F756BA3788A28AE23DAD2C7FEA6EACA4449223EA
18107F0E695351F1959B6E4F10CF3051964B9B289A361EE410C3F0A8C6A7A4DC92DE2BD1934C9DB8
5D6747CAA1CF4DDB72C3FE05B850065DDCB2DADE23F885EE2DA78FE5B4F1259AE244ED89D549DE3D
FAFE757DD4CBA85ABDE8B6D3B5E9183DAEA3063EC5AA771961C2B9E0FB9EDD056B697E00B4BFD565
9B5CBD9358D3A74F2ECE5CB5B94604E55D171CE3A1FF0067E959DAFF008527F0458CD1C626D5FC1F
3B7FA559C8732D99FF009E91B76C7AF1EFEB400FB295658AE2C6F216B5BF8D824D6D229E39CE4762
B83DBD7BD58D36F2EFC2B7C6E6D897D2DD94CF031E83A6471D79AA2910D496CB4D7D484977E5EED0
F563C0BA8FFE784A7FBE0F18ABD0DC47A9D8CB14D134171129866B761F3061D73FF7D7E381401EAB
6B750DEDAC7736F209219177232F7153579E781B517B1D464D1A5626DA51BED9998F0E07CCA33D8F
247A63F1AF43A0063A0742A4B007BA920FE62B2EDEE74EB9802A838752AAA031DE19B9C1EE4E327B
8EF5A73C5E7C124459937A95DCA7919E322B2E1B7D3D123896FB0D1958D487556006E50A30071CB0
1FA5002CD3E98D64F24F9300DDBF703FC49B9BA77DA48FC71ED4E86E2C6DC3BC492868F2A432B16C
0018F5E71C8EBE83D05021D3237925F3E30B1B80CBE60DB1B640C1F4C951D7BD437234896CE7632A
CB1AA3191639BEF2B9CE0E0F42462802DC7AB444C28E92092660AAAA84E32370C9E80EDE48ED4B06
AD6F73222449310FF75CC642B7DEE413D46149CFA11EA2AB9FECBDCB3BCCBB999B69329EA7E53819
EA738E39A87506B0BA090FDA63485408C84DC0ED6E368C1C10718EE383C71401B105C25C40265C88
DB2413DC7AFD3BD45FDA5647EEDD44E7D11831FC8734C82F6C9C436F0B02AE83CB50876EDDB90338
C0E3B1E6AE0014000002802BFDB50F090DC3B7A792CBFAB00293ED170C3E4B3753FF004D1D40FD09
AB5450055CDF38C6CB68BDF7349FA6168F22F1C624BD0BFF005C620BFF00A116AB54500523A70901
F3EEAEA5FF00B6A63FFD0315E4BE2CF0545E1896E2EA1B59A7F0E5CB892648093369D28E9345EDEA
3B8E2BD9E9194302180208C1045007CFFAB6A13A689E45FCF15DDACC54DADF44E45BDD20604C64F4
89881820E315DB41E2C8B518AD6E74B32082784B3C453CF0E47CBB5E33F3310AAA328CC4739519A9
F5BF8752C13DC5E7862682DC5C0CDCE97731EFB5B8FF0080FF0009FA0E3B62BCE6FF0049B3D22664
B88F51F08DE391B9248CDD584AC3A60F271FF7D01F85007A358DF43A369AF7D75245A7E9D24C658F
CA9944396E0011BE0E0E09C0C1CF6EF589A1681E1BD5BCD82CBC6C2586E2569258228D20964DC724
7237019F6AC08AC754B88ED2FF0051BAD4353B2B5984C2E6D6FBED701907F1151F327E43AD6F4ADA
76BB648D3C30DFC446D47254B0F60C5491F404500763E31D2EFADFC2911F0D208EEB4B2B25BC0A32
248D46D68C8EE0A9E9DC815CCE83F13F4BBAB244D447F676F054C176ACF6EFEA12400ED1EAAC0E3A
714CD3AF35CD0587F63B4B796683E6B0BA67938F44700943F53B7DAAADF689A2F89AF9352D1EFAE7
4EF3E4C6AFA7A9084608041EC8EC4819E8DD72064D0058D7A5D43C6F68D6BE188A79F49864297A22
BD5549CE03044DDDB9F61CD36CF528DAE24B49627B3BB8861EDAE976BFB11D430F71C575B63710E9
90DA45A44264B58E348212A36C6CA3808EC780E0E79E724E319E29DABE870F8BAC0A5C3A59EA707C
F6EF103E6DB3FB938DCA7D3001FD68039DBBBE5B3B49269982C68B9241E3159FA27869BC4AE35CD5
5255B28A4122E98E854C9115F9656218927A903A7CB59015B58F1269FA3F8827FB2FD9EE1A0B98D5
0147B8E0C45B23946E7038AF58D2A24B6D40DBC7B2144876B5B018F270C3007AA7CCDB7D3A7B0006
ED68E568E55F3C4883CCDA3FD7A8C6254C7F10E32073C0C76AB2B751ADA94BD293DA3A95FB491956
5E8449FDD3D893C7AE3A543A8C4F609B8C067D3C36E211B6C96C7D54E4657AE79C8F71C0E5BC41E2
2786E1F4CD0E6336B53EE5DF1E637838CEF9A32A54F51CE013DA8038336761A56A9ABE926E7CCF0D
7DB76F9B1B6EFB148C018E646FF6492ADED5B73B5DBA4D7D74506B1A3E22D4CA8C8BA8081B2718EB
C7535AB6DE1C8EDB4D5B27B31E56CDAFBA3FBDEA49C739EB5CB453CBE1FB886E2591A44D266FB15D
23927CEB194FCA1BD768271F43E8280355E5302C7AADA92AE8E855DB0C0F4623183C0CAE3DD7D0D7
B0DADCC777690DCC4731CA81D4FA82322BC52EE07D3AEEFF0044218889FF007396277275561C6301
483D3AF15EA5E0F91A4F09E9E64187542841EDB58AFF004A00DB915DA3611B05620E0919C1F5ACD1
A1C28311B04C6D0182FCC1541239F5DE7766B56AB3DF429771DA8DEF2BE7855C85007249E83B7E62
802A47A4BAC08924B1B3230607CAE320614919EC707B74147F63AA4612291515590805030C2F4047
7F9896CF5CD6819904CB173BCA96C63B0C0FEA29F914014069106D9B2774922ED12B01B97A9C8F7D
C4B7E34C4D1D4090BCEC5DC920A285D84A041B476C0040FA9AD2CD1918CF6A00A369A545677124B1
48E43E708C41099C70BC640E3A66AFD46D3224C911C977048007618FF11F9D3F2280168A4C814039
191CD002D1452332A29666014752780280168AABFDA103F106EB83DBC95DC3FEFAFBA3F3A4DD7D2F
DD48A01D8C877B7E20607EA6802D76FF001AAB752D93A3DBDC6C9430F9A12BBC91FEE8C9FD299241
0A00D797723E7A077DA0FE0B8CFEB4E89B6C612CED44718E858796BF80C67F4A00E3AFFC01A7CD39
BCD06DA7D12FB1F2DCDB4DE4A9FAA0C823D4616B92D774DD4F44BE79F544DC427EF754D2931BC71F
F1F3029071EACA41F7AF60FB2BC9CCF3B3FF00B29F22FE9CFEB532431C71F9691A2A7F742803F2A0
0F02B9D6EEB49D223BCB9B5096F32978AE6293CF8E63D80624ED61DC31AEEFC33A3DBE9DA5C57172
897177708B2DE998A94691D465485F942F03638C8EA09E6A4F117829AC3ED3A8F87EDD25826E6FB4
6907EE2E8772A3F81FDC7E95C969BE216F0CDAC175642E6F3C37248604C8CDC69D21EB048A4E1D3A
601FC083401E9802AAC8EAFF00BB39491A55DD8E3EE4EBF4FE3F4EBC756BB03E5A1DA5D81F221964
C331C67114E3B1EB83CE3D071595A7EBFA4EA51FDA2C2F62CC7196644948F2D40DC471FBC8C0E4E1
D4AF031DAB88D66E57C677E552E24B6D36D989B2559163925901399F01430C8E9C50044FA1789EFA
E3541A8F872F2E2FF5197323BBA08976FF00ABC480E06D1DF15E8969A8C5E09F0EC1378BF5C864BF
2811A4FE2603A2A81CB63279C64E726A8782BC5D786F57C3BE2062D7C14B5ADE329517483AF5FE21
DFD6B924D0AFFC63E3AD46E756B212E9D06A12DB92D73E59942AFC912E39DA01DEC57A83EA2803AA
F1078D21BDB58AD74F315E7DBA3758E0B3BA46981DB905F0708BEBC93FCAAAE99A147040D25D4F34
B772FCD3CD2EF6790E00249FE43B60565693E0ED474249E6F0B1B0D46112B092DEEA3305DA73FEAC
BF7E47F175AB705F7883589FEC765E1F9E2BD8DF6DC3DFB30861FF00818396CFB668035D6CA045DB
1CAFB07A8E9FA5739AE6931CBAADA8691041A9A3E9B293C10CC0B44C7E8E07E66B42683C756CC258
F49D3618FCE5B6D8972FB89271E686EC9CF7E7DAB03C592F8B62D0F519B54B0531E9F73105BA8AE0
B0570559582B0CE391CFBD003279DEE7C23A56A372BB6EA05934DB92546E578CFCA3EA5719FA7D2B
D43C0732CBE1483649BC0924E724F5727BFD6B81D52DE393FE12B8E20A6191ACB55B7539C0320DAE
7F535DCFC3B461E1442777CD3C9824E7201C71EDC500754C485240C91D0564C96924CF23A8922691
83BA2C987000E0641E09200E0F415AF58C9E6A5BC64DAC8B31C09A450379241240FAB0033EFF0090
042FA5CC887E469A52EAA64DD9628139C65811F3673C8E0D585D3EE110B2DCCA1D14242A5FE5002E
DDCDEBC927F0151B47A9ED57FB4CA9804950AA4600DA0648EE7E6CFA52467526884AAF70DB882721
0654E00DA3D71F31CD000FA4DC44A5ADEE243228210BCC58E36EDE3B64E49EDC8141D152E6348E42
DB5460A97391B98338383E8001E99269F143AA4A91B3DC491606E6460A4B1241D99E9C28DB9EFB89
A8C596A42D21486EAE23761BA47658C90EDC138C631C938F61400834494636A5BE506E8CF3847DC5
CE0630016C0CF5C014DBCD11D6DD6386E0ECD989259E66CA91B4061C601C06F4C139E69C61D485D1
2ED72F106F31155802707A1391D7038C11F31F5E01A75EC92C70DCCF712C5BC33B093009196E3072
06E2303FD9A0024D1672ED223A976E597CC38604E4AF208006D4038EC7D6B4621259DBC56F15B33B
05E4A90101F7279FD2ADA808A146700639393513DDC28E537969075441B88FC074FC68023F2EF25C
EF992007B443711FF026E3FF001DA5FB0DB03BE55F35979DD31DD83EA33C0FC314B9B997A22C03B6
FF0099BF21C0FCCD28B28C90D296998779391F9741F950027DAD5B8823798FAA8C2FE678FE7418AE
65FF005928887F762E4FE67FC2AC629680218ADA1858B220DC7AB124B1FC4F353519A864BB8236DA
5F2FFDC4059BF21CD004D466AB79B732FDC80463D65233F8019CFE2452FD959FFD74F237FB28762F
E9CFE64D003A5BA8216DAF22873D1472C7E80726BCE3C65A05D5A4F79E20D1F4D335BCD095D4F4F9
4009771FF7D40390E3AE700D7A4C70450A958A34407A855029FB45007825A68DA5DF359C9A948979
6172A058DE2A24664C0398A43D7CC1D3049C81C679AEBC5A6DB7C44FE4C4980B9E981DB031DAA8F8
B3C39FF08B5C5DDEC56CD75E16D41835FD9A7DEB6933C4D1FA11D7F4F4ACCBEF10C9A258B47398EE
D3CA596C6E94EC4BC88903713D9973F30EB40105E5A4DAD78AAC74FD3C341258CBF69B8BD86CCBB4
3842C9F3003EF72304F2715E8CC96DF64796DD0CFA63FC930818ACD6AEA41E0A9CF181C75C01D40A
C4D074787C3DA310F234F7CCC3EDD7D6B2B48E5B0FB64DAFF79554F503D4FF000D6DDAB48F7D15C2
C8B05E301FE970C7BADEFA3C818619003F381C820F4C8E2801D0433CB7105D6FF3A4C0FB36A36ECA
05C29FE095793C724903181C60F1590FF156D22B88BCBD36F2E74C56D971A9850AA0F4DCA9D4AFE5
54FC69AB8CAF86B4C8A48EEEE824B7AD692E16DA3DF975F93F89896078E771CD60EA691C1E1EBAB3
B1B4915D6D99234FDEE47CBEE00FD6803D75AEA0BE4D3A7B79526B79A5DCAE872AC3631073F515CF
F8CA3597E1EF88370FBC9313EE41C0FE55CD689F10BC29A7E8968AB7E90A5A240FF67D8C1958A98D
D14639C60B1C7AD64F8F3E21D96A3E11D4B4CD262BC904D71CDCB42563F28B062C09EC5B205004D6
52B5D433260391E0D8598138F994E466BD27C1F0BC3E14B00E46E74327073F798B77FAD79A7862D5
EE6E3578A2E586876962032E70D200A38F438CD7B1C10ADBDBC70C6A0246811463A003028025A884
D179C6112A79A06ED9BB9C7AE2A5AC28BED861F2E1409230FDEBBC072B231196C938207CDD076033
401B4EAB223238CAB0DA41EE0D3BF956438D463B848C4B33A09065C2260AE49F4EBD178C7AD0ADA9
40CBE633CACCA07DC1B43E0F1C741965E7FD9A00D7CF1DE8C8AC52BA992DB6E5C641C7EE97824854
39C7D49AD49E19262A16768939DC100CB7E27A5003A59E180032C8A99E993C9A87ED134BC416E707
9DF2FC83F2EBF98152C5690C04B227CE7ABB1258FE279A971D7FC2802B7D91E5FF008F89D9FF00D9
4F917F2073F9935612348902468AAA3F8546053AAB9BC8725632656E98886EC1F73D07E3401607A6
68AAD9BB93EEAC70AF62F966FC8600FCCD27D8637FF5EF24E7D243F29FAA8C03F950039AF600E515
8C8E3AAC60B11F5C74FC6A379EE36EE2B15B2F4DD3364E7E838FFC7AAD2A2A285450AA3A01C556BF
84DC5A3441036E201CE3E5078247B819A006C51C373926ECDC63A8470147E0BFD735651628404444
45271851819AC597ED768CF3C45E38D9CFEED62CAA46004070067393BF8C7008A95A5BB9CC772227
F2C9DD1617950C08071EB81DFF00BFED401AE5940C92052960A0924003924F6AC645D4E68ACDA5E4
86DF2E546E4278000E84AF527D7A7A528B8BE6591BC990AE371468F18C024A0C8E73F28FCC8E98A0
0D8DC0E31CE696B274FF00B45C5E4B25CEF3144C043E645B3712016603D39C0EFF007B39AB92DDE2
430C31B4B30033D957EADFD064FB5004B32C524322CCA8D11521C38E31DF3ED5E31E2AF0EFF64417
31C16CF79E119CEF7014B358B9FF0096917A81EBD08E0FAD7AF8B2F35964BC759883C4606231F877
3F5CFB62AD945652AC0107820D00787E87AC278565B35D66E0CF62CBB74BF10C00BAAC78E2375EC3
1C15E08FC88EC350D7B4ED1F467D4F4B3693DEDD398ED92D995A269CAF32E377CAB81CE39C75E4D3
B59F87EF6CD7371E1B78238EE0EEB9D2AEA3DF6B39F65FE06F423F0C579DC1A7E91A3EB2CF106F0D
6ABD1AD354804F6920EFB25C6501F5FE7401B96369F679A7B9BA916E2E6E646967B8D80798E4FE00
01D856B471C24662652071F2B71FA5505BFBCB587CDD534D2B6C5770BED3FF00D26D88F5CA0247E2
2AA1F186878516974B2AE707322478FC1F69A00D29EC34B332DCCB042D723E55288C24E7AE1B6FF5
EBF95626B960BAAEADA5787238E68219DFCDBAF3C86F2614C12C1881818CF26AB5E78A6EEFA54D3B
428CDEDE311B628115C83CE4EE008031DC923DAA3D2B49BFD42E2EF40B0BB179AC5F10358D454E62
B58411FB946EFD3923838C0CD007A57C3B845D41ABEBCA008B51BB22D87FD308BE48FF0040457715
4F4AD360D1F4BB6D3ED576C16F1AC683D8773EE7AFE3572800AA2FAA5B471CB23B32C71824C8CB85
38E3009E09AB8E18C6C11B6B1070719C5501A7BFCE7F74BB9D1CA283B490D927EA7BFF005A00B697
11488AEB2290C01E181EBC0FD78A569E141B9A540338C961CD529F495B979E6936999B8889C911E0
10A40F5C9273EA6A33A245206F344403295DA8980A0E0301FF000118CFB9F5A00D033C4012654186
2A492383E9529650B92C00F5CD62CDA1BBB15530344CEACC1D3A00F9200E9F742AE7FD9F7AD79218
E650B2A2B80738619A0083FB4217388164B83FF4C972BFF7D1C2FEB4A3ED92F5F2E15F4E5D88FD00
3F9D5AA2802B7D8A26CF9C5E7CF5F31B23FEF9E9FA5580A00000000E98ED4B450014514500159B79
243F6B09740984202898C891893918EE46071EF5A54983401886E64BA4458A28665242A2480FC873
D18F3C850C48C75C520D5EE5426FFB365D942E5B60C1CB7249E0EC19C738C8EB5B7B78E6A04B7637
4D3481381B500E703B93EE78FC85006747AD3BCE11A28D30A5A452E7722A8049C63DC7069C6EF519
248636B58A02DFBC60D3F3B5429ECA7BB007E86B5CA8272467EB4D68D58E4A83DBA76EE280319F5D
9A38DA692CD562015CB197E60A49C718FBDB46EC7A53FF00B6661197FB1063CB7CB2E54800639C75
24E071C906B54C119DC4A21DC7278EA718FE5C5312D208D022C112A8C60040070723F2393ED4015A
C66BAB89659E448D6062445B6524E01C0C8C639E4E73E82B42A38E248976C68AABC9C28C0E4E4D49
400554D434CB2D56D5ADAFED62B885BAA48A08AB7450079EDD7C2E8ECE5FB4F85F59BCD1A6CE7623
1689BEA3827F1CD664FE18F1C9622F6CBC29AD63EECB7769F3FE8A2BD568A00F2EB5F0578C6F54DA
DCEA3A5E89A6C9FEB62D22DC46EE3D32003FF8F5779A078774DF0D69CB63A640228872CC79676EEC
C7B9AD5A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A
2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2803FFD9}
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li800\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig.
1.12 A schemmatic diagram of chloroplast}\b0 \par\pard\li66\ri0\sl-400\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1.2.13 Vacuoles}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-426\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Although vacuoles are present in both animal a
nd plant cells, they}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{are particularly large and abundant in plant cells, often occupying a}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {major portion of the cell v
olume and forcing the remaining intracellular}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {structures into a thin peripheral layer. These vacuol
es are bound by a}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s
ingle membrane and are formed by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {during the plant\uc1\u8217Xs g
rowth and development. Vacuoles serve to expand}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the plant cell without diluting its cytoplasm and a
lso function as sites for}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {the storage of water and cell products or metabolic intermediates.}\par\p
0\charscalex100\b {1.3 Blood and body fluids}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1.3.1
Blood}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-24
0\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Blood is a fluid which circulates in a clo
sed system of blood vessels,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {in multicellular and highly complex vertebrate animals. Blood consists
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of a pale yellow f
luid called plasma and solid elements such as red}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {blood cells (erythrocytes) while blood cells (leu
cocytes) and platelets}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {(thrombocytes).}\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li301
pard\li3013\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {15}\par\pard\sect\sec
td\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsxn586\margbsxn93
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1.3.1.1}\b0 { }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Composition}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Blood
contains 55% of the plasma and 45% of the cellular fraction.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The water constitutes about 80% of blo
od by weight. The cellular}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {fractions composed of erythrocytes (5 x 10}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {6}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { cells/}\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {}\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {l) leucocytes (4.5-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11 x 10}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { cells/}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars

calex100 {l) and thrombocytes (3 x 10}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { cells/}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {l). The plasma}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {contains a large number of organic and inorganic substances in solution
.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-253\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {These subtances may be diffusible substances includ
ing various}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {electro
lytes, anabolic and catabolic substances formed during}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {metabolism, vitamins and certain hormones. T
he non-diffusible}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c
onstituents of plasma are albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, enzymes, lipids}\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {etc.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\b {Functions}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Blood perform the following functions:}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx40
0\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Blood transport
oxygen from lungs to the tissues and carbondioxide}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {from the tissues to the lungs. Thus it is res
ponsible for the important}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {process of respiration.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It transports absorbe
d dietary nutrients from the digestive tract to}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {all the body tissues.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\sl
mult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It
transports metabolic wastes to the kidneys, lungs, skin and}\par\pard\li400\ri0
\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {intestine for removal.}\par\pard\li0
rscalex100 {It transports various hormones and minerals.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-38
6\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{It maintains normal acid - base balance in the body.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\
slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
It regulates water balance.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {7.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It regulates body temperatu
re by the distribution of body heat.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx400\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {White blood cells
and antibodies in blood provide, defense against}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-333\slmu
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {various type of infections.}\par\pard\li2960\ri0
\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {16}\par\pard\sec
t\sectd\sbkpage{\shp
{\*\shpinst
\jpegblip
FFD8FFE000104A46494600010100000100010000FFDB004300080606070605080707070909080A0C
393D38323C2E333432FFDB0043010909090C0B0C180D0D1832211C21323232323232323232323232
3232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232FFC0
0011080093009003012200021101031101FFC4001F00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090A0BFFC400B5100002010303020403050504040000017D010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191A1082342B1C11552D1F02433627282090A161718191A2526272829
2A3435363738393A434445464748494A535455565758595A636465666768696A737475767778797A
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090A0BFFC400B511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291A1B1C109233352F015
6272D10A162434E125F11718191A262728292A35363738393A434445464748494A53545556575859
5A636465666768696A737475767778797A82838485868788898A92939495969798999AA2A3A4A5A6
F2F3F4F5F6F7F8F9FAFFDA000C03010002110311003F00F7FA28ACFD406E2A1619DDBA663246067F
FAD401A154E49AE1652120DC80E0107B71FF00D7154CA1FBC23BC4C60966738FCBF4A6859005296D
77B31FF3D7049EC4FBFF009E6802D0B9BBC03E4EEE9BB6820AF3CF5EBC7EB4E596EF0A5A31CE0100
77E7DFA703F3A823859C48ED14E817014172589FA761CD4B66F20611FD9A4456CB96739FF27DA801
04F7A231BA24DFB49200271C71DFD78C549E75C6DC80181600610F031D7DF9ED556459A6959C5B4C
B231001F34818F7C7419ED4E432C7BFCBB49B320EAF29E0819FC064E38A00B724B3058B68E5B01BE
5271FE151F9D784708AAC632C06D27079E3B7B55758D9DA579609970198B6F2327D00FCBF2A7468D
1DB1710CA19C960158920631CFA9F63FCE801F25CDE26EDB0A3632380463D0FB8FA54D24B71F6854
8D06C2792C0E00C75CFD78C550F20B0C1B5978C601248C639FAF4E9FE26A55B50B6E6430CAAC3EEC
6AF93D31F877FF003C500599E4B98D98C6A8E800C020839C1EFF0080EDDE91A6B9F2372A21937900
1040C63FCF3D2ABBB4AD6E213692EC1C7CAD838C7EBFE34D789A7954B59B260050DE61040C74E070
073D7D7DE802CF9F7677158470BB80208CF1D33EB9E3F5AB8A78C120B01CE2B3843E7DD3A946089C
6E2C463D001DFD79CFEBC422165DC7ECB7183D83F6C7F3C63F1FCE80360306190723DA96A859DA2A
30940646E46C27200C9FCBFC8ED57E800A4C0A5A2801A4818CE067A66932B8272303A9F4A8A6B48E
77567DC4AF4C1207F9E2A3FECFB7002E1B03180188C5005B381C9A4DCBCF238EBED54CE976A55948
9086CE73237F8D579F4A1E706B78E2008E4BB3E73CFA1FA7EB401A80A9E841EF5CBC7ADDE437A4CE
449161B31A28C8233C83D71F9F15B324061D3A68EC0E6407070C49CE4679CF5C573B1C5FBC0A7E57
505487E0A707B5006CC3AD3CA549B70B9009527057F1EFF9536E359B857511451AA9E0B365B9FA71
5C8DBD96AA5A1717522491B00E5E60C921E32C3FD9233F2800E4FD09DFBBBB5B481A4DA588E72BE9
FF00EAA00B69AECF1FFAF8A27FF732B81CE4F7CF4E956C6B51606E825DC71D3047E79AA335949047
9B840A0E32F19C81F53D7AFF009E6B3E3137DB9D4C3B625E9213C93C1CE3F3EFDB9A00DC6D6B63FE
F2DB08064B06C903E98AB32EAD630EDDF731F3D36F38FCAB96D42CFED4109B8D83071B403BB24631
9E47A7183EF56B618230274652700BBA6327EA78F7E2803A98A58E7884913ABA374653906A4C5725
1891031B29A55720168E2CB0CFAEDEC7B7F915B9A54D7D2C4DF6D400AE02B052A5F8E4E3FF00D540
1A349814B450045E7C7E6F9593BCF38C1E952D5027FE276A31D60EBC67AFFF005EAFD0014555FB6C
1E7B446501973BB3C01D3BFE3FCFD29FF6CB7CE3CF8FFEFA18A009EAAE5AE090A4AC3D3703CB7D3D
BDFBFF003A77D7921BCB5B785ADCDBB96370ED2ED2AA0745001C924F39C6064E6B4629A1909589D1
B68190A41C5003D515142A280A3A00300566EA161F6BBA468E644942608619E3279FD4D5CBBB95B4
B39EE5D599218DA42A83248033C0EE69963BA4805CC913C72CC03323E3720C70A7E9FCF340155344
8429DD2CACC4100838009EF8EFF8E6B2B535B0F0F409733CF3993244606000C41E7041E9D79CF3DA
BAAAC8D73458F59822CC8239A170F1B98C3AE7B8653F781E98A00A9E1FD6ADAEB4E8AD9A5DD2DBC2
AAE48E5B000CE001839EDF977C69AB696D80BF64CE381F2838ACEF0EF87ADB4BB18CEE33B3460032
2818181DB2715B42DA01D218C7FC04500568BEC11CA3C958B7B363722E7923D7B7F9157EA036B108
0C488235238D800C1ED506977AF7F642696DE4B6943BC6F148002A558AE7827838C83DC114012313
68C58E0C079381831FBFB8FE5F4E96A8ACCB79DE1D51F4FF00B34AB008BCD86638D879C14033918C
83CE38381D0D0069D1451401498AFF006B20F2B2DE51FDE6E23033D31D0D5DAA4C17FB4964283210
A87C9CE73D31E9EF576802BC9656D29CBC11B12724951CD73D7B397B854892254383F28C3264641C
8EFC8FE9D327A9AC8BBD0E2B970EAC5719C01807918EB83D3E87D3A50066E8B3412C82D9E0B775C9
50420230013D793D9BAFAF15D04A52D232634452EDD00C027B9FE66A9E99A343A7312B23C8E4E4BB
6492718E7F0247F935A32C4B326D248C10411D41A00E0F4EF88715FEB6B666178C49279713BBAE18
E703E5C6473C753EBC815D7B6A8AA518C13794CA1849B78C104FF9FF0039CB4F0868FF00DAA2F16D
E35B989B78645208273CF5C772781C1E460D746AAA8A1546140C003B50051FED30795B5B96FF00B6
473DBFFAFF009563F893C51FD8FA6197EC926E70557CD04027A63A1F5EA462BA8AAD796505F43E5C
E9B97A839C10680393F07F897EDFA7496B15BE56CA311C409C120020649E3A29E4670073C9C574AB
7D395C9B29475CF23FCF5FF38A8B4BD234FB2B058ECED9624913240E08079238E839E8302A51A3D8
86CF91938C649393F5A0054BCB963B5ACCA9C8049718EBF9D799EBDF13B55B7D56482CADEDEDE28C
9204C8CEED18CE1F8E08230703240FAD7A72E95668CACB0E08391F31C67E99AE6E6F05F86B59D66E
EF02179126FF004944941469368041539C1DBB7D28036BC37AC7F6EE8D15EB45E549B9A39501C857
538207B6454DABEA50E95626EAE251144A7E67C648182781DC9C63EA6A4D36D6CECB4F86DEC20482
D50612245DA1793C63B739FC6AB6A1632EA76F35ADCDB5BCB6CFD159883D78E4720FB8A00E2F4AF1
EEA5A878BED6C7C88D2D2595E278597322819DAD918C74C9CF1CE064D7A55739A4F87A2D1989B2B3
B78CB13F333124E3A64F7FA76FC2B7E2DFE58F3082DDF03005005767FF0089922066E532579C77E7
AD5CAA4CC3FB5153F88A6EC6D3EE3AFE3576800A8E590449B8824640C0EBC903FAD4954356B9FB1E
9ED3F932CDB5D3F7710058FCE3A0245005FA28A28031975AB38EEE3F325554BB0A623E830704FA03
DAAE36A76A89B9A4C1E3E5C64FE55523D1AC3FB5DAEFCB95A6882850CE4A2F040C0CF5C1C73F856A
EC4C86DA37018CE39C7A500533AC58AEDCCEB9619C7A7F9CD52D635D8AD2D57C95F38CB903B0C003
273DFA8AD891D2142EE42A8EA6B275AD123D7EC0C1769E5FCA4068E521901183CE28032FC33E2486
6C69726C26D6101248D8BE428E437A36067DF9FC7A05D56D092ACEC8E339564391F85739E10F0858
786ECD6EECA1926B89A31B9E79CB385396C0E00FE23D7F3AE961822793CF59646E7EE96E01E7B763
CFD68033B50F115BDBCB1C304B1167382D21C01EDD464F7FA54BA25EADC8B88C468A55F7928080E5
8924F3EE0D72BE2BF87971AD6AADA8596A0AA5C61A19C1C29C9FBAC01C0CF3820F3F863AED0B495D
1748B7B2DC2474501A4008DC71EE4FD39A00B70FC9753C63EE9DB20F62720FFE839FC6ACD568BE7B
B9DC740163FC464FFECD56680238A412A160300332E3E848FE952567E977705E5BCAD031609712C6
C4A95F995D81EBD79EF5A14014994FF69AB61F1B319C9C679FC29D797325B0431DBC936E6C1D9FC2
3D6ADD1DE8033C6A45882B657457D76003AFD6A06D45EE47EEED64D84E177C3BB711F88EE2B5EB3A
E629A2B6686DDDD10AED460A1BCBE0F04704AF4E873EF400E8AE660B13CC8024A40C6D2AC84F4047
39EC3B7D2AFD703E1FD3F591ADC6F3BA2DB4248F967F3495CFCB9EDD001CF3E9D303BA963F36178F
715DCA572382280288BA4966B84B5B881A66C6D1BC1EDCF14A66BF8E2DD20B74C752C4E0FF008573
561E0ED4E0F158D56E35867B38D711DA20C2823BF4E3F5E38AE835CB49EEACB6DBE4B80D8C672A48
2037519C7A0E68020F38EA724715C25B320759023649254E41C1EBD8FB1C1A76A1A8B5959B3EA1F6
58A17CA91231C1CF6EF9FC2B92F0B78675DB2BF79751BA7955B042EE7644208F9FE7E878C6075FD6
AE7C41F0C6A3ADCB677762BE7790A55A12E178CE7F1CFD7B0E0D0336B46D5A3BDB65874AFB2BC16A
045B5243950060718E07D7D3F224BC8748BE9C62D639271E6CA8870CCDB7972074CE3193E95CBFC3
FF000AEAFA5EA925F5FC5F6587CB289186C97C91F7B93D39E4E3E9CE6A4F10787357BABBBB0892BA
CB333A3A3021C1C100F3918FBBF4E411CE003B382EEEEF2159EDFECCD0BE76BAC85811EB91C114EF
ED7B063E4ADEC624390AC7A671EBD0D65786F42B8D2F40B9B399B0F3C8CFB58838CAA83B88E324AB
138FEF7AF35CD6ABE10BEBED61EE9213E636142BA8FDD7006E56E98E338F539E0D023BFD3AC534CB
086CE396695630479933977724E4924F53CD2DCCF34277AAC5E528F98BBED3F9FE5F9D496B134169
0C2EDB9D230A4FA903AD63F8A6CAFEF74E31D8CA63942BED2BD4311807DFA9FE78E2802DDADF9903
2DB5B46E012C4473A9E49C9FA7273539BAB8CE059BF18C9DC0FF00FAEB83F00F8775AB0BD375A823
5B260E60249CB11CB64FAFFF00AF902BD26800A4AAEF33ACED16CC0D8583F3827D3F5A2D27FB4DBA
CD8C06CE01183D7D39A009D8B8C6D00FAE4E2A86A976F67A65C5C4A9844424F96598FE4AA4FE5566
7BB8EDCA870E73FDD19C5646A434CD51A2F3EE245F2CB05DA48077291D3D704F23047AE09A00DBDD
37FCF38FFEFB3FE1481A7EF1C63E8E4FF4AE52DFC3F7513DA5D69D74088B8CB62324646E5C6C200C
EF3D3232C07DE057AA83ED1E4FFA408BCDF48C9C7EB4014EDEF249B51BCB6087740133BB217E65CF
071CF7ABBBA7FF009E71E3FEBA1FF0AE7639B5237D020FB4194B664C8C2638CE79E99CF6C01D0F4C
EC6A77325B5A1688ED6660A18F3B7DFD3DB9EFEBD2801B677AF7525DAA27304E6260FB9403B54F19
5E473D47153DCDC35ADB4B71220D912176DA4938033D00E7E95E77E1FF00146B37BE2CD5EDA5B81E
459CC63481A1705C7CA01DDF77927181CE7A0C5745E2ED5EF2C07956C1D9561695A38D72F2F070A3
F2E7EA3E84036F4DB992EF4BB3B98D4149614705D983104023208CE7EB4DD5AF0D95889A58C95F3A
24C459624B48AA0600F522B80F87FE2BD5F52D596D6E0486D9B31985E320424063956EA4615060F4
2DDAB73C63AC6A5A6E9D3DE5BCB6691C0DCA5C4A5390781C0E49C12391DB1401D8EE9FFB91FF00DF
67FC2A8DEDE182FB4F81E16679E66542992A088D89DC71C700FD6A9786F53BBBFD123BABA42646B7
8E6DA06082CBBB6FD7A75E79FC4F3EFE340FAF2E962E661744EDCC7083123637632467A1EBFAD007
7A0CBDD13FEFA3FE149997FB899FF78FF8545653B5CD9C52B0019864E3A1F71FCEB91F1278A65B3B
C8ED2DCE66964748D431032A0E4311DC91C0F4FD403A6B5BB925D42FADCC4E1A06420B12030651F7
4E391907F1ABC0BE7E65503D893FD2B80D135ED62EE58591E478DA30D2B3461915B1D3393F5C0EA0
F5EF5DC58DC3DCDB0770A2404860320039FF000C1A0089D55AFE4F9D813111C678E952D8B892CD18
63B8F94103A9AAE5436A73118DDE4918C827B76EC3EB562C33F634C924F3C9EFC9A00B3807A8EB51
47CBCA0818560071DB02A6A8A2FF005D37FBC3F90A00968A28A008B7EFF31109565E324646715446
9B384F2FEDD2794720A150720F5E7F1A8F4F18D6B5290DF89926286283CC044615406C01C8E6B467
B88ADA2324CE15477A0086DED2DA395D92DE35646DAA42F4181D3D3AF6A5BED3ED2FD145D40B2796
49427AA9C7507B1ACFD3B53B65BBB8B79AFC4B349317895942E10E005E076E9CF35635BBFB6B1D32
6371762D4C8852393B863C023DF245004BA6D9595ADBA3DA41E589101CB64B63AE09393DE92FAC6C
EE22C5CDB094165523A64E4633F4383EDDAABE89A859CF6C9630DD34B736B1AC728914AB92A02938
20771D40C66975B999208425E7D98ADC42F21DA1B29BC654E41C67A678E7BD0069430C7044238902
20E805509748D305F47706CA3FB4484AF98A31DB3CFE556ED6F2DEF1098250F8EA3A11F85665F5DA
8D7F4E8975286255F30CB6EC5774A48C2E33CF073D280364000000600E001589AC6969AC0682E6C3
7A0242C8AE0363D3E9927F0F7AD89278A2216491549E9938CD20B980938963E0807E61401896BA6B
59C11DBC56CD1C6380A806471EB9C7E2456BD9218A0D861F2F6B11CB6777BD590410083907906968
02BBDB06B8336F7C942A0761EF4EB78441108C1C81D3AF03F126A6A4EE68016A18FF00D7CDF51FCA
892E628A55476DA5BA641C7E7F8544B71024B2969E20188C7CC33D00A00B7514F1F9D0491EE2BBD4
8C8EA32293ED507FCF68FAE3EF0A724B1C8485756C75C1CD00735A6787AE6DF571752CC9B21638DA
492D904F7E9F7BB76E39EB5B1A9DB35E5BA08FE7D8E49556C13C11C1EC79A945D401247695423107
24E38C0154A5B7B08E369515A5F48D660327F1200E07AF4A00E434CF085C1658A681E348AE9A78A5
DC5194905738E8415624A8C64F6FE23B1E35F0F6A3AC35A4FA74A73123C5246AE15C072BF3A13C06
1B4839EAACC3D8ED0B4B2C2A0490F65FDF720E7D73F87FFAEAE026DA0558E172A01C0EA7A6680385
F0C786BC490F89A0BED4E7F2B4FB18DD2085CC6D2C85FEF65A3032B9F9B9E738E2BA8D63497BF599
762BACAA40E06E52428E0E471807F13E95A42E662F836B201EB914C5BB9982B7D8E501B191C64500
51D0F4CB9B20F25CB2EE6E8A3A8E141FFD06BCAF5BF827ACEABE369B565D6ED96D65B913891C399A
300E400BD091D01C8FA57B3453C8ED86B774F9739E3AFA54DBDBFE793FE63FC680236B585C2EE459
1957019C026A93E96CF81E746B8014010A9E3BF5E7AE4D6819187FCB173F88FF001A3CC7FF009E12
7E6BFE3401552D6F228F6ADF6E23A6F8863F4A9E08A5899B7DC1901E80A818A5699D54B0B791B033
80579FD68B795E6B78E4785E166504C5210590FA1C123F2268026A4EF4514011C914727DF8D1B91F
7941A6FD92D883FE8F173C9F9073451400DFB0DA0C0FB343FF007C0A912DA08D595218D430C10AA0
647F9268A280233696E65F30C285F1B738ED9A0D9DB19149B78B85E3E51EDFE1451400A9676C8C19
2DE2539CE4201EF5628A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2803FFD9}
li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1.3.2 Formation of blood}\
b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-240\slmult
0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Blood biosynthesis is known as haematopoiesis. The
process consist}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of
production, development and maturation of cellular elements of blood}\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(Fig. 1.13). In adults the p
roduction of blood cells is carried out by the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bone marrow while in the developing fetus haematopoi
sis takes place}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in
extra medullary regions till the bone marrow is matured and functional.}\par\par
d\li240\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 1.13 A Schemmatic
representation of haematopoiesis}\b0 \par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {17}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360\pghsx
n11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsxn586\margbsxn93\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1.4 Body Fluids}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cerebrospinal fluid and lymph are other impo
rtant body fluids which}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {are devoid of red blood cells and so they look colourless.}\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1.4.1 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)}\
b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CSF is formed
by the choroid plexus of the brain and is an ultrafiltrate}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of the plasma. It is present in the cent
ral ventricles, spinal canal and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {subarachnoid spaces. The total volume of CSF is 100-150ml.}\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1.4.1.1}\b0 { }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Properties}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \f

s20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It is a clear, colourless and transparent fluid with a
specific gravity}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o
f 1.003 to 1.008. It is alkaline and has the same pH as that of blood}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(7.35 to 7.40).}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1.4.1.2 }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\b \i {Composition}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {It\uc1\u8217Xs composition is more or less similar to that o
f plasma without}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {th
e colloids.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\marg
rsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw2160\colsr-0\colno2\colw720\colsr-0\colno3\colw3786\par
d\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Protein}\par\pard\li400\r
i0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {glucose}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-413
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Chloride}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Non-protein}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Substances like}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par
\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {20-45 mg /dl}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {40-80 mg /dl}\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {700-750 mg /dl}\par\pard\sec
t\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw
2880\colsr-0\colno2\colw3786\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {urea and uricacid etc.-}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Urea - 20 - 40 mg/dl}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Uricacid -1 - 7 mg/dl}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sodium - 300 - 350 mg/dl}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Potassium - 11-15 mg/dl}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Calcium - 4 - 5 mg /dl}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-4
00\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Phosphorous - 1 - 1.5 mg/dl}\par\pard\li8
rd\li80\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li80\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {18}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsx
n560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\marg
rsxn133\margtsxn586\margbsxn93\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\b {1.4.1.3 }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Functions}\b0 \i0 \par\p
ard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It acts as a protective
jacket for the brain and spinal cord and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {maintains a uniform pressure on the nervous structures. I
t acts as a}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {reservo
ir to regulate the contents of the cranium. To a limited extent it}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {act as a medium for nutrient exc
hange in the nervous system.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\b {1.4.1.4 }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {CSF in diseases}\b0 \
i0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The compositio
n of CSF is altered in the following diseased}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {conditions in human beings.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkn
one\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw2880\colsr-0
\colno2\colw720\colsr-0\colno3\colw3066\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Meningitis}\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {Neuro syphilis}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {3.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Disseminated sclerosis}\
cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx720\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1.4.2}
\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {L}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {ymph}
\b0 \par\column\pard\li13\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4.}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5.}\par\pard\li26\ri0\s
l-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7.}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Encephalitis}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\char

scalex100 {Polio myelitis}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {Spinal and brain tumor}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Cerebral haemorrhage}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn1
1040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {The term \uc1\u8216Xlymph\uc1\u8217X denotes a fluid not only present in
the lymphatic}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {vess
els but also the fluid which bathes in the cells, the tissue or interstitial}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fluid.}\par\pard\li400
\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It resembles plasma in its compo
nents and their composition which}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {can permeate the capillary wall but there are some differences in
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {electrolyte concen
trations.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {About 2
litres of lymph are drained into the blood stream per day.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Lymph flow is very slow. The protein pr
esent in entire plasma in an}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {adult human is about 210 gm. About 1/3rd of this leaks out into the}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lymph through the int
erstitial fluid and is returned to the blood at the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {thoracic duct. If the thoracic lymph is drained
off, the concentration of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {plasma proteins fall and the blood volume decreases.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1.4.2.1 }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\b \i {Functions}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Lymph is the main route of absorption of long chain fatty acids,}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {partially digested fat
s, diacyl glycerol and cholesterol from the intestine}\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-21
0 {19}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn13
3\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsx
n586\margbsxn93\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and thei
r transport via the thoracic duct. Lymph also helps to keep the}\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tissues from drying up by maintaini
ng contact with the interstitial fluids.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1.5 Buffers}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A buffer is a mixture of a weak acid and its salt with a
strong base}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(eg) A
mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {HAC + NaAC -----> Na}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {+}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { +H}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{+}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 2AC}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
-}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {where HAC = Acet
ic acid; NaAC = Sodium acetate.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {A buffer solution is one which resists a change in its pH value}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(hydrogen ion concen
tration) on dilution or on addition of an acid or}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {alkali. The process by which added H}{\super \fs1
2\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { and OH}{\super \fs1
2\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ions are removed so}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {that pH remains cons
tant is known as buffer action.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {For (eg) if alkali is added to the above mentioned buffer it form
s}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NaAC and no free
H}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { or OH}
{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { will be
available.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[Na}{\
super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + H}{\sup
er \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 2AC}{\super
\fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {] + NaOH ------
> 2NaAC + H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}

\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {If an acid is add
ed to the buffer it will form NaCl and no free H}\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{
\sub \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { or}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {OH}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 { will be available.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {HAC + NaAC + HCl --------> NaCl + 2 HAC}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-4
00\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {In either cases there is no change in hyd
rogen ion concentration}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {i.e. it resist the change in pH of the solution.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1.5.1 Examples of buffer -}\b0 { }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {A mixture of}\par\pard\li293\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx693\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Glycine and HCl}\par\
pard\li293\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx746\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}\tab \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Potassium dihydrogen phosphate and dipotassium hydrogen}\p
ar\pard\li746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {phosphate.}\par\par
d\li293\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx746\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3.}\tab \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate.}\par\pard\li2960\ri0
\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {20}\pa
r\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsx
n586\margbsxn93\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1.5.2
Uses of buffer}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {1.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Bufers are used for preparing standa
rd solutions in which it is always}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {desired to maintain a constant pH.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\sl
mult0 \*\tx400\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Th
ese are used to maintain H}\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 { concentration which is necessary}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {for optimal activity of enzymes.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\
Buffers regulate acid-base balance by restricting pH change in body}\par\pard\li
400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fluids and tissues, since the
y are capable of absorbing H}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 { ions and}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {OH}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { ions
when an acid or an alkali is formed during metabolic}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {activities.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1.5.3 Buffers of blood}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl
-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The important buffers present in blood
are}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a. Bicarbonat
e buffer}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b. Phosp
hate buffer}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c. Pr
otein buffer}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d. H
emoglobin buffer}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {
1.5.3.1 }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Bicarbonate buffer}\b0 \i0 \par\p
ard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It is the most importan
t buffer in blood plasma and consist of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {bicarbonate [HCO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs14
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {] and carbonic acid [H}{\su
b \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {]}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-346\sl
mult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {This buffer is efficient in maintaining the pH
of blood plasma to 7.4}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {against the acids produced in tissue metabolism (eg) phosphoric acid,}\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lactic acid, aceto aceti
c acid and}{ }\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{-hydroxy butyric acid. These acids}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {are converted to their anions and the bicarbonate is converted

to}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {carbonic acid a
weak acid.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {HCO}{
}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + H}\fs14\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(obtained from acids) -----> H}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CO}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { ----->CO}\par\par
d\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1
\colw4520\colsr-0\colno2\colw400\colsr-0\colno3\colw986\colsr-0\colno4\colw760\p
ard\li906\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\column\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-120
\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \
fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040
\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {CO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { thus for
med is expirated through lungs during respiration.}\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-213\s
\li3013\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {21}\par\pard\sect\sectd\s
bknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,146);(93,80);(0,0);(0,146);}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
}
}

}
}

}
{1.5.3.2 }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Phosphate buffer}\b0 \i0 \par\p
ard\li400\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The phosphate buffer co
nsists of dibasic phosphate [HPO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}}\fs14\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {2-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {] and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {monobasic phosphate (H}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {PO}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{4}}\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {). Its pKa value i
s about 6.8. It is more}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {effective in the pH range 5.8 to 7.8. Plasma has a ratio of 4 between}\par\
pard\li1693\ri0\sl-80\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[HPO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
4}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {--}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {]}}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\b {:}\b0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {PO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {4}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {].}\par\pard\li2880\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {
[HPO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}}\fs14\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {--}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {]}}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Therefore pH = pKa + log}\par\pard\li288

[H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {PO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
4}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {]}}\par\pard\
sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\c
olw2880\colsr-0\colno2\colw3786\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {pH = 6.8 + log 4 = 7.4}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\b {1.5.3.3 }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Protein buffer}\b0
\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[7.4 is
the normal pH of blood]}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marg
lsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Th
e protein buffers are very important in the plasma and in the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {intracellular fluids but their concen
tration is very low in CSF, lymph and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {interstitial fluids.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They exist as anions serving as conjugate bases (Pr}{\sup
er \fs12\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) at the blood
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pH 7.4 and form co
njugate acids (HPr) accepting H}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. They have the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {capacity to buffer some H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {in the blood.}\par\pard\li440\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {H}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CO}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 { + Pr}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {-}\ul0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
HCO}{ }\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + HPr
H}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CO}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {
CO}\ul0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrs
xn133\cols6\colno1\colw1066\colsr-0\colno2\colw1586\colsr-0\colno3\colw1466\cols
r-0\colno4\colw453\colsr-0\colno5\colw906\colsr-0\colno6\colw1186\pard\li626\ri0
\sl-133\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-133\sl
mult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs1
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {3}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1.5.3.4 }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\b \i {Hemoglobin buffer}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They are involved in buffering CO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { inside erythrocytes. The}\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {buffering capacity of hemogl
obin depends on its oxygenation and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {deoxygenation. Inside the erythrocytes, CO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { combines with H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O to}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {form H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 { under the action of carbonic anhydrase. At the blood pH}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7.4, H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { dissociates into H}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {+}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { and HCO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {3}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { and needs imm
ediate}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {buffering. O
xyhemoglobin (HbO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {-}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) on the other side loses O}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { to form}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {deoxyhemoglobin (Hb}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {-}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) which remains undissociated (HH
b) by}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {accepting H}{

\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { from the
ionization of H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{CO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Thus, Hb}
{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {buffers H
}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CO}{\sub \fs14
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {in erythrocytes.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marg
lsxn560\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw2080\colsr-0\colno2\colw80\colsr-0\colno3\c
olw1320\colsr-0\colno4\colw1106\colsr-0\colno5\colw2080\pard\li1560\ri0\sl-306\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {HbO}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\colu
mn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\ul {
Hb}\ul0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 { + O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-160\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pg
hsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li1506\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Hb}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 { + H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CO}
{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
HHb + H
CO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {22}\par\par
d\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\se
ctd\sbkpage





{1.6 Acids and bases}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {According to the modern concept, an acid is defined as that species}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {which can donate H}{\s
uper \fs12\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { ions (proto
ns) in solution and a base is that species}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {which can accept H}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {+}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { ions. Since such transfer of protons is rever
sible}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {any acid whic
h gives up its proton becomes a base, while any base}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {which accepts a proton becomes an acid. This t
heory was postulated}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{by Bronsted and Lowry in 1923. The following general equation canbe}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {written as}\par\pard\li1453\r
i0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Acid
H}\fs14\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {+}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + Base}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {An acid and
a base related in this manner are called conjugates}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {For (eg) in this reaction}\par\pard\li1280\ri0
\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {HCl
H}{\super \fs14\up3\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + Cl}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {-}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{HCl is acid and Cl}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 { is its conjugate base.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Other examples}\par\pard\li1213\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {CO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
H
}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + HCO}{
\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li12
40\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {SO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
H}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + HSO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}}\fs14\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {2-}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {An acid which dissociates strongly and readily gives H}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { ions is}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {known as a strong acid. The capacity of
an acid to release its protons}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {is known as acidity.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {A base which has more affinity to combine with H}{\super \fs12\u
p3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { ions is known}\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as a strong base. This prope
rty of a base is known as alkalinity (eg)}\par\pard\li2160\ri0\sl-66\slmult0 \fs
14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {HCO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, HSO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}}\fs14\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {2-}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, H}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {2}{\super \fs24\up1\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {PO}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{4}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { etc.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The acidity of a species is denoted by its pH value : la
rger the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {acidity of
a species, lower will be its pH value.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx72
0\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1.6.1}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {pH }
\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {- It is defined as the negative logarithm of hyd
rogen ion}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {concentra
tion (or) it is defined as the logarithm of reciprocal of the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hydrogen ion concentration.}\par\pard
\li400\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i.e. pH = - log [H}{\super
\fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {] (or) pH = log

1/[H}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {]}\p
ar\pard\li400\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Acidic - 1 - 6.9 Ne
utral 7.0 Alkaline 7.1 - 14.}\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {23}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage



{1.6.1.1}\b0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Determination of pH -Henderson
- Hasselbalch equation}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\b {Derivation}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {This concerns the dissociation of weak acid in equilibrium.}\par\pa
rd\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Let us consider HA a wea
k acid that ionises as follows:}\par\pard\li1653\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {HA
[H}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {] + [A}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {]}\par\pard\li1226\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par{\trowd\trle
ft1226\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl0\trpaddr0\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrd
rt\brdrnone\clbrdrl\brdrnone\clbrdrb\brdrnone\clbrdrr\brdrnone\cltxlrtb\clNoWrap
\clftsWidth3\clwWidth413\clpadt0\clpadr0\clpadft3\clpadfr3\cellx2200 \pard\li0\r
i0\sl-293\widctlpar\intbl \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { [H}\cell\clvertalt\clbr
drt\brdrnone\clbrdrl\brdrnone\clbrdrb\brdrnone\clbrdrr\brdrnone\cltxlrtb\clNoWra
p\clftsWidth3\clwWidth733\clpadt0\clpadr0\clpadft3\clpadfr3\cellx2786 \pard\li0\
ri0\sl-186\widctlpar\intbl \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-10
6\widctlpar\intbl \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {] [A}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {]}\cell\row}\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pgh
sxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw1946\colsr-0\colno2\colw4720\p
ard\li506\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {L}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {K}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { =
}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
[wh
ere Ka = Dissociation constant]}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11
040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw2160\colsr-0\colno2\colw1093\colsr0\colno3\colw3413\pard\li1226\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
[HA]}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { [HA]}\par\column\pard\li720\ri0\sl-293\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Ka x [HA]}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {L }{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}{\super \fs1
4\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { =}\par\pard\li720\ri
0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
[A}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {-}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {]}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\
pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {log [H}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {] = log Ka + log
[Taking log on both sides].}\par\pard\li216
0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { [A}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {-}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {]}}\par\pard\li2160\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li2160\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { [HA]}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-log [H}{\super \fs1
4\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {] = -log Ka -log
[Chaning sign on both sides].}\par\pard\li2160\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {
[A}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {]}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\
100 {pH = pKa + log [HA] / [A}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {] since -log H}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {

+}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = pH and - log Ka = pKa}\par\pard\li2640\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\b {
[Salt]}\b0 \par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\b {pH = pKa + log}\b0 \par\pard\li2640\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\b {
[Acid]}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li400\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The above equation is k
nown as Henderson - Hasselbalch equation.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and can be used for the determination of pH of blood.}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1.6.1.2}\b0 { }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i { Determination of pH of buffers}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\l
i400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The pH of buffers can be det
ermined by Henderson - Hasselbalch}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {equation.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {pH = pKa + log [salt] / [Acid]}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {where pKa = log 1/Ka Ka = Dissociation Constant of an acid
and}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-240\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {24}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pgh
sxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage



\margtsxn573\margbsxn93\cols3\colno1\colw2160\colsr-0\colno2\colw1440\colsr-0\co
lno3\colw3066\pard\li720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-346\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Ka =
}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[H}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {+}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {] [Ac}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {-}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {]}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 { [HAC]}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { for the reaction}\p
ar\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\l
i720\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx1440\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {HAC}\tab \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {
[H}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {] + [Ac}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {]}\par\pard\li1533\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1533\
rscalex100 { K}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ x [HA]}\par\pard\li813\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {L}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 { =}\par\pard\li1213\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {
[A}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {]}\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {In
case of blood, the ratio between [BHCO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {] : [H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {CO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {] can}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {be found
out by applying the above equation to maintain average pH of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {blood 7.4. If the pKa value of H}{\sub
\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { is 6.1.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-24
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {then}\par\pard\li2880\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[BHCO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {]}\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {
7.4 = 6.1 + log}\par\pard\li2880\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {[H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
CO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {]}\par\pard\
\par\pard\li2880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[BHCO}{\sub \fs1
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {]}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sb
-0\colno2\colw1440\colsr-0\colno3\colw2346\pard\li2160\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {L}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { log}\par\pard\li1946\ri0\s
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {L}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { log}\par\pard\li1440\r
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
log}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[H}{\
sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CO}{\sub \fs14\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {]}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[BHCO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {]}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {[H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {CO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {]}\par\p
0\charscalex100 {[BHCO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {]}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[H}{\
sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CO}{\sub \fs14\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {]}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=
1.3}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmul
{=
log 20}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=
20/1}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkn
\colno2\colw4506\pard\li720\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {So}\p
ar\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx2160\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { [BHC
O}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {] : [H}{\sub
\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {]}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{=
20:1}\par\pard\li853\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li853\ri0\sl-2
3\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsx
n586\margbsxn93\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1.6.1.
3}\b0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {pH in living organisms}\b0 \i0 \par\pa
rd\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The fluid in the cells a
nd tissues of plants and animals is usually}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {close to neutrality and the pH of extracellular fluids
under normal}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {condit
ions varies from 7.35 to 7.5.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\b {1.6.1.4 }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Regulations of acidbase balance (pH maintenance)}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {The following mechanisms control the regulation of acid-bas
e}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {balance in the hu
man body.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
{1.}\b0 \tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Buffer system}\b0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 { : Hemoglobin, phosphate and carbonate -}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slm
ult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bicarbonate buffers are involved in the mainten
ance of pH since}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
they are capable of neutralising H}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { or OH}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}}\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { ions formed during}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {metabolic activities.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult
0 \*\tx400\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2.}\b0 \tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
{Respiratory regulation}\b0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { : Lungs are actually
the most effective}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{organs for pH adjustment : One half of the H}\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { ions drained by the}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-346\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cells to the extra cellular fluids combine with HCO
}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}{ }\fs20\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 { to form H}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {CO}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-29
3\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {which dissociates in to H}{\sub \fs12\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O and CO}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. The CO}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { thus formed is}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-226\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {expirated through lungs. So accumulation of
H}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { ions i
s prevented.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\b {3.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Renal regulation}\b0 \par\pard\li4
00\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Kidney contribute for acid-bas
e balance by excreting acids and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {ammonia. The excess of acids produced in the metabolic pathways ar
e}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {eliminated by kid
neys in the form of urine. Ammonia is a base and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {formed in the tubular epithelial cells from glutam
ine. Glutamine is}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d
eaminated and then dehydrogenated to form two moles of ammonia.}\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The ammonia so formed diffuses into
the tubular urine and binds H}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ions to form NH}{\sub \fs
12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}}\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {and excreted as such in urine. If not excreted,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-24

0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ammonia accumulation in blood leads to aci
d-base imbalance.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{If acids and ammonia accumulate in the blood, it lead to acidosis}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and alkalosis respectively.}\par
0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {26}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgw
sxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn93\pard\li2640\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2640\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\b {Excercise}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\b {I.}\b0 \tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Choose the corre
ct answer from the given four alternatives.}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a. In the cell membranes, lipids are arranged as}
\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols
2\colno1\colw3600\colsr-0\colno2\colw3066\pard\li720\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {i. Monolayers}\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {iii. Random layers}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {b. Mitochondria are}\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i. Suicidal bags}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult
0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ii. Bilayers}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iv. Trilayers}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ii. Power houses of cells}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknon
e\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li746\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iii. Carrier of genetic information iv. Site of prot
ein biosynthesis}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
c. The fluid which maintains a uniform pressure on the nervous}\par\pard\li746\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {system is}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
none\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw3600\colsr0\colno2\colw3066\pard\li720\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i.
Blood}\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iii. Cereb
rospinal fluid}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {ii. Lymph fluid}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{iv. All the above}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsx
n560\margrsxn133\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d. Th
e organelle involved in photosynthetic activity is}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\
pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw3600\colsr-0\col
no2\colw3066\pard\li720\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i. Chlor
oplast}\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iii. Nucl
eus}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e. The normal
pH of blood is}\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx1440\*\tx2173\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {i. 6.0}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ii. 7.4}\tab \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 { iii. 8.0 iv. 4.2}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\b {II. Fill up the blanks}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ii. Mitochondria}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-386\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iv. Ribosomes}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\
pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a. Man is an example for ____________ organism}\par\par
d\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b. Subcellular organelles
____________ present in}\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Eucaryotic and ___________ present in procaryotic cells.}\par\pard\li4
00\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c. _____________ is the most i
mportant buffer in blood plasma}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {d. _____________ is an infectious state of CSF}\par\pard\li400\ri
0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e. __________is the negative logari
thm of H}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
ion concentration.}\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li301
3\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {27}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone

\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn73
60\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsxn586\margbsxn93\pard\li0\ri0\sl-20
0\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {III. }\b0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {
Say true or false}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {a. Eukaryotic organisms are primitive type.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-346\slmu
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b. Lysosomes are knows as suicidal bags.}\par\pa
rd\li400\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c. CSF maintains a unifo
rm pressure on the nervous system.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {d. Nucleolus contains DNA}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e. Pili is present in eukaryotic cells.}\par\pard\li4
00\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f. Vacuoles are significantly
bigger in plant cells.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\b {IV. Match the following}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn
11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw2880\colsr-0\colno2\colw3786\pard
\li400\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1. Distinct vacuole}\par\p
ard\li400\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2. Pili}\par\pard\li400
\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3. pH}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-346
\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4. Lysosomes}\par\column\pard\li13\ri0\sl-3
46\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {- Plant cell}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\sl
mult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {- }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Henderson - Ha
sselbalch equation}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{- Suicidal bags}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
- Ribosomes}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\mar
grsxn133\pard\li400\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5. Endoplasmi
c reticulum - }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Prokaryotic cells}\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {V.}\b0 \tab \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\b {Give one word answer}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a. What is the major function of ribosomes?}\par\pard\li4
00\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b. What is plasma?}\par\pard\l
i400\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c. What is the normal pH of
blood?}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d. Write H
enderson - Hasselbalch equation?}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {e. What are intrinsic proteins?}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {VI. Answer the followings:}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri
0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a. Explain the lipid bilayer struct
ure of cell membrane.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {b. Give the schemmatic diagram of an Eukaryotic cell.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\s
l-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c. Give the composition and functions
of CSF.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d. How is
acid-base balance maintained in human body.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-346\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e. Derive Henderson - Hasselbalch equation and menti
on its}\par\pard\li746\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {significan
ce.}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slm
i2960\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {28}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
none\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgws
xn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn93\cols2\colno1\c
olw1960\colsr-0\colno2\colw4706\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2.1 Introduc
tion}\b0 \par\column\pard\li360\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li360\ri0\
360\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {CHAPTER 2}\b0 \par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\b {BIOMOLECULES}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040
\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {The human body is composed of major elements such as carbon,}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen that
combine to form a great variety of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {molecules called biomolecules. The four major complex biomolecu
les}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {are carbohydrat
es, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.It is very important}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to know the nature and functions of the
se biomolecules.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {
2.2 Carbohydrates}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\b {2.2.1 Importance}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Carbohydrates are widely distributed in both plant and animal}\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tissues. They are indispensi
ble for living organisms and serve as skeletal}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {structures in plants and also in insects and crustac
eans. They occur as}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{food reserves in the storage organs of plants and animals. They are the}\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {important source of energy
required for the various metabolic activities}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of the living organisms.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2.2.2 Definition}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl
-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Carbohydrates are defined as polyhydrox
y aldehydes or ketones}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {and are generally classified as follows.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2.2.3 Classification}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Carbohydrates are generally classified into
4 major groups :}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
1. Monosaccharides}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {2. Disaccharides}\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li30
charscalex100 {29}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn56
0\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage


{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft586\shptop3586\shpright586\shpbottom8680\shpfhdr0\shpwr3
\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shplid2492\shpz0\shpbxpage\shpbypage

{3. Oligosaccharides and}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {4. Polysaccharides}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\b {2.2.3.1 }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Monosaccharides}\b0
\i0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {These are car
bohydrates that cannot be hydrolysed into more}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {simpler form. These are otherwise known as simple su
gars. The general}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f
ormula is C}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(H}
{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O)}{\sub \fs12\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. They may be subdivided in
to trioses, tetroses,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {pentoses and hexoses depending upon the number of carbon atoms}\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {they contain and also subdivided
as aldoses and ketoses depending}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {upon the presence of aldehyde or ketone groups (eg).}\par\pard\li4
No.of}\par\pard\sect\sect
d\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw2306\c
olsr-0\colno2\colw1946\colsr-0\colno3\colw2413\pard\li293\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Carbon atoms}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\pard\li2
93\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(Triose)}\par\pard\li293\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li293\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {
4}\par\pard\li293\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(Tetr
ose)}\par\pard\li293\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li293\ri0\sl-360\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
5}\par\pard\li293\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {(Pentose)}\par\column\pard\li266\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Aldoses}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li13\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Glycerose (or)}\par\pard\l
i13\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Glyceraldehyde}\par\pard\li13
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Erythrose}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li13\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ribose, Xylose}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Arabinose}\par\column\pard\li13\
ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ketoses}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Dihydroxy}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {acetone}

fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Erythrulose}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ribulose}\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Xylulose}\par\pard\sect\sect
olsr-0\colno2\colw4346\pard\li293\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li293\ri
0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 6}\par\pard\li293\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(Hexose)}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Glucose,
Galactose Fructose}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Mannose}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsx
n133\cols3\colno1\colw2306\colsr-0\colno2\colw1946\colsr-0\colno3\colw2413\pard\
li293\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li293\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 { 7}\par\pard\li293\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Heptose}\par\column\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri
0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Glucoheptose}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
93\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Galactoheptose}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Pseudo}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {heptulos
e}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx2573\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Simplest form of aldose -}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Glyceraldehyde}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx2573\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Simplest form of ketose -}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dihydroxy ac
etone}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx2000\*\tx2573\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Commonest aldose}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { -}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Glucose}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx2000\*\tx2573\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {Commonest ketose}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { -}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Fructose}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {30}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn
11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

}
}
{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft2946\shptop10053\shpright3213\shpbottom10053\shpfhdr0\sh
pwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shplid2500\shpz4\shpbxpage\shpbypage

}
{Functions}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {1.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ribose is a structural element of nucle
ic acids and also of some}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {coenzymes.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {2.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Glucose on oxidation yield energy w
hich is required for various}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {metabolic activities.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Fructose is found in
fruits, honey etc.which are responsible for}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sweetness and can be converted to glucose and utilise
d in the body.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {4.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Galactose is a component of milk sugar-l
actose, glycolipids and}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {glycoproteins}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {5.}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Mannose is a constituent of mucopr
oteins and glycoproteins which}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {are essential for the body.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2.2.3.2 }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Disaccha
rides}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The
se are carbohydrates that yield two molecules of same or}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-28
0\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {different types of monosaccharides on hydr
olysis. The general formula}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {is C}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(

H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O)}{\sub \fs1
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n-1}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { (eg) Lactose, Maltose
and Sucrose. The monosaccharide}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {units are united by a glycosidic linkage.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Functions}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slm
ult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Lac
tose is otherwise called as milk sugar. It is present in milk and}\par\pard\li40
0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {is made up of monosaccharides glucose and galactose.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marg
lsxn560\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw2880\colsr-0\colno2\colw3786\pard\li400\ri0
\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Glucose + Galactose }\par\column\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Lactose}\par\pard\sect\s
ectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\
Maltose is otherwise known as \uc1\u8216Xmalt sugar\uc1\u8217X and is present i
n}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {germinating cer
eals, malt etc.It is the intermediate product in the}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293
\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hydrolysis of starch by amylase in the alim
entary canal. It is made}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {up of 2 molecules of glucose.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pg
hsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw2693\colsr-0\colno2\colw3973\
pard\li400\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Glucose + Glucose }\p
ar\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Maltose}\par\
pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li0\
scalex100 {Sucrose is otherwise called as \uc1\u8216Xtable sugar\uc1\u8217X or \
uc1\u8216Xcane sugar\uc1\u8217X. It is}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the common sugar and is widely distributed in all photosyn
thetic}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {plants. It
does not exist in the body but occurs in sugarcane,}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pineapple, sweet potato and honey. It is mad
e up of glucose and}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {fructose.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\mar
grsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw2826\colsr-0\colno2\colw3840\pard\li466\ri0\sl-373\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Glucose + Fructose }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Sucrose}\par\pard\li186\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li186\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3
1}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pa
rd\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}

{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;9;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;32768}}
}
}

}

}

}
}

}
}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;3;(2186,0);(0,0);(0,133);}}

{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;7;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;32768}}
}

}
}

}
{2.2.3.3 }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Oligosaccharides}\b0 \i0 \par\p
ard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {These are carbohydrates
that yield 2-10 monosaccharide units on}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hydrolysis.eg. Maltotriose.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2.2.3.4 }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {
Polysaccharides}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {These carbohydrates yield more than 10 monosaccharide units on}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hydrolysis. They are further
classified into homopolysaccharides and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {heteropolysaccharides.}\par\pard\li2453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
3\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {P o ly s a c c h a rid e s}\b0 \par\pard
\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\
colw1613\colsr-0\colno2\colw1720\colsr-0\colno3\colw3333\pard\li1000\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1000\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1000\r
f0\par\pard\li1000\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {S torage}\par\
column\pard\li66\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li66\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li66\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li66\ri0\sl-120\slm
ult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H om opoly}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs
12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {saccharides}\par\pard\li693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li693\ri0\sl-160\slmult0
\fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {S tructrual}\par\column\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H
eteropolysaccharides}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{(M ucopolysaccharides)}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\mar
glsxn560\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw733\colsr-0\colno2\colw1306\colsr-0\colno3
\colw4626\pard\li306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li306\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li306\ri0\sl160\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {P lant}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-186\s
lmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {polysaccharides}\par\pard\li373\ri0\sl-213\sl
l-186\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {A nim al}\par\column\pard\li53\ri0\sl226\slmult0 \*\tx1293\*\tx1920\*\tx2773\*\tx3546\fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {poly
saccharides}\tab \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H eparin}\tab \fs12\cf0\f2\charscal
ex100 {C hondroitin}\tab \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H yaluronic}\tab \fs12\cf0\
f2\charscalex100 {K eratan}\par\pard\li2013\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \*\tx2986\*\tx352
0\fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {sulphate}\tab \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {acid}\tab
\fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {sulphate}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx973\fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {P lant}\tab
\fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {A nim al}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pg
hsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw973\colsr-0\colno2\colw893\co
lsr-0\colno3\colw1146\colsr-0\colno4\colw3653\pard\li213\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs1
2\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {(Starch)}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs12\c
f0\f2\charscalex100 {(G lycogen)}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs12\c
f0\f2\charscalex100 {(C ellulose)}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs12\
cf0\f2\charscalex100 {(chitin)}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn110
40\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri
ex100\b {Homopolysaccharides}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {These on hydrolysis yield same type of monosaccharide units.}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(eg). starch, glycogen
, cellulose, inulin, pectin and hemicellulose yield}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {only glucose on hydrolysis.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Heteropolysaccharides}\b0 \par\pard\
li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {These on hydrolysis yield a
mixture of different types of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {monosaccharides. The heteropolysaccharides situated in extra cellula
r}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {matrix are called
as mucopolysaccharides.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {(eg). hyaluronic acid, heparin, keratan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate.
}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {32}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn73
60\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;6;(853,13);(853,0);(0,0);(0,26);(853,26);(853,13);}}
824;24577;32768}}

824;24577;32768}}
824;24577;32768}}
824;24577;32768}}

824;24577;32768}}
824;24577;32768}}
824;24577;32768}}

824;24577;32768}}
\margtsxn586\margbsxn93\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Hyaluronic acid is made up of glucuronic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine}\par\pard
colw2026\colsr-0\colno2\colw1666\colsr-0\colno3\colw2973\pard\li146\ri0\sl-213\s
sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hyaluronic acid}\par\column\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Hydrolysis}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Glucuronic acid +}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {N-acetyl glucosamine}\par\pard\
sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li0\ri0\s
00 {Heparin is made up of glucosamine and glucuronic acid}\par\pard\sect\sectd\s
bknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw1866\cols
r-0\colno2\colw1626\colsr-0\colno3\colw3173\pard\li613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li613\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Heparin}\par\c
olumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hydrolysis}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Glucosamine +}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Glucuronic acid}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsx
n11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Chondroitin sulphate is made up
of either glucuronic acid (A and C}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {type) or Iduronic acid ( B type) and 2-N-acetyl amino galactose
.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\co
ls3\colno1\colw1826\colsr-0\colno2\colw1680\colsr-0\colno3\colw3160\pard\li240\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {Chondroitin}\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {sulphate}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {Hydrolysis}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Gucuronic (or) Iduronic acid}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ Acetyl amino galactos
e}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Keratan sulphate consi
sts of N-acetyl galactosamine, galactose and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sulphuric acid}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360

\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw1720\colsr-0\colno2\colw15
60\colsr-0\colno3\colw3386\pard\li346\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li34
6\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Keratan}\par\pard\li346\ri0\sl293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sulphate}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Functi
ons}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-25
3\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hydrolysis}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {N
-acetyl glucosamine +}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Galactose + Sulphuric acid}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn1104
0\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {1.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Starch is made up of repeated unit
s of glucose moiety. It is the}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {most important source of carbohydrate in our food. Such a}\par\par
d\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {compound which produces o
nly glucose on hydrolysis is called a}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {glucosan, and is found in cereals, potatoes, legumes and ot
her}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {vegetables.}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}\tab \fs2
0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Glycogen is the major carbohydrate reserve in animals an
d is often}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {called
animal starch. It is stored in liver and muscle of animals.}\par\pard\li400\ri0
\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It is also found in plants which hav
e no chlorophyll system [eg.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {fungi and yeasts] but not in green plants.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400
\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3.}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Cellulose is widely distributed in plant sources. It occurs in the cell}\par\pa
rd\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {walls of plants where it
contributes to the structure. It is the main}\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-413\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {33}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn1
0 {consituent of the supporting tissues of plants and forms a}\par\pard\li400\ri
0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {considerable part of vegetables.}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4.}\tab \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pectin and hemicellulose are present in fruits of many pl
ants and}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {serve as
jelling agents.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {5.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hyaluronic acid occurs in synovial flu

id, in skin and in tissues. It}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {acts as a cementing substance in tissues and also acts as a lubric
ant.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It is also p
resent in vitreous humor.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {6.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Heparin is used in medicine a
s an anticoagulant and prevents blood}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {clotting.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {7.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Keratan sulphate is an i
mportant component of cartilage and}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {cornea.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx573\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\b {2.3}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Proteins}\b0 \par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2.3.1 }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\b {Definition}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {Proteins may be defined as the high molecular weight polymers}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {composed of}{ }\fs22\
cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-amino acids united
to one another by peptide linkage}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {(-CO-NH-). Proteins are the major consitituents of all living or
ganisms.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They conta
in carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2.3.2 }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Class
ification}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The
y are classified into 3 main groups.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \*\tx400\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Simple protein : T
hese proteins on hydrolysis yield only}{ }\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-amino}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {acids. (eg). albumin, globulin}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmul
t0 \*\tx400\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Conju
gated protein : These are proteins composed of simple}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293
\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {proteins combined with non-protein part cal
led as prosthetic groups.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {They are further subdivided into:}\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*
\tx1146\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Nucleo pr
otein : Proteins present along with nucleic acids.}\par\pard\li1146\ri0\sl-280\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(eg) Histones and Protamines.}\par\pard\li60
0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx1146\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b.}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Phosphoprotein : These are protein containing phosphoric}\par\pard
\li1146\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {acid (eg) casein of milk
.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\ma
rgtsxn586\margbsxn200\pard\li600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx1146\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {c.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Glycoprotein : These are proteins c
ontaining carbohydrate}\par\pard\li1146\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {moiety as prosthetic group. (eg.) Gonadotropic hormone,}\par\pard\li1146\
ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mucous glycoprotein mucin (saliva
) and osseomucoid}\par\pard\li1146\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{(bone)}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx1146\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{d.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Chromoprotein : These proteins contain het
erocyclic}\par\pard\li1146\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {compou
nds like porphyrins as the prosthetic group. (eg)}\par\pard\li1146\ri0\sl-293\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hemoglobin and Myoglobin.}\par\pard\li573\ri0\
sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx1146\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {Lipoproteins : These are proteins conjugated with lipids}\par\pard\li11
46\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(eg) chlyomicron, very low den
sity lipoprotein (VLDL),}\par\pard\li1146\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein}\par\pard\li
1146\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(HDL).}\par\pard\sect\sectd\
sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw1146\col
sr-0\colno2\colw5520\pard\li573\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f
.}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Metallopro
teins : These proteins contain metal as prosthetic}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slm

ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {group (eg) Siderophilin (Fe) and Ceruloplasmin
(Cu).}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn13
3\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3.}\tab \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Derived proteins : These are proteins derived from the si
mple and}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {conjugat
ed proteins by the action of acids, alkalies or enzymes.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They are the products resulting from par
tial to complete hydrolysis}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {of proteins. (eg.) proteoses, peptones and peptides.}\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2.3.3 Functions}\b0 \par\pard\li
arscalex100 {Proteins are the essence of life processes.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-40
0\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{They are the fundamental constituents of all protoplasm and are}\par\pard\li40
0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {involved in the structure of a
living cell and in its functions.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Enzymes are proteins
which act as biocatalysts.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {4.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proteins serve as components
of the tissues holding the skeletal}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {elements together.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Nucleoproteins s
erve as carrier of genetic characters and hence}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {govern inheritance of traits.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {They execute their activities in the transport of various compounds.}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7.}\tab \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Some hormones are proteins which regulate numerous physiolo
gical}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {functions.}
\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard
\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsxn586\m
argbsxn93\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8.}\ta
b \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They function in the homeostatic control of the vo
lume of the}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {circu
lating blood.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {9.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They are involved in blood clotting throu
gh thrombin, fibrinogen}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {and other protein factors.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {10. They act as the defense against infections by means of antib
odies.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2.3.3.1}\b
0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Functional diversity of proteins}\b0 \i0 \
par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proteins are the f
undamental constituents of all protoplasm and are}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {involved in the structure and functions of living
cells. Proteins have many}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {different biological functions.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx40
0\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Catalytic prote
ins}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Enzymes are p
roteins which have catalytic power, far beyond that}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of man-made catalysts. They enhance the rate
of biochemical}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {re
actions.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(eg.) am
ylase, carbonic anhydrase etc.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Nucleoproteins}\par\pard
\li400\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Histones are basic protein
s found in association with nucleic acids.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They serve as carriers of genetic characters and hence
govern}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {inheritan
ce of traits.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {3.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hormonal proteins}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Some hormones are proteins which regulat
e numerous physiological}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {functions. (eg) growth hormone, insulin and glucagon.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Storage proteins}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {They have the function of storing aminoacids as nutrients and as}\par\par
d\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {building blocks for the g
rowing embryo. (eg) casein of milk,}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {ovalbumin of egg white.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\t
x400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Transport pr
oteins}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They are c
apable of binding and transporting specific types of}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {molecules via blood. (eg) hemoglobin and alb
umin.}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
36}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\m
argtsxn586\margbsxn93\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {6.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Contractile proteins}\par\pard\li400\r
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proteins such as actin and myosin
in skeletal muscle function as}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {essential elements in contractile and motile systems.}\par\pard\li
arscalex100 {Defensive proteins}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {Some proteins have protective or defensive functions. The blood}\
par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {proteins - thrombi
n and fibrinogen participate in blood clotting.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Antibodies or immunoglobulins are protective prot
eins which prevent}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{the onset of diseases in the body.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx400\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Structural protein
s}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proteins such a
s collagen, keratin etc. serve as structural elements.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\
Toxic proteins}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ri
cin of caster bean, diphtheria toxin and botulinum toxin represents}\par\pard\li
400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {another group of proteins whi
ch cause dysfunctions and disorders}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {in the body.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx573\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\b {2.4}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Lipids}\b0 \pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2.4.1 }\b0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\b {Definition}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Lipids are the heterogenous group of compounds, actually or}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {potentially related
to fatty acids. Chemically, they can be defined as}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {esters of fatty acids with alcohol.}\par\pard\li
400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Lipids are relatively insolub
le in water and soluble in solvents like}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ether, chloroform and benzene.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2.4.2 }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Cla
ssification}\b0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { : Lipids are classified into :-}\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Simple lipids}\par\pard\li413\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {These are esters of fatty acids with various alcohols. They
are}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {further classif
ied into,}\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx1080\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{a.}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Fats : Esters of fatty acids with glycero
l. A fat in the liquid}\par\pard\li1080\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {state is known as oil.Simple lipids in animals are called as}\par\pard\li
1080\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fats and in plants as oils.}
\par\pard\li1080\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(eg) Triacyl g

lycerol.}\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-25
3\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {37}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360
\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsxn586\margbsxn93\pard\li600\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \*\tx1080\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Waxes : Esters of fatty acids with high molecular weight}\par\pard\li1080\ri
0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {monohydric alcohols.}\par\pard\li40
(eg) : Cholesterol es
ter, myricyl palmitate and cetyl palmitate.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\
tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Compound li
pids}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {These are es
ters of fatty acids with alcohol, but it contains extra}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-2
80\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {groups in addition to alcohol and a fatty
acid. They are subdivided}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {into the followings :}\par\pard\li546\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx1133\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Phospholipids (Phosp
hatides)}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They are
esters of fatty acids with glycerol containing an esterified}\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {phosphoric acid and a nitrogen base.
These lipids are present in large}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {amounts in nerve tissue, brain, liver, kidney, pancreas and heart
.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Phospholipids are
further classified into 3 types based on the type of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {alcohol present in the phospholipid}\par\par
d\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(i) Glycerophosphatides
- In }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {this, glycerol is the alcohol group.}\par\p
ard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols2\coln
o1\colw2813\colsr-0\colno2\colw3853\pard\li746\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {(eg) Lecithin}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {
Cephalin}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {- }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Choline as base}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {- }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Eth
anolamine as base}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn56
0\margrsxn133\pard\li746\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx2813\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Phosphatidyl serine}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {- }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Serine as base}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\margls
xn560\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw2813\colsr-0\colno2\colw3853\pard\li746\ri0\s
l-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Plasmalogens}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-37
3\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(ii) }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Phosphoi
nositides}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {eitherCholineorEthanolamineasbase.}\par\pard\sect
\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li746\ri0\sl373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {In this phospholipid, inositol - an hexa
hydric alcohol is present}\par\pard\li746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {along with the back bone glycerol (eg) Phosphatidyl inositol}\par\par
d\li746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(lipositol)}\par\pard\li2
93\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { (iii) Phosphosphingoside - i
n this phospholipids, sphingosine is the}\par\pard\li746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {alcohol (amino alcohol)}\par\pard\li746\ri0\sl-373\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(eg) Sphingomyelin.}\par\pard\li373\ri0\sl-373\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B. Glycolipids - These lipids contain a carbo
hydrate moiety along}\par\pard\li746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {with an amino alcohol. These are further classified into}\par\pard\li746\ri
0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(i) Cerebrosides : Contain galactos
e, a high molecular weight}\par\pard\li746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {fatty acid and sphingosine.}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {38}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\mar
glsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\
margrsxn133\margtsxn586\margbsxn93\cols2\colno1\colw373\colsr-0\colno2\colw6293\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\

3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(3)}\par\column\pard\li373\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(ii) Gangliosides - contain ceramide (sphi
ngosine + fatty acid)}\par\pard\li373\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {glucose, galactose, N-acetyl galactosamine and sialic acid.}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C. Lipoproteins - lipids like tria
cyl glycerol, phospholipids,}\par\pard\li373\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {cholesterol and cholesteryl esters and free fatty acids combine}\par
\pard\li373\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {with protein in parti
cular proportions and form a hydrophilic}\par\pard\li373\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lipoprotein complex (eg) chylomicrons, very low density}
\par\pard\li373\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lipoprotein (VLDL
), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high}\par\pard\li373\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {density lipoprotein (HDL). The protein moiety in the li
poprotein}\par\pard\li373\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {is know
n as apoprotein.}\par\pard\li373\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Derived lipids : These are lipids which are derived from the}\par\pard\li373\ri0
\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hydrolysis of simple and compound li
pids. (eg) diacyl glycerol,}\par\pard\li373\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {fatty acids, glycerol and cholesterol.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\
pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2.4.3 }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Functions}\b0
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.}\tab \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Fats stored in adipose tissue serve as an efficient sou
rce of energy}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {2.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Fats serve as a thermal insulator in the
subcutaneous tissue and}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {around the internal organs.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They also act as ele
ctrical insulator against nerve impulse}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {transmission.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cholesterol and ph
ospolipids are important constituents of cell}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {membranes.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx40
0\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Lipoproteins an
d glycolipids maintain cellular integrity and}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {permeability.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\t
x400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Fats serve a
s the important source of fat soluble vitamins.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult
0 \*\tx400\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7.}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The ph
osphatides of blood platelets are involved in blood clotting}\par\pard\li400\ri0
\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mechanism.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\
slmult0 \*\tx573\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2.5}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\b {Nucleic acids}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {Nucleic acids are a polynucleotides consisting of repeated units of}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mononucleotides.}\par
18\cf0\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {39}\par\pa
rd\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\s
ectd\sbkpage

824;24577;32768}}
824;24577;32768}}
824;24577;32768}}

824;24577;32768}}
824;24577;32768}}
824;24577;32768}}
{2.5.1 Definition}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Nucleic acids are the polymers of nucleotides. A nucleotide is a}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nucleoside containing phosp
hate group. A nucleoside is made up of a}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {purine or pyrimidine nitrogenous base linked to a pentose

sugar.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pentose su
gar + purine or
Nucleoside}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
pyrimidine base}\par\par
d\li400\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Nucleoside + phosphate
Nucleotides}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {Nucleotides (n)
Nucleic acids}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2.5.2 }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
b {Classification}\b0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { : Nucleic acids are classifie
d into}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.}\
tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA)}\par\pard\li400\ri
0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The most important consistuent of c
hromosome and exist as double}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {stranded helix. The nitogenous bases present are adenine, guanine,
}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cytosine and thy
mine and the pentose sugar is deoxyribose.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\t
x400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ribonucleic
acids (RNA)}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {RNA
is a polymer of purine and pyrimidine ribonucleotides linked}\par\pard\li400\ri0
\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {together by 3\uc1\u8217X, 5\uc1\u82
17X phosphodiester bridges. The nitrogenous bases}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slm
ult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {are adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil and t
he pentose sugar is}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {ribose.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Types
of RNA - There are 3 main classes of RNA molecules exist}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organi
sms - They are}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a.
messenger RNA (mRNA).}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {b. transfer RNA (t RNA)}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {c. ribosomal RNA (r RNA)}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2.5.3 Functions of DNA}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\sl
mult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {DN
A serves as genetic material in cells.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {DNA provides inf
ormation inherited by the daughter cells and is}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {also a source of information for the synthesis of
proteins and it}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
produces mRNA essential for protein biosynthesis.}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4
0}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\ma
rgtsxn586\margbsxn93\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2
.5.4 Functions of RNA}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {1.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It primarily functions in th
e cytoplasm of the cell as template for the}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {synthesis of protein.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult
0 \*\tx400\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It car
ries genetic information from DNA to the site of protein}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {biosynthesis.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\s
lmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I
t is an essential component of ribosome}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx40
0\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Some RNA has en
zymatic activity}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {5.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It serves as genetic material for viru
ses such as tobacco mosaic}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {virus, polio virus etc.}\par\pard\li2640\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\b {Excercise}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn
11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw573\colsr-0\colno2\colw6093\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {I.}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Choose the correct answer from
the given four alternatives}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn1
1040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx573\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {a.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Glucose is a}\par\pard\li573\r
i0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i. Monosaccharide
ii. Di
ssaccharide}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iii.
Oligosaccharide
iv. Polysaccharide}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\
tx573\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {An example
for homopolysaccharide is}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {i. Hyaluronic acid
ii. Cellulose}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-386\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iii. Mannose
iv. Starch}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx573\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c.}\tab \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Chylomicron belongs to the group of}\par\pard\li573\ri0\s
l-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i. Metalloprotein
ii. Chro
moprotein}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iii. Li
poprotein
iv. Nucleoprotein}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx
573\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {High molecula
r weight alcohols are present in}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {i. Waxes ii. Fats
iii. Oils iv. Phospholipids}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx573\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {The differential base present in DNA and RNAis}\par\pard\li573\ri
0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i. Adenine
ii. Guanine}\par
\pard\li573\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iii. Cytosine
iv.
Uracil}\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-21
\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {41}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\
pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn736
\slmult0 \*\tx573\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {II.}\b0 \tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\b {Fill up the blanks}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx573\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The general formula of
disaccharides is ________________}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx573\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {_____________ is cal
led as animal starch}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx573\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {c.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The prosthetic group present in nu
cleoprotein is _________}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx573\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {d.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {__________ is a transport prot
ein}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx573\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e.}\tab
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {DNA produce _____________ which is the source of in
formation}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {for pro
tein biosynthesis.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx573\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\b {III.}\b0 \tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Say true or false}\b0 \par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx573\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a.}\tab \fs20\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {A disaccharide may contain different types of monosaccharid
e}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {units.}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx573\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Heparin is a homopolysaccharide}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult
0 \*\tx573\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Glycop
roteins exist in gastric mucosa.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx573\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sphingolipid is a phos
pholipid}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx573\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e.
}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The genetic material in tobacco mosaic virus i
n RNA.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx573\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {IV
.}\b0 \tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Match the following}\b0 \par\pard\sect\
sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw33
46\colsr-0\colno2\colw653\colsr-0\colno3\colw2666\pard\li573\ri0\sl-386\slmult0
\*\tx1080\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Fructos
e}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx1080\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}\ta
b \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ribose}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx108
0\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Starch}\par\par
d\li573\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx1080\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4.}\tab \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {Hyaluronic acid}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx1080
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Maltose}\par\col

umn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {-}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par
\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Disaccharide}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Amylose}\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Nucleic acids}\par\pard\li13\ri0\
sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ketose sugar}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-37
3\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Heteropolysaccharide}\par\pard\sect\sectd\
sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmul
t0 \*\tx573\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {V.}\b0 \tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
b {Give one word answer for the followings}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0
\*\tx573\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {What is
the functional group present in ribulose}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx5
73\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Which sugar is
known as milk sugar}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx573\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {c.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {How will you differentiate fats an
d oils.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx573\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d.}
\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Give an example for catalytic proteins}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx573\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {What are nucleosides.}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {42}\par\pard
\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sec
td\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn93
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {VI. Answer the follow
ing}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx573\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a.}
\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Give the classification of carbohydrates with e
xamples.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx573\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b.
}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Explain the functions of polysaccharides.}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx573\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c.}\tab \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {What are conjugated proteins? Explain their functions.}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx573\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d.}\tab \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Give the classification of compound lipids. Explain their f
unctions.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx573\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e
.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Explain the functions of DNA and RNA.}\par\pa
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {43}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage


\margtsxn666\margbsxn93\cols2\colno1\colw2333\colsr-0\colno2\colw4333\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {3.1 Introduction}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\s
13\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
b {CHPATER 3}\b0 \par\pard\li93\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
{ENZYMES}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\mar
grsxn133\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {All the enzym
es are proteins and they are produced by the living}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cells. They act as biological catalysts. Enzyme
s catalyse and enhance}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {the rate of biochemical reactions occuring in various vital processes}\par\p

ard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {like breathing, digestion
, pumping of heart, formation of body tissues,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {contraction of muscles, transport of ions across th
e plasma membranes}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
etc.So without enzymes there is no life. They are inactive at O}{\super \fs14\up
3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {destroyed by moist heat at 100}{\super
\fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C.}\par\pard\li4
00\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The term enzyme was first used
by Kuhne (1878) to designate}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {these \uc1\u8216Xbiological catalysts\uc1\u8217X. Sumner and My Back
(1950) have defined}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{the enzymes as \uc1\u8220XSimple or combined proteins acting as specific}\par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {catalysts\uc1\u8221X. The
y affect the life of an organism to such an extent that life}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {has aptly called as an orderly functio
n of enzymes.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The
substances on which the enzymes act are called as \uc1\u8220XSubstrates\uc1\u82
21X.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Enzymes are h
ighly specific in their action (i.e) an enzyme can act on a}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {single or a small group of closely rela
ted substrates. During catalytic}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {action, the enzymes do not undergo any permanent modification and}
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {regenerated at the
end of the reaction. The general enzyme catalysed}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {reaction takes place as per the equations}\par\pa
rd\li573\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
E + S
ES}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
ES
E + P}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {E - Enzyme; S = Substrate; ES - Enzyme-Substrate complex;}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P = product. ES complex is an unst
able and highly energised complex.}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {44}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11
824;24577;32768}}

824;24577;32768}}
824;24577;32768}}
824;24577;32768}}

824;24577;32768}}
824;24577;32768}}
For example.}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1
\u945X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { amylase acts on starch and produce maltose u
nits. In this reaction}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex1
00 {\uc1\u945X\uc1\u8722X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {amylase is the enzyme, sta
rch is the substrate and maltose is the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {product.}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\ch
arscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {- amylase + starch
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {- amyla
se - starch}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
(E)
(S)
(ES)}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {amylase - starch
}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {- amylase + maltose}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
(ES)
(E)
(P)}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Most
of the enzymes, synthesised by a living cell, function within}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {that cell and hence are called as en
do enzymes or intra cellular enzymes.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Some enzymes are liberated from the living cells after synthe
sis, secreted}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to th
e environment and function in extra cellular regions. These enzymes}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {are called as exoenzymes or ext
ra cellular enzymes.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\b {3.2 Chemical nature of enzymes}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {All the enzymes are proteins with no exception. Some enzym
es}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {are simple prote
ins i.e. their molecules consist of only amino acids.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Many enzymes are conjugated proteins and thei
r molecules consist of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {aminoacids and a non-protein part (not made up of amino acids). The}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {non-protein part of the enz
yme is known as coenzyme or prosthetic}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {group, without which the enzyme is inactive. The protein par
t of the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {enzyme (in
conjugated type) is known as the apoenzyme. The coenzyme}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
80\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and the apoenzyme complex is called as ho
loenzyme.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrs
xn133\cols2\colno1\colw3480\colsr-0\colno2\colw3186\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Coenzyme + Apoenzyme }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Holoenzyme}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknon
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {For example, pyruvate decarboxylase is an enzyme whic
h catalyses}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the dec
arboxylation of pyruvate to form acetaldehyde. The non-protein}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {part of the enzyme is thiamine pyro
phosphate without which the reaction}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {can not be proceeded.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\
pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw5360\colsr-0\colno2\colw130
6\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Thiamine pyrophosphate
+ Pyruvate decarboxylase}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {Pyruvate}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marg
lsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li400\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
TPP
Protein
decarboxylase}
\par\pard\li3146\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
- TPP}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {(prosthetic group)
(apoenzyme)
(holoenzyme)
}\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {45}\par\pard\se
ct\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\
sbkpage
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;29;(0,160);(0,133);(13,93);(40,66);(66,40);(93,13);(1
33,0);(173,0);(213,0);(253,13);(280,40);(306,66);(333,93);(346,133);(346,160);(3
46,200);(333,226);(306,266);(280,293);(253,306);(213,320);(173,320);(133,320);(9
3,306);(66,293);(40,266);(13,226);(0,200);(0,160);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}






33,0);(173,0);(213,0);(253,13);(280,40);(306,66);(333,93);(346,120);(346,160);(3
46,200);(333,226);(306,266);(280,293);(253,306);(213,320);(173,320);(133,320);(9
3,306);(66,293);(40,266);(13,226);(0,200);(0,160);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}


{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;17;(253,573);(200,560);(160,546);(106,506);(80,480);(
40,440);(26,400);(13,346);(0,306);(0,253);(13,213);(26,160);(53,120);(80,80);(12
0,53);(160,26);(200,0);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;32768}}
3,53);(240,80);(253,106);(266,146);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;32768}}

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;11;(0,200);(40,213);(80,213);(120,200);(160,186);(200
,173);(226,146);(253,120);(266,80);(280,40);(280,0);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;32768}}
33,0);(173,0);(213,0);(253,13);(280,40);(306,53);(333,80);(346,120);(346,160);(3
46,186);(333,226);(306,253);(280,280);(253,293);(213,306);(173,306);(133,306);(9
3,293);(66,280);(40,253);(13,226);(0,186);(0,160);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

{The non-proteinaceous part is either loosely or tightly bound with}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the apoenzyme. If the coenzyme
s are tightly bound with the apoenzymes}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {the coenzymes are called as prosthetic groups. The losely a
ttached}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {coenzymes a
re simply called as coenzymes. A biologically active enzyme}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {exist in 3-dimensional folded structure
(conformation).}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {
3.2.1 Active site}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {A restricted region of the enzyme to which the substrate comes}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and binds and concernes with th
e process of catalysis is called as the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {active site. In some enzymes, the active site is a deep gro
ove into which}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the
substrate binds. Specific amino acids are present in the active site}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {which are responsible for the
catalytic action. These amino acids are}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {called as \uc1\u8216Xcatalytic\uc1\u8217X or \uc1\u8216Xact
ive\uc1\u8217X amino acids. For example lysozyme has}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\sl
mult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {glutamic acid and aspartic acid as catalytic a
minoacids. Chymotrypsin}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {which is a proteolytic enzyme contains serine and histidine as catalytic}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {amino acids.}\par\par
d\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The active site and the o
ther part of the enzyme undergo}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {conformational modification when they come in contact with the}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {substrate}\par\pard\se
ct\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\col
w1013\colsr-0\colno2\colw373\colsr-0\colno3\colw906\colsr-0\colno4\colw1853\cols
r-0\colno5\colw2520\pard\li720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li720\ri0\s
20\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\sl
0\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E S}\p
ar\column\pard\li80\ri0\sl-760\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\fs52\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {\}}{ }\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(a lte re d c o n fo rm ati

o n )}\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E S C o m p lex}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-160\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsx
n11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li400\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Koshland\uc1\u8217Xs induced fit hypothesis of enzyme-substrate interac
tion}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {postulates tha
t the active site of the enzyme consists of a number of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280
\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8216Xactive\uc1\u8217X contact amino
acids which permit the substrate to come close}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to the reactive groups of the enzyme which thereupon
undergoes a}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {confor
mational change, binding the substrate firmly to the enzyme and}\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {promoting catalytic activity.}\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {3.3 Naming of enzymes}
\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Except the en
zymes ptyalin, pepsin, trypsin and renin, all the other}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306
\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {enzymes are usually named by adding suffix
-}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {ase}\b0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { to the m
ain part of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the nam
e of the substrate on which they act.}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {46}\par\pard\
sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133
{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft1200\shptop6146\shpright1360\shpbottom6426\shpfhdr0\shpb
xpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shplid1\shpz0
{\sp{\sn lTxid}{\sv 65536}}
{\sp{\sn txfltextFlow}{\sv 2}}
{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}
{\sp{\sn dxTextLeft}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn dyTextTop}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn dxTextRight}{\sv
0}}{\sp{\sn dyTextBottom}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn WrapText}{\sv 2}}
{\sp{\sn fFitShapeToText}{\sv 1}
}{\sp{\sn fUseShapeAnchor}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}
{\shptxt\pard\plain\ql\li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ajustright\rin0\
lin0\itap0\fs10\cf0\f2\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\insrsid
1000 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {activ}}}}
2000 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e sit}}}}

3000 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e}}}}\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage



Examples :}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Maltas
e acts on maltose}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Lactase acts on lactose}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {Lipases act on lipids}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Proteases act on proteins}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Amylases act on starch (amylum)}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\s
lmult0 \*\tx573\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {3.4}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\b {Classification of enzymes}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {The most comprehensive system for the classification of en
zymes}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {was devised i
n 1961 by the Enzyme Commission of International Union}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of Biochemistry (IUB).}\par\pard\li400\ri0\s
l-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The 6 major classes of enzymes are}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1. oxidoreductases}\
b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Enzymes cataly
zing oxidoreduction reactions between two}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {substrates A and B are called as oxidoreductases}\par\pa
A
+
B
A
+
B}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-400\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(reduced)
(Oxidised)
(Oxidised)
(Reduced)}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E
xample : (i) Cytochrome C-oxidase}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsx
n11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw2533\colsr-0\colno2\colw426\cols
r-0\colno3\colw3706\pard\li306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li306\ri0\s
x100 {C ytochrom e (C}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {1}}\fs20\cf0\f2\charscal
ex100 {)}\par\pard\li813\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Fe}{\sup
er \fs14\up3\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2+}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
t0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C ytochrom e (a)}\par\pard\li613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs
20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Fe}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {3+}}\par\par
d\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li1200\
ri0\sl-480\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C ytochrom e (C}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f
2\charscalex100 {1}}\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {) }\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {+
C ytochrom e (C}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {1}}\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{)}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\
cols2\colno1\colw4120\colsr-0\colno2\colw2546\pard\li1826\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs
20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Fe}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {3+}}\par\col
umn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Fe}{\super \fs14\up3
\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2+}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\m
arglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li573\ri
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {In this reaction cytochrome C}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { is oxidised and cytochrome a is}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-24
0\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {reduced simultaneously by the action of cy
tochrome C-oxidase.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {This class includes several subclasses based on the group on which}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the enzymes act. The enzymes
acting on}\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-2
26\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {47}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn736



{ -CH -OH
(1.1)}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {-C=O
(1.2)}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {-C=CH
(1.3)}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {-CH-NH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {
{-CH-NH
(1.5)}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\b {2.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Transferases}\b0 \par\pard
\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Enzymes catalysing the tra
nsfer of a group (x) from one}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {substrate(AX ) to another (B) are known as transferases.}\par\pard\
li573\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx2373\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
AX
+ B }\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
A\uc1\u8217X + BX}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Example}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-400\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The reaction catalysed by alanine transaminas

e (ALT) is}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Keto}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133
\cols7\colno1\colw1160\colsr-0\colno2\colw386\colsr-0\colno3\colw1173\colsr-0\co
lno4\colw1080\colsr-0\colno5\colw1040\colsr-0\colno6\colw346\colsr-0\colno7\colw
1480\pard\li240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {L-Alanine}\par\pa
rd\li453\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(Ax)}\par\column\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
53\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {glutarate}\par\pard\li226\ri0\sl-253\slmu
lt0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(B)}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs2
0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ALT}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {Pyruvate}\par\pard\li200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {(A')}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Glutamate
}\par\pard\li226\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(Bx)}\par\pard\s
ect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li400\ri0\
ex100 {In this reaction the amino group from alanine is transferred to}\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {-ketoglutarate to form glutamate.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {These enzymes are further divided into subclasses on
the basis of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {natur
e of the group transferred.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Transfer of
(a) one carbon compounds
(2.1)}\par\pard\li400\
ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
(b) aldehyde or ke
tonic groups (2.2)}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {
(c) acyl groups
(2.3)}\par\pard\li4
(d) glycosyl gr
oups
(2.4)}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {
(e) Phosphate groups
(2.7)}\par\pa
(f) Sulph
ur containing groups
(2.8)}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
s18\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {48}\par\p
ard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\
sectd\sbkpage

}
824;24577;32768}}
824;24577;32768}}
\margtsxn586\margbsxn93\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\b {3.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Hydrolases}\b0 \par\pard\li4
00\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The hydrolases are those enzym

es which catalyse hydrolysis}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {reactions i.e the direct addition of water molecule (s) across the bon
d,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {which is to be c
leaved. The substrate for these enzymes are esters,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ethers, peptides and glycosides.}\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Example :
Pepsin. This enzym
e is a gastro intestinal enzyme which is}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {proteolytic in nature and involve in the hydrolysis of pro
teins present in}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {th
e food.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn
133\cols3\colno1\colw2240\colsr-0\colno2\colw1160\colsr-0\colno3\colw3266\pard\l
i760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx1706\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {P rotein}\t
ab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {P epsin}\par\colu
mn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {S m aller peptide
s}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {and am ino acids
}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\col
s2\colno1\colw4306\colsr-0\colno2\colw2360\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
O H
O
H}\par\pard
\li400\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
||
|
||
|}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgws
xn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li400\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {R - CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 { - C - N -CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 { - C - N - CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 { - CONH- R}\par\pard\li1333\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {OH}\fs8\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { H}\fs8\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {
(Protein)}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {
O
H
O
H}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-3
06\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
||
|
|
|
|}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R - CH
}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { - C - N -CH}{
\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { - C + N - CH
}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { - CO - NH - R
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
(Cterminal
|
| (N-terminal}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-360\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Peptide)
OH
H Peptid
e)}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The hydrolases
are divided into several subclasses, depending on}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the nature of the group or bond being hydrolysed
viz.,}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(a) este
rases etc. - hydrolyse ester bonds
(3.1)}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-400\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(b) glycosidases - hydrolyse glycosidic bonds
(3.2)}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(c) p
eptidases - hydrolyse peptide bonds
(3.4)}\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-213\
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {49}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\ma
rgrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage








}

}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}




26,80);(226,66);(213,66);(213,53);(213,53);(200,40);(200,40);(186,26);(186,26);(
173,13);(173,13);(160,13);(146,0);(146,0);(133,0);(120,0);(120,0);(106,0);(93,0)
;(93,0);(80,0);(66,13);(66,13);(53,13);(53,26);(40,26);(40,40);(26,40);(26,53);(
13,53);(13,66);(13,66);(0,80);(0,93);(0,93);(0,106);(0,120);(0,133);(0,133);(0,1
46);(0,160);(13,160);(13,173);(13,186);(26,186);(26,200);(40,200);(40,213);(53,2
13);(53,213);(66,226);(66,226);(80,226);(93,240);(93,240);(106,240);(120,240);(1
20,240);(133,240);(146,240);(146,226);(160,226);(173,226);(173,213);(186,213);(1
86,213);(200,200);(200,200);(213,186);(213,186);(213,173);(226,160);(226,160);(2
26,146);(226,133);(226,133);(226,120);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
226,80);(226,66);(213,66);(213,53);(213,53);(200,40);(200,40);(186,26);(186,26);
(173,13);(173,13);(160,13);(146,0);(146,0);(133,0);(120,0);(120,0);(106,0);(93,0
);(93,0);(80,0);(66,13);(66,13);(53,13);(53,26);(40,26);(40,40);(26,40);(26,53);
(13,53);(13,66);(13,66);(0,80);(0,93);(0,106);(0,106);(0,120);(0,133);(0,133);(0
,146);(0,160);(13,173);(13,173);(13,186);(26,186);(26,200);(40,200);(40,213);(53
,213);(53,226);(66,226);(66,226);(80,240);(93,240);(93,240);(106,240);(120,240);
(120,240);(133,240);(146,240);(146,240);(160,226);(173,226);(173,226);(186,213);
(186,213);(200,200);(200,200);(213,186);(213,186);(213,173);(226,173);(226,160);
(226,146);(226,133);(226,133);(226,120);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
26,80);(226,66);(213,66);(213,53);(213,53);(200,40);(200,40);(186,26);(186,26);(
173,13);(173,13);(160,13);(146,0);(146,0);(133,0);(120,0);(120,0);(106,0);(93,0)
;(93,0);(80,0);(66,13);(66,13);(53,13);(53,26);(40,26);(40,40);(26,40);(26,53);(
13,53);(13,66);(13,66);(0,80);(0,93);(0,93);(0,106);(0,120);(0,133);(0,133);(0,1
46);(0,160);(13,160);(13,173);(13,186);(26,186);(26,200);(40,200);(40,213);(53,2
13);(53,213);(66,226);(66,226);(80,226);(93,240);(93,240);(106,240);(120,240);(1
20,240);(133,240);(146,240);(146,226);(160,226);(173,226);(173,213);(186,213);(1
86,213);(200,200);(200,200);(213,186);(213,186);(213,173);(226,160);(226,160);(2
26,146);(226,133);(226,133);(226,120);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

lex100\b {4.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Lyases}\b0 \par\pard\li400\r
i0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The lyases are a smaller class of
enzymes that catalyse the removal}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {of a small molecule from a larger substrate molecule. Since the r
eactions}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {are revers
ible, lyases may also be considered to catalyse the addition}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of small molecules to the substrate mo
lecule}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn1
20\cols4\colno1\colw1733\colsr-0\colno2\colw1480\colsr-0\colno3\colw1240\colsr-0
\colno4\colw2226\pard\li1173\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1173\ri0\sl
-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\par\pard\li1146\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \

fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1146\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\c
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
100 {C }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\column
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ x-y}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040
\marglsxn560\margrsxn120\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\
100 {Example : Aldolase}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Fructose-1-6-diphosphate
Dihydroxy acetone phosphate}\par\pard\l
i573\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
+ glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\p
gwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn120\cols9\colno1\colw1493\colsr-0\coln
o2\colw613\colsr-0\colno3\colw1160\colsr-0\colno4\colw453\colsr-0\colno5\colw413
\colsr-0\colno6\colw426\colsr-0\colno7\colw480\colsr-0\colno8\colw840\colsr-0\co
lno9\colw800\pard\li720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C
H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { - O}\par\par
d\li733\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li733\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \*\tx1200
\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li160
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li160\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx733\*\tx113
3\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {HO}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {P}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\r
rd\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Aldolase}\par\column\pard\
f0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\
f0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
f0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 { - O}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx426\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pg
hsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn120\cols4\colno1\colw3240\colsr-0\colno2\colw866\c
olsr-0\colno3\colw946\colsr-0\colno4\colw1626\pard\li240\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\t
x720\*\tx1106\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\t
ab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \*\tx4
80\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\p

ard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { - OH}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li293\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \*\tx706\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\colum
n\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {HO}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx760\fs18\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 { - O}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgws
xn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn120\cols4\colno1\colw1480\colsr-0\colno2\
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {P}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Glyceraldehyde }\par\pard\li133\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{3-phosphate}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Dihydroxy acetone}\par\pard\li320\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {phosphate}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\mar
grsxn120\pard\li40\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Fructose 1,6 b
iphosphate}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-21
{The lyases are further classified on the basis of the linkage they}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {attack viz., acting on}\par\pa
rd\li466\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a. C-C bond
(
4.1)}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b. C-O bo
nd
(4.2)}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c
. C-N bond
(4.3)}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
glsxn560\margrsxn120\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage




{d. C-S bond
(4.4)}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {e. C-halide bond
(4.5)}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx
400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {5.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Isome
rases}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {This cl
ass includes all enzymes which catalyse isomerization}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280
\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {reactions i.e. interconversion of optical,
geometrical or position}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {isomers.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Exa
mple}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Retinene isome
rase catalyses the conversion of}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {trans-retinene
cis-retinene}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Triose phosphate isomerase catalyses the conv
ersion of}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {D - gly
ceraldehyde 3- phosphate
Dihydroxy acetone}\par\pard\li3626\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
phosphate}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The isomerases are further divided into
the subclasses}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a.
racemases
(5.1)}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {b. epimerases
(5.2)}\par\pard\li400\ri0\s
l-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c. cis-trans isomerases
(5.3)}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {6.}\b0 \tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Ligases}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \f
s20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {These enzymes are otherwise known as synthetases. They
catalyse}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {synthesis
reactions by joining two molecules, coupled with the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {breakdown of a phosphate bond of adenosine tr
iphosphate. ATP}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cle
avage provides energy for the new bond formation.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slm
ult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Example : Formation of malonyl CoA from acetyl
CoA in the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {presence
of acetyl CoA carboxylase.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {ATP + acetyl CoA + CO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {
ADP + Pi + malonyl CoA}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-346\slm
ult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The subclasses of ligases are based on the natu
re of bond formed}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i
n the product. Formation of}\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li3013\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {51}\par\pard\sect\sectd
\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsxn586\margbsxn93\p
ard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a. C-O bond
(6.1)}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b. C-S b
ond
00 {c. C-N bond
(6.3)}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {d. C-C bond
(6.4)}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Class, subclass and enzyme numbers of some enzym
es}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.}\
tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)}\par\pard\li400\ri0
\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Major class - oxidoreductase (1)
}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Subclass
acting on CH-OH (1)}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {Sub subclass - NAD or NADP as coenzymes (1)}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-413\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Enzyme no
- 1.1.1}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl386\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Hexo kinase}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {M
ajor class - Transferases (2)}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {Sub class
- Transfering phosphate group (7)}\par\pard\li40
0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Enzyme No. - 2.7.}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {Alkaline phosphatase}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Major class - Hydrolases (3)}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Subclass
- acting on esterbond (1)}\pa
r\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sub subclass - act
ing on phosphoric monoesters (3)}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {Enzyme No. - 3.1.3}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx400\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Fumarase}\par\par
d\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Major class - lyases (
4)}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sub class
- CO lyase (2)}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Sub subclass - acting on aldehyde (1)}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Enzyme No. - 4.2.1}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
3\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {52}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360
\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsxn586\margbsxn93\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\
Ribulose - 5 - phosphate epimerase}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\

f0\charscalex100 {Major class - Isomerases (5)}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Subclass
- Racemases and Epimerases (1
)}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sub subclass acting on carbohydrates (3)}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Enzyme no
- 5.1.3}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Acetyl CoA carboxyl
ase}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Major class
- ligases (6)}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S
ub class
- forming C-C bond (4)}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sub subclass - carboxyl group (1)}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl
-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Enzyme No. - 6.4.1}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {3.5 Factors influencing enzyme act
ivity}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The act
ivity of enzymes is markedly affected by several factors.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
93\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {These factors are}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1. temperature 2. pH 3. substrate co
ncentration 4. metal ions}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {(activators) 5. inhibitors 6. enzyme concentration etc.}\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {3.5.1 pH}\b0 \par\pard\li400\r
i0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {All the enzymes have a particular
pH at which their activity is}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {maximal; above or below this pH the activity is low. The pH at which}
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the enzyme shows ma
ximum activity is known as optimum pH. Some}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of the enzymes and their optimum pH are}\par\pard\li400
\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(a) Pepsin - 2.0
(b) Urease - 7.0}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {(c) Salivary amylase - 6.8 (d) Alkaline phosphatase - 9.9}\par\pard\li400\
ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Only in this optimum pH, ionisati
on of active amino acids in enzymes}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {and substrate are favoured for ES complex formation.}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The pH activity relationship
is shown in the Fig. 3.1.}\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
0\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {53}\par\pard\se
ct\sectd\sbkpage{\shp
{\*\shpinst
\jpegblip
FFD8FFE000104A46494600010100000100010000FFDB004300080606070605080707070909080A0C
393D38323C2E333432FFDB0043010909090C0B0C180D0D1832211C21323232323232323232323232
3232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232FFC0
00110800AF00B703012200021101031101FFC4001F00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090A0BFFC400B5100002010303020403050504040000017D010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191A1082342B1C11552D1F02433627282090A161718191A2526272829
2A3435363738393A434445464748494A535455565758595A636465666768696A737475767778797A
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090A0BFFC400B511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291A1B1C109233352F015
6272D10A162434E125F11718191A262728292A35363738393A434445464748494A53545556575859
5A636465666768696A737475767778797A82838485868788898A92939495969798999AA2A3A4A5A6
F2F3F4F5F6F7F8F9FAFFDA000C03010002110311003F00F7FA28AA1AC5FA697A3DE5EBB0510C4CE0
9206481C0FCF8A006689A91D5F4C5BC68BCA2D2489B41CF0AECB9FFC7735A55C17C26D485F7845A3
6E2482E1D48EF83F37F535DED0014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014514
500145145001451450014514500150DC5BC1770343710C72C4DF792450C0FE06A6A0D0063F86AD6D
ADB43B536F6F145BD013E5A819FCBAD6C5676838FEC1B0C743021FD0568D00145145001451450014
54724890C4D24AE111412CCC7000A229629E2596275923719574390C3EB401251451400514514005
1505C5D416AA1A79A38949C02EC064D34DF5A099A13730895577142E37018CE71D71401668AA106A
315D4314F0491346F92499402A98FBDC67D578E319E6AE191075603009E4F6A007D151B4D1A9C175
0738C138E6955D1C128C180241C1CF3400FA2A87F6929BB48443214690C4261B769600923AE78DA4
74EB5225EC4F222A0625DD95481C1DBD4FD33C67D7EB4016E8A28A0028A28340185A09D4C787AD43
456BB85BC7E4812B608C0FBDF2F1F866B4435FF9D18315B795E5E5C891B21FD00DBC8F7EBED4DD14
6342D3C7FD3B47FF00A08ABD401403EA9F6604C169F68DD823CE6D9B7EBB739F6C54B235E09F11C5
0343B09DCD290DBBD31B4F1EF9FC2AD514014964D48AC05ADAD416FF005C05C31D833FC3F27CDF8E
29C5EFF64C56DEDCB06C440CEC032E7AB1D9F29F600FD6ADD1401CDF8A10DD689756BA82451594D0
85695276F33CCCF0AAA10EEF9828F53E9DAB1B47D42FBC2BA2C5652683702CED207B89643728D204
DC4B315C01EA719CE3B66B7ED631ACEB4FA849F35AD8BB436AA7A34838924F7C1CA0F4C37AD3D0CD
3F8A2F6DE59C3D98B38C7D9C9046599B271D7A0C5004BA0788B4DF12D81BDD32632C2AE50EE52A54
FA106B5AB94B7D32D7C21AA43FD9F08834ABE90473C6092B14C7EE3F3D037DD3EFB6BABA0028A28A
00C9D4A2992492E15E358DA1116E24EF8F939D83B96CA8C71C81D7A5575D1657B3D9218436E2E515
480C48DA4139E7084A0F6E7D31B8555B1900E0E467B1A750065DC697F6A989958794C50145C8F957
E6C0C74CB609F5000AA6BE1F10057823B7120C1236901D8B6E6CE3A0C85C0F418EF5D0514018B268
10CEA05C159490158BA67209CBF7E0B1E33D8702ADDADA4967612244B12DC3EE7C0C840E7A7E0300
7D055FA28033534C4B5B465B5C9B8085525958B1527BF39C73CF1D69B61A5A58DDBC89BBCB589628
83CACE554727EF1E33C0C7FB22B528A0028A28A00283D28A6B9C231F4068029E8C73A169E477B68F
FF0041157AA8E9036E8960B9CE2DE319FF00808ABD400514514005676B5752DA6933BDB7372C0450
03D3CC72157F0C91F8568D62DC9FB6F89AD2D55B31D9466EA503FBED948C1FC3CC3F80A00D0B0B38
F4FB0B7B38BEE4318404F5381D7EBDEA08E3B6FEDE9E458241726DD15E520ED2BB9B03D339CD68D5
25CFF6BC87ED3951027FA3FF0074EE6F9BF1E9F85003EFACE2D42C67B49C662954A9C70467B8F43F
D6A9E857B35D59341767FD36D1FC8B8EDB98630E3D9810DF8D6B560DF0FECCF11D9DF8C8B7BCC5A5
C7A07C93137E6597FE04BE9401BD45145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500151CC
710487D14FF2A92A0BB38B39CFFD333FCA8022D246346B11E96F1FFE822AE554D30634AB31E9027F
E822ADD001451450031DD6342EC40500924F402B86F0DE95AECFE2B9FC493DF01A65FA9912D43367
6E008F2B8C02060E7AD741E277326989A7231126A32ADA8C75DADCB9FC1039ADA555450AA30A0600
1D05003AA92799FDAF29314623F213120C6F2773654FB7423EA6AED67A795FDBD3E23226FB34797C
F05773E07D4727F1A00D0AA3AB580D4F4BB8B32DB1A44F91FBA38E55BEA0807F0ABD450067E8B7ED
A96916D7522EC95D312A7F7641C32FE0C08AD0AE634995B4EF17EABA3BF115C81A8DB7D1BE5947FD
F6377FC0ABA7A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A002ABDF1C585C9F4898FE86AC55
4D50E34ABC3E9039FF00C74D003EC462C2D87A44A3F41562A1B618B5847A20FE553500145155352F
3469777E44CB0CDE4BEC95BA236D3863EC0F34019CA05F78B99BAC7A6DBED07B79B2F27F108ABF83
D6E5715F0DB49D5B4CD0269B57B9F3A6BE945D00CC599432AFDE279CF038ED5DAD0015463909D6A7
8FCFC85B78DBC9C1F972CFF37E38C7E157AAA22C9FDA73130A88BC940B2776397CAFD00DA7F1A00B
7451450073FAFC62D751D2758C0FF469FECF29FF00A673613F47D87E99AE82A9EA762BA969975672
1DAB344C9BBFBA48E0FD475A8F45BD6D4346B5B9906D95A30255FEEB8E187E0C08A00D0A28A2800A
28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800AA5AB9C68B7C7D2DE4FFD04D5DAA1AD9C683A89FF00A7693F
F413401722188907A281FA53E9146140F414B400562788DFCEB5834A4FBFA8CA20201C111E0B487F
EF80C3EA456BB4B1A3AC6CEA1DF3B549E5BE958B620DFF008A6FAF89CC36482CE1F4DE70F21FFD01
7FE0268037000A0003007000A751450015422317F6DDD0577330B7877A9C6D03749B71EF9DDFA55F
AA3189C6B172CD046B0186309280373B65F729F61F291F534017A8A28A00A97D7F69A65949797D3C
705BC601791CE00E7158FE1CBDB796F75282D64492D6475BDB6910E4324A0E71FF006D15CFE35A9A
BE9167AE6992E9F7D1F996F2E3201C1041C820F6AC69AC2DFC3B79A1C966BE559444D848B9246D93
0509CF53E62A8CFF00B66803A8A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800AA1AD8CE83A88F
FA7593FF0041357EA86B633A0EA2077B6907FE3A6802F8A28AC8D6FC47A6787A1865D4A7F29657D8
9852C49F5C0EC28032BC47E1EB06D621F15DDDC4EADA642584487E57DA4B0FC727A77ADAD0AC9EC3
47B786639B820C93B7F7A463B9CFFDF44D55D6196FEFB4ED2D4EE495FED5363A79519040FC5CA0F7
19ADCA0028A28A002B3E0319D76F02CEED20821DD111F2A0CC9823DCF39FA0AD0AA50973AADD2B34
7E588A3DAA31B81CBE73EDD31F8D005DA28A2800ACFD634F5D5747BAB12DB0CA84238EA8DD55BF02
01AD0A28032FC3FA8BEA9A1DB5D4A9B2E30639E3FEE4AA4AB8FF00BE81AD4AF3BF0A78B2CEF7C73A
CE996F0CB15BCD21963320C0699415703D3705DD8F66AF44A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28
A002A86B7FF203BFFF00AE0E3F4ABF59FADFFC812F01EF111401A02A8EA3A569FAA471AEA36B0DC2
44DBD04AA0853EB57BB5739AACEDAD5DBE8562E7CBE3FB42743FEA93FE7983FDF61F90E7D28025D0
14DF5D5E6B6DF72E888AD7D04099DA7FE04C59BE8456F53238D2189638D42A28C2A8180053E800A2
8A2800AA70AA0D4EE9BECEC8E638C194F4900DD803E993F9D5CAA16E53FB5AF0099D9C24798C8C04
FBD8C7AE6802FD1451400514514018DAF691FDA1A6C8B69B21BD8DC5C5BCA001895795CFB1E87D89
AB3A3EA51EAFA5C5791A942E0ABA3758DC1C329F704115A15CD5EC6FE1ED4E4D5A052DA75C9CDFC4
A33E53631E728FD187A73D8D0074B45311D258D5D183230C82A7208A7D0014514500145145001451
45001597E2093CAD02F240AED84CED4192791C01EB5A954B53D3A2D5B4D9AC677912394005A32030
208208FCA8031D9B5ED77F76229345B123E776656B9907A280484FA924FB0ADAB0D3ED74BB34B5B3
844512F200E727B927B93D73D6A08F4BB845DA758BF6F76F289FFD029C34EB8073FDAD7BF4C45FFC
45005A5B88DEE248037EF2355665F4049C7FE826A6AC98F4578AEE6BA4D52F7CD99555C9111042E7
1C6CE3EF1A9FFB3EE7FE82F79FF7C43FFC450058BABA8ACE033CC48404292AA49C9200E07B9A9EB2
6EB4792F2DCC12EAB7BB4952768881C8208FE0F5156058DC01FF00215BC3EE562FFE22802F551B73
29D52F37246230A814AE371E0E73FD334BF61B8FFA0A5DFF00DF317FF1155E1D1DA1BBB8B95D4AF3
CC9F6EF27CB23E518181B38A00D5A82E6EA2B48D6499B6AB3AC60E09CB3305038F5240A87EC571FF
00413BBFFBE62FFE22AA5E68B2DEC68926AF7A156549400B10E55830FE0F51401B14567FF67DD7FD
05EF3FEF887FF88A5FB05D63FE42F77F5D917FF11401661B88EE03989B211CC6DC63041E454A4023
07915916BA35C5AACA1357BA3E64AD29CA45D58E48FBB56BEC5758FF00909DC7E291FF00F13401C5
C936BDE13F14054B779FC3133ED8A0840778D8A93855CEEC02AC7038C74F4AED74FD4ACF54B51716
570934678254F2A7D08EC7D8F3556E7479EEA4B677D52E035BCBE6A6D8D00CE1873C7A31AA577E14
173782F63D4EEAD6F38CCF6CA88CE0766C0C30F6606803A4A2B261B0D4D2055975A791C75905BA0C
FE1527D8B511FF003177FC604FF0A00D2A2B267B1D5248CA47AC989C8E185B2123F035A68196350C
DB980009C6326801F45145001451450014514500733A3DF19BC437D17F684932867011D4A8CEEE8A
0F651C678073ED5D35251CD006178A2F67B3D3FF00D12EFECD74D93192387C0E99D8DCFA0E326B5E
D99DADA232060E50160F8C838EF8EF537D696802391C471B3904850490A324FE1EB5CFE89AECFA86
A7776D716F71195219236B765110DA0E1988FBDDFF00967AD7494C5445766550198F240E4D003EB0
7C4DA9CFA5DADBBC134719694EFDC50B940A7EE2B11B8E76F039ADEA6322B10594120F048E9400D8
03881048FBDC28CB6DC64FD3B53A47F2E377DA5B68270BC934FA28039EF0C6B92EB568EF709B26C2
CBB5718456CE1782791B4E41C1F615D0D3555573B540CF2703A9A750062EA925DC9776F6563753C1
3C80B332C6AC88991962581E7B01EA7D056C8E00079F7A5A2800A28A4CFB5002D145140051451401
FFD9}
}}}}{\shp
{\*\shpinst
\jpegblip
FFD8FFE000104A46494600010100000100010000FFDB004300080606070605080707070909080A0C
393D38323C2E333432FFDB0043010909090C0B0C180D0D1832211C21323232323232323232323232
3232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232FFC0
00110800A600E203012200021101031101FFC4001F00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090A0BFFC400B5100002010303020403050504040000017D010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191A1082342B1C11552D1F02433627282090A161718191A2526272829
2A3435363738393A434445464748494A535455565758595A636465666768696A737475767778797A
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090A0BFFC400B511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291A1B1C109233352F015
6272D10A162434E125F11718191A262728292A35363738393A434445464748494A53545556575859
5A636465666768696A737475767778797A82838485868788898A92939495969798999AA2A3A4A5A6
F2F3F4F5F6F7F8F9FAFFDA000C03010002110311003F00F7FA28A2801A480093C01CE6AB69F7F06A
7A7417B6C4B433A07427838355B5FB6D42F343BCB6D2E58A2BC9A331A492921533C13C739C671EF5
8BF0F34CD5346F0CAE9FA9CD6F32C32BAC2D11270A18820E40EF93F43401D7514514005145140051
45140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051
451400514514005656977719468024E184F30C98582FFAC6EF8C56AD54D3BFE3D1BFEBB4BFFA31A8
01C9768E5C08E61B0127744C01FA71CD33EDE9E4F9820B92376DDBE49CFD71E95728A00A925F2C69
1B7D9EE5B78C80B11247D7D295EF024FE579170DC81B963257F3AB54500571759B9F27C998738DFB
7E5E9EB491DD79923279132E013965C03CF6AB34500564BA2EB237D9E75DA33865C16FA502E4B07C
5BCC36AE7903E6F61CF5AB3450055FB5BF945FEC97190DB7661727DFAF4A3ED52791E60B3B8DDBB6
F97F2EEFAF5C63F1AB55CE6B1AC5CCDA88D074623FB41D434F390192CE33FC4DEAC7F857BF53C500
497FE2BB2D36E20B6B886E5AEA6C95B6850492819C64AA9271EFD29B178C34DF38C778977A79DE23
06F2031A6E201037FDDCF238CD5ED2745B2D1E175B68D8CB29DD34F21DD2CCDEACDD49FD076A9122
B6BA6BE82487CC47942CC92282AE7CB4EDE98C7E340178104020E41E8696B967497C20C2488C92E8
24FEF2324B3597FB4A7BC7EA0FDDEA38E2BA647496357460C8C320A9C822801F4514500145145001
4514500145145001451450014514500145145001552C06DB77FF00AED29FFC88D56EAB58FF00C7BB
7FD7697FF46350059A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A633AA216620280492780050065EBFAA3697
60BF678FCEBEB87105A427A3C87A67D147249EC01A340D123D12C993799AEA6732DD5C3FDE9643D4
9F6F41D8553D0F3AD5F49E20994F94C0C3A7A374587BC9F57233FEE85F7AE8E900554B63199EEF62
1561280E49FBC762F23D38C0FC2ADD54B5F2FED17BB0386F386F2DD09F2D3A7B631F8E69816480C0
82320F041AE6F4EFF8A7B5A5D1D89FECEBBDCF60C7A44C39687E9FC4BED91FC22BA6ACDD674C1AAE
9B25B093CA981124128EB14AA72ADF81FCC71401A54566689A91D574D49A44F2AE518C57117FCF39
54E197E99E41EE306B4E800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800AA7A69CDB
39C63F7F30FF00C88D572A9E9BFF001EAFFF005F137FE8C6A00B94514500145145001451450015CD
788DDB55BDB7F0DC048170BE6DF329C14B70795FAB9F97E9BAB76F2EE1B0B29EEEE1B6C30A191D8F
60064D63F85ECE716D3EAD7C9B2FB52713C8A7AC498C471FFC057F5268037638D228D63450A8A005
503000A7D145001552D1D5EE2F42A6D29300CC0E779F2D0E7F2207E156EAA5B48D25CDEAB2A811CC
154818247968727DF24FE14016E8A28A00E7EF01D1BC4115FAF167A832C1743B24BD237FC7EE1FF8
07A574155350B18352B09ACEE177433214603838F6F7AA9A1DE4D7166D05DB66F6CDFC8B83D37300
30DF4652ADF8E28035A8A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A002A9E99FF001E8F
FF005F137FE8D6AB954F4DFF008F47FF00AEF37FE8C6A00B9451450014514500145150DCDC45696B
2DCCEC122890BBB1EC00C9A00C2D707F6BEAD69A0AF300C5D5F7FD7253F227FC09C7E4AD5D1D60F8
62095ED65D5AED0A5DEA4C27656EB1C78C469F82E33EE5AB7A800A28A2800AAB6FE779D77E6E7679
A3CAE47DDD8BFF00B36EEBFCAAD553B48D52EAF995D18BCE1982F553E5A0C1F7C007E86802E51451
400573FA9B1D235DB5D54716B73B6D2EFD1493FBA7FF00BE895FF810F4AE82AA6A1630EA56171657
237433A1460383823F9D005BA2B1BC357B3DD69661BD39BFB390DB5C9FEF3AF47FA32956FF008156
CD001451450014514500145145001451450014514500154F4CFF008F57FF00AF89BFF46355CAA5A5
FF00C7A3FF00D7C4DFFA35A802ED145140051451400573DE200354BCB3D040263B83E7DDE3B40847
1FF026DABF4DD5BECCA8A59880A06493C002B9DF0B13A8FDB3C41206FF00898C98B70C3056DD3223
E3DFE67FF8150074606052D14500145145001552D420B8BD2926E63302E318D87CB4E3F200FE356E
AA5B188DCDE88C3071301216E85BCB4E9ED8DBF8D005BA28A2800A28A28039CD488D175D83561F2D
A5D95B5BCF456CFEEA4F6E4EC27D197FBB5D1D56BFB28352B09ECAE537C13A18DD7D411599E1BBBB
87B5974EBF937DFE9EFE44AC7AC8B8CA49FF00025C13EFB876A00DCA28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A
28A2800A28A2800AA7A67FC7ABFF00D7C4DFFA31AAE553D33FE3D5FF00EBE26FFD18D401728A28A0
028A28A00C0F1448D7165168F0B159F537F2091D522C6656FC13207B915B71451C10A4512844450A
AA38000E82B0345FF89B6B57BAE31DD02E6D2C8F6D8A7F78E3FDE718F7082BA3A0028A28A0028A28
A002A9DA3C6D737CA91EC659C0739CEF3E5A1CFB7040FC2AE553B494C9737CA5517CB9C2E5460B7E
ED0E4FBF38FA62802E5145140051451400573DAD7FC4A754B6D754620C0B6BEF41193F2BFF00C018
FE4CD5D0D453C115CC124132078A4528E8DC8604608A00968AE77C37732DB4971A0DECA5EE6C48F2
9DCF33DB9FB8FEE47DD27D57DEBA2A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A002AA69D8FB33E3FE7
BCDFFA31AADD54D3862D9FFEBBCDFF00A31A802DD1451400560F896EE6F221D2AC9CA5FEA2C62475
EB1263F7927FC057F52B57759D66D342D39EF6F18EC042A220CBC8E7A2A8EEC7B0ACDF0E585EC92C
DAE6AF1F97A8DD8DA906722DA1CE563FAF763DCFD05006DD959C1A7D941676C8120810468A3B0030
2AC5145001451450014514500154ED25792E6F91DB708E70A8303E51E5A1FE64D5CAAB6C66F3EEFC
CCEC128F2B23F8762FFECDBA802D51451400514514005145140183E21B29818358B142F7D604B08D
7ACD11C6F8FDC91C8FF680AD7B3BB86FAD21BAB770F0CC81D187707A54F5CBCCF2785B54698FFC80
EF24264FFA74998FDEFF007189E7D0F3D09A00EA28A40411914B4005145140051451400514514005
54D3BFE3D5FF00EBBCDFFA31AADD7336FA96B2AD730DA683E6C69733049A5BB48D5FF78DD80247A7
4A00E9AB1B57F115A690C901125CDF4C3F736700DD2C9F8761EE7005546B0F136A5F2DE6A36DA640
7AC760A64948FF00AE8FC0FC16B474BD0B4FD195FEC70912CBCCB3C8C5E490FAB39E4D0050D3748B
ABABE4D675CD8D7AA08B6B54398ED01EB83FC4E7BB7E038EBD1540B3A35DC96E01DE88AE4F6C3160
3FF41353D001451504F72B6EF0A9566F364118DBD8E09CFE94013D1451400514C91C471339048504
903A9A6C1289E08E65042C8A1803D40228025AA766AE2E6FCB9C833828376703CB4EDDB9078FC7BD
5CAA164145DEA041249B8058118C1F2A3FCF8C73F85005FA28A2800A28A81AE156F23B620EE78DA4
07B614A83FFA10A009E8A28A002A392349A368E450E8E0AB2B0C823D2A3B9B816D18760581744C2F
5CB3051FA9AB1401CB46F37849FCA9B7CDA09FF573725ACBFD96F58FD1BF87A1E39AE9A391268D64
8D83A30CAB29C8229480C082320F041AE7DB48BCD19DA7D04A18092D269D2B6233EF19FF009667DB
EE9F41D6803A2A2B0F48F14E9BABBA421A4B5BB650DF65BA5F2E4208EA07461EEA48ADCA0028A28A
0028A28A002B174FB2B8759E45D4EE951AE26C46AB1E13F78DD3284FEB5B5556C607B681924DB933
4AE36FA33B30FC706801BF62B8FF00A095D7FDF317FF0011486C6E0FFCC4EEC7FC062FFE22AED140
19CBA648B72D70351BADEC8A84E23C100923F83FDA3521B39C9C8D4AE87B058BFF0088AA49AE17BD
8EDFC98C6E6C60CDF3B7CECBF2AE39C6DC9E46056D50052FB15C7FD04EEFFEF98BFF0088A8DF4C92
568D9F52BB631B6E5E22183823FB9E84D68D73FA8EBCD63A9B5B092CDC8507CA3261D01C00EC7B0C
93C007804E7B5006A7D8E7FF00A095D7FDF317FF00114BF639BFE82373FF007CC7FF00C451A7DD1B
DB459D82025997E46DCA70C4641EE0E3356E8028B584AC0AB6A57782304623FF00E229B1E9AF1449
1A6A3761554281F27000FF0076A3D6EF26B1D3DA6B79EDA29B384FB4FDC738276E772E3A75FD0D56
D335A9AF2F52DA58D55C4419C1055C1D88C494E768CB918C9E47534B400D444D6A811752BA57707F
79B51C47C70C540048CE071FA5518E4B34811E1D7AF15EE5D6433C8836CB80013F7401954ED803AD
6ADF44F25E34798905C42137B445F7005B2ADD3030DC720E734961A1DBD92047292448AC122F2C08
E3DC496DABD0039C63B0E3B9C80334E437D68B30BFB9DDD18248ACB9C763B46473C1EE2AF7D81BFE
7F6E7FEFA1FE158316AE6DF588E0B781A3B39AE02122D66F98795F285E3031B324818C11E84D6AE9
7A9C9A84B22B2C61540384CE63393F237FB5C6481D3F22402D7D84FF00CFDDCFFDF43FC2A26D291A
6598DCDCEF552A0F99D01233FF00A08AD0AE6A7D6EF22D527B766B78A20FB7CC650E225C81B9C87E
32738040EBEC72C0D93A7E7FE5EEEFFEFE527F672F5375767FEDB1152594D25C58C134A9B2478C33
2E08DA48E9835668033E4D2629536BCF744060C3F7EDD41047EA29DFD9ABFF003F577FF7FCD50D4B
55BAB2D5E2B74803C0620FC9C34AC5B1B1383920738E3AF5153E8F7975788ED7038DA8D9F25A3DAC
47CC986EB8E39F7C7514016BFB393FE7E2EFFEFF00B51FD9C9FF003F377FF7FDAAE552D4A5922B6C
C2CE25660102A8258FA7B0F7ED40142EFC2BA4DFD8A59DDC32DC5BC6004492673B7038C73C1F7EB5
6AD746B7B3489629EF36458DAAF75238C7A1DC4E7F1AADA6DCEA2D742DEEDC48537890880A630400
D9CE0EEE4E076FA1CEDD00145145001451450014514500145145002600E8052D1450014C28A49CA8
3CF71F85145003800000000076A5A28A002938A28A0064D0C53C6639A349236EAAC320FE06ABB69B
6B27CB223CAA7394964675396DDF74923AF4F4E838A28A00B4CA0E0900EDE47B53A8A2800A4E28A2
80168A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A00FFFD9}
}}}}
\margtsxn666\margbsxn93\pard\li2986\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2986
par\pard\li2986\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pH}\par\pard\li13

46\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 3.1 The pH activity rel
ationship}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {3.5
.2 Temperature}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Rise in temperature causes increase in the rate of enzyme catalysed}\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {reactions up to a certain te
mperature i.e about 45C. Above which the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {activity declines due to denaturation of enzymes (due to th
eir protein}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nature)
. As the enzyme is denatured and inactivated, the reaction which}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {it catalyses slows down and ultima
tely stops. So the temperature at}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {which the enzyme shows maximum activity is known as optimum}\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {temperature. The optimum
temperature of most of the enzymes is found}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f
s20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to be 37C. The relationship of enzyme activity to tempe
rature is shown}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bel
ow in Fig. 3.2:}\par\pard\li3066\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3066\ri
0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Maximum activity}\par\pard\li3173\r
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3173\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Opti
mum temperature}\par\pard\li2400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2400\ri
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {Temperature C}\par\pard\li880\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\b {Fig. 3.2 The temperature activity relationship}\b0 \par\pard\li2960\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {54}\par
4000 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Activity}}}}

5000 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Activity}}}}\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

824;24577;32768}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;6;(0,213);(186,106);(0,0);(0,213);(186,106);(0,213);}
}

824;24577;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}}{\shp
{\*\shpinst
\jpegblip
FFD8FFE000104A46494600010100000100010000FFDB004300080606070605080707070909080A0C
393D38323C2E333432FFDB0043010909090C0B0C180D0D1832211C21323232323232323232323232
3232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232FFC0
00110800B1012803012200021101031101FFC4001F00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090A0BFFC400B5100002010303020403050504040000017D010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191A1082342B1C11552D1F02433627282090A161718191A2526272829
2A3435363738393A434445464748494A535455565758595A636465666768696A737475767778797A
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090A0BFFC400B511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291A1B1C109233352F015
6272D10A162434E125F11718191A262728292A35363738393A434445464748494A53545556575859
5A636465666768696A737475767778797A82838485868788898A92939495969798999AA2A3A4A5A6
F2F3F4F5F6F7F8F9FAFFDA000C03010002110311003F00F7FA28A2800A28A2800A28A28033F57D56
DF46B1FB5DCB058FCD8E3CB1C0CBB85FEB9AD0AE73C69A2D9EB9A2476B7D1BC908BA80ED572B9CC8
ABD47B31AE8238C471222E485000C924FF00F5E801F4514500145145001451450014514500145145
00145145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145
00145145001451450014514500676B5FF1E09FF5F56FFF00A392B46B3B59FF00907A7FD7D5BFFE8E
4AD1A0028A28A0028A28A003BD145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140
05145200074A005A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A28033
F59FF8F04FFAF9B7FF00D1C95A159FACFF00C782FF00D7C41FFA352B42800A28A2800A28A2800A28
A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800AA3A8DD35A9B560490F2942A31973B5B03F302AF526071ED401
9335F5CD8FD9ED445F6A9F6279AED20400938CF4F40E7E8B512EBE0C9046D0C4ACFC3EE9B1E5FC9B
F278E98F5C127B639ADCC530A2375507073C8EF4018D7378F79A2C77061312BCF0E109CB0FDEA641
1D8E7231F9F3C56E566EB418E9B8420399E1C123201F356ACB25D9DFB6688671B331138FAFCDCFE9
401668A836DC6F43E626D03E61B0E49F639E3E9CD3765DEC61F688B792307C9381F86EA00B34557D
9719FF005E98D98C797FC5EBD7A7B7EB4A12E03216990A81861B319F7EBC5004F4560BEB00B982D6
E64BEB85721C5A40180FF64B13B14FD483448BE24B9697CA92CEC63620C6D2833BA8EE0A8DA3FF00
1E3401BD45623E97ACCA837F88648D875305A4601FC1C353D748D407DEF11EA278ED0DB8FF00DA54
01B145658D2EF075D7B513F54B7FFE35520D3AE718FED8BD3EFB61CFFE8BA00D0A2B3FFB3AE718FE
D8BDFAED87FF008DD1FD9F71D3FB5EFBFEF987FF0088A00D0A2B3FFB3AE3FE82D7BF945FFC451FD9
B31FF98ADF7FE43FFE22803428ACE3A5CA7AEAB7DF9A0FFD9694698E3AEA57C7EAC9FF00C4D00685
1543FB35BFE8217BFF007D8FF0A0E98C7FE6217BFF007F07F85005FA2B3BFB29BFE8257FFF007F47
F851FD92DCFF00C4CAFF009FFA6A3FC2803468ACD1A491C9D46FCFD651FE14E1A5E3937F7A7EB37F
F5A803428AA1FD99FF004FB7BFF7F8D34E939C7FA7DF8C7A4E6803468ACDFEC75FF9FF00D43FF020
D28D2131837B7C7FEDE1A803468ACD3A3467ADE6A1FF00816E3FAD5E86210C2B1AB3B0518CBB1627
F134012514514005145140051451400514514014358FF8F05FFAF883FF0046A55FAA1AC7FC78AFFD
7C41FF00A352AFD001451552FEFA1D3AD24B9989DAB8014725D89C0503B9248007AD0036FAFE1B08
834A58BBB6C8E35196918F651DCFF2EA6A92E9F73AA2EFD5C6D89BA58C6E4A01FF004D0F1BCFB7DD
F63D6A7B0B294CBF6FBF00DEBAE028395857FB8BFD4F73EC001A74011C51470C4B1448A88A30AAA3
000F6152514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450034
3658AE0F1DE9D4514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514014358FF8F15FFA
F883FF0046A55FAA1AC7FC78AFFD7C41FF00A352AFD00158A14EA7AF96619B6D34E17B869D8727FE
02840FAB9EEB5A9733A5ADACD70FF72242ED8F40326AAE8F68F67A5C11CBFEBD819263EB231DCE7F
EFA26803428A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0
028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A008E6956085E57385452CC7D85571A85BF9ED0BB6
C9049E580C47CC700F1EDC81F5E2A6B983ED36D2C058A0910A965C64647BD516D220FB42CE934D1B
2A05C060471B8EEE41F9B2C4E7FF00AF401663BFB69109F3554805B0CC01DA0FDEFA77FA5472EA96
B0F965A688890A2A10E3E6DC7B7E193F4A8BFB2502ED49DC2AB068D480429041FC7EE81CF41C548B
64B1B1983C92B6E326381B8ED0BEDDBF9D005B8E68E5E11D5F80DF29CF07A1FD0D4B59FA5DA35A5B
1572C492301B1950005038E33802B4280286B1FF001E2BFF005F107FE8D4ABF59FAD1C5827FD7CDB
FF00E8E4AD0A00A1AA6258A1B53FF2F132A11EAA3E6607D8AA91F8D5FAA0479DAD039E2DA0FCCB9F
E6027FE3D57E800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A
28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800AAB7EA5ACDC052C38DCA064B2E46E18EF
919156A8A00CD9629C5E96FDE1B653E76E53939031B00EB8EFF98EF566CA2686D2347015B192A3A2
E49381EC338AB345001451450050D5FF00E3C57FEBE20FFD1A957EA86AC3364BFF005DE13FF9156A
6BD95E1B295D3FD66DC20F563C0FD48A008F4F01D669FBCF2B38F7030A08FC141FC6AED4504296F0
470A7DD8D428CFA0152D001451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014
51450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450051
D58E2C813FF3DE1FFD18B4EBAFDE5D5ADBF62C6561EA147FF1450D375600D8807A19E1FF00D18B4B
09F3752B993B4416200F638DC7F465FCA802ED145140051451400514514005145140051451400514
51400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514
514005145140051451401435860BA7EE6E009A1249FF00AE8B4ED332D631CAC30D366520F51B896C
7E00E3F0A66B5A5AEB5A3DCE9EF3490A4EA14C91E372F20F1F953574FBE5007F6C4E71FF004C631F
FB2D00695159A2C2FF00FE8313FF00DF98FF00F89A5FB05F77D5EE3FEFD47FFC4D0068D159C6C2F7
FE831723FED945FF00C4D034FBDEFACDD9FF00B650FF00F11401A345671B0BC3D358BA1FF6CE2FFE
229469F77DF58BCFFBE21FFE22803428ACF3A7DD1E9ACDE8FA243FFC6EA9B06494C675CD406DC867
F262D808049CB79581C7BD006E51588C365E25AB7882EC4AE090A441D88E3FD5F5E691A68D64B745
D7E763339442A60393827FB9F41F522803728AC7DF10049D7E4C29DA4968783FF7C75A62CD1979D4
EBB3288182B9630000E01FEE7B81F5A00DBA2B26685A08C4D36BD7314671867F200FCCA535E12ACF
BBC4372BE5F0FF00F1EFF2FD7F77C5006C5158CD1104A9F10DD2909E611FE8F909FDEFF57D3DE90E
C5DB9F11CFF3AEF5C9B7F99719C8F9391C139A00DAA2B12D5D6E618A48F5EBAC4BCA06F2327FF1CF
6344D345122C875F98A332A0DA60209278FE0F627E80D006DD158E14862ADAECEB92767CD06580EB
FC1D8E47E152C36ED70A5A1D6AE6450704A792403FF7C50069D1540D8DC71FF136BC1FF0187FF88A
134F9D3FE62D7AD9FEF088FF00EC94017E8AA7F629FF00E82775FF007CC5FF00C4527D8AE3FE8277
63FE0317FF0011401768AA5F61B8FF00A0A5E7FDF317FF001149F60B8E7FE26B79F945FF00C45005
D240EFD7A52D721E2AF08DFF00886DAC60875FBCB5F22E84ED28DA1C00AC3E52A1707E6EA6BA6B0B
56B2B18ADDEE67BA68D4299A720BBFB920019FC2802CD145140051499A5A0028A28A0028A28A0028
A39CFB514005145140051451400514514005653E8E8F24AED33067046563504F20FCDC7CDD31CF6F
CEB568A00CA6D1D18B6652C180C875077104919F51B896C7AD4F158793E5B099CBA46E819B9CEE20
E79F4DA07D2AF5140194DA2DBF96A91B3451AA85655030E01079E3BED00FA8A5B9D285C44B1F9CCB
B27697A70776EE0E3191F31AD4A28033AE631F69B68D6629285603E5DDF2E064FB74033EFD2B3962
D3E73B9AE5DFCA23CB3E491B0C8C42B8C8E4E4B61871DEB5A6B591A79A58E408D2422304AE704124
7D47CC78AAB0E96D0A089A553179A247544200031B5141276AE4671F5E80D0034E8A7C978127448C
3878C08C82A7706C160413D0018C6001D714E3A2C7E5145701883B9B60F9B8DA3A760B918F7CF5AD
6A28033EE34B86E0DC48C17CE95362485725176E303F36FCE9B069B2433999A7576690C87F778C92
A17D7B018FA71D79AD2A280315F43DF1085EE3744428914A72F81B48273D082C71D72D9CD68D9DB0
B5859720BB316620607B0C7A00001EC2ACD140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005
14514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005
14514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451401FFFD9}
li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {3.5.3 Substrate concentrat
ion}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {With a fi
xed amount of enzyme, the reaction rate is proportional to}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the concentration of substrate. But this
is true upto a certain concentration}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {after which the increase in concentration of substrate does n

ot further}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {increase
the velocity of the reaction.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Since the number of active sites on an enzyme molecule are limited
,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a stage will come
when all of them have filled with the substrate}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult
0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {molecules. This is known as saturation of enzyme.
Now, since none of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
the active sites of the enzyme is free, further addition of the substrate}\par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {molecule will not increas
e the product formation (Fig.3.3).}\par\pard\li3333\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3333\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Satura
tion point}\par\pard\li493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li493\ri0\sl-21
s18\cf0\par\pard\li493\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig.3.3
Substrate concentration - activity relationship}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It was Michaelis and Menten in 1913, who prop
osed a successful}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e
xplanation for the effect of substrate concentrtaion on the enzyme}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {activity. According to them the
enzyme \uc1\u8216XE\uc1\u8217X, and the substrate \uc1\u8216XS\uc1\u8217X}\par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {combine rapidly to form a
complex, the enzyme substrate complex}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8216XES\uc1\u8217X. The complex then breaks down rela
tively, slowly to form the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {product of the reaction. The enzyme regenerated can involve in another}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {round of catalysis.}
\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
E + S
ES}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
ES
E + P}\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3
r\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {55}\par\pard\sect\s
ectd\sbkpage{\shp
{\*\shpinst
\jpegblip
FFD8FFE000104A46494600010100000100010000FFDB004300080606070605080707070909080A0C
393D38323C2E333432FFDB0043010909090C0B0C180D0D1832211C21323232323232323232323232
3232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232FFC0
001108009D012803012200021101031101FFC4001F00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090A0BFFC400B5100002010303020403050504040000017D010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191A1082342B1C11552D1F02433627282090A161718191A2526272829
2A3435363738393A434445464748494A535455565758595A636465666768696A737475767778797A
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090A0BFFC400B511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291A1B1C109233352F015
6272D10A162434E125F11718191A262728292A35363738393A434445464748494A53545556575859
5A636465666768696A737475767778797A82838485868788898A92939495969798999AA2A3A4A5A6
F2F3F4F5F6F7F8F9FAFFDA000C03010002110311003F00F7FA28A2800A28A2800A28A28033F57D56
DF46B1FB5DCB058FCD8E3CB1C0CBB85FEB9AD0AE73C69A2D9EB9A2476B7D1BC908BA80ED572B9CC8
ABD47B31AE8238C471222E485000C924FF00F5E801F4514500145145001451450014514500145145
00145145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145
00145145001451450014514500676B5FF1E09FF5F56FFF00A392B46B3B59FF00907A7FD7D5BFFE8E
4AD1A0028A28A0028A28A003BD145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140
05145200074A005A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A28033
F59FF8F04FFAF9B7FF00D1C95A159FACFF00C782FF00D7C41FFA352B42800A28A2800A28A2800A28
A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800AA3A8DD35A9B560490F2942A31973B5B03F302AF526071ED401
9335F5CD8FD9ED445F6A9F6279AED20400938CF4F40E7E8B512EBE0C9046D0C4ACFC3EE9B1E5FC9B
F278E98F5C127B639ADCC530A2375507073C8EF4018D7378F79A2C77061312BCF0E109CB0FDEA641
1D8E7231F9F3C56E566EB418E9B8420399E1C123201F356ACB25D9DFB6688671B331138FAFCDCFE9
401668A836DC6F43E626D03E61B0E49F639E3E9CD3765DEC61F688B792307C9381F86EA00B34557D
9719FF005E98D98C797FC5EBD7A7B7EB4A12E03216990A81861B319F7EBC5004F4560BEB00B982D6
E64BEB85721C5A40180FF64B13B14FD483448BE24B9697CA92CEC63620C6D2833BA8EE0A8DA3FF00
1E3401BD45623E97ACCA837F88648D875305A4601FC1C353D748D407DEF11EA278ED0DB8FF00DA54
01B145658D2EF075D7B513F54B7FFE35520D3AE718FED8BD3EFB61CFFE8BA00D0A2B3FFB3AE718FE
D8BDFAED87FF008DD1FD9F71D3FB5EFBFEF987FF0088A00D0A2B3FFB3AE3FE82D7BF945FFC451FD9
B31FF98ADF7FE43FFE22803428ACE3A5CA7AEAB7DF9A0FFD9694698E3AEA57C7EAC9FF00C4D00685
1543FB35BFE8217BFF007D8FF0A0E98C7FE6217BFF007F07F85005FA2B3BFB29BFE8257FFF007F47
F851FD92DCFF00C4CAFF009FFA6A3FC2803468ACD1A491C9D46FCFD651FE14E1A5E3937F7A7EB37F
F5A803428AA1FD99FF004FB7BFF7F8D34E939C7FA7DF8C7A4E6803468ACDFEC75FF9FF00D43FF020
D28D2131837B7C7FEDE1A803468ACD3A3467ADE6A1FF00816E3FAD5E86210C2B1AB3B0518CBB1627
F134012514514005145140051451400514514014358FF8F05FFAF883FF0046A55FAA1AC7FC78AFFD
7C41FF00A352AFD001451552FEFA1D3AD24B9989DAB8014725D89C0503B9248007AD0036FAFE1B08
834A58BBB6C8E35196918F651DCFF2EA6A92E9F73AA2EFD5C6D89BA58C6E4A01FF004D0F1BCFB7DD
F63D6A7B0B294CBF6FBF00DEBAE028395857FB8BFD4F73EC001A74011C51470C4B1448A88A30AAA3
000F6152514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450034
3658AE0F1DE9D4514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514014358FF8F15FFA
F883FF0046A55FAA1AC7FC78AFFD7C41FF00A352AFD00158A14EA7AF96619B6D34E17B869D8727FE
02840FAB9EEB5A9733A5ADACD70FF72242ED8F40326AAE8F68F67A5C11CBFEBD819263EB231DCE7F
EFA26803428A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0
028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A008E6956085E57385452CC7D85571A85BF9ED0BB6
C9049E580C47CC700F1EDC81F5E2A6B983ED36D2C058A0910A965C64647BD516D220FB42CE934D1B
2A05C060471B8EEE41F9B2C4E7FF00AF401663BFB69109F3554805B0CC01DA0FDEFA77FA5472EA96
B0F965A688890A2A10E3E6DC7B7E193F4A8BFB2502ED49DC2AB068D480429041FC7EE81CF41C548B
64B1B1983C92B6E326381B8ED0BEDDBF9D005B8E68E5E11D5F80DF29CF07A1FD0D4B59FA5DA35A5B
1572C492301B1950005038E33802B4280286B1FF001E2BFF005F107FE8D4ABF59FAD1C5827FD7CDB
FF00E8E4AD0A00A1AA6258A1B53FF2F132A11EAA3E6607D8AA91F8D5FAA0479DAD039E2DA0FCCB9F
E6027FE3D57E800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A
28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800AAB7EA5ACDC052C38DCA064B2E46E18EF
919156A8A00CD9629C5E96FDE1B653E76E53939031B00EB8EFF98EF566CA2686D2347015B192A3A2
E49381EC338AB345001451450050D5FF00E3C57FEBE20FFD1A957EA86AC3364BFF005DE13FF9156A
6BD95E1B295D3FD66DC20F563C0FD48A008F4F01D669FBCF2B38F7030A08FC141FC6AED4504296F0
470A7DD8D428CFA0152D001451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014
51450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450051
D58E2C813FF3DE1FFD18B4EBAFDE5D5ADBF62C6561EA147FF1450D375600D8807A19E1FF00D18B4B
09F3752B993B4416200F638DC7F465FCA802ED145140051451400514514005145140051451400514
51400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514
514005145140051451401435860BA7EE6E009A1249FF00AE8B4ED332D631CAC30D366520F51B896C
7E00E3F0A8F5BD31358D22E74F92692149976978B018720F19A62585F04FF90C4FC718F263FF00E2
6803528ACD1617FF00F4189FFEFCC7FF00C4D02CEF4FFCC5AE3FEFD45FFC4D00695159CD637A3FE6
3173CFFD338BFF0089A45B0BC3FF00318BBFFBF70FFF0011401A545671B0BCFF00A0C5D8FF00B670
FF00F1140D3EEFFE83379FF7EE1FFE22803468ACE361747FE6317A3FE010FF00F1BA3FB3AEB8FF00
89D5FF00FDF107FF001BA00D1A2B3869D75FF41ABFFF00BE20FF00E374BF61B918FF0089B5EFFDF3
0FFF001BA00D0A2A88B2B8FF00A0A5DFFDF317FF0011482CAE33FF00215BCFFBE62FFE22802FD159
DF60B93CFF006C5E8E3FB90FFF001BA43A75D640FEDABF1FF0083FF8DD00695159A74EBA20FF00C4
EAFF00A7F720FF00E374EFECEB9FFA0CDF7FDF10FF00F1BA00D0A2B3C585C8FF0098BDE9FF008043
FF00C6E9DF62B8CFFC852EFE9B62FF00E22802F515951DADCB34ABFDAB7A3CB6C7DD879E3FEB9D4D
F61B8C1FF89ADE7FDF317FF114017E8AA3F60B923FE42D7A3FE030FF00F1BA48EC2E141FF89ADE9E
7BAC5FFC45005FA2A97D8E7E3FE26777FF007CC5FF00C4506CE7C7FC84EEC7FC062FFE22802ED154
7EC53EDFF909DDFF00DF317FF11486C67C9FF89A5E7E517FF1140178903BF5E94B5C478C7C3B77AB
A691689AF5F5B31BE57F3502065C23F42A1483EFD3DABADB0B66B3B18ADDAE67B931A85F3A7605DF
DC9000CFE14016A8A28A00FFD9}
li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {3.5.4 Effect of activators
}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Divalent ion
s, like Mg}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2+}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, Cu}\fs14
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2+}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, Mn}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {2+}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, Zn}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2+}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 { and monovalent ions}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {such as Na}\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 { and K}\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
are required for the activity of many enzymes. For}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {example, amylases need Cl}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {-}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { ions, Zn}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {2+}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { ions are required for carbo
nic}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anhydrase actio
n, Fe}\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2+}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { and Cu}\fs12\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {2+}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { ions are required for enzym
es involved}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in redo
x reactions. Several peptidases are activated by Mn}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
2+}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, Zn}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2+}{\sub \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {or}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {Co}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2+}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{. Enzymes requiring metal ions or enzymes which contain metal}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ions in their structure are called a
s metallo enzymes.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
{3.5.5 Effect of concentration of enzyme}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult
0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The velocity of an enzymatic reaction is directly
proportional to the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{concentration of enzyme. In case the enzyme concentration is doubled}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {then as much as twice active
site become available to combine with the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {substrate, provided an excess of substrate is present and
so the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {maximum vel
ocity is also doubled. At a fixed concentration of the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {substrate a level is reached when all the su
bstrate molecules are utilised}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {and no more change in velocity of the reaction takes place (Fig. 3.4
).}\par\pard\li1866\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1866\ri0\sl-213\slmu
ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Enzyme concentration (E)}\i0 \p
ar\pard\li520\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 3.4 Enzyme
concentration - activity relationship}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {3.5.6 Inhibitors}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-413\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Chemical substances which reduce the activity of en
zymes are called}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as
inhibitors. They may be small inorganic ions such as cyanide which}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {inhibits the enzyme cytochrome
oxidase or much more complex}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p

\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {56}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage



824;24577;32768}}
824;24577;32768}}


7;32768}}
7;32768}}


molecules such as diisopropyl phospho fluoridate which inhibit acetyl}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {choline esterase.}\par\pard\l
i400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {This phenomenon in which the
enzyme activity is decreased by the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {presence of inhibitors is known as enzyme inhibition.}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Types of enzyme inhibitio
n}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Enzyme inhi
bition may be of different types such as (a) competitive}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-29
3\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(b) uncompetitive (c) non-competitive and
(d) allosteric inhibition.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\b {3.5.6.1}\b0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Competitive inhibition
}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {This typ
e of inhibition occurs when the structure of inhibitor}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {resembles that of the substrate. The inhibi
tor competes with the proper}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {substrate for binding at the active site of the enzyme. In this type o
f}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {inhibition, both
ES complex and EI complex (enzyme - inhibitor}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {complex) are formed during the reaction. The relative
amounts of the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {two
complexes depend partly upon the affinity of the enzyme towards}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the substrate and inhibitor and pa
rtly upon the relative concentration of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {substrate and the inhibitor. Thus if the inhibitor is prese
nt in sufficiently}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
high concentration, it can displace the substrate entirely and thus blocks}\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the reaction completely
(Fig.3.5).}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
E + S
ES}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {
+}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
I
EI +
P EI = enzyme inhibitor complex}\par\pard\se
w3733\colsr-0\colno2\colw2933\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {COOH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-200\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {COOH}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pg
wsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw2213\colsr-0\colno
2\colw1546\colsr-0\colno3\colw2906\pard\li1426\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li1426\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li1413\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1413
\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {2}}\par\pard\li1453\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {COOH}\pa

r\column\pard\li133\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {succinate}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dehydrogenase}\par\col
umn\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs2
0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CO
OH}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\c
ols3\colno1\colw3013\colsr-0\colno2\colw546\colsr-0\colno3\colw3106\pard\li1226\
ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Succinic acid}\par\column\pard\li
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {57}\par\column\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Fumaric acid}\par\pard\sect\
sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
page
{\*\shpinst
\jpegblip
FFD8FFE000104A46494600010100000100010000FFDB004300080606070605080707070909080A0C
393D38323C2E333432FFDB0043010909090C0B0C180D0D1832211C21323232323232323232323232
3232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232FFC0
00110800AB012803012200021101031101FFC4001F00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090A0BFFC400B5100002010303020403050504040000017D010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191A1082342B1C11552D1F02433627282090A161718191A2526272829
2A3435363738393A434445464748494A535455565758595A636465666768696A737475767778797A
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090A0BFFC400B511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291A1B1C109233352F015
6272D10A162434E125F11718191A262728292A35363738393A434445464748494A53545556575859
5A636465666768696A737475767778797A82838485868788898A92939495969798999AA2A3A4A5A6
0AAF7370200988DE4776DAA898C93827B903A026AC5675E58497976AEDF66789130AB343E66093C9
EA3B003F3A00946A112384B8FF004676FBAB2BA02DCF6C135225E5B4931852E226979F915C13C75E
2AB9D323F30C8BB15C854184E022F2140F4DDCE3F0A8FEC7711C3317B879E4954AB1540A467D3278
0339C67F5A00BA6E6055563320561B812C3047F9229A2FECCAB38BA84AA80588718507A67D2A947A
6C93217B9752E4E513CB1B63C7DCC0F6E4E0E793D781492E8CA197C89444ABC05D9918C63D47392C
73FED1A00D44757457460CA464107208ACFD5F541A7468B1C7E75D4C76C516700E3A927B28EE7E83
A9157A188430A46092140009C66B93D4C3AF8AAEDE462CA2D6111AFF007412F9C7A64AFE949BB21A
5764C0EA573F35CEAD3AB1EA96EAB1A29F6C827F363532DF5F69999679DEF2CD46652E804B10EEC3
680180EA46338E416E94C8588C1DBC0C726AD094360EDC1A85265591B8ACAE819482A46411C822A0
9AE961916311BC92302C11319C0EA7923D4553F0EB03A3468BFEAE29658631E8892322FE8A2AC5CD
A3DCBE1993CB04104AE5D0FB1EDF5EA2B4209D2E11ED56E0E550A07CB71818CD11CCAF146EE0C6CE
33B1F820E3A566BE9D7122E1DA261B8EF539C4809C9E7B64E38E70063BE698FA12C9953E498C8219
0C7C36482463F846370E3D79CE2901AB04CB71109533B1B9527B8EC7E94B24E9118D5CFCD236D51E
A71FFD6ACD97468A47691024722B0F282642A28CF18047272DCF5E7D85322D0C2238261121490248
9160C6EC73B97D38083FE03401B0ACAD9DA41C1C1C1E869D5474EB31636DE5FCBB89DCC54601381F
E1EDF4A8E4D7F468A431C9AB58A38EAAD70808FC334C0D2A2A286786E6212412A4A87A3230607F11
52D00145145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500155
2FAFED74CB37BABB9D21813AB37A93C0F739EDD7356EB1B5BD225D53ECB34175E4CD69279B12BA07
899FA02CBC13804E082319CD0044ABAB6B2448F2C9A5D91E562400DC483FDA24111FD064FB83C097
FE117D20F335B3DC37F7AE66798FE6E4D4BA5EA525DF996F730882F6DF027881C8E7A329EEA70707
F038208AD4A40629F0FC36E3769F777964E3A7973974FF00BE1C95FC803EF4EB6D42E6DEE92D3554
8D2490ED86E22C88A63E983928DEC49CF62790359AABDD5AC57B6D25BCE9BA371823A11EE3D0E79C
F5068B8CB55CFEBD6129963D46DA232BC68639A24FBD2267231EACA7381DC16EF8ABBA45D4B2DBCB
6F724B5D5A48619588C6FE0156FC54A9F6391DAB4E8DD08E32C354B0BC0E20BD8CB21DAF1B10AF19
F4653CA9F6350CFA8CB7ECD61A0C91DD5E37CAF321DD15B0EECE47191FDCEA4FB648EAEEB48D32F5
FCCBBD3AD2E1C746960573FA8ACDF0CDF5E5D457905DD95BDA1B59CC4B1C27EE0FBCA08EC76B29C8
E0E697295CC6A69D631699A6DB594258C7046B182C725B03A93DC9EA7DEAE51455121451581AF6BC
FA74B1595944B36A13A9650E4EC8901E5DF1DB3C003927D002426EC06F565EAFAB47A688A18E36B8
BDB8245BDB29C173DC93FC2A3392DDBDC900F252CBA9CC49B9D72F371E76C2522087D8019C7D49A8
2796E22BC82EEF2F65CAA0893514C078467A4AA3092479EB9008EB9EE17321F29D4C5A51BD1E66B5
20BC94FF00CB1208813D8277FAB64FD3A569456F0C4BB618638D470022803154F49BB7BC8E686E91
23BDB57F2A7452719C02197BED60411F97506B515140A567D4ABAE8665C68B67348668E2FB3DC9E7
CF8098DF3EE4751EC723DAA3B4D46EEC6F22D3B55612194916F76ABB44A7FBAC3A2BE3D383DB1D2B
6B8AA5A8D947A85A3DBCA0E1B0411C1520E4107B107907B1A3616E685154349B996EB4F46B8C7DA2
32D14D8E01752549C7A1C647B1ABF564851451400514C77544676202804927A0151C1711DCA6F8C9
C0382194A9071E868027A299248B12EE7381903F12703F9D3E800A2A38A549937A1CA92403EB838A
28024A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2803135322DBC41A45C28E66692D9CFA8D8641F
AA7EA6B677719AC09A41AA7892DE388EE834E0ED2B83C79AC36851EB852D9FA8F7ADB41B4633919A
9BEA3B6848D4C40DDC8FC053E96985CCC846CF135D81D1ED21623DC3483FA8FCAB3E2F18E9936A57
B6BE6305B57111611392D202770C05E83E5E7BF3DB04DBD35BED5AE6A97ABFEAD365A21ECC537331
1FF0272BF55AD18ED2186E66B844DB2CD832107EF606053114BFE122D34F46B86FF76D253FFB2D64
5F5FC497FF00DA5A6C77A6E0A049A16B0B8093A8E996119DAC327079F43D88EB28A00C4B5F12DBDC
45B9F4FD5ADDBFB92E9F2E7F30A47EB563FB72DCF4B5D44FFDB8CA3F9AD69D14018DA3EB6355BDBF
805B5C46B6D20559248590302A091CFF001039C8F4C5615D216F106B370DCBACB14284F64112301F
4DCEE7F1AEC9112304228504924018C9EF5CF6BDA7CD15D36A76F1BCB1BC623BA863197C0248751D
C8C904752318E460A92BA1ADCE66E1D949DAB939F5E839E7F3AB56702DC5A4D14E3CC8E442A43F20
823A5361934A9B7BA5FC1853F3879402BEC41E47D0D477F7D66B64C7CEF2B4FE935D8E847748BFBE
EDD06DC81D4F400E4932EE69687732B6AFA5C8ED992EB428649C7AB02304FBFCEF5D50979551CF3C
FE55C9786E3BEBBBABBD5EF2D9AD9AE956382DCF58604076A9F43C93F8D7571C7B71C8AABEA24B42
7049C62862DDB9A55C8151CD3470C2F2CAE123452CECDC050072698752968F9FB66B23B0BD18FF00
BF3154F7526A8B362D2D6CE48B03E696E590E7E810FF003A8340473A735DCAAC92DEC8D704118203
7DC0476210203EE2B58D52D88333CCD6CFFCBB69EBFF006F0E7FF641556E9B5F33DA2C496AB99833
94662020FBDBB23D0F03AE71D81ADDA298156EE07B98C441CA2120B91D71E8323FC8AA274A943F9A
93485CB92C86660A57F0EFDF3EE471C63628A00C23A65F6F52660FB14A8266705B900718C29D9B86
79E4E6A47D3EEE46977B8258128C2675084AE3000FE7F4E339AD9A28032AC74E36D7523F971C71AF
110539DA3A60703008C1C73CF3456AD140051451400514514005145140051451400573DE2CB5D5EE
B4B53A4DCCB1BC6E0CD0C242BCF1F75563CAB7718233D323391D0D1401CCF86E4B11A4A7D858796B
942A010C8C3A860790D9EA0F39EB5BD012F182463359F7FE1FB4BCB93771BCD677A4006E6D582BB0
FF00681CAB7B6E071DAA1FB0F8922F962D66C2451C033D8316FA92B2A827E8054DAC55F4372B2350
D4E592E1B4CD2C87BF206F7C652D54FF001BFBE3A2F527DB2447FD91AB5D8DBA8EB8FE59E0C76107
D9C30F42C59DC7D5581AD3B2B0B5D36D85BDA4090C6096C28EA7B93EA7DCF269D890B0B1874EB286
D6007CB897682C72CDEA49EE49E49F5AB54514C028A28A0028A28A0028A28A00864B68267579608D
DD7A165048AC2F10F8792FEEED75682DE29B50B2044624E8E87AAE7B1EE0FE1DF23A3A2803034BD4
60BC56442E93C7812C32021E23FED0EDF5E87B6456BA62B3EF2C2D7589879FA7AC891B154B8F30A3
AF3CED65F9873E8467155A5D096D622F1EB3AB47182008D6757E49C000BA93D4E3AD4F295CC6C4F7
115B42F34F2245120CBBC8C0051EE4F4AC25697C4F32E23923D1518333480837841C8001E91E79C9
FBDD071D66B3D02C1AE7CDBCB696E6E6120A49793B4E14F62A1BE556FF00740FAD6DFDA21F3BC9F3
A3F37FB9B867F2A7615C968A01068A620A2A28E64977153C062B93DC8383FCAA5A0028A28A0028A2
8A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A2B9EF16E96DAA686F6E6F6E2D
E3DEA58C04296F98639C6460E0FB91CF1C50074345416B1CB0DA431CF399E55401E52A1779EE7038
19F4A9E800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A86E44CD6EEB6E544A4614B1C01FA1A9A8A00A
367631C0A41B5B68BE5DA3CA19247B9C0CD2BDB34202DAC50088821E220286CE39E01F4FC6AED140
1141198608E32C58AA8049EF54FEC73982480C910566241DA72D96C9CFD4647F9C568D14018DFD8C
9F7A4657C36EC0CAA80324000741B8939EB8E0E466A1B7D29A48FCD023C100C4E41240049042F45C
B12DC73838EC2B7248D25428EBB94F507A1A7D2B018CBA4CAB71BF7C52228023120CED1B769FAF56
3EF9EDD6AED9D9FD8E3640FBC1390EDF788F73DFFC2AE514C028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A
0028A28A0028A2A8EA9AA5A68F6125EDE49B214C0E064B1270001DC93C62802ED67DF6B361A61097
3718908C88D14C8E47AED504E3DF18AE664BFF0015EAEAD259B5B6976E41318F2C4F291FED13F28F
A007EB5A7A4688B6F6EF25D379D772B6E9A67C1321F7E3DBA0E07418152E5D86A3DC963F1868CD20
496E24B6CFF15C40F1A7FDF446D1F9D6E8208041C83D08AE575FD3207B772172C06707A1155BC1B7
1359DCB68D2316B7684CF6A0F58C290AEA3FD9CB2103B64F6C0A14B5B31B563B5AA3AC7FC8325FF7
93FF0042152ADE5BBDDBDA2C8A6E1143B460E4A827827D3383F5A8759E34A98FA153FF008F0AA24B
F4514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500
145145001451450014514500145145001451450015CE78BB40B8D774D8059CCB1DE5A4E2E6012731
BB80461C7A10C46474EB5D1D1401C3D8F8AED6C505BEB904BA55D70A56E548463FECC9F7587BE6BA
7B5BEB6B981278A5478986E475390C3DAB46B0AEF4476B87974FBAFB29762D245247BE3662792070
413EC71DF1939A9B762B9BB95B53BB59159117AE5726B3FC391B5D78AA49D3FD4D8DAB42E7B79923
236DFA854C9FF7855B6F0E6A972FFBFD46DE043C1304259CFB82C700FD54D6FE9DA75B69566B6B69
1F9710249E492C4F5624F249F5A4A2EF760DE96454B8F0DE9373A9B6A52D9466EDE311B4A0618807
83B87208E99EB8AA5AA3CBA6593DADC4CF2DB4B85826739746CE7631EF9C1C375EC79C13D2565788
6349742B9122EE550AE01F5560C3F500D5926AD14514005145140051451400514514005145140051
4514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451401516EF7C984
86468C315328C6011D7DFDB3522DD40EA19268D95BA10C0835505A48F03DAFDA17CB4C281E51E990
70DCFCD91C1E99C9A8A4D3A0B905E6759598F9658C79FE2F9C0F4C8014FA01401A26EA00818CF1ED
276EEDC319F4A6DC5DC36D0C923B8C20E402339EC3EB599159F9B3BB3483C9959A3E10E5C1E4E0E7
00602AE48E42F18CD2D96963C985DE54B8C9472E63C7980038CFBEE6DD9EBF5A00BF2DE45132E48D
AE5551830C31393EBD80CFD2A45B88D80259577310016073C13FC867E9555F4DCC86412012E24C3E
DC956623047D0003E9504DA3F9893A24C1158A98808F22301554E47F1642E39EC48F5A00D48A68A7
4DF0CA922F4CA104549505B402DE10B9058F2EDCFCC7D79CFF003A9E800AC8F10E952EB5A34D6305
E496733FDC9939DBF55E8C319E0FD7A8A9F50D62C74CF2D6EEE0249267CB8954BC921FF6514166FC
05507D6F569581B3F0E5CB467A3DCCF1C59FC32C47E201F6A00D982116F0242AD2384500348C598F
D49EB53560FF006F5DDB00750D0EFE141CB490ED9D57F053BCFE0A6B4EC750B4D4EDBCFB3B88E78F
254946CED3DC1F43EC7914016E8A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0
028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A00C77D36E1F2CF39DE71851230504B6E6
3FAE07A019A6FF00655CC4B22C372E3746464C8D92F83F377C1F998F03B2FA56D514018F1E92FF00
67960695D236408B1A4AE7CB191900F5E807E39EC714A9A5CACFB6699847E66E21246CB28276FD31
F2F4F4E49CD6BD14011410ADBC11C299D88A1464E4E054950DD5D41656D25CDCC8B1C31A96776380
0572173E2BD62E9B7699610416FF00C32DE6E2EE3D7CB5C607D5B3EA0526D203B09EE21B585A6B89
638A2519679182803DC9AE7F54F1769F1DA3A6977D6375A83E1208BCF5C33138CF5F980EB85E4E30
39AC436FA85FCA2F75B9239255C795146A4470FD17279F7273DBA548614B85689E10E8C0AB060082
3FAD4B915CA6CF866C6D2285EEC486EB50978B9BC9705DCFA7FB207F74600F4AE92B82D15E6D2357
584316B394000312768C85C7E05971E8BB8745503BDA7113108CD626A7A3BB4E753D2D92DF5351C9
E424E07F0480751E87A8EDDC1DCA29D8451D33504D4ACA3B85468DCE56489FEF44E0E190FB83C7BF
51C55EAC587FD0FC573C0BC25F5BFDA31DB7C65518FD4AB463FE035B54C028A2AB5D5DC165099677
D8A3D01627E80726802CD14D560CA18640233823069D400514668A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A00
28A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A00E5BC6F69793E976B
3DAA34D15ADCACD716E809696300F41DCA92AD8EFB78E7159305D432C2971191246C372BA72187E1
5DFD73B7BE0DD2AEEF1EEA3FB4DA4B236E94DA4E63121F5603827DFAD4CA371A76204B989E2FBC08
23826AA48E88095639278E2A2B8F055C6945A6F0FCFBD189692D2F2662ACD9FBCB260953ED820FFB
3C93997D73AAE9568F77AA699F62B54DAA6632098EE2700054EBCE0658A8F7A9E5657322D4A4BCB1
8C9DD9C0C0CF2D95C7D7059BE8A6BBC82512C40F4245713A0D95CCF70B7F70BB1B044519392A0819
24F76200E9C01C0EE4F6D02848867AF534E227B1353738A46351BB6D525880002493D00AA6C49195
3B799E2ED394755B5B8727DB7443F99FD2B72B0743CEA17575AD1FF5570162B4CF78549C3FFC0999
88F55DB5BD420615917C7ED13472429233419CAB295566C8DABC8FEF05391D00E7835AF453118935
EDFDAC326EDAECAA4A9F258862A06471EA4F5F627A53E79EEE58A586378D5F72C44846246EC0DFD7
81C9E3F1CD6C51480C7F3AE44CB14512ABC8AEAAE1080A10A819F6C97207718F73536977335E46F3
C84046C6D8F8CA1E72323DB1F8E7A741A545303022D5AEA587CF431E186E28D83E52804B74EA7054
6339C9E8054D6FAA4934A079B6CCA8A7CD54C962C07CC179E7907FFAF5B34C9137A15DC573DD4E08
A00CB1AA4930416DE4CAD850E43E5031E48C8F4504FE2B5136AB771C5BE48635C818EC13713B49C9
18381920E307033CD6B430A40A5549249CB331C926A6A40416923CB6D1BC850BB0C9299C7E153D14
5300A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A86E
6DA0BCB696DAE224960994A3C6E321811C822A6A2803914B6D4FC343CB8A09B53D297EE153BAE601
E841FF0058BEE3E6F63D6AD59F8C340B8731C9A9DBDB4C0F305D379120FF0080BE0FE95D25452C51
CCA04B1A38CF46506A6C17D0C893C53A2AB9487508EEE5C7FA9B3CCEFF00F7CA64D57FB1EA1E213B
75180D8E95D4DA16065B81E921070ABFEC8249EE40CA9E8911235DA8AAAA3B28C0A7531DC6801405
5180380076A751453105145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451
400514514005145140051451401FFFD9}
li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Succinate dehydrogenase cat
alyses the conversion of succinic acid}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {to fumaric acid.}\par\pard\li786\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li786\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li786\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li786\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li786\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li786\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
r\pard\li786\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li786\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li786\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li786\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li786\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li786\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li786\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\b {Fig. 3.5 Mode of action of competitive inhibitor}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\s
l-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {This reaction is completely inhibited
by malonic acid which has}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {structural resemblence with succinic acid.}\par\pard\li346\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li346\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {COO

H}\par\pard\li346\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li346\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\s
ect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\co
lw1226\colsr-0\colno2\colw5440\pard\li333\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li333\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {COOH}\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Malonic acid}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 { - a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sb
knone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {This
type of inhibition can be reduced by increasing the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slm
ult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {concentration of the substrate and for this rea
son competitive inhibition}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {is called as reversible inhibition. Many competitive inhibitors are used
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as drugs to block
particular metabolic reactions.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\b {3.5.6.2}\b0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Uncompetitive inh
ibition}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I
n this type of inhibition, the inhibitor combines with enzyme -}\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {substrate complex to give an inacti
ve enzyme - substrate - inhibitor}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {complex which cannot undergo further reaction to yield the produc
t}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(Fig. 3.6).}\par\
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {58}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\m
arglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
824;24577;32768}}
824;24577;32768}}


824;24577;32768}}

824;24577;32768}}

{\*\shpinst

\jpegblip
FFD8FFE000104A46494600010100000100010000FFDB004300080606070605080707070909080A0C
393D38323C2E333432FFDB0043010909090C0B0C180D0D1832211C21323232323232323232323232
3232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232FFC0
00110800FB016C03012200021101031101FFC4001F00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090A0BFFC400B5100002010303020403050504040000017D010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191A1082342B1C11552D1F02433627282090A161718191A2526272829
2A3435363738393A434445464748494A535455565758595A636465666768696A737475767778797A
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090A0BFFC400B511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291A1B1C109233352F015
6272D10A162434E125F11718191A262728292A35363738393A434445464748494A53545556575859
5A636465666768696A737475767778797A82838485868788898A92939495969798999AA2A3A4A5A6
0A2B9613B6A7ACDDB4FF00DA3F648DC5BDBADB196342413BE42CBB73F31DBD480173DEAECFAE0B59
AE2082D279D6D8C71B49B8005DB185C9EADCAF4CF279C75A00DCA2B2DB5398EAA2C63B191C0E5E6D
EBB517B13CE73D80EA7E9CD20D650C76EC21909BA9FCAB70304C8A324BFB2ED05B3E98EE40A00D5A
2B023F11C934F0A41A6DCC8B3492244E0801D541F9F07A27039FF69719CE293FE1255682178ADC33
B91B95A6007278DA71F371F374002F248A00E828A28A002A86A7AA5A68F6125EDF4C22823C649E49
2780001C927A003926AFD70C47FC243E27B8BC9CEFB1D36536D6919E8650312C87DC1CA0F4C363EF
526ECAE34AECB0358F11EA9FBCB5B5B7D26D4F28D788669DC7FB8AC153F1663EA054C17C4718DD0E
B96D33F5D97162369F6CA3291F5E7E956E594A7CA9C2AF6F6A6991976953C03F98ACB9D9A72A0B1F
123FDBA2D3B58B5FB15DCBC4322B1782738E88F8186C0CED600FA67AD7455CFDDD85B6B3A74D6377
16F8E51C919054F6607B3038391D0D4BE1ABABA9F4E7B5BF93CCBEB194DB4F2631E6100157C76DC8
CAD8EC4915A46572251B1B745158BAAC3F6D9C460DBCAB6E86496D6E72237DD9DA58F3D36B7623BF
502A8936A99BD4384246E209033D45615A6A31416216CE0D9025AA4C91B9390F293B231E9CF18ED9
5C71511BCB84D51AFCC96E6032A59A0C125F04F98C0E7E5C1DD91CE447DA803A5A8A2963B8852589
C3C6EA19194E43023835CE49A9EA73ADC408EB6F772288D229223981DCFCA460E1C050EC4838F978
EE2833EB56ACF61A7A59CCB6B004F30C6C88AE71B176EE24E1793C8E181ED8201D4546B223B32AB0
2C870C01C9538EF5CFDBEABA84D75649E65AF977086639521D615C7EF3AE3E6C818EDBBA9C115462
BFD4ADA28D16580DEEA39BB3B2DD9CA2FCA02EDDDC9DBB173C01B4927B100ECA8A86D8CE6D62FB48
413941E604CE03639C7B54D400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514
0051451400514514005145140053581642A095246323A8A7514019B61A53D82411C7A8DDC90C2A14
44FE5904631C90A0FBF5A9574DB75585761FDCCAD2A12C73BC86C9F7FBCD576B3B52D5E0D38C7195
927BB973E55B4201924FC3A01EE4803B9A00862D1A1D3E3F32CBED124CA4B059AF2465727A920920
9EBC91D6A1D3F438A269269239232F0FD9E38BED0EFE4C7DC024FCA4F19DBC70B8E99A48EDB5BD44
87BCBC5D3E23FF002C2CF0EF8F469187FE8207D4D4C3C3B6247EF5EF2627BCB7B2B7FECD814865B6
D3AD9848A232A1E110615CAED4E7818FBBD7A8E7A7A0AAFF00D83A78BD6BA1110EDB772AB108DB40
0B91E8001C74E3A530787EDE2E6D2F350B661D0A5D3B81FF000172CBFA534DC6A9A6AEEB9417F6C3
ACB026D9907A941C37D5707D14D17EE06D51505B5D417B6E9716D2A4B138CABA1C822A7A620AE2FC
36CB1F87C16C6FF3A62FEA5FCD7DDF8E735DA5722217D2B5DBAB06502DAF6437368DD0173F34A9FE
F6ECB8F50C71F74D44D68541EA4D2EF661CE17AE3AD3E26DB827E61D850CADD94907A0E0D4B15AC8
705B91D877AC91A96ED258C31E7047627A545A7BA9F14EAE8A300436E58FFB7F3FFECA129B28874E
B792F2E64F2E0886E6CFAFB7BF6C7734EF0FDADC476D717979198EEAFA6370F19C662180A89F50AA
B9ED9CE2B485CCE6D1B555AE2C2CEEDD1EE2DA299D3EE9910123F3AB345684151F4EB47BD5BC7B78
DAE14001C8E4633FE279A62693A7C4CEC9690A9752ADF20E41EBF9F7F5EF57A8A00A09A4D8A22AAD
B8F9641282492C5B18C962727838E7B71D2ADA4491B48C8A14C8DB988FE238033F9015251401460D
2AC2D5F7C169146DB4AE5140E0E323FF001D1F9523E9564E205F20016EBB220A48DABC7CBC1E5781
C74E28D4F54B4D22D7CFBB936AB304445059E473D1540E493E82B08C7ACEB819EEEEA4D32D0FDDB5
B461E711FF004D25EC7D9318F5352DA4349B3A79678605DD34B1C6BEAEC00A8E1BEB4B93882E6094
8EC9206FE55CF47E1AD1E23BCE9F6F3483AC93AF9AE4FF00BCF927F3A59F44D2275DB2E956726318
CC2871FA54F395C8753457231E9B35A3EED1F519ED48FF009613319A13EDB58E547FBA456AD86B2D
2DD2D86A10FD96FCA96550DBA3980EA636EFEE0E08EE31C9A8C93138B46CD1451544851451400514
514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140191E21D6A2D074B374E5
0C9248B0408ED80F2B1C2827B0EE4F6009A834CB5162925C4D28B9BE986E9EE71F78FA2FA28EC3FA
E4D6C5C5B41776EF05CC51CD0B8C3472286561E841EB5C5EA9A35D784636D4B415966D362F9AEF4A
DC5C08C756833CAB01CEC1C1EC01A9927D0A8B5D4EBC4AD80681364673C74AAD6DA85ADFE990DEDA
4825B79E31246E9C8604714400BA004E00E4D45CB4916C30419C9C5481C7E755492CC100E075AB0A
848CF4A6989A5D4C8BE43A34D26AB6C3FD198EEBC8546411FF003D547F7877F51EE056D46E92C6B2
230647190C0E411593E21B8961D3C5A5AB62F6F5BECF6E7FBAC41CBFFC054337E15A76B6D1D9DA43
6D0AED8A18C4683D00000FE5568864F556F6CA0D42D4C1709B9490C30486523A15239041EE3A55AA
2988C04B4D66C0ECFF0047D4E01D1A56F2A603DF00AB9F7F969EB77AA336D8341F2D8FF1CF728A83
FEF8DC7F4A9F59D3AE755B78ED62BF92CEDD988B8312E2491307E556CFC9F5009F4C75AE7FC0135F
416B77A3EA3A8BDD5CE9ACB0324E9FBE4C0FBC5BF891800CA48C8C904922972A1DD9BD169324F751
DDEA538B89633BA289462288FA853F79BFDA3F805AD7A28A620A28A2800AC2D5BC4D6DA75D7D86DA
DE7D4352DA1BECB6C01280F467638083EA727B03537887529B4ED33FD15435EDC48B6F6CA791E637
73EA140663ECA6B1AC22B6D2216B788BBC8CDBA79A4E5E673D598F73FCBA0E2A652B1518DC649ABF
8C1D8B0B2D1AD53B23CD2CCD8F7215707F035147E34D5B4E971AF68456D47DEBCD3A533A20F56420
381EE0355A92E1FCE6600ED3DF8EB4C8A65332ABF56C9C1E9F4ACF9DDCBE445096F1C6B0FAEEA263
9B4E9942E9F7D04824B78623FDE3D559BBB74E833EBD025E63E4CF3ED8AC5B444F0E788238130747
D5E4313418CA4170416C8F45701811D3760FF11A916DBFB23587D2BFE5D248CCD659EA88080F1FD1
49523D0301FC34E4AEAE813B3B33596563907927BD059BF88E7DBB54393183E8BDF8C557B9D42D6C
E159AEEE6386363B54B9C973FDD51D58FB0C9A828D04119C01CF6AABAFCFA55A69223D56E7CA766C
DA88F267F3074F29464961E801F7E2A0886B7AB102CE13A5599FF978BA8C34EC3FD88BA2FD5F27FD
9A94FF0060785672CC64BBD5E65C93CCF7730FE6ABF920F6AB8C7AB22525B234FC3B797F7FA1DB5C
6A76525A5D9043A4802B1C12036013B7239C672338AD7AE36DF5BF113EBB6325F58DB5969570E601
06E324EAC54956761F28E576ED19FBDD6BAB9AEADEDD82CD3C51B3740EC066B44D10D35B93D155FE
DF67FF003F507FDFC14C6D46C9549FB5DBFB0F35466988B74551D3353B6D5EC52EED5F72312A4774
607054FB83C1AC6BC956EEFAFDA0BF9CDC440436D6F0CE4012804962AA70465803BB206D3401D3D1
58D6FE24D3EE515A2699D4C6240CB19208276A807B9273C0CE30738C55A7D56D121594994EE2C022
42ECFF0029C1F9402783ED4017E8ACCB2D4E3B88964675025533C4003FEA78C31F4CF5E71D71D8D2
B6B362B22A798E5981C6D89C8CED2E4640FBDB4671D7DA8034A8AC1B1F104771649394B8779DD8C1
12DBBAB3A725480C067E5C127A0271E95B16D3C7776B0DCC2498A540E848C6411914013514514005
1451400514514005145140051451401C4785E03A65D6BBA2A63C8B2BF2D6E80F0914AAB285F6C33B
8C7A62BA75015777383807009EA6B9EF0C11797FAFEB0B9315F5F9109ECD1C48B0E7E8591CFD0D74
9BD50E08EBD2B27B9AAD89142A0C7000A65DEA16D65692DD5C4A1218C6598E7F977FA77ACBBAD66D
4C9F67B4DF7B7618036F6B8665FF007CE7083DDB1ED934D5B1DB8D5BC4571028B6CCB1C21B105B7F
B458E3737FB44003B01D4D24C99582C83069FC45AC62D808584314BC7D961EADBBFDA6C02DE9803B
1268F86EEAFAEFC4FA85DDE7991A5DDB46F05B38C79312BB85C8ECC77163E84E3F869E6597C45769
24D1BC5A5C4C1E2824521A76078771D8023213AE793CE00BBA5813789F539D798E0821B61ECFF348
C3F27434EFAD909AD2ECADE37F155C7857478EE2DB4F9AF279E510C640C45113D1A46ECBFCCF1C55
8B6F10DD9823F3B40D55A5DA3795863504E39C032703EB5BB24693C4D1C881E370559580208A5444
8E354450A8A00000C002A89323FB7AE48FF917B56FCA1FFE3958BAC433EA5770EA569A5EADA76AD6
EBB62BA458583267263917CCC3A77C1C1079041AED28A00E5F4DD7BC40DFBAD4BC2B748EBC79D6D3
C2C8FEFB59C32FD39C7A9AD21ABDD9008D0352E7B6E807FED5AD6A28031DB58BE1D3C39AA37D24B6
FF00E3D589E19F116AD7FE26D4F49BAD3EE7EC96AA1C5DCC610D1B93FEA5BCA665271CE782063239
04F6751A451C4084408092C40006493C9A00C3D614C9E25D0D0FFAB5FB44A07FB61028FD1DAAB5ED
B44242E32CE0E73CD5DF125BCC2D6DF51B68DE59F4E985C0893969536B2BA81DCEC662077205509A
E05FAA5CDB626B79903A48BC8C62B29EE690D8A9803919DB9EFC01CD337AA5CED6E87BE47A8A0B8F
30C6E323BE011DE9AB1BCB700A2829F74850739FF22B32C8FC5A597C212CC84F9B6F3412447BEF59
90AFE3902B6FC49B06A5A31033234B2283FEC796C4FEA16B2B5084EA9A9E97A14411944B1DEDEF71
1C31B0651F56915460F501BD2AD2CDFDBBE2392F626CD9D8A35B407B4B2123CC61EA06D55CFAEEAD
3EC91F68A9ADB5E9B5B74B6B94B58CDC224F3B26F31A124640C819C95E4E40193838C55C3FF08F78
52E51A791EE75795484DDFBFBA9467F8540F957D94051ED57EEAC127827B7917CC8668CA3AE70082
307F4355747F0FD86841CDADBE2494EE967918C92CA7FDA76C96FC6945D90E4AEC64ADAFEB7C4921
D1AC5B1848887BA71EEFCAC7F45C9F46157F4FD26CB4A89E3B481119CEE92424B3C87FBCEC7258FB
924D5C2C000DFCAA2F99B2DC02471436DEE3492D86EA91A35BC0C40256E6020FA1F356B4A4B7866C
19628DC8E85D41C563DC48D2DF5859AF3E6CBE6B0F448C6ECFD376C1F8D6F55C363396E41F63B5FF
009F78BFEF81FE151CBA7DAC91B27D9E252410088D723F3156E8AB24A1A6E9769A469EB67A7C2B0C
4B92001CB377663DC93C93D4D02C5D34A3691CD89590AB4DB704B1FBCF8F5C927EB57E8A00CDB8D3
032DB7D9192D9AD88D988F202856503191D031C7A7A557B8D09A40C905ECF02CB098A66500BB0CB3
1656FE16259B247B631815B5450061A68D70A5A37B988DB4912452AAC44128A31B57E6C2A9CB7627
93CF4215349BC16B736A6F5043209766C876B65C9396249CE33D80FE95B7450063DFE92DA8C31C32
C900408015F24318CFF7A3391B5BDF9C71F8EBAAED50076A5A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A2
8A28018EEB1A17760AA064927000AE5AFB5797C40D2697A14CC2161B6E75243F246A739588FF0014
9DB2385EB9C8C574D716F15D5BCB6F3C6B2432A14747190CA46083ED5C6DB19BC12DF66BDDF26879
C417DC936E3B24DEC3A07E98FBD83CB277B68356EA4BAF5B5C689A3D8CBA6DC4B67A6583017515BA
21616F8C6E5DEADF7386C75201EF8AB17FA77876DA013EB5AB33C6C33BAEEFCA46E0FF00B00AA11F
8735AD2BDB5EC0012248A45C8C10430FEA2B36CFC37A3E9EFBEC74EB6B761CE6284293F881517B16
E2D95A1F104490AD9785B433242BC2CA62FB35AA7D09196FF80A91EF4D87449EF2ED2FB5AB937F74
8C1A28C0DB0407FD84E79FF69893E98E95B640CE3A1EF8AA5A86B561A34026BD9B6163B638C025E5
6FEEA20E58FB0143936351487DEDEC1A369F2DCCC09DA0048D7969189C2A0F5249000F53573C3F61
2E9FA5AADD106F26733DC95E4798C7240F61C28F602B274AD2AF752D4A3D67598DA1F2B9B2B0241F
27231BE420E0C98E3038519EA4E6BAA15518D8893B8B4514551214514500145145001451450015CC
DCE837365752DCE8AD104958BCD65312B1B31EAC8C01D849E48C107D01C9AE9A8A4D27B8D36B638E
7BA30906E340D563947188E25941FF0081231E3EB834A8757BEFDD69DA31B08F8FF4AD40A80BCF55
8918B31F66295D8514B950F9D9E67A743757FA86A7A5999ED208AE4ADF49BBFD2AF8F66660079685
7180BDBA11C8AEBA186DED21486D91234550AAAA000A001803D38149ADE80F7B731EA5A74C2DB548
94289181292A673E5C83B8C9C83D41E477073A2BE47B84B6D4623617BC031CA7E490FAC6FD1BF0E7
D40A892772A2D1B3BD8739E7E9C1A15C74C8E7F0A68B7C7405BEBD2A6118E3030DDB352580200014
703D7E951485638D9E56091A82CECC701462A3BBBDB6B1DBF689B6331C22A825DCFF00B2A3258FD2
A28AC2E7569164BE88C1648C192D5B05A53D9A4F41DC27E7E94D26C4E5627D1A36BA91F55954AF9C
A12DC30C158B39C9F42C79FA6D07915B54515AA5656326EEEE145145310514514005145140051451
400514514005145140051451400514514005145140053480C082320F041A751401CDCBE10B589DE4
D1EEAE348763965B5DA62639FF009E6C0A8F72A013EB4CFEC9F12C48447AC69D2124732583838F7C
4BCFE00574F452B21A6D1CC8D0B5DB9CFDB35E823561826C6C446E3E8D23C83F4ABBA5F8634BD265
FB44313CD78C30D77732196623D3736481EC303DAB668A124B606DBDC28A28A620A28A2800A28A28
00A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A86E2DE0BA85A1B9863962618649141523E86A6A28031F
FE11DB48FF00E3D65BCB41D960B86083E884951F8014E1A1A363CDBFD42551D8CE533FF7C62B4DDD
6342EEC02819249C002B3F48D7B4AD7ADE49F4ABF82EE28DCC6ED136EDADE94AC87764D67A558D83
33DB5B471C8DF7E4C65DBEAC793F89ABB4514C467DF5ECF04D6F6F6B6F1CF71316216490C6AA8A39
62403DCA8C63A9AB36ED70D083731C71C993958DCB8F6E481FCAB0AF2D9AEB5B9E6B9D26F678E255
8A068E74546520331C79839DC71C8FE1E2B5E4D3AD6E2D22B79622628F0550B1E0FD41E7AD0057BB
D4A58F515B0B48E192E4C6242B3CFE58DB9238C062C7839C0E3B9E455EB792496DA392684C323282
D19604A1C74C8EB59BA85ADD6A36D3594B6910562425C160420ECCA3A871F80CF39AB7AA4135CE99
710DB85323A6D0AC7686F519E7191C67B5004B6D7F6978CEB6F7314A57058238381DAA6F3102EE2C
319C673DF358D731DD5F593B7F66B4128D88236913CC68F7299141070010303919EFB7AD46DA39BA
508D6C2D6D249E3924B74600E10123EEF192E133838C2F5A00DEDCBB82E464F419A412293B430279
E33CD734BA4C5A6A25E7D9228FC99A6BB90A000A8C3058D7D3861D38C83FDEA65BE833FD86DE28ED
96DAE9033CD72CC0BC9232B2B10464E32C5B9C74031E801D0D95D1BCB38EE36ED1265939CE572769
FC460D5AAE561B3BA5D58DCCDA7C8FF6477FB384DB8D9B4AA0524F0083C803AF24F0055DF0FD95C5
9A5CC775932890049324AF958055173D97715F72327AE2803768A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A
0028A28A0028A28A00A3A9E996BAC599B3BD52F03302E818A87C1CE1B07953DC1E0F435CAF84FC3D
63F6EBCD5E34782F23D52F519E16DA254F39F0B201F780EA33D0F4EF5DC560F8582ADA6A217A1D4E
E8FE3E6B5006F5145140051451400514514005145140156EAD45D34419B11AB876503EFE0E464FA6
79C77FA641B545140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514
00514514005145140051451400514514005154754D56C745D3E5BFD46EA3B6B58865E490E00FFEBF
B558B5B986F2D62B9B7956582541246EA721948C823F0A009A8ACCD675DD3B41B659F509C47E6308
E28C72F2B9E8A8BD58FB0AB315E452428EEC2266504C6EC32BC7438279A00B5455737D68BD6EA11F
590546DAAE9C9F7AFED17EB328FEB401728ACF3AE692BF7B54B21F5B841FD6A37F126851FDFD6B4E
5FF7AE907F5A00D4A2A9D96ABA7EA4A4D8DFDADD01D4C132BE3F23572800AC1F0A1CD96A07FEA277
63FF0023356F573FE11DDFD9FA86E393FDA9798FA79EF401D0514514005145140051451400514514
00514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514
0051451400514551D4B54B2D1EC5EF2FEE63B781782CE7A9EC00EE7D8726802F5735AA78AD61BD7D
2B46B63AA6ACBF7E38DB6C56FEF349D17E832C7B0ACD92E35AF13E4E67D1345232493B6F2E17D7FE
98AFFE3FFEED43A7DC89A13A4F826C604B58D8AC9A8BA9FB3C673C953D667FC719EA6A5CBA22947A
B22B8B5B2D2A78758F15DE7F6A6AEC716B6D1A1648DFFBB043C927FDA393EE056B7826C354B1B2BC
1796A9656735C19ACECBCC0EF6C8DC95247006EC90A338CE33E9A1A3F866D34999EF1DE4BDD4A518
96F6E306461E83B2AFFB2A00ADCA6977137D8C0F12784B4AF14C300D420067B662F6F38505A26F5C
302A471D18107D2A783C31A2450A2B68FA7338500B0B48C6E3EBD2B628A62335740D197EEE91603E
96C83FA548BA4698BF774EB41F4817FC2AF514015469B62BD2CADC7D225FF0A70B0B41D2D601FF00
6CC558A280322F3C35A2DFB17B8D2ED5A5273E6AC416407D430C107E86AA35A6ABA23B4D633CFA95
88396B3B87DD320EFE5C8796FF0075C9CF661D2BA2A28028E99A95AEAD611DEDA3968A4CF0C082A4
1C1520F20820820F43597E0F24E9B7F9393FDAB7A33FF6F0F516AD8F0E6A235D842A584CC1353403
851D167F62A7018F75E4FDC14EF0436ED22F9BD756BFFF00D2992901D2D14514C028A28A0028A28A
0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A004240E4F148AC19430CE0FA8229D450
01451450014514500145145001451450014515C42DDEA5E2B376D2DC1D2346B69A48658E37C5D4A5
090DBDC7112F19F94924739506937604AE6A6A1E2502E9F4DD16DC6A3A8A9DB2056C456E7FE9ABF6
3FEC8CB1F4EF58B771D8E937905FEB97326ADAEC9916B6F1465883DC4317F08C7573F89C54963773
5F5BAE9DE0EB586DB4D4255B53913F723D7C95FF0096ADFED1F973DDBA5743A37876C745F3258BCC
9EF26FF5F7939DF34C7DDBB0F451803B0A566F72B446345E1ED435F6F3FC48C21B33CA69303E548F
FA6CE3EF9FF647CBEBBABAC8A28EDE148A14548D000A88000A3D85494B4D24896EE145145300A28A
2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A280229628EE2178A54578DD4ABAB0C8604722B97F877649A6F859ECA
36678E0D42F23567249204EE064FAF15D6D739E0A60DA35DE3B6A77A3FF2664A5D40E8E8A28A6014
51450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014
514500145145001451450015CDDFF8374BD4F586BFB9F3D9240A67B312116F70EBF75E44FE22071C
F040190702BA4A2801888A8A150055000000C0029F45140051451400514DDCA1C2646E232053A800
A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A280286A9A70D4EC5A01733DB4990D1CF0B6D78DC743E87E87208
E08AE7BC19E11BEF0E9BB9B53D5DF50B99A595A30ABE5C512C8E5DB6AFAB31C9273D001C0E7B0CD1
8A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A00C4FB55CCD6124B1CA55AEAE0476C000762676EE1EBF2AB49CD4B
6DAFD95D4BB23690A6E917CD28427EEC90DF3742383C8E29969A688C3A24F72041BA3B613042B164
7DE4000240E80B1CE33D8E4C8FA659CAA6C4C9F22599B7110232B1B719F5E76E33EC680244D56231
4934905C4512286469131E60270368F5CF18383C8E39A82E35F86D157ED16D731CCD2A44B0850CEC
5B2463693D95BBE7E53C74CC33C1FB978AF2FEE9DFCF8923758D570F90C0A8C107AE49391C1E9835
663B18AD2F21626E26976C8CD33608C9DA32DD307000000E99E29011DB78821B89555AD6E6153E60
69260A154C648607E63C0C75191EF4D4F11215612595CC526D468E3936032070C463E6C0C0462776
300543FD9D15FE9968B6E256B69ED9622D23005613867E9CEE71804FE3C77B771A1595D44B19570C
9309849BB7387C15CE5B39F9491CF41D3A0A00A8FACDDDC5C698B69637044C64965C3201E5A657A9
3D0B32104751497F792DC6D4B087FD225BA5B62ED3140C899772080703864CE01CFE15AB169D6F0C
B0C91AB87850A293231241209CF3F31C8CE4E4E68834E82016FB37EE83761893962DF789F524F3F5
A60555D4505E7EF6D9166120B669030C0FDDF98467032A07EB54A1F13B4F3C70456F1BCA650ACA26
392A5F01946327E4C487A0008E79AD5934AB3991125837AA4C670AC491BCEECE7D47CC783C53D74D
B64BE7BC557599CE5C89182B1C632573827000CE2802E51451400514572573E2BBABDB87B7F0FD94
7708990F7D70E560CF70807321CFA607BD26EDB8257D8EB28CD79F4FA978B1242EDABD9A0F48F4F3
B71F8C84FEB566DFC637FA76DFEDDB6B79AD89C1BCD3F77C83D5E139207BAB37B80292926572B37F
5DF11D968291ACC249EEE6E20B481774B29F61D87A93803B9AE724BDF10EADB9AFAE934BB73C8B4B
16DD2E3D1E52383FEE631EA6A95BA5C59EA771ACEA863964D45D4417F0CBE65BF944FEED14E06D18
3DC0049C8249AD98632F76C5F05075FAD44A4EF645462AD7322E340D2AEA33F69D3C5D6EEAD3B3CC
C7FE04D939AACBA46956ADB6DE1B9B361D0DB5CC909CFF00C058679AEB32C4E546463A553BB811E1
DCC3A00471D2A2ECAB229DA5EEBDA7AEFB4BF1A9C23ADADF603E3FD99547FE841B3EA2BA6D1B5FB4
D6D255884905CC242CF6B300B2444F4C8EE0F62320F635836566C1815C800E4FD314BAED8449A6BE
A2B7B6FA6DFD902F6D7F2305543FDC727AC6D8C11F88E40AB8CDDECC99455AE8ED298CC141662001
C927B579747F17DAFF004A85F4CD1646BE641E71B89024313720E1B92E33D300023B8AE3F5BD7B50
D651575BD4CCDBDB8B38FF007701F450839639FEF126ADC9221267AFDB78E3C3F7BE218F44B3D412
E6F1F760C20B47950495DE3E5DD804E01ED5D2D785E8FE08F125EDE58DEE9F689A6476F2A4A93DE6
50E41E76C5F7B1818C36DE0D7BA534DB5A830A28A298828A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A
28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A002ABDE5C7D92CA7B9F2D9CC51B3845EAC40E956283401CC3DB49
18DB2DC5CC89A7DA66558656533CCFF31C90739F941033FC7E94D3A6CE0B4F35C5DB5C836F6B1957
650C148CB9C63772CE79C8C0E9C9CF538A2803969C7DAA6B35D42DEEE68C3CD74635898F392B1AB0
0381B19B83C647340D22E4E93A841710B626510C51C6D911C6C4B7CB8FEE97231C6420F6AEA68A56
0398BAD2E21752D9C1A6854F2C0B4F2E1022898E774B9030187CBEFC71D4D58B1D192E2F46AB7267
131B979D6272428F94C6876F63B003EB935BF45300A28A2800A28A2800A28A280390F17DD4B75796
3E1D82578C5E079AF244382B6E98057D4176655CFA6EC735048F1DBC31C16C82382250AAAB8181E9
8EC3DAAA6B2593C7FA8BB64B7F665A88C0E78F327CFEA07E954AE6E247F900C640C107A8AC66F5B1
A47626BCBD042ECE475C7F5A822BE749423B93110720E0E2AA344FB42B2927AF4C629CB6CEA78C1D
C0609F5FA545CA2FF8667FECDD7E4F0D5DAA4DA56A914935BC6E01449060C9181D36B292D8EC437A
D5D8966D2757B9D25D8C91A2896091F92D0B138524F52A432E7D3693C9AC9BA9F6EBDE1689789D35
15C1F631B83FF8E935D0789982F8B74800125ACEEB711D3EFC18CFE6D5A6F1BB276958D05DAAA189
ED902B1F53D6B4CD32057D4AF63B756E11382F21F4551CB1F615CDF8BEF3C46F731699A2DF4166B3
59CB2DBBF91BE49E78C1261049C292BC838CF06B82D1EE12EE35B9D3A0BBBDBE99019245CC92038E
8F21FBBF4CFD054DB4B8EFAD8EF755F1E5F2C5B34AB21668DC09EF06646FF7621D3EAC411E95E7F7
FABB6A57A8B7D2DCEA77C0831C64995C7FBA83E541F4007BD74569E0CBBBE6F3F57B9304679305AB
1CB0F790F27F003EB5D4697A0E9FA2AB2585AC70860012A393C7539EA695C2CCE7343F0F6A7ACEBD
69A7EAB226910CD03C91C70E2494EC2BF296FBAA48627A370A6BD6342F08689E1DFDE58D928B9230
D7329324ADEBF39E40F6181ED5C7C01878C3429D30556E594F4C9DD138FEB9AF4FAD616B5C896E14
51455921451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001
451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450071BE35B636B3D9EBC89FBA815
ADEF180C95858821FE8AC067D0331ED5990279CACEC503A654679C8F5AF42650EA55802A46083D08
AE1EFF00C1579673799A1CF13DAF6B0B8628231E91CA012A3FD960476054544E17D517195B4642A8
64C0DB9EB9A95214555DD82E7A63A8AABFD9BAB86C3683AA6E19E527B72B9F5C9981FF00C769F378
675EBBB399E53E44488CCB6B0CF99E738E10C98DB1E4F048DDEC4566A0D95CC85D12DA3D4BC57FDA
44A7F67E8F1BA2CCC400D70C30DCFA221604FABE3F84D4A930D7358B9D694B9B42AB6F699E0344A4
92E07A3B1383DC2A9AC4B632EBDA3DA452C7158E8F18DB1E956A49538272266382C41182B80339CE
EAEAADE58DED634C246318DA78E29B6AD64096B7667EB1A4DAEB51436DA85B24B1C4E25446246180
3CF1EC48A6C1A7C167088AD9238625180B10000FA01D2AE4B03CB3009290074200C54890F9726D66
2C4818F4A828AC6031C5B93E6039F9B9AAAD2AB33282720723AE05695C4BB226F9B01B81C56147FB
B94BBB602E493C018A404FA640D71E34D263524AC026B97F4202EC1FAC8BF957A3D72BE11B2765B8
D6275657BBDAB6EADD5601F778EC58966FA6DF4AEAABA20AC8C64EEC28A28AA10514514005145140
05145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005349006
49C01DCD3AB96F10DBC97FA94163756FE7595C14504B0D88012D2165CE492142838C0CE720D0074E
ACAE819486523208390453AB0ECFC476B730A4BF67B886D9E079D659102A945207033BB9DC31C73D
A9575E41733432D95D42D12A31DFB4E4B9DA8A304FCCC73C76EF8C8A00DBA4C8CE3BD605CEAD7D2C
96F6F0E977B1CCF29694031656342A7A97C7CD955EBFDEEE2A48F57B7D9717715B6D95A212EE738F
3137158F9193F36090003D7D4D006E5158D06B9F68BA8228ED58A4AC50B17195600EEE3BAA91B49C
E33C0CD4FA96AB1E9E618CF9667989D8B24823181F798B1EC323A02791C50069515CFCFE217B6811
9F4D9DE4F25E7992323F76AA70092D8FBD8C8070700F1918AB771A8DD45750C11592C8D2E0ED3361
9464649182001F5E7A0E78A00D5A2B2FFB58B64C5017DD75F668B2D8F308FBEDD380BB5FEBB7DC56
6AF8A9A560F0E9B2BC044AC267708BE5A1C6FE79DA7839F42319E7001D351580FE2191A7B6820B2D
D2BB46268E4936B4658296000073B15B24F00703393C6FD0071FAF787EEADEE65D53488BCDF34EEB
AB1040F388FE38C9E03FA8380DEA0F2732CF50B6BF898C2C7CC88ED961914ABC4DFDD653CA9F622B
D0EB2354F0E697ABBACB776A3ED0A30B711318E551E81D4838F6CE2A2514CA8CAC625AAA4907CAC7
39E80924548F1851CB602E08E7AD364F05DCC67365AF5C2F702EA04971F8A843F992685F076A7271
75E269F69EBF66B648CFE6DBEA39195CE8CEBBBFB5B2567B99800B8EBC05FF00EBD3B47F0F5C6B93
2DDEA503DBE9D9DC96CE0879FF00DF1FC29FEC9E4F7C0E1BA1D33C27A4E993ADCAC2F71743A5C5CB
191C1F6CF0BFF0102B7AAA30B6E273BE884000E94B4515A101451450014514500145145001451450
01451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014514868016B3068F0BC52A
4B2CF31953CB6791B2767751E80F7EE7B9CD69D21028033EE74B8AE5A5677903482301948053636E
5C71FDE39E720F43C5575F0FC11191E3BABB49A4984E65DC19BCC09B09F9811CAF18C607602B6303
D28C019A00CF5D2A25F3089AE0B49008198CA49C658E73FDEF98F349068F6D6F7B25D0DECEC54A23
91B62C205C20C71C0EBC9E4F6E2B4B03D28C0F4A4065E9FA1DB69B21785A42002111880107E0067E
AD93EF535E580BA9A2992E26B79A20555E2C6769C647CC08C7CAA7A678AB9DE8EF4C0A4FA640EC4E
5FE6911DC9392DB3EE8C9ED919C7AE7D4D410696F62D25C25DDE5CC849728EC80C8707032147D304
E056A1A052039EB0D0E4696792792EE187CA682DA07954B42ADF79B20633D0024B10075E70345B49
B660EB87556F2D76A9006C8CE427FBBD78EF93DAB4294014019306836D6FA94D771C932F9D279B24
436852F8EA481B8FD0923DBA56BD140A601451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145
001451450014514500145145007FFFD9}
}}}}\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsxn586\margbsxn93\cols2
\colno1\colw2973\colsr-0\colno2\colw3693\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {
E + S
ES}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
+}\par\column\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { E+P}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkn
\colno2\colw2226\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
I
ESI}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn
11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li400\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {In this type, the degree of inhibition may increase when the substrate}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {concentration is inc
reased. This inhibition cannot be reversed by}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {increasing the concentration of substrate.}\par\pard\

li626\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 3.6 Mode of action
of uncompetitive inhibitor}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {3.5.6.3 }\b0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Non competitive inhibition}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li573\ri0\
sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {In this type of inhibition, the inhib
itor can combine with either the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {free enzyme or the enzyme substrate complex, interfering with the
action}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of both. Non
competitive inhibitor bind to the site on the enzyme other}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {than the active site, often to deform t
he enzyme, so that it does not}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {form the ES complex at its normal rate and once formed, the ES compl
ex}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {does not decompo
ses at the normal rate to yield products. These effects}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280
\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {are not completely reversed by increasing t
he substrate concentration}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {(Fig. 3.7).}\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li301
3\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {59}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
824;24577;32768}}

824;24577;32768}}



824;24577;32768}}

824;24577;32768}}
824;24577;32768}}

}
824;24577;32768}}
{\*\shpinst
\jpegblip
FFD8FFE000104A46494600010100000100010000FFDB004300080606070605080707070909080A0C
393D38323C2E333432FFDB0043010909090C0B0C180D0D1832211C21323232323232323232323232
3232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232FFC0
00110800B2011B03012200021101031101FFC4001F00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090A0BFFC400B5100002010303020403050504040000017D010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191A1082342B1C11552D1F02433627282090A161718191A2526272829
2A3435363738393A434445464748494A535455565758595A636465666768696A737475767778797A
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090A0BFFC400B511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291A1B1C109233352F015
6272D10A162434E125F11718191A262728292A35363738393A434445464748494A53545556575859
5A636465666768696A737475767778797A82838485868788898A92939495969798999AA2A3A4A5A6
0A4E696B3F54B8115B888491A34CDB773BEC017A9E7B7031F534017F34B58E2692288359C70B315C
B36E6704938400F7C9FCA94EA52B4B318258A4862563FEACE58E3800E718F538A00D7A2B2CEA1712
A96B54491416018A9F9B68C1C7FC088007B1E6A17BDD481588C6033920491464A82001CE79C6E27B
745FC4006BBC8B1A33BB05451B8B1380077AE5E7D7B51BF7DD61E5DA59FF000CD2C7BA4907F78292
028FAE4FB0AD2F113036705B1FB9713AC6FEEA03391F43B71F8D50C2EEF51E99A008E2BFD72D7E61
750DF2E798E68C46DF832F03F15ADFD3B528752B6F3A2CA90DB1E36E1A36EEA47AFF003C8238AC62
503023B9CF5C52E987C9F11954E05D5B334A3D5919403F5C39FD2803A5A4CD4176F22DBB88CB2B91
80CABB8AE7F8B1DFE959F6D25C5BB0FDDCCFE606C062CC0B02003939DB9073CFE1401AF919C679F4
A33CE33CFA56099AFD3CD9D7CC6675C63C923041180383C91B8E718C902A6486FCDC6F5B8943B614
B491AE02AE3B01C1624F7E9401B1481B70054820F7158B8D52426169A61850AD22A20DDF305DC3F0
CB1FA8F7A9F4F178972F1CA596DE20D1A8207383F29E839C64F1C73401AB45145001451450014514
50014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500149814B50DCDD43696F25
C5C4A9144832CEE70147D68025C0A649189136E597DD4E0D7392F896EEE891616CB0C5FC335D2125
BE918208FF0081107DAAB35FEB19DDFDA183E9E4A05FCB19FD6803AD8E248A35445C28E8339A7606
738AE662F115F5B73796F1DCC43EF3DA82AEBFF0024E7F06CFA0ADFB5BC82FAD92E2D6659227FBAC
A7F307D0F5E3B60D0052D7AD65B9D3B7DBAEF9E0712C6A3F8B1C11F52A481EE6B021996EA349A170
C8FD081FCC763F5AED302B26EFC3F6B7170F710C92DA4CE732340461CFA9520AE7DF19A00CADAC00
2C322AD68707DA2F5F51E7CA5430C273F7B241761ED95503E87DAB3AEC69F61AD59E99A85DDF5D79
C0B630A22439C2EFD8A0F3CF5E38E45760A8A8A15142AA8C0038005003B14981E94B450026051B40
A5A2800C0A4C0A6B384566660AA06492700561BEB1757EEEBA7810DBAF1F6A9533BFFDC5F4FF0068
F1EC7AD006F515CCC96AEFCCB7F7F2BFF785C18BF48F03F4A17EDD0286B4D425E3FE59DC8F351BF1
386FFC7A803A7A2B274ED696EA6FB2DD45F66BCC6E1193B9641EA8DC647D403EDCD6B50014514500
1451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450015C67891EE1B5987FB42274D
2D0A8B765F9A3694F793D0F65078F7C900767515C5B43776F2DBDC46B2432A14911864329E083401
C92A943D0E48EB505CC8EA4601181DE9DA6799141359CAECF25A4EF01763CB2A9F949F72A54D3EE4
B39298018A9FAFE5401463BA6271D5874C55CB1BDFECCBC5BB538B79D80BB43D0670049F50700FB7
5E82ABC76E02647DE39E69ED10955E275DD1BA95607B83D6803BACF14B59BA14EF73A0D8CD2B6E94
C28243EAC060FEB9A81FC53A2437F71673EAB670CB010AC259D1793DB04E78EFC77FA80006BC8D0D
B45A94519692CA513B2A8C968F055C7BFC8CC40F515AB14C93C292C4EAF1B80CACA72083DC5667FC
24FE1F23FE437A6FFE0547FE3588356D3F48919F49D674CB9B3662CF62F7918284F5F29B3803FD93
C7A15A00ECA8AE7EC7C6BA05F655752821917EFC73B8420FA67383F813574F88F431FF00319D3FFF
000253FC68034EB3F50D66CF4E65499D8CCE32B122E58FF87E35597C4DA4CBA85B59417F6F34B71B
84662951C6E033B4E093C8CF6C7CA7D81E46D7561A9EAF74F2292FBDB19C10141C01F95006AEB3AF
FDA2DE35163702DD640D323ED1E62F61C13DF0718C1C7240AD0B5BBB7BEB249AD5B30C99C11D8E79
1F5155944735ABA85183C74EFEB58BE1D492C7C497D6209F266856E1549E1583156FCC6D3401BD20
914636E47B535124C823B74C9AB9332468A6575452CAA0938C927007E24E2A6318C70280326F6DC4
C8087F2E646DF0CA3AC6E3B8FE44742383C56F68F7EDA8E970DC48A126394950745914E180F6C838
F6ACF922DC7E949A2F99049A9451C619B7ACD182D80495C63DBEE7EB401D0515484BA91FF973B5FF
00C096FF00E22A9DFDDEB91404DB585A3485805FF4963CE7B8F2FA7E3401AECE154B310140C927B5
3639A399774522BAF4CA9C8AAF76B24F1C76E00064E5C91B8003A8FC7A7E35576DEC4F3491BAF97B
F91E59258E305B1E80E381D76FBD006AF3467359134F7DE588D04A49E43EC04905B196C0C0C0E703
93C7BD29B8BA5CAA473244AE63C888B1039C638E7A0E7A7CFED401ADB86719E7B8A5AC37FB646C5C
4D71E6CAC5485841002F031F29C649CF3C6091EF5B4BB8280CC09C7271400EA28A2800A28A2800A2
8A2800A28A2800A8E5992089E595D523405999B8000EF9A92B8DD79AEA4F104569A84D8D325506D9
117092C83AA487B9E840E0119E0E28022D39CCEB7376C369BB9DA6504608527E5CFBED0B9F7A8EE6
00D78F7CAA49B38D37FBC6EC437E5B437FC07DCD6B08F8000FD2A7D222592FB50470191E189483DF
97C8FC8D006605F98E07E14E6DB146647202A82C49E981D69218990C96F21264B673113D491D54FE
2A41FC69C21FED3BD5D3E3E624C3DD30E8ABFDCFAB1E31D7193C71401B9A140D6FA15946EBB64F25
59D4F66232DFA935663D3ED22B89674814492E0B9F523BE3A67DFBF1E95671450037CB4C6362FE54
08D14602A81D7814EA2801368F414B4514010BDA4125C4770F18696304231FE1CF5C7BFBD71AFA52
693AB5C1D9B52E242F1B76E4E71F507B57714C9228E68CC7222BA375561907F0A00E51AEADE08F32
3AA01EFD7DBEB553C390BDE5FDE6ACCB88E45582DC30E4A2E496FC59BFF1DAD3D7B4184C51DC5A5A
215849335BC4814CA841C8C8E4FAEDCE0F7152DB48935BAC96A54C181B4AF03E9ED4010EAD682FE3
B6B262544F3801C7F09552E0FE0541ABB67335C5AA48EBB64FBB228FE17070C3F03C5421CC9ACE9F
1631B59E53F40857FF00671524D8B2D5A58CF115D2F9A9FEF8C071F96D3F9D004DB41C8EE29BA228
792FEE0721E7F2D1BD42000FFE3DBC7E155AEAF256992CAC9435D4A339EA225EEEDEC3B0EA4F1EE3
66D2D63B3B48ADA204471A8519EA7DCFB9A00B14628A28013028C0CE71CD2D14009819CD1814B450
02607A52D1450014514500145145001451450014514500155EF6C6DF50B57B6B9896489FA83FA107
A83EE2AC51401C88D1F5CD298A5B5C26A769FC2B31F2E751D86EFBAFF8EDFC6B47C3E975BEF66BAB
29AD19E450A92B2125428E7E5623A935BB8AA4DA95A26AD1E98665FB53C46658FF00D9040FEBD3EB
4019DAAE87737D7EB3DA5F0B4491025C1116E6201F94A13C03C91920F6F415A7A7E9D6DA65AADBDA
A1541924B12CCC4F5249E49F7356F1462800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A28010A83DAB2AE74
5469DEE6CA636B70FCB617746E7D593D7DC106B5A8C5006259D8EA0BAC477374B6DE5450C918689D
8962CC982548E3EE9EE6AE6A7A6AEA70C686792078DF7A4B16370E083D411C827B53757D5E0D1AC5
AEA78E691410047126E73CF6157219E3B98239E170F1BA86461DC1140105969D6DA7C463813058EE
77624B39F524F27D3E9C53A1B99267C88710E480E5BAE3BE3D0D4B70B2B5BC82160B2952149EC6AB
D9D9ADBAB0FB3DBC60A851E5AF247B9A009AE2E440146C67776DAAAB8C938CF72074A559F741E6B0
310C648938DBF5AAF3D96E8962B758522C1050C7C64F7E3A639FCEA59ADDE481235906E520EE71BB
38F5191401225C452005254604E01073934BE6A6546F5CB74E7AFD2A94D6134ED97B85048192B1F2
0839F94E78AAF36951443CB85638DA4620044C606DDBD7D973F89A00D469D10A0CE779DA31F4CFF2
14BE6AEDDC1C11EA0D679D2888A458A4488B83F763E0138CE067D171489A5E0C25E45FDD36EC2AE0
3127273F5E38F61E82803568A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A00A9A95FA69BA65CDF488CE9046D
2154FBC4019C0A9A199278639636DC92286523A104641ACEF128DDE1DBD524FCC9B783EA40FEB54F
C29398ED66D3243F35A30F2F3DE26C95FC8865FF0080D00743CD266ABEA10DCDC69D710D9DC0B6B9
7422398A06D8D8E0E0F5AC9D3B4BD66D74F8236D60F9EB180E2585644DD8E790158FD73401D0564C
B045FF00093DAC9E5AEFFB2CC43639FBD18EBF42698FAB5CE99B7FB5E2410138FB6DB83E5AFBBA9E
53EB923D48A9643BBC4764CA720D9CE411D3EFC5401A945145001451593A9788B4CD2A5105CCEC6E
186E58218DA5908EC76A8240CF193C5006B515CEC5E33D2DA4DB702E6CD738DF710954FC58642FE2
45740AE194329054F208E86801D451450015CDE9BE2192E3C5BAAE8F701424454DAB818DE0229707
DC1607E87DABA4AF30BE9658353BDD5A08CB4D637F24A141FBCABF23A8FAA67F1A00F4FA2B0F59D7
26B3D0A2D4B4FB66BD8E4319DD1E0ED8DBABE091918FE7E829CBE211091FDA3A75E69E87FE5B4C11
E3FC591982FD4E05004FAFA83A2CFC74DBFF00A10AD2000181D2B375A6493459981CA90A411CF1B8
569D0018A28A2800C518A28A003149814B450014628A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2803
23C4A7FE24328FEF4912FE7228AE7C5CFF0066EB3697A48F2B22DE7FF71C800FFC05803F426B73C5
4C5743382066E6DF39FF00AEC95CEDEF95731C9111B9190A11EB401DE7F4A5C5617857556D4B4809
3B66EED5FC89FD491D1BFE04083F8D6ED0035E34910A3A865618208C835C9E990CFA6F8C934A2375
943632CB68DDD51A48F319FF0074AF1ECC2BAEAE7EEF50B58BC67A7DBB12276B499546C396CBC446
3DBE56FA62803A0A28A28032F5ED4A4D2B45B8BA89434C36C70AB74323B045CFB6E619F615C959E9
F158AC8C58CD7129DF34EE06F95C8E49FF003C56FF008CDBCAF0EB5C9CECB69E199F1D9038DC7E80
64FE1598D2AFDF0D90C32A73DBEB40156539396047AE074ABBE15BC36BA849A564FD9DD1A5817B46
5480CA3D8EE040ED86F6AA8FF3F00F5AB5A443E6F896D828FF008F786492423B670AB9F73963FF00
01A00ECE8A28A002B80D1105DCDA8B9D9B0DFDC8C11DBCD6FE95DFD78EE91E2ED234DB431CD7F1AC
CD3492382D9396627D2803B6F084C2CE6BDF0FC9D6D1BCDB6F781CE40FF80B647D315D5900820804
1EC6BC7E7F1AE9116B7A76AF0DEA3490BF9732A725E17E1B81E9C37E15EBEAC194302083C820D007
2DAA40DA1DA490C40FF66DC38544EBF6790B0C01FEC31EDD8E3B1E3ABAC5F11DC5B41A4482E24555
665DBBBA64303D7A0E99AD5B79D2E6DE39E3CEC91432EE1838FA1A00968A28A0028A28A0028A28A0
028A28A0028A28A00A97D76D6B6FBD4296CE7E6E0051CB1FC81FC6A15D4C2A17923908392BB57AF2
00039C93C8F6EBE94FD4443E562550C1C14393C05EAC7F215492F6169A306C664767CBE4FF00AB27
03A8381CB91F50DC5005E17C645431C472C0B1DE400AA0E33919EBDBD6A23AB28651F679DB38FBA0
70090173CF19CE7E80FA55637D6E654636BBA045C46FB0752090A327FBA3FF001E14EB69844583D8
E023F968CAABF3B007711F37007CC39A0099F5986342EF14AA8A3E66C0E0E4FBF3D33C7620D236A7
319176DBB0451B9C9239078503DC9CFE5515835A4F23471D8B1521834AF100B8CE36FAE3B7D16B55
6DE15C6D8906001C28E80E40FCE803075845D5AC67B5BAF32287CDDE8D14BB1B11B0EFD89618ACA8
FC2FA5DC5E2C606A6C17EFBB5FCABC63838079EDFF007D0AECFC88B04796983D463AF39FE74BE546
1CBEC5DE460B639228032746F0CE9DA0DC5C4D63F68DD701449E6CED26719C7DE27D6B668C5636B3
AD1B0315A5B0492FE704C68E7E5451D5DB1CED1C000724F1C72400685DDFDAD843E6DDDCC36F1E71
BA570A09F4E7BD659F10688F711CF899E5452A922D8CCDB41C640609D0E07E559315944B31BA9D9E
E2EDB869E6E5B1E807451EC302A61B86D238C7AD006F5A6B5A75F4BE55BDDC4D363262276B81FEE9
E7F4ABD9FA570FA8D8C3A8461258C12A7723024153EA08E41F7157F44D52EECA68AC35195A78A5F9
6DEE9BEF6EFEE3FBFA1EFD0F382C01D43C69246D1C8A191810CAC32083D8D71D2787350D25992C15
6F6C324A42CE1658867EE824E180F720FD6BB2E71D69702803888B4ED6671B134EFB3127FD65CCA8
5547AE10B13F4E3BF23B74BA4E969A5DBB28732CF210D2CAC305CFD3B01D00ACAB0D3A7B7F19DFDC
C97D33BCD0C6FB338429B9C05DBEABF2723AE4FAD74F8A0028A28A00299E5479CEC5CFD29F450020
451D00151CB3456F0B4934891C6832CCE76851EE4D57D53518F4BB17B9932C721638D796918F455F
73FA75E82B994B192FAE56F75693ED136ECA5BE730C1FEEAF73FED1E7BF038A00D89F5DD12EE168D
B75E40DD7CBB49278DBF15522ACC1AE69B3C8910B911C8FF00763991A266FA07009AADB8EC03031D
87A545730C37113453468E8DD55D4303F85006F673DF8A757270DDCDA036E777974C27E756259A01
FDE53D4AFA8EDD460715D52B0650CA41046410783400EA28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2802378
6390E5D0370473E8698D676ECA4189486393EFD7FC4FE753D140158585A890B88577121B3CF518FF
0001F90F4A7359DBB28568948562E01EC4F5FE66A7A2801A91A46A1514051D00A751450014514500
159FA8E9169A92032C61674FF553A0C3C67D8FA7A8E87BD685181401C6DB190C934330027B793CA9
00E99EB903D08208FA8AB0CB92011558CCB2788F593191B5668D0E3BB88973FA103F0A82EB54367A
8D843E5EE5B89BCB76CFDC04707FEFA2A3F1A00D47886CEB86A8E6B05B9B792090B00EB8DCBC329E
C41F5079CD5C7C061DE80C7E94016F42BD96FF00488269C8338DD14DB7A7988C51B1ED953F9D69D6
278687FA1DDE33B3ED92EDFF00BEB9FD734CD46E75F8F5B852C6CADA5B13113BE4B829F3F70D88DB
031D3A73D4F6A00B1ABC5346D6FA95A21926B52DBE35EB244DF7D47BF0187BAE2AFDADDC3796E971
6F2AC9138CAB2F7ACEF3FC407EF69BA67FE07C9FFC66B2A7D37C46974D77A5C3A7D94CEDBA48CDE3
BC32FA964F2860FBA907D6803ADA2B1E29FC4422025B0D2DA4EE56F6400FD079469FE7EBDFF40ED3
BFF03DFF00F8CD006A67DEB9ED6759B88EE0DA5990AC98F365C67693D0007BF7A65FDD78805DE9C8
B616C84DCAEFF26E9DFE4C61F39880C6D248C91C81D7A573093CDFF094EAD0CA481E736D0C7A73C7
E8734013EA10CDA8C71996F2E55E372F1CA1F946F500F1DC8FA122AF68F7F2CEAF6F74105DDBE048
5460383F75C7B1C7E791506085206339C543621BFE1287755C11660487FE0676FF00ECF401D03492
8EDC1A77CC464F1EF54359BE974DD2AE2EA28BCE9235F923FEF9C8007EB56E3B88E581258DF74722
07423A10471400B82C4820156EB9E6ACF8664296B3E9EDFF002E52F969FF005CC80C9F90257FE035
54119DC2A4D0CE75CD448E9E441F9EE97FFADF9D0074545145001451450014514500145145001451
45001451450014514500145145001583AD6BED6531D3ECA26975078B7A975C471A9240763DC64741
C9F6EA37AB2759D24EA31C7340EB15E40498A423839EAADFEC9E3F21E9401CD6996496102C424796
4C9792572373BB64B31F7C9AAD7F18B8D4E389CB00D6D2AB11D57250023E95A10CE1AEC5ADD21B4B
CCF1048DF7FDD1BA38FA7E38354EF55ADF5998376B68CE4FBB3E7FF411401A9A65D9BBD3E1964004
B8DB2807EEB8386FD41A9AEAE52D2D659DC160A3215792C7B003D49C01F515CFDADF41637B710CEF
B04CA27886092EDF75D540E5BA29C0E72D5D1E95A7CF793477B7F198638CEE82D98FCD9ECEFEFE8B
DBA9E78001A7A359C963A54104C479D82F2EDE9E6312CD8F6C9357F03347007B557B7BC86E9A410B
9711E32769C7233C1EFF0087B50059A290669866404FCC38214FB138C7F31F9D0049452668CD001B
47A5616ABE1E8AEEF3FB46DB6A5DEDDADB89DAE074CFA1F7ADDA280386D421B8D3218E6B9830CF27
971C6183176209C0C71D01EA71F4A9749D3E4B6492E2E486B99DB7484741C6028F602BA7D4F4CB7D
5AC5ED6E37052432B21C3230E4329EC47FF5BA573C2E67D29C41AB048C03B63BA03114BE9CFF0003
7FB27F0268022D738D3947FD3C41FF00A317FC2ABE92E5619EC49E6D9C94C7FCF36E57F23951F4A9
35D93E4B355F984974800CF5DA0B7F4AA324CBA75FDADFCAEA96EC7ECF3BB1C00188DA4FFC0B03FE
046803790610EE3C0193C63157BC3B0116B35EB0C1BB93CC518FE0002AFE606EFF0081550B5B39B5
99079913C5A6A9E7CC055EE3DB07909FFA17D3AF51803A0A005A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2
800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A314514010DCDA5B5E4261BA8229E23D52540CA7F035C
3DD584106B3A82DAA32A2B226CC938C206E01E83E7E82BBEACBB8F0E691757525D4F64AF348433B1
66E48000EFE80500719F6C4D3755D3EF1C28F2A758DD8F5D8FF21FC012A7F0AF46C0AC493C1DE1E9
87EF34A81BEB9FF1ADCA008676611E042F26EE085207F322B223B0BCB70A21697E420051260123E6
24F7209C20CF6ADDA31401896CBA982CB2B5CA876F95888C9070BC9EC06771FF003CAA5BDEC50960
D3348FFBC75665CEF27A0C718033FA7A56CE052E280322186F7FB40095DC42A778DA49193D464F38
EDF876A75D2DF3DFB3468E1235CC643FCAC7047CC33EA7F21C56A6067A5181E940184D1EA2AA622F
79202C4B4AA631851C77C75C13ED9E734F66BEB8926B68DA48F61FF59952003C2E39F4058E7B903A
56D100F519A6C70C50A6C8A3545EBB5460500613D9EA91B2949A6903121C1946429E98C118C60648
3CEE38E956ACADAE45C4C2E4CAF00411A8958307C7192338EC0F419DC7D056B6293028038CF1269F
A3E9773A5CC904168C6E1B953E5A01E53FF0838EA4738AA979369973A75C5B36A968BE6C6543F9AA
369EC7AF635DE3C314A009234703A0619C533ECB6F8C7911E3FDD140143C3DAA26B7A0D9EA0A54B4
B18DFB4E4071C30FC1B35AB4D48D2350A8A15474006053A800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A28
00A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2803FFD9}
arscalex100 {
E + I
EI
P}\par\pard\li573\ri
+}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
S
ES + I
ESI
P}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li573\ri0\s
x100 {
E+P}\par\pard\li546\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
00\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 3.7 Mode of action of non-competi
tive inhibitor}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Examples}\par\pard\li293\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a. Effe
ct of iodoacetamide on - SH group containing enzymes}\par\pard\li293\ri0\sl-400\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b. Effect of diisopropyl phosphofluoridate o
n acetyl choline esterase.}\par\pard\li293\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\chars

calex100 {These two inhibitors completety inactivate the respective enzymes.}\pa
r\pard\li293\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {This inhibition can
be partially reversible.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\b {3.5.6.4 }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Allosteric inhibition}\b0
\i0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {This type of
inhibition is otherwise known as end product inhibition.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
80\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The inhibitor binds with the modulator bi
nding site (or) allosteric site of}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {60}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
}

}

}

}
{\*\shpinst
\jpegblip
FFD8FFE000104A46494600010100000100010000FFDB004300080606070605080707070909080A0C
393D38323C2E333432FFDB0043010909090C0B0C180D0D1832211C21323232323232323232323232
3232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232FFC0
00110800AF01AB03012200021101031101FFC4001F00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090A0BFFC400B5100002010303020403050504040000017D010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191A1082342B1C11552D1F02433627282090A161718191A2526272829
2A3435363738393A434445464748494A535455565758595A636465666768696A737475767778797A
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090A0BFFC400B511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291A1B1C109233352F015
6272D10A162434E125F11718191A262728292A35363738393A434445464748494A53545556575859
5A636465666768696A737475767778797A82838485868788898A92939495969798999AA2A3A4A5A6
F2F3F4F5F6F7F8F9FAFFDA000C03010002110311003F00F7FA28A2800A3BD1477A0028A28A0028A2
8A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A2930339EF400B45150BDCC093
A5BBCD1ACCE0958CB00CC3D877A009A8A82E2E63B5883C84E0B2A00064924E07EA6A7A0028A86DEE
12E632F1E4A8764C918E54953FA8353500145450CF1CE18C6DB82B9427DC1C1FD6A5A0028A28A004
ED5F21F88D47FC251ABF3FF2FB37FE866BEBCED5F20F89307C53AB9FFA7D9BFF004335512647D7F5
5DAEEDD6F52CDA54172E86558F3F315040271E9922A62428249C01C926B82B6D7F4BBAF110D5D6E5
2665B4BA959233968E14318518F7F99B07BB62A4A3BFAAAD7F6CB63F6C1287B6DBB8491FCE187A8C
673F85616A17FAF47A5DFB49696B6F2B2462D4894B0DF2315D8781F3025391C7CDED4E8E5BDD1A1B
1B067B5290C4EEC2288A858638C0C724F3B9939F4EDDE803A5A2B8D9BC53756F6ED7F2496A2D8410
C64C9FBB4175211C6F27EEA8393C71D01CE456CF87EFAEEFADA76BC92291965C46C91188B26D1866
42495C9DD8CF5183DE80359DD6352CEC1547524E05219A3126C2EA1F696C679C7AFD2B275129F68F
B4CB0C5756B06237463CC4C48CB05C618E197D0819C6738AAF3ACD3581B2B3F2218A497EC711742C
7CB5521B3C8E46D703FF00AF401BF1C892C4B221DCAC0303EA29F5CF0BFBE93513670B9CDBCA892B
080847CED66E4F006D6C000924FB0AE86800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A
2800A28A2800A28ACD8F558E7D5DAC208A493629696618088463E5F5279EDC7079C8228034A8AAF2
5CAA5E436D825E5567047401719FD58543757DF659086824605A34423F8D989181F40324FA7D2802
F5155AE6EC5AE19D18C5B599E418C20033CD3ADA569EDA299A2689A440C637C65091D0FBF6A009E8
A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A000D7228DF6CB5BC961496579145C8214B3C
12E3010FF78AE721472318F4CF5C73DAB99B5D76E6E6696DD15598B308A461C313236DE9D42A0C9F
5E47506802096069A787CEB4BDF206E92344DEA4ED1B234661D0105D8E48C6466A3682EE2572ED75
70F6B6876C9B64428EA9B71FED86259B239E39CF157ED35FF3D66678AE36B9DD048AAA372B3EC8F6
83EB8CE5BDFB53AF35C5B5B4786DD2E5980F2A1B8650E1DF72A1C772416CF239C1C6680203A44AC6
2D3F4DBB9ECED60B7F9A41B8BBB300A304F4202927FDE1D0F3549EE679353DFBEF7C9B68AE1E68D5
9C262321638F3FDEC7CD9EA7D718AE8E2D522934F172D14AB991A211B005D98315C0C120F20F7C63
9E951BEB96D132C73473472B305F2CA64872785C8C8C9C67AF4E6803066B07B486CEC209AF1E19A0
2F24D1DC4B219642472A72707963C90327273B6BB21D2B36CB5BB3D42E7C8B732313BC86D8763046
0A70DD0F245476FE20B0B90CD1B4BB40C8631B6186EDA36FF7B27A63AD006BD15141325C42934649
561919041FC8F4A968012BE41F10907C4DAAE7AFDB26EDFED9AFAFABE3ED7E463E23D53FEBEE5FFD
0CD544891F5CDF5A25FD94D6B2332C7329462870707A8CFE9546E74BB0D6544E5D9E27B592D97CB7
C2EC72A491EFF22F356B53965874D99A0C7DA197645BBA6F6F9573ED922B0A343A4AB5B7DB2516E0
C56C64624ED2A858945EC482AA00EE33C9EB259A4BA0DB341347733DCDD34CF1C8F2CB26189460C9
8D9B4280467000F7AB1776104F7265785E469E136CE43901633927FF00D639E958963713C36305DD
C4B7059F50915A32C599117CC091F5E4F0BD7A93F4A9CDBCF6F35DC91A6C9594C81173B3CE9308BF
5202F27FDA2680345342D353468F481688D631A85489B271839073D739E73D73CF5A9EC74FB5D361
315AC411598B31C9258FA927927A726B01EDDF4F731493DDBDBB18EDE4909762FB55989503A6ECAA
F1E87BE2AFE808F6FA3B5ECD1BEFB82D3EC1962A87EE28F5C20518F5A00B420B2B9D4277F25DA485
D4B92C7617C020EDCE0B01B79C71C73C7167EC76FF00B9F931E4B974E48C139CFF00335CBC7672AA
5BDC882E524662D793AC4C2525F928A07CDB474E3A7CA47209AB7135DC570F12417092B4645B2156
648F7B1C966E83685538CE7A81D45006EFD8AD7ED7F6AFB3C5F69C63CDD83774F5A75CDC25AC4249
0120BAA00BC9258851FA9AE665B1B9553768B74C541962872E02A443F76B81D598E09079C1618AB1
636EF2EB96F201766DD217769260E04D36540383F7400CD81C673C0C2D0074B45145001451450014
5145001451450014514D2718E3393400EA28AAB3EA1656B208EE2EEDE27232164902923F134016A8
AA09ACE9723ED4D46CD9C900059D49CFD3357E80219E710445CA48E0768D0B1FC8573D2595C2CAD7
0167B44667BA9C41CB1500ED8C638C92CCC719E7EA0D74F4500724B67A8B189E5BBB85997C9B64DB
D5883BA4727A918DC31D0ECE73914D9AEDEE3FB3CCF793424C6F7A5514798C5F2238D723AE198607
3C7E35D7D18A00E5251777969F64BDBA910C934368ED1E0062177C87A7F17CCBF963AD4335FDD159
63B0BF76B912BDAF96C438846E31A3377DDBB0DCF519EC2BB1A4C0F4A00A1A7DBDEC0F72D7977F68
DEE3CA0A9B422851918EBF7B71E49E31CD6851450014514500145145001451450014514500145145
00158F0691A7152F68594081AD55A26FBA371CE3FDACE79F5ABF7B726DAC669D46E7442557FBCDD8
7E7C572F2DC5CC510B3B2BC2B72AE2D02000F9608DBE6B0FEF6F21BAF23A7F150074434B816E1661
9CABAB20E30A02150BF41B98E3D4D456BA40B65813ED533A5BB66257DB841B4A81C0E7863CF53DEB
9F7D4AF44B25AA6A72F9B2CA9F643B149932DB09C63EE2EC763ECC39E9975ADE6A17884C3752C72C
DFE8F1C72E0F967392C71D19514F5392C790A31401D0C9A6036B670C33C9135A106393009CED2BC8
3D7863F8D537D04CD711DCAEA33E1643328F948DE6231EEE00C9C1CFA0F4F42FDEE6C3409D6EAFD1
AEA77314733008A85DB6A600ECB907D7827359C2FAFB274EB3BA2A0826DE758540DA02A8EA0809BB
775C9200C13B81A00DC1A747047308E5F2B742B6F13607EE9402063F13FCAA097452B2C725ACE217
8D942662DC11163640A391D373104E793D0D45AE5C2B5E5A5A9BB4B7099B994E03310BC28507BEE3
91C1E57A567C5ADDE35A44D2DDC493B1104C802E203BB61763D9B7648078C76E2803A8B7856DE08E
14CED450012724E3FAD4A481D4E2B976D4F519DA59ADAE634B70C23881404BB9C107FDD09863DF96
1D8624B4BE9755D4AD217962922310BC78D07FAB391B109CF3F7B77D54763401D276AF8FB5F07FE1
23D53FEBEE5FFD0CD7D83DABE3AF10927C4BAAF23FE3F26FFD0CD544991F614D32410BCB21C22296
63E805605B789E2BED166D5208D92D8481229A41C3AEFDBBB1D78E4E302B6354FF00904DE7FD707F
E46B80D0FF00E492C5F8FF00E8C35251D8B788EC869B1DF0599D24F336A05C31F2F76EEBE9B4D6AB
CA91C2D2B1C22A9627DB15C02FFC8AD61F4BFF00E52D76F79FF207B8FF00AF76FF00D04D0065CB25
C5CDBFDB6EDBCAD39A0695E28CE182601C31CF391D42818E9922A5D6F59874CB497F7A6278FCA248
4CED4662323D4E15B8A65CFF00C896FF00F60E3FFA2EB07C71FF001EBA87FD72B7FF00D0A5A00E8D
FC4766B671DD224F244F1BCA76A80511080EC7247427A0C93D81A6AEB2C2F35276B79FEC96802970
171B80DCDDF27865ED8AE623FF00916CFF00D82EFF00FF0046AD6CB7FC827C49FF005DDFFF004547
4AE05E7F14E908017B8601AF0D929D8C774A3A8E9D3DFA5306BE5EE848B6B702C92D16E2493E4C00
FC83F7B77015B8C579FDE7FC7BDA7FD8D13FFE846BAEB7FF009015F7FD80E0FF00D025A2E074763A
80BEF307912C2D19195936E4E4020F04D5DAC9D23FE3EAEFFDD87FF4015AD4C0648EB146CEC70AA0
B13ED5474FD516FE4923F26585D1125DB260E51F3B4E413FDD3C559BEFF8F0B9FF00AE4DFC8D64E8
BFF2149BFEC1D69FCE5A00DEA28A2800A28A2800A28A2800AE0BC416D6D3788F583710C7295B3D3D
943A8381F689738CD77B5C36BDFF00232EB3FF0060EB0FFD29968030EEF45D2AF16756B1B7DA44E0
E2300E3EDF8C640E38046476AEA7C0B7DA85CD85FDADE02F1585ECB696F3C8E0BC888C461BD48181
9EFF00A9C34E971FF6F1FF00A7035BFE08FF008F5D63FEC3177FFA30D24075345145300A28A2800A
28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800AA3AA5EC96166258601348D2C712A33ED
1F3BAAE49C1C63767A55EACCD73FE3CE0FFAFCB6FF00D1C940090EA17A75516375690441A06943C7
3993A3018C145FEF565C3E3BD0249AF236BD0BF67996227CA739DC4283D3FBC48FC335A527FC8D30
7FD7949FFA312BC260FF008FAD6BFEBF2DFF00F47D007BBDC79516AD13B29629149316662446000B
F2AF407E63CFA67D6AC4778174FB7B9BAC44D204040C901988007E640CD54D43FE42327FD784BFCD
699A97FC80AD3FEBB5AFFE8C4A00B7ACEA11E95A5CD7B245E688C0C20C0DC49C019EDC9A7DF1861B
46BC92DD257B6432202064103B1EDE99ACDF19FF00C8B173FEF47FFA1AD686AFFF00204BCFFAE2DF
CA802C2A319CB3AC78DA369039CF39E7F1E3F1A90A2B2952A083D411D69DDA8A00CAD4F5CD3B499E
086ED995E505D02C64E0020127D3A8A946CB6BBB78BECF12C9233AA18D40D898C9FCC85E3DFDB35C
8F8F7FE433A7FF00D7ACDFFA12575F75FF00218D3FFDD97F90A00BF5F1DF88940F12EAA3038BB97F
F4335F627AD7C79E25FF0091A756FF00AFC9BFF4335512247D73AA7FC826F3FEB83FF235C0687FF2
4962FC7FF461AEFF0054FF00904DE7FD707FE46B80D0FF00E492C5F8FF00E8C352593AFF00C8AD61
F4BFFE52D76F79FF00207B8FFAF76FFD04D710BFF22B587D2FFF0094B5DBDE7FC81EE3FEBDDBFF00
4134019B73FF00225BFF00D838FF00E8BAC1F1C7FC7AEA1FF5CADFFF004296B7AE7FE44B7FFB071F
FD17583E38FF008F5D43FEB95BFF00E852D0C0863FF916CFFD82EFFF00F46AD6CB7FC827C49FF5DD
FF00F454758D1FFC8B67FEC177FF00FA356B65BFE413E24FFAEEFF00FA2A3A4071579FF1EF69FF00
6344FF00FA11AEBADFFE4057DFF60383FF004096B91BCFF8F7B4FF00B1A27FFD08D75D6FFF00202B
EFFB01C1FF00A04B43036B48FF008FABBFF761FF00D0056B564E91FF001F577FEEC3FF00A00AD6A6
057BEFF8F0B9FF00AE4DFC8D64E8BFF2149BFEC1D69FCE5AD6BEFF008F0B9FFAE4DFC8D64E8BFF00
2149BFEC1D69FCE5A00DEA28A2800A28A2800A28A2800AE1B5EFF919759FFB07587FE94CB5DCD70D
AF7FC8CBACFF00D83AC3FF004A65A00A09D2E3FEDE3FF4E06B7FC11FF1EBAC7FD862EFFF00461AC0
4E971FF6F1FF00A7035BFE08FF008F5D63FEC3177FFA30D24075345145300A28A2800A28A2800A28
A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800ACCD73FE3CE0FFAFCB6FF00D1C95A7599AE7FC79C1F
F5F96DFF00A392801927FC8D307FD7949FFA312BC260FF008FAD6BFEBF2DFF00F47D7BB49FF234C1
FF005E527FE8C4AF0983FE3EB5AFFAFCB7FF00D1F401EE9A87FC8464FF00AF097F9AD3352FF9015A
7FD76B5FFD1894FD43FE42327FD784BFCD699A97FC80AD3FEBB5AFFE8C4A5D408FC67FF22C5CFF00
BD1FFE86B5A1ABFF00C812F3FEB8B7F2ACFF0019FF00C8B173FEF47FFA1AD686AFFF00204BCFFAE2
DFCA9817BB51476A280381F1EFFC8674FF00FAF59BFF00424AEBEEBFE431A7FF00BB2FF215C878F7
FE433A7FFD7ACDFF00A12575F75FF218D3FF00DD97F90A00BFEB5F1E7897FE469D5BFEBF26FF00D0
CD7D87EB5F1E7897FE469D5BFEBF26FF00D0CD544891F5CEA9FF00209BCFFAE0FF00C8D701A1FF00
C9258BF1FF00D186BBFD53FE41379FF5C1FF0091AE0343FF00924B17E3FF00A30D4964EBFF0022B5
87D2FF00F94B5DBDE7FC81EE3FEBDDBFF4135C42FF00C8AD61F4BFFE52D76F79FF00207B8FFAF76F
FD04D0066DCFFC896FFF0060E3FF00A2EB07C71FF1EBA87FD72B7FFD0A5ADEB9FF00912DFF00EC1C
7FF45D60F8E3FE3D750FFAE56FFF00A14B430218FF00E45B3FF60BBFFF00D1AB5B2DFF00209F127F
D777FF00D151D6347FF22D9FFB05DFFF00E8D5AD96FF00904F893FEBBBFF00E8A8E901C55E7FC7BD
A7FD8D13FF00E846BAEB7FF9015F7FD80E0FFD025AE46F3FE3DED3FEC689FF00F4235D75BFFC80AF
BFEC0707FE812D0C0DAD23FE3EAEFF00DD87FF004015AD593A47FC7D5DFF00BB0FFE802B5A9815EF
BFE3C2E7FEB937F23593A2FF00C8526FFB075A7F396B5AFBFE3C2E7FEB937F23593A2FFC8526FF00
B075A7F3968037A8A28A0028A28A0028A28A002B86D7BFE465D67FEC1D61FF00A532D7735C36BDFF
00232EB3FF0060EB0FFD29968028274B8FFB78FF00D381ADFF00047FC7AEB1FF00618BBFFD186B01
3A5C7FDBC7FE9C0D6FF823FE3D758FFB0C5DFF00E8C34901D4D14514C028A28A0028A28A0028A28A
0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A002B335CFF008F383FEBF2DBFF00472569D666B9FF001E70
7FD7E5B7FE8E4A00649FF234C1FF005E527FE8C4AF0983FE3EB5AFFAFCB7FF00D1F5EED27FC8D307
FD7949FF00A312BC260FF8FAD6BFEBF2DFFF0047D007BA6A1FF21193FEBC25FE6B4CD4BFE40569FF
005DAD7FF46253F50FF908C9FF005E12FF0035A66A5FF202B4FF00AED6BFFA312975023F19FF00C8
B173FEF47FFA1AD686AFFF00204BCFFAE2DFCAB3FC67FF0022C5CFFBD1FF00E86B5A1ABFFC812F3F
EB8B7F2A605EED451DA8A00E07C7BFF219D3FF00EBD66FFD092BAFBAFF0090C69FFEECBFC85721E3
DFF90CE9FF00F5EB37FE8495D7DD7FC8634FFF00765FE42802FF00AD7C79E25FF91A756FFAFC9BFF
004335F61FAD7C79E25FF91A756FFAFC9BFF004335512247D73AA7FC826F3FEB83FF00235C0687FF
0024962FC7FF00461AEFF54FF904DE7FD707FE46B80D0FFE492C5F8FFE8C352593AFFC8AD61F4BFF
00E52D76F79FF207B8FF00AF76FF00D04D710BFF0022B587D2FF00F94B5DBDE7FC81EE3FEBDDBFF4
134019B73FF225BFFD838FFE8BAC1F1C7FC7AEA1FF005CADFF00F4296B7AE7FE44B7FF00B071FF00
D17583E38FF8F5D43FEB95BFFE852D0C0863FF00916CFF00D82EFF00FF0046AD6CB7FC827C49FF00
5DDFFF00454758D1FF00C8B67FEC177FFF00A356B65BFE413E24FF00AEEFFF00A2A3A4071579FF00
1EF69FF6344FFF00A11AEBADFF00E4057DFF0060383FF4096B91BCFF008F7B4FFB1A27FF00D08D75
D6FF00F202BEFF00B01C1FFA04B43036B48FF8FABBFF00761FFD0056B564E91FF1F577FEEC3FFA00
AD6A6057BEFF008F0B9FFAE4DFC8D64E8BFF002149BFEC1D69FCE5AD6BEFF8F0B9FF00AE4DFC8D64
E8BFF2149BFEC1D69FCE5A00DEA28A2800A28A2800A28A2800AE1B5EFF00919759FF00B07587FE94
CB5DCD70DAF7FC8CBACFFD83AC3FF4A65A00A09D2E3FEDE3FF004E06B7FC11FF001EBAC7FD862EFF
00F461AC04E971FF006F1FFA7035BFE08FF8F5D63FEC3177FF00A30D24075345145300A28A2800A2
8A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800ACCD73FE3CE0FF00AFCB6FFD1C95A7599A
E7FC79C1FF005F96DFFA392801927FC8D307FD7949FF00A312BC260FF8FAD6BFEBF2DFFF0047D7BB
49FF00234C1FF5E527FE8C4AF0983FE3EB5AFF00AFCB7FFD1F401EE9A87FC8464FFAF097F9AD3352
FF009015A7FD76B5FF00D1894FD43FE42327FD784BFCD699A97FC80AD3FEBB5AFF00E8C4A5D408FC
67FF0022C5CFFBD1FF00E86B5A1ABFFC812F3FEB8B7F2ACFF19FFC8B173FEF47FF00A1AD686AFF00
F204BCFF00AE2DFCA9817BB51476A280381F1EFF00C8674FFF00AF59BFF424AEBEEBFE431A7FFBB2
FF00215C878F7FE433A7FF00D7ACDFFA12575F75FF00218D3FFDD97F90A00BFEB5F1E7897FE469D5
BFEBF26FFD0CD7D87EB5F1E7897FE469D5BFEBF26FFD0CD544891F5CEA9FF209BCFF00AE0FFC8D70
1A1FFC9258BF1FFD186BBFD53FE41379FF005C1FF91AE0343FF924B17E3FFA30D4964EBFF22B587D
2FFF0094B5DBDE7FC81EE3FEBDDBFF004135C42FFC8AD61F4BFF00E52D76F79FF207B8FF00AF76FF
00D04D0066DCFF00C896FF00F60E3FFA2EB07C71FF001EBA87FD72B7FF00D0A5ADEB9FF912DFFEC1
C7FF0045D60F8E3FE3D750FF00AE56FF00FA14B430218FFE45B3FF0060BBFF00FD1AB5B2DFF209F1
27FD777FFD151D6347FF0022D9FF00B05DFF00FE8D5AD96FF904F893FEBBBFFE8A8E901C55E7FC7B
DA7FD8D13FFE846BAEB7FF009015F7FD80E0FF00D025AE46F3FE3DED3FEC689FFF004235D75BFF00
C80AFBFEC0707FE812D0C0DAD23FE3EAEFFDD87FF4015AD593A47FC7D5DFFBB0FF00E802B5A9815E
FBFE3C2E7FEB937F23593A2FFC8526FF00B075A7F396B5AFBFE3C2E7FEB937F23593A2FF00C8526F
FB075A7F3968037A8A28A0028A28A0028A28A002B86D7BFE465D67FEC1D61FFA532D7735C36BDFF2
32EB3FF60EB0FF00D29968028274B8FF00B78FFD381ADFF047FC7AEB1FF618BBFF00D186B013A5C7
FDBC7FE9C0D6FF00823FE3D758FF00B0C5DFFE8C34901D4D14514C028A28A0028A28A0028A28A002
8A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A002B335CFF8F383FEBF2DBFF472569D666B9FF1E707FD7E5B7F
E8E4A00649FF00234C1FF5E527FE8C4AF0983FE3EB5AFF00AFCB7FFD1F5EED27FC8D307FD7949FFA
312BC260FF008FAD6BFEBF2DFF00F47D007BA6A1FF0021193FEBC25FE6B4CD4BFE40569FF5DAD7FF
0046253F50FF00908C9FF5E12FF35A66A5FF00202B4FFAED6BFF00A312975023F19FFC8B173FEF47
FF00A1AD686AFF00F204BCFF00AE2DFCAB3FC67FF22C5CFF00BD1FFE86B5A1ABFF00C812F3FEB8B7
F2A605EED451DA8A00E07C7BFF00219D3FFEBD66FF00D092BAFBAFF90C69FF00EECBFC85721E3DFF
0090CE9FFF005EB37FE8495D7DD7FC8634FF00F765FE42802FFAD7C79E25FF0091A756FF00AFC9BF
F4335F61FAD7C79E25FF0091A756FF00AFC9BFF4335512247D73AA7FC826F3FEB83FF235C0687FF2
4962FC7FF461AEFF0054FF00904DE7FD707FE46B80D0FF00E492C5F8FF00E8C352593AFF00C8AD61
F4BFFE52D76F79FF00207B8FFAF76FFD04D710BFF22B587D2FFF0094B5DBDE7FC81EE3FEBDDBFF00
4134019B73FF00225BFF00D838FF00E8BAC1F1C7FC7AEA1FF5CADFFF004296B7AE7FE44B7FFB071F
FD17583E38FF008F5D43FEB95BFF00E852D0C0863FF916CFFD82EFFF00F46AD6CB7FC827C49FF5DD
FF00F454758D1FFC8B67FEC177FF00FA356B65BFE413E24FFAEEFF00FA2A3A4071579FF1EF69FF00
6344FF00FA11AEBADFFE4057DFF60383FF004096B91BCFF8F7B4FF00B1A27FFD08D75D6FFF00202B
EFFB01C1FF00A04B43036B48FF008FABBFF761FF00D0056B564E91FF001F577FEEC3FF00A00AD6A6
057BEFF8F0B9FF00AE4DFC8D64E8BFF2149BFEC1D69FCE5AD6BEFF008F0B9FFAE4DFC8D64E8BFF00
2149BFEC1D69FCE5A00DEA28A2800A28A2800A28A2800AE1B5EFF919759FFB07587FE94CB5DCD70D
AF7FC8CBACFF00D83AC3FF004A65A00A09D2E3FEDE3FF4E06B7FC11FF1EBAC7FD862EFFF00461AC0
4E971FF6F1FF00A7035BFE08FF008F5D63FEC3177FFA30D24075345145300A28A2800A28A2800A28
A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800ACCD73FE3CE0FFAFCB6FF00D1C95A7599AE7FC79C1F
F5F96DFF00A392801927FC8D307FD7949FFA312BC260FF008FAD6BFEBF2DFF00F47D7BB49FF234C1
FF005E527FE8C4AF0983FE3EB5AFFAFCB7FF00D1F401EE9A87FC8464FF00AF097F9AD3352FF9015A
7FD76B5FFD1894FD43FE42327FD784BFCD699A97FC80AD3FEBB5AFFE8C4A5D408FC67FF22C5CFF00
BD1FFE86B5A1ABFF00C812F3FEB8B7F2ACFF0019FF00C8B173FEF47FFA1AD686AFFF00204BCFFAE2
DFCA9817BB51476A280381F1EFFC8674FF00FAF59BFF00424AEBEEBFE431A7FF00BB2FF215C878F7
FE433A7FFD7ACDFF00A12575F75FF218D3FF00DD97F90A00BFEB5F1E7897FE469D5BFEBF26FF00D0
CD7D87EB5F1E7897FE469D5BFEBF26FF00D0CD544891F5CEA9FF00209BCFFAE0FF00C8D701A1FF00
C9258BF1FF00D186BBFD53FE41379FF5C1FF0091AE0343FF00924B17E3FF00A30D4964EBFF0022B5
87D2FF00F94B5DBDE7FC81EE3FEBDDBFF4135C42FF00C8AD61F4BFFE52D76F79FF00207B8FFAF76F
FD04D0066DCFFC896FFF0060E3FF00A2EB07C71FF1EBA87FD72B7FFD0A5ADEB9FF00912DFF00EC1C
7FF45D60F8E3FE3D750FFAE56FFF00A14B430218FF00E45B3FF60BBFFF00D1AB5B2DFF00209F127F
D777FF00D151D6347FF22D9FFB05DFFF00E8D5AD96FF00904F893FEBBBFF00E8A8E901C55E7FC7BD
A7FD8D13FF00E846BAEB7FF9015F7FD80E0FFD025AE46F3FE3DED3FEC689FF00F4235D75BFFC80AF
BFEC0707FE812D0C0DAD23FE3EAEFF00DD87FF004015AD593A47FC7D5DFF00BB0FFE802B5A9815EF
BFE3C2E7FEB937F23593A2FF00C8526FFB075A7F396B5AFBFE3C2E7FEB937F23593A2FFC8526FF00
B075A7F3968037A8A28A0028A28A0028A28A002B86D7BFE465D67FEC1D61FF00A532D7735C36BDFF
00232EB3FF0060EB0FFD29968028274B8FFB78FF00D381ADFF00047FC7AEB1FF00618BBFFD186B01
3A5C7FDBC7FE9C0D6FF823FE3D758FFB0C5DFF00E8C34901D4D14514C028A28A0028A28A0028A28A
0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A002B335CFF008F383FEBF2DBFF00472569D666B9FF001E70
7FD7E5B7FE8E4A00649FF234C1FF005E527FE8C4AF0983FE3EB5AFFAFCB7FF00D1F5EED27FC8D307
FD7949FF00A312BC260FF8FAD6BFEBF2DFFF0047D007BA6A1FF21193FEBC25FE6B4CD4BFE40569FF
005DAD7FF46253F50FF908C9FF005E12FF0035A66A5FF202B4FF00AED6BFFA312975023F19FF00C8
B173FEF47FFA1AD686AFFF00204BCFFAE2DFCAB3FC67FF0022C5CFFBD1FF00E86B5A1ABFFC812F3F
EB8B7F2A605EED451DA8A00E07C7BFF219D3FF00EBD66FFD092BAFBAFF0090C69FFEECBFC85721E3
DFF90CE9FF00F5EB37FE8495D7DD7FC8634FFF00765FE42802FF00AD7C79E25FF91A756FFAFC9BFF
004335F61FAD7C79E25FF91A756FFAFC9BFF004335512247D73AA7FC826F3FEB83FF00235C0687FF
0024962FC7FF00461AEFF54FF904DE7FD707FE46B80D0FFE492C5F8FFE8C352593AFFC8AD61F4BFF
00E52D76F79FF207B8FF00AF76FF00D04D710BFF0022B587D2FF00F94B5DBDE7FC81EE3FEBDDBFF4
134019B73FF225BFFD838FFE8BAC1F1C7FC7AEA1FF005CADFF00F4296B7AE7FE44B7FF00B071FF00
D17583E38FF8F5D43FEB95BFFE852D0C0863FF00916CFF00D82EFF00FF0046AD6CB7FC827C49FF00
5DDFFF00454758D1FF00C8B67FEC177FFF00A356B65BFE413E24FF00AEEFFF00A2A3A4071579FF00
1EF69FF6344FFF00A11AEBADFF00E4057DFF0060383FF4096B91BCFF008F7B4FFB1A27FF00D08D75
D6FF00F202BEFF00B01C1FFA04B43036B48FF8FABBFF00761FFD0056B564E91FF1F577FEEC3FFA00
AD6A6057BEFF008F0B9FFAE4DFC8D64E8BFF002149BFEC1D69FCE5AD6BEFF8F0B9FF00AE4DFC8D64
E8BFF2149BFEC1D69FCE5A00DEA28A2800A28A2800A28A2800AE1B5EFF00919759FF00B07587FE94
CB5DCD70DAF7FC8CBACFFD83AC3FF4A65A00A09D2E3FEDE3FF004E06B7FC11FF001EBAC7FD862EFF
00F461AC04E971FF006F1FFA7035BFE08FF8F5D63FEC3177FF00A30D24075345145300A28A2800A2
8A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800ACCD73FE3CE0FF00AFCB6FFD1C95A7599A
E7FC79C1FF005F96DFFA392801927FC8D307FD7949FF00A312BC260FF8FAD6BFEBF2DFFF0047D7BB
49FF00234C1FF5E527FE8C4AF0983FE3EB5AFF00AFCB7FFD1F401EE9A87FC8464FFAF097F9AD3352
FF009015A7FD76B5FF00D1894FD43FE42327FD784BFCD699A97FC80AD3FEBB5AFF00E8C4A5D408FC
67FF0022C5CFFBD1FF00E86B5A1ABFFC812F3FEB8B7F2ACFF19FFC8B173FEF47FF00A1AD686AFF00
F204BCFF00AE2DFCA9817BB51476A280381F1EFF00C8674FFF00AF59BFF424AEBEEBFE431A7FFBB2
FF00215C878F7FE433A7FF00D7ACDFFA12575F75FF00218D3FFDD97F90A00BFEB5F1E7897FE469D5
BFEBF26FFD0CD7D87EB5F1E7897FE469D5BFEBF26FFD0CD544891FFFD9}
}}}}
824;24577;32768}}
}
824;24577;32768}}
824;24577;32768}}

}
824;24577;32768}}
824;24577;32768}}
}
824;24577;32768}}
824;24577;32768}}
}
824;24577;32768}}

824;24577;32768}}
}
824;24577;32768}}
the enzyme. The inhibitor present at the allosteric site may affect the}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {conformation at the active
site with the result it becomes difficult for the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {enzyme to take up the substrate molecule, and in
the extreme case, the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {enzyme completely fails to take up the substrate molecule (Fig. 3.8).}\par\pa
rd\li920\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li920\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li920\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li920\ri0
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li920\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li920\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig.3.8 Mode of action of allosteric
inhibitor}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Thi
s type of inhibition is seen in multistep reactions in which each}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {step is catalysed by different e
nzymes as shown below.}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {
a
b
c
d}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-400\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A
B
C
D
E . . .
. .. . . .. . . P}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
where A is the starting substrate B,C,D,F are intermediates, a,b,c,d}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {are enzymes and P the product.
When the product concentration (P)}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {increases, it binds with the enzyme \uc1\u8216Xa\uc1\u8217X whi
ch is the first enzyme in the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {reaction sequence. This enzyme which can be inhibited by the end prod
uct}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {is known as all
osteric enzyme.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Exa
mple}\par\pard\li1106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1106\ri0\sl-346\sl
mult0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Threonine}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7
360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw2026\colsr-0\colno2\col
w1906\colsr-0\colno3\colw1413\colsr-0\colno4\colw1320\pard\li160\ri0\sl-146\slmu
lt0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {L-Threonine}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \
*\tx960\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {(A)}\tab \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {deaminas
e (a)}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u
945X\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {keto}{ }\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
butyrate + NH}{\sub \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-146\sl
mult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(B)}\par\pard\li893\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs36\c
f0\f2\charscalex100 {x}\par\pard\li986\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9
86\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {61}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-200\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Intermediates}\par\pard\li200\ri0\sl-22
6\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {(C,D,E)}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\sl
mult0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Isoleucine}\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-346\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn1104
0\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsx
n560\margrsxn133\margtsxn586\margbsxn93\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {when isoleucine production increases, as a regulatory mechanism,
it}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {binds with thre
onine deaminase in the allosteric site and inhibit further}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {binding of the substrate with the enzyme
and ultimately production of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {isoleucine is stopped. This inhibition is otherwise known as feed bac
k}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {inhibition.}\par\
pard\li573\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Many metabolic reactio
ns in our body are regulated by means of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {allosteric enzymes.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx
573\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {3.6}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Iso
enzymes}\b0 \par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Certa
in enzymes may exist in two or more forms which have the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
93\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {same catalytic activity but are distinct
physically, chemically and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {electrophoretically. These forms exist in different tissues.}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Example}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl
-400\slmult0 \*\tx853\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Lactate dehydrogenase exist in 5 different iso enzymic forms}\par\pard\li85
3\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {LD1, LD2, LD3, LD4, LD5 and per
form the same function}\par\pard\li853\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {of the conversion of lactate to pyruvate. LD1 is predominant}\par\pard\li8
53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in heart and LD5 in muscle and
liver.}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx853\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b
.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Creatine kinase exist in 3 different iso enzy
mic forms BB,}\par\pard\li853\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {MM
and MB. These isoenzymes perform the same function}\par\pard\li853\ri0\sl-293\sl
mult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of conversion of creatine to creatine phosphat
e.}\par\pard\li853\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {BB form exist
in brain, MM form in muscle and MB form in}\par\pard\li853\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {heart.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\b {3.7 Importance of enzymes}\b0 \par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-400\slmu
lt0 \*\tx853\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Enzy
mes catalyse many biological reactions and enhance the}\par\pard\li853\ri0\sl-28
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rate of product formation in metabolic pat
hways.}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx853\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.
}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Some enzymes in blood are used as diagnostic i
ndicators of}\par\pard\li853\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {vari
ous diseases. For example the level of transaminases are}\par\pard\li853\ri0\sl-
293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {elevated in blood during jaundice - a li

ver disorder.}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx853\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {3.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Some enzymes are used for therapeutic p
urposes}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{62}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133
{a. Penicillinase - to treat patients allergic to penecillin}\par\pard\li8
53\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b. Asparaginase - to treat
leukemia}\par\pard\li853\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c. Dia
stase
- to treat indigestion}\par\pard\li2640\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Excercise}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx453\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {I.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Cho}\b0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {ose the correct answer from the given four alternat
ives}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx453\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a.
}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Amylases act on}\par\pard\li453\ri0\sl-373\slm
ult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i. Starch
ii. Lactose
iiii. Sucrose
iv. Glucose}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx453\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{b.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The catalytic groups of lysozyme are}\par\
pard\li453\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i. Glutamic acid ii.
Aspartic acid}\par\pard\li453\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ii
i. Glutamic acid and Aspartic acid iv. Histidine}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slm
ult0 \*\tx453\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Fum
arase belong to the major class of}\par\pard\li453\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {i. Oxidoreductases ii. Transferases}\par\pard\li453\ri0\sl-3
86\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iii. Hydrolases iv. Ligases}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Cl}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 { ions act as activators of}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {i. Amylases
ii. Peptidases}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-386\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iii. Glycosidases iv. Lipases}\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e.}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {The different morphological structures of the same enzyme are}\par\pa
rd\li466\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {called as}\par\pard\li46
6\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i. Apoenzymes
ii. Isoenz
ymes}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iii. Coenzym
es
iv. Holoenzymes}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx453\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\b {II.}\b0 \tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fill up the blanks}\
b0 \par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx853\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a.}\ta
b \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A holoenzyme contains apoenzyme and ____________}\
par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx853\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b.}\tab \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The structural resemblence of substrate and inhibitor
leads to}\par\pard\li853\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {________
______ inhibition.}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx853\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {c.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The termperature at which the enzy
me shows maximum activity}\par\pard\li853\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {is known as _____________}\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {63}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11
040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsxn600\margbsxn93\pard\li466\ri0\sl-200\slmult0
\*\tx853\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Alloste
ric enzymes posses an extra _________ site.}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \
*\tx853\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cytochrom
e oxidase belong to the major class of ________.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult
0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {III. }\b0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Say true
or false}\b0 \par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx853\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {a.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Holo enzymes are complete and active en
zymes.}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx853\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b.
}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Active sites are essential for enzyme action.}
\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx853\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c.}\tab \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Competitive inhibition is reversible}\par\pard\li466\

ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx853\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {Metal ions can activate enzymes.}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \
*\tx853\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Modulator
binding sites are present in all the enzymes.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {IV. Match the following}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\s
r-0\colno2\colw3253\pard\li466\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx853\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {1.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Alkaline phosphatase}\par\pard\li466\r
i0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx853\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {Coenzymes}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx853\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {3.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Allosteric inhibitor}\par\pard\li
466\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx853\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {Zn}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2+}}\par\column\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {- Non protein part of the enz
yme}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {- Hydrolase}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {- }\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {Enzyme activator}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {- Malonate}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsx
n560\margrsxn133\pard\li466\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx853\*\tx3413\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {5.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Succinate dehydrogenase}\tab \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {- Feed back inhibition}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult
0 \*\tx466\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {V.}\b0 \tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
{Give one word answer}\b0 \par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx853\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {a.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {What is a coenzyme?}\par\p
ard\li466\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx853\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b.}\tab \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {What are the catalytic amino acids of chymotrypsin?}\par\pa
rd\li466\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx853\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c.}\tab \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {How is competitive inhibition prevented?}\par\pard\li466\ri0
\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx853\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {Who proposed induced fit theory?}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\t
x853\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {What is the
action of ligases?}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
{VI. Answer the followings}\b0 \par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx853\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Explain the major cla
sses of enzymes.}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx853\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {b.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {What are catalytic aminoacids? Give
examples.}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx853\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{c.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Explain allosteric inhibition with an examp
le.}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx853\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d.}\t
ab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Write a note on the factors affecting enzyme acti
vity.}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx853\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e.}
\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Differentiate the action of competitive, uncomp
etitive and non}\par\pard\li853\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c
ompetitive inhibitors.}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
ar\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {64}\par\pard\sect\
page\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn93\cols2
\colno1\colw1840\colsr-0\colno2\colw4826\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx573\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\b {4.1}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Introduction}\b0 \par\column\par
fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {CHAPTER 4}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {CARBOHYDRATE
S}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn13
3\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Carbohydrates are wi
dely distributed in plants in which they are}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {formed from carbon dioxide of the atmosphere and water
by}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {photosynthesis.
Plants use carbohydrates as the precursor for the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {synthesis of proteins, lipids and other organic
compounds. Animals}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
obtain their carbohydrates from plants.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\b {4.2 Functions of carbohydrates}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl
-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Carbohydrates have a variety of functio
ns in the animal and human}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {body.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {1.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They supply energy for body functions and
for doing work.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {2.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They are structural components of many
organisms.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{3.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They exert a sparing action on proteins.}\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They provide the carbon skeleton for the synthesis of som
e non-}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {essential
amino acids and fats.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {5.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Some carbohydrates are present as
tissue constituents.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {6.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Starch forms main source of carbo
hydrates in the diet.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\b {4.3 Classification of carbohydrates}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Carbohydrates are classified as follows}\par\pard\li
400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They are i. Monosaccharides
ii. Disaccharides iii. Oligo saccharides}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and iv. Polysaccharides (Fig. 4.1).}\par\pard\li3013\ri0\s
3013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {65}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn

824;24577;32768}}
824;24577;32768}}

824;24577;32768}}
824;24577;32768}}







0\b {Carbohydrates}\b0 \par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li6
pard\li640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \*\tx3
226\fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Monosaccharides Disaccharides}\tab \fs14\cf0\f2\c
harscalex100 {Oligosaccharides Polysaccharides}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgws
colw1053\colsr-0\colno3\colw986\colsr-0\colno4\colw1306\pard\li186\ri0\sl-213\sl
l-266\slmult0 \*\tx1026\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Aldose}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\char
scalex100 {Ketose}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \*\tx933\*\tx2800\fs14\cf0\f
2\charscalex100 {eg. Glucose}\tab \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {eg. Fructose }\fs1
4\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Reducing}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Non-}\par\pard
\li1746\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \*\tx2680\fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {eg. Lactose}\tab
\fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {reducing}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {eg. Malto triose}\par\column\pard\li146\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li146\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li146\ri
0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Homo}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {eg. Starch,}\par\column\pard\li40\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-32
0\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Hetero}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \f
s14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {eg. Heparin}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pg
pard\li1866\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx2600\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Maltose}\tab
\fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {eg. Sucrose}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0
\fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Cellulose}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\p
ghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li1853\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 4.1 Classific
ation of Carbohydrates}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {4.3.1 Monosaccharides}\b0 \p
ar\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Monosaccharides are
defined as polyhydroxy aldehydes or}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {ketones, which cannot be further hydrolysed to simple sugars.}
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Monosaccharides are
divided into two groups according to their}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {functional groups (Fig. 4.2).}\par\pard\li2293\ri0\sl-2
00 {Monosaccharides}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn
560\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw3600\colsr-0\colno2\colw3066\pard\li1706\ri0\sl
r\pard\li1706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Aldose}\par\pard\li
1413\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(CHO group)}\par\column\pard

s18\cf0\par\pard\li213\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ketose}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(CO group)}\par\pard\s
ect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li1040\ri0
li1040\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 4.2 Classification
of monosaccharides}\b0 \par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li7
harscalex100 {They are also classified based on the number of carbon atoms}\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {present in the monosacch
arides}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\
i0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {66}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pg
wsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

1. Aldotriose eg: Glycerose
1. Ketotriose :eg.Dihydroxy acetone}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2. Aldotetrose eg : Erythrose
2. Ketotetrose : eg : Erythrulose}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \*\tx2880\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3. Aldopentose eg : Ribose}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {3. Ketopentose : eg. Ribulose}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \*\tx2906\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4. Aldohexose eg: Glucose}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {4. Ketohexose : eg. Fructose}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx453\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Aldoses are sugars co
ntaining aldehyde group}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {eg : glucose, galactose, mannose.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx4
53\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ketoses are su
gars containing ketone group}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {eg : fructose and sorbose.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Carbohydrates posses asymmetric carbon atoms. A carbon ato
m}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to which four dif
ferent atoms or groups of atoms are attached is said to}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {be an asymmetric carbon.}\par\pard\li2360\r
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CHO}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\p
o2\colw506\colsr-0\colno3\colw3813\pard\li1666\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li1666\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {HO}\par\column\pard\l

i0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {C}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {*}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri
ex100 {H}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsx
n133\pard\li2346\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2346\ri0\sl-320\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 { - OH}\par\pard\li1440\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {C* - Asymmetric carbon}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\b {Vant Hoff\uc1\u8217Xs Rule of \uc1\u8216Xn\uc1\u8217X}\b0 \par\pa
rd\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The number of possible i
somers of any given compound depends}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {upon the number of asymmetric carbon atoms the molecule posses
.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {According to th
is rule, 2}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ equals the possible isomers of that}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {compound, where n - represents the number of asymmetric carb
on}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {atoms in a comp
ound.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {4.3.1.1 }\
b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Hexoses}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hexoses are monosaccharides containing 6 carb
on atoms. The}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\ma
rgrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw3760\colsr-0\colno2\colw2906\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {molecular formula of hexose is C}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {O}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Aldohexoses contain}\par\pard\sect\sect
14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {12}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {6}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn
133\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {asymmetric carbon at
oms at position 2,3,4 and 5. Hence an}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {aldohexose can exist in 16 isomeric forms. (2}{\super \fs14\u
p3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 2}{\super \fs14\up3\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {4}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 16).}\par\pard\li3013\ri0\
lex100 {67}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margr
sxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage





7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}





7;32768}}
{The ketohexoses contain 3 asymmetric carbon atoms at position}\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3,4 and 5. Hence, it exist in 8 iso
meric forms (2}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {= 2}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ = 8).}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Structure
of glucose and fructose}\b0 \par\pard\li426\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Glucose is a simple sugar. It is a monosaccharide. It cannot be}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hydrolysed further. Glu
cose is an important sugar of blood.}\par\pard\li426\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {Human blood contains 60-100 mg of glucose in 100 ml of bloo
d}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in fasting. It se
rves as the major metabolic fuel in cells and tissues.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Oxidation of glucose quickly provides energy
for the cells.Hence,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {glucose is described as the chief source of energy.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkn
one\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn586\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw560\colsr-0\
colno2\colw6080\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i.}\par\
column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The empirical for
mula of glucose is CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {O and the molecular}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {formula is C}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}{\su
b \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. The molecular for
mula of fructose is}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{C}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs1
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {6}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Glucose has aldehyde group whereas
fructose has}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ketone
group.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn586\margrsxn
133\cols4\colno1\colw2080\colsr-0\colno2\colw413\colsr-0\colno3\colw1520\colsr-0
\colno4\colw2626\pard\li1720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1720\ri0\sl
x100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-21
C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\par
\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f2\c
harscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn586
\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw2080\colsr-0\colno2\colw1893\colsr-0\colno3\colw26
66\pard\li1693\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx373\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\
charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx346\fs18\cf0\f2\c
harscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\
pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn586\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw2080\colsr-0\col
no2\colw400\colsr-0\colno3\colw1000\colsr-0\colno4\colw3160\pard\li1560\ri0\sl-3
20\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HO}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult
0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs16\cf
0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \*\tx493\*\tx880\f

s18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HO}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f
2\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn5
86\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw3560\colsr-0\colno2\colw3080\pard\li1680\ri0\sl333\slmult0 \*\tx2080\*\tx2466\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\ch
arscalex100 {C}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li1466\ri0\sl-360\s
lmult0 \*\tx1653\*\tx2080\*\tx2453\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\tab \fs16\cf0\f
2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscal
ex100 {OH}\par\pard\li2080\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\s
ub \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li177
3\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Glucose}\par\column\pard\li26\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx413\*\tx786\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f
2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \*\tx413\*\tx760\fs18\cf0\f2\c
harscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex1
00 {OH}\par\pard\li413\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li413\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\
cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li266\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {Fructose}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn586
\margrsxn133\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {4.3.1.2 }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {
Physical properties of monosaccharides}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0
\*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Colour a
nd shape}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Monosacc
harides are colourless and crystalline compounds.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmul
t0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Solub
ility}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They are re
adily soluble in water.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {3.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Taste}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-40
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They have sweet tase.}\par\pard\li2933\ri0
alex100 {68}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn586\marg
rsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage













lex100\b {4.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Stereo isomerism}\b0 \par\pa
rd\li400\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The presence of asymmetr
ic carbon atoms in a compound give}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {rise to the formation of isomers of that compound. Such compound
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {which are identica
l in composition and differs only in spatial configuration}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {are called \uc1\u8220Xstereo isomers\uc1
\u8217X\uc1\u8217X. For example glucose can exist in two}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {forms as shown below.}\par\pard\sect\sec
td\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw3373\
colsr-0\colno2\colw3293\pard\li2120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2120
\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li2000\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2000\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \*\tx2533\fs14\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {1}{ }\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\p
ar\column\pard\li413\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li413\ri0\sl-373\slmu
lt0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs16\cf
0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\margls
xn560\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw2026\colsr-0\colno2\colw80\colsr-0\colno3\col
w1106\colsr-0\colno4\colw1066\colsr-0\colno5\colw2386\pard\li1680\ri0\sl-320\slm
ult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx413\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs16\cf0\
f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li560\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {1}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx626\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{HO}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li560\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs14
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\ch
arscalex100 {H}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\m
argrsxn133\cols7\colno1\colw2026\colsr-0\colno2\colw80\colsr-0\colno3\colw440\co
lsr-0\colno4\colw826\colsr-0\colno5\colw400\colsr-0\colno6\colw493\colsr-0\colno
7\colw2400\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HO}\par\co
lumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\column\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-253\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li66\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs16\
cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {3}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\p
ar\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols2\
colno1\colw3226\colsr-0\colno2\colw3440\pard\li1640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx2106
\*\tx2533\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \
fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx613\*
\tx1040\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HO}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \f
s16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\
marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw3240\colsr-0\colno2\colw1213\colsr-0\co
lno3\colw2213\pard\li2026\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\par\

pard\li1613\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx2106\*\tx2520\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\
tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\
li2000\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl320\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}
\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li2000\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {6}\par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{D-Glucose}\par\column\pard\li520\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{4}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \*\tx600\*\tx1013\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{HO}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\p
ard\li520\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}\par\pard\li600\ri0\s
l-320\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2
}}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\par\pard\li1
86\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {L-Glucose}\par\column\pard\li0
\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkn
one\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {D-gluco
se and L-glucose are mirror images of each other.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {D-series and L-series}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\s
l-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The orientation of the H and OH groups
around the carbon atom}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {just adjacent to the terminal primary alcohol carbon, eg. C}{\sub \fs12\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {5}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { in glucose}\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {determines the series. The D and L fo
rms of glyceraldehyde are given}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {below.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn
560\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw4040\colsr-0\colno2\colw93\colsr-0\colno3\colw2
533\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CHO}\par\column\p
0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {CHO}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margr
sxn133\cols6\colno1\colw1240\colsr-0\colno2\colw680\colsr-0\colno3\colw1386\cols
\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-146\sl
mult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li66\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li40\ri
0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {HO}\par\column\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\column\pard\li173\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { - OH}\par\pard\sect
\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw4
133\colsr-0\colno2\colw333\colsr-0\colno3\colw2200\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 { - OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {CH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex10
\cols2\colno1\colw2880\colsr-0\colno2\colw3786\pard\li720\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {D-Glyceraldehyde}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {L-Glyceraldeh
yde}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {when the -OH group of th
is C}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { is at the
right, it belongs to D-series,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {when the -OH group is on the left it belongs to L-series.}\par\pard
0\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {69}\par\pard\se
ct\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\
sbkpage
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;82;(1280,613);(1280,613);(1280,560);(1266,506);(1266,
466);(1240,413);(1226,373);(1213,333);(1186,293);(1160,253);(1120,213);(1093,173
);(1053,146);(1013,120);(973,93);(933,66);(893,53);(840,26);(786,13);(746,13);(6
93,0);(640,0);(586,0);(533,13);(480,13);(440,26);(386,53);(346,66);(306,93);(266
,120);(226,146);(186,173);(160,213);(120,253);(93,293);(66,333);(53,373);(26,413
);(13,466);(13,506);(0,560);(0,613);(0,666);(13,706);(13,760);(26,800);(53,853);
(66,893);(93,933);(120,973);(160,1013);(186,1040);(226,1080);(266,1106);(306,113
3);(346,1160);(386,1173);(440,1186);(480,1200);(533,1213);(586,1213);(640,1226);
(693,1213);(746,1213);(786,1200);(840,1186);(893,1173);(933,1160);(973,1133);(10
13,1106);(1053,1080);(1093,1040);(1120,1013);(1160,973);(1186,933);(1213,893);(1
226,853);(1240,800);(1266,760);(1266,706);(1280,666);(1280,613);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;11;(1240,0);(1093,80);(1106,40);(1066,0);(1240,0);(0,
346);(146,253);(133,306);(173,333);(0,346);(1240,0);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

7;32768}}
40,0);(93,160);(40,146);(0,160);(40,0);(40,1240);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

7;32768}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;11;(826,946);(693,853);(733,840);(760,800);(826,946);
(0,0);(133,93);(93,106);(80,146);(0,0);(826,946);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

7;32768}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;11;(746,0);(680,160);(653,106);(613,106);(746,0);(0,1
013);(66,853);(80,893);(133,906);(0,1013);(746,0);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

7;32768}}
266);(0,0);(173,0);(146,40);(160,80);(0,0);(1213,266);}}

824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}


7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
426);(1120,386);(1106,346);(1093,306);(1066,266);(1040,226);(1013,200);(986,160)
;(946,133);(920,106);(880,80);(840,66);(800,40);(760,26);(720,13);(666,13);(626,
0);(573,0);(533,0);(480,13);(440,13);(400,26);(346,40);(306,66);(266,80);(240,10
6);(200,133);(173,160);(133,200);(106,226);(80,266);(66,306);(40,346);(26,386);(
13,426);(13,480);(0,520);(0,560);(0,613);(13,653);(13,706);(26,746);(40,786);(66
,826);(80,866);(106,906);(133,933);(173,973);(200,1000);(240,1026);(266,1053);(3
06,1066);(346,1093);(400,1106);(440,1120);(480,1120);(533,1133);(573,1133);(626,
1133);(666,1120);(720,1120);(760,1106);(800,1093);(840,1066);(880,1053);(920,102
6);(946,1000);(986,973);(1013,933);(1040,906);(1066,866);(1093,826);(1106,786);(
1120,746);(1133,706);(1146,653);(1146,613);(1160,560);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
0);(93,173);(40,146);(0,173);(40,0);(40,1133);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
7;32768}}
,0);(106,200);(53,173);(0,200);(53,0);(53,1093);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

7;32768}}
413);(1066,373);(1053,333);(1026,293);(1013,253);(986,226);(960,186);(933,160);(
906,133);(866,106);(840,80);(800,66);(760,40);(720,26);(680,13);(640,13);(586,0)
;(546,0);(506,0);(453,13);(413,13);(373,26);(333,40);(293,66);(253,80);(226,106)
;(186,133);(160,160);(133,186);(106,226);(80,253);(66,293);(40,333);(26,373);(13
,413);(13,453);(0,506);(0,546);(0,586);(13,640);(13,680);(26,720);(40,760);(66,8
00);(80,840);(106,866);(133,906);(160,933);(186,960);(226,986);(253,1013);(293,1
026);(333,1053);(373,1066);(413,1080);(453,1080);(506,1093);(546,1093);(586,1093
);(640,1080);(680,1080);(720,1066);(760,1053);(800,1026);(840,1013);(866,986);(9
06,960);(933,933);(960,906);(986,866);(1013,840);(1026,800);(1053,760);(1066,720
);(1080,680);(1093,640);(1093,586);(1093,546);(1093,546);(1093,546);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768
}}
(0,0);(173,120);(120,133);(93,186);(0,0);(733,813);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

7;32768}}
,0);(693,173);(680,120);(640,93);(813,0);(0,733);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
;(80,40);(80,53);(66,53);(53,66);(40,80);(40,93);(26,106);(26,120);(13,133);(13,
146);(13,160);(0,173);(0,186);(0,200);(0,213);(0,226);(0,240);(0,253);(13,266);(
13,293);(13,306);(26,320);(40,333);(40,346);(53,346);(66,360);(66,373);(80,386);
(93,386);(106,400);(120,413);(133,413);(146,426);(173,426);(186,426);}}

824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;32768}}
7;32768}}
3,480);(13,480);(13,480);(13,480);(13,480);(13,480);(13,480);(13,480);(13,480);(
13,480);(26,480);(26,480);(26,480);(26,480);(26,480);(40,480);(66,480);(93,480);
(106,466);(120,466);(146,453);(160,440);(173,426);(186,426);(213,413);(226,386);
(226,373);(240,360);(253,346);(266,320);(266,306);(280,293);(280,266);(280,240);
(280,226);(280,213);(280,200);(280,186);(280,173);(266,160);(266,146);(266,133);
(253,120);(253,106);(240,93);(240,80);(226,66);(226,66);(213,53);(200,40);(200,2
6);(186,26);(173,13);(160,13);(146,0);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;32768}}

413);(1066,373);(1053,333);(1026,293);(1013,253);(986,226);(960,186);(933,160);(
906,133);(866,106);(840,80);(800,66);(760,40);(720,26);(680,13);(640,13);(586,0)
;(546,0);(506,0);(453,13);(413,13);(373,26);(333,40);(293,66);(253,80);(226,106)
;(186,133);(160,160);(133,186);(106,226);(80,253);(66,293);(40,333);(26,373);(13
,413);(13,453);(0,506);(0,546);(0,586);(13,640);(13,680);(26,720);(40,760);(66,8
00);(80,840);(106,866);(133,906);(160,933);(186,960);(226,986);(253,1013);(293,1
026);(333,1053);(373,1066);(413,1080);(453,1080);(506,1093);(546,1093);(586,1093
);(640,1080);(680,1080);(720,1066);(760,1053);(800,1026);(840,1013);(866,986);(9
06,960);(933,933);(960,906);(986,866);(1013,840);(1026,800);(1053,760);(1066,720
);(1080,680);(1093,640);(1093,586);(1093,546);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
413);(1066,373);(1053,333);(1040,293);(1013,253);(986,226);(960,186);(933,160);(
906,133);(866,106);(840,80);(800,66);(760,40);(720,26);(680,13);(640,13);(600,0)
;(546,0);(506,0);(453,13);(413,13);(373,26);(333,40);(293,66);(253,80);(226,106)
;(186,133);(160,160);(133,186);(106,226);(80,253);(66,293);(40,333);(26,373);(13
,413);(13,453);(0,506);(0,546);(0,586);(13,640);(13,680);(26,720);(40,760);(66,8
00);(80,840);(106,866);(133,906);(160,933);(186,960);(226,986);(253,1013);(293,1
026);(333,1053);(373,1066);(413,1080);(453,1080);(506,1093);(546,1093);(600,1093
);(640,1080);(680,1080);(720,1066);(760,1053);(800,1026);(840,1013);(866,986);(9
06,960);(933,933);(960,906);(986,866);(1013,840);(1040,800);(1053,760);(1066,720
);(1080,680);(1093,640);(1093,586);(1093,546);(1093,546);(1093,546);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768
}}
lex100\b {5.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Optical Isomerism}\b0 \par\p
ard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A beam of ordinary ligh
t may be regarded as bundle of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {electromagnetic waves vibrating in all directions perpendicular to t
he}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {axis of the beam
. When such a beam of light is made to pass through a}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nicol prism, all vibrations except those in o
ne plane are eliminated. This}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {is called as plane polarised light. When such a beam of plane polaris
ed}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {light is passed
through a solution of an optical isomer, and if the plane}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
53\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {polarised light is found to rotate to the
left, it is described as levorotation.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {If the plane polarised light rotates to an equal number of
degrees to the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {righ
t, it is described as dextrorotation. This phenomenon exhibited by}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {asymmetric compounds, is called
optical isomerism (Fig. 4.3 & 4.4).}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghs
xn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw2840\colsr-0\colno2\colw1386\co
lsr-0\colno3\colw2440\pard\li160\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li160\ri0
lt0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ordinary light}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-226\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { oscillations in all}\par\pard\li333\ri0\sl-226\slm
ult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {directions}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
x100 {Nicol Prism}\par\column\pard\li240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l

lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Plan
e polarised}\par\pard\li160\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {light
oscillations}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in on
e plane of beam}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\
margrsxn133\pard\li173\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 4.3 Conversion of ordinary light to pla
ne polarised light}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4
00\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Polarimeter is an instrument b
y which the specific rotations of optical}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {isomers are detected.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn
7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw3053\colsr-0\colno2\co
lw1093\colsr-0\colno3\colw2520\pard\li1293\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1293\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Plane
polarised}\par\pard\li1413\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {light
-rotated}\par\pard\li1346\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anti cl
ockwise}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {or levor
otatory}\par\column\pard\li40\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li40\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li40\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Before}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rotation}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213
ex100 {Plane polarised}\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {light-rotated}\par\pard\li80\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{clockwise or }\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de
xtrorotatory}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\mar
grsxn133\pard\li1280\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1280\ri0\sl-293\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 4.4 Rotation of plane polarised light}\b
0 \par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {70}\
par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\
sect\sectd\sbkpage
;(186,0);(160,40);(186,93);(0,40);(773,40);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

7;32768}}






;(186,0);(160,53);(186,93);(0,53);(773,53);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
7;32768}}












7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
824;24577;32768}}
824;24577;32768}}
824;24577;32768}}
6,0);(426,0);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
{Expression of optical activity}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {Optical rotation to the left i.e levorotation is expressed w
ith a}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sign of l}{\
super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { and rotati
on to the right i.e dextrorotation is expressed as d}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {+}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Racemic mixture}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-360\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {When equal amounts of dextrorotatory and levorot
atory isomers}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {are p
resent, the resulting mixture has no optical activity, since the activities}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of isomers cancel each
other. Such a mixture is said to be a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {\uc1\u822
0Xracemic}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {mix
ture\uc1\u8221X}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Resolution}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-360\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The separation of optically active isomers from a
racemic mixture}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {is
called resolution.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\b {6.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Mutarotation}\b0 \par\pard\
li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {When an aldohexose is first

dissolved in water and the solution is}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {kept in optical path and plane polarised light is passed,
the initial optical}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{rotation shown by the sugar gradually changes until a constant fixed}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rotation characteristic of th
e sugar is reached. This phenomenon of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {change of rotation is called as \uc1\u8220XMutarotation\uc1\
u8221X.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn
133\cols8\colno1\colw600\colsr-0\colno2\colw440\colsr-0\colno3\colw1586\colsr-0\
colno4\colw386\colsr-0\colno5\colw1573\colsr-0\colno6\colw600\colsr-0\colno7\col
w413\colsr-0\colno8\colw1066\pard\li200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl
0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\sl
3\slmult0 \*\tx373\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HO}\p
ar\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
lt0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
s18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\
marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols9\colno1\colw600\colsr-0\colno2\colw400\colsr-0\coln
6\colsr-0\colno7\colw400\colsr-0\colno8\colw386\colsr-0\colno9\colw1093\pard\li2
13\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl306\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\char
scalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\c
olumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkn
\colno2\colw1066\colsr-0\colno3\colw2173\colsr-0\colno4\colw1346\colsr-0\colno5\
colw653\pard\li80\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx600\*\tx1013\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{HO}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\
pard\li160\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx600\*\tx986\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab
\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li1
73\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx600\fs18\
cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li600\ri0\s
}}\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx520\*\tx933\
fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HO}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\
f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li80\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx520\*\tx893\fs18\cf0\
f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charsca
lex100 {OH}\par\pard\li93\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li93\ri0\sl-293\
slmult0 \*\tx520\*\tx893\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscal
ex100 {C}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li520\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li520\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub
\fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx520\*\tx933\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HO}\tab \fs18

\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li66\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li66\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \*\tx520\*\tx893\fs18\c
f0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\char
scalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li93\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li93\ri0\sl-2
93\slmult0 \*\tx520\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{C}\par\pard\li520\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li520\ri0\sl-200\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0
\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\chars
calex100 {O}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\marg
rsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw2746\colsr-0\colno2\colw2173\colsr-0\colno3\colw1746\pa
rd\li240\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs20\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 { D - Glucose}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
ard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
+ 112.2}\par\column
\pard\li146\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {D-Glucose}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Chain form}\par\pard\li133\ri0
lex100 { +52.7}\par\pard\li266\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li266\ri0\sl
-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {71}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { D- Gluco
se}\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 18.7}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn

{The mutarotation is due to the existence of two optical isomers of}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {glucose, namely}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, D glucose with a speci
fic rotation +112.2 and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex1
00 {\uc1\u946X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, D glucose with a specific rotation
+18.7.}\par\pard\li426\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { \uc1\u946X}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {isomers are called as anomers and the carbon atom}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {responsible for this is
the anomeric carbon atom. Anomers are isomers}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {differing in configuration of a particular carbon at
om alone.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
A freshly prepared aqueous solution of}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, D glucose has a specific}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280
\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rotation of +112.2. When this solution is al
lowed to stand, the rotation}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {falls to 52.7 and remains constant at this value. This gradual change i
n}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {specific rotation
is called mutarotation.}\par\pard\li426\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {The value of mutarotation for}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X,
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { D-glucose is +59.5.}\par\pard\li426\ri0\sl-386\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(+112.2) - (52.7) = +59.5.}\par\pard\li426\ri0\sl-4
26\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A freshly prepared solution of }\fs22\cf
0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X,}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { D glucose has a rot
ation value of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {18.7.
It also gradually increases and reaches the same final value of}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ 52.7.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {4.3.1.3}\b0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
\i {Chemical properties of glucose}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li386\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Glucose contain active groups. The active groups are r
esponsible}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {for thei
r chemical properties. There are three types of active groups in}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {glucose. They are}\par\pard\li386\
ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1. Glycosidic -OH group}\par\pard
\li386\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2. Alcoholic -OH group}\pa
r\pard\li386\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3. Aldehyde - C-H gr
oup}\par\pard\li1440\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
O}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx386\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1.}\b0 \tab \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Glucoside formation}\b0 \par\pard\li386\ri0\sl-413\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Glucose reacts with methanol in the presence
of HCl and gives}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1
\u946X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { glucoside. Glucoside formation is due to the
reaction of alcohol}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{with glucoside -OH group of glucose.}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {72
}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage







7;32768}}

7;32768}}















7;32768}}

7;32768}}

\margtsxn666\margbsxn93\cols4\colno1\colw920\colsr-0\colno2\colw3120\colsr-0\col
no3\colw666\colsr-0\colno4\colw1960\pard\li186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li186\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx5
73\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\l

rd\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \*\tx346\fs1
6\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li
charscalex100 {OCH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
none\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols8\colno1\colw573\colsr-0
\colno2\colw1013\colsr-0\colno3\colw1413\colsr-0\colno4\colw893\colsr-0\colno5\c
olw493\colsr-0\colno6\colw933\colsr-0\colno7\colw306\colsr-0\colno8\colw1040\par
d\li173\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-3
20\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HO}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult
0 \*\tx346\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx360\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs16\cf
\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f2\charsca
lex100 {CH}}\fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {3}{\super \fs16\up0\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{-OH}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HCl g
as}\par\column\pard\li146\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HO}\par\column\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \*\tx333\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\chars
calex100 {OH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx333\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{C}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\par\colu
f0\f0\charscalex100 {+ H}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs16\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {O}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\ma
rgrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw1893\colsr-0\colno2\colw2106\colsr-0\colno3\colw2666\
pard\li146\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx573\*\tx906\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab
\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li2
00\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx573\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\ch
arscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH
}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\l
i426\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs16\cf0\f2\char
scalex100 { - D glucose}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\cha
rscalex100 {Methyl alcohol}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \*\tx386\*\tx
706\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs16\c
f0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx386\fs16\cf0\f2\c
harscalex100 {H}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li386\ri0\sl-346\sl
mult0 \*\tx800\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{ }\fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}\t
ab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li253\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f
1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 { - D methyl glucoside}\p
i400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1
\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, D glucose is forms}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, D-methyl glu
coside. In the same way,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {fructose forms fructoside.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Oxidation}\b0
\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Glucose when trea
ted with bromine water, forms gluconic acid.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The aldehyde group is oxidised to carboxylic group.}\p
ar\pard\li1360\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Br}{\sub \fs14\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O
HOBr + HBr}\par\pard\li400\ri
0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {First, bromine forms hypobromous ac
id (HOBr), with water and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {oxidises the glucose to gluconic acid.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsx
n7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw4200\colsr-0\colno2\c
olw2466\pard\li1213\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1213\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1213\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx1626\*\tx2026\fs20\cf0\f2\

charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C
OOH}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\
cols4\colno1\colw1626\colsr-0\colno2\colw2160\colsr-0\colno3\colw413\colsr-0\col
no4\colw2466\pard\li1213\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\c
olumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx413\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs
20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2
\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx413\fs20\cf0\f2\c
harscalex100 {C}\tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols7\colno1\colw1626\colsr-0\co
lno2\colw440\colsr-0\colno3\colw693\colsr-0\colno4\colw866\colsr-0\colno5\colw57
\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HO}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0
\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charsc
alex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HOBr}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\sl
mult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HO}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs
20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\
charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560
\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw3013\colsr-0\colno2\colw720\colsr-0\colno3\colw293
3\pard\li1173\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx1626\*\tx2053\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H
}\tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\par
d\li1160\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1160\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \*\tx16
26\*\tx2040\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab
\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li1626\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li1626\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\
f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li1453\ri0\sl-360\
slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {D-Glucose}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\sl
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\r
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {73}\par\column\pard\li
13\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx466\*\tx893\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs20\c
f0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx466\*\tx880\fs20\cf0\
f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charsca
lex100 {OH}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-29
3\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\f
s20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\char
scalex100 {D-Gluconic acid}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\m
arglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage










7;32768}}

7;32768}}







7;32768}}

7;32768}}
{When glucose is oxidised with nitric acid, saccharic acid is formed.}\par\pard
colw1680\colsr-0\colno2\colw2160\colsr-0\colno3\colw426\colsr-0\colno4\colw2400\
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1266\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H
}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CHO}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx413\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs20\c
f0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
harscalex100 {COOH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs20\cf0\f2\charsca
lex100 {C}\tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsx
n7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols7\colno1\colw1680\colsr-0\colno2\c
olw440\colsr-0\colno3\colw693\colsr-0\colno4\colw880\colsr-0\colno5\colw573\cols
cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HO}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\ch
arscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex10
0 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\s
lmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HNO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {3}}\par
\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HO}\par\column\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgws
colw2880\pard\li1226\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx1680\*\tx2106\fs20\cf0\f2\charscale
x100 {H}\tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\
\*\tx1680\*\tx2093\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{C}\tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li1680\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li1680\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs
14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li1506\ri0\
sl-360\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {D-Glucose}\par\column\pard\li26\ri0\s
l-280\slmult0 \*\tx480\*\tx893\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs20\cf0\f2\ch
arscalex100 {C}\tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \*\tx480\*\tx880\fs20\cf0\f2\chars
calex100 {H}\tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {
OH}\par\pard\li480\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li480\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {COOH}\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li40\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Saccharic acid}\par\
pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li40
0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {When glucose is oxidised with hydrogen peroxide (H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {),}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {glucuronic acid is formed.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgws
\li1280\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri
0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CHO}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\sl
mult0 \*\tx400\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}
\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult
mult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CHO}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx386\fs18\c
f0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\sect\sectd\
sr-0\colno2\colw426\colsr-0\colno3\colw680\colsr-0\colno4\colw853\colsr-0\colno5
\colw560\colsr-0\colno6\colw426\colsr-0\colno7\colw2040\pard\li1120\ri0\sl-373\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HO}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2
\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex1
00 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\par\c
olumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HO}\par\column\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-320\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn
lw2933\pard\li1240\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx1680\*\tx2093\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex1
00 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\pa
r\pard\li1213\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1213\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \*
\tx1680\*\tx2080\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C

}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li1680\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li1680\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14
\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl
-346\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {D-Glucose}\par\column\pard\li13\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \*\tx466\*\tx880\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\char
scalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx466\*\tx853\fs18\cf0\f2\charsca
lex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH
}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-226\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {COOH}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li26\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Glucuronic acid}\par\p
ard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li400
rscalex100 {In this reaction only the primary alcohol is converted into carboxyl
ic}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {group, whereas t
he aldehyde remains unchanged.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\b {3.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Reduction}\b0 \p
ar\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Monosaccharides can
be reduced by various reducing agents such}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs
20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as sodium-amalgam or by hydrogen under high pressure in
the presence}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\
sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {74}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsx
n7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage





7;32768}}
7;32768}}









7;32768}}

7;32768}}









of catalysts. The reduction is due to the presence of aldehyde or ketone}\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {group. On reduction they y
ield alcohols.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\m
argrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw1640\colsr-0\colno2\colw2293\colsr-0\colno3\colw426\
\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
2\charscalex100 {CHO}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs20\cf0\f2\chars
calex100 {C}\tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\
\sl-200\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\sl
s20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {-OH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs20\cf0
\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sb
-0\colno2\colw440\colsr-0\colno3\colw586\colsr-0\colno4\colw1120\colsr-0\colno5\
mult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HO}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs
20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\
charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Na - Hg}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-360\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HO}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\sl
mult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs2
0\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\ma
rglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw3320\colsr-0\colno2\colw1920\colsr-0\coln
o3\colw1426\pard\li1186\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \*\tx1640\*\tx2066\fs20\cf0\f2\charsc
alex100 {H}\tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O
H}\par\pard\li1160\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1160\ri0\sl-226\slmul
t0 \*\tx1640\*\tx2040\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex1
00 {C}\tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li1640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li1640\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub
\fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li1373\r
i0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {D-Glucose}\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-2
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\char
scalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li586\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \*\tx1040\*\tx1466\fs20\cf0\f2\char
scalex100 {H}\tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{OH}\par\pard\li560\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx1040\*\tx1440\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex
100 {H}\tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\p
fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f2\
charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li906\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{Sorbitol}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-186
\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs
16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {-OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{
}\fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {-OH}\par\pard\sect\se
ctd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw2946
\colsr-0\colno2\colw373\colsr-0\colno3\colw1400\colsr-0\colno4\colw520\colsr-0\c
olno5\colw1426\pard\li560\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx920\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{C}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \f
s16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \*\tx373\fs1
6\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HO}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl

-293\slmult0 \*\tx373\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex1
00 {H}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn13
3\cols8\colno1\colw1586\colsr-0\colno2\colw1213\colsr-0\colno3\colw520\colsr-0\c
olno4\colw400\colsr-0\colno5\colw986\colsr-0\colno6\colw533\colsr-0\colno7\colw4
00\colsr-0\colno8\colw1026\pard\li26\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx560\*\tx960\fs16\cf
0\f2\charscalex100 {HO}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\char
scalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {N a - Hg}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-226\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HO}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs16
\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\ch
arscalex100 {HO}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex1
00 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par
\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols4\co
lno1\colw2893\colsr-0\colno2\colw1346\colsr-0\colno3\colw560\colsr-0\colno4\colw
1866\pard\li133\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \*\tx560\*\tx946\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H
}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\par
d\li120\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx560\*\tx920\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \f
s16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li560\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li560\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \*\tx1040\fs16\cf
0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{ }\fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charsc
alex100 {OH}\par\pard\li320\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {D-Fru
ctose}\par\column\pard\li13\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \*\tx426\*\tx813\fs16\cf0\f2\char
scalex100 {H}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{OH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx426\*\tx800\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{H}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\p
ard\li426\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li426\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \*\tx90
6\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{ }\fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs16\cf0\
f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li306\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex1
00 {Sorbitol}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{+}\par\column\pard\li26\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \*\tx440\*\tx826\fs16\cf0\f2\charsca
lex100 {H}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx440\*\tx800\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}
\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard
f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs16\cf0\f2\charscale
x100 {OH}\par\pard\li306\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Mannitol
}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\par
\f0\charscalex100 {When glucose is reduced by sodium amalgam, sorbitol is formed
.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Mannose yeilds ma
nnitol and fructose yeilds a mixture of sorbitol and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\sl
mult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mannitol because of the formation of new asymm
etric carbon C}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fructose.}\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {4.}\b0 \tab \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Reaction with concentrated H}\b0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\b {2}\b0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {SO}\b0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\b {4}\b0 }\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Glucose is treated with concentrated H}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {SO}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}}\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 { or HCl, and forms 5,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hydroxymethyl furfural which on further heating yields lev
ulinic acid and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {for
mic acid.}\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-2
33\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage






7;32768}}

7;32768}}


7;32768}}
7;32768}}







7;32768}}
7;32768}}











no3\colw3933\pard\li453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li453\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li453\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H
}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CHO}\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs1
6\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\l
rscalex100 {CHO}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-1
86\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360
olno6\colw986\colsr-0\colno7\colw2040\pard\li333\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2
\charscalex100 {HO}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscal
ex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\
par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0
\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Conc H}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs16\c
f0\f2\charscalex100 {SO}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {4}}\par\column\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\char
scalex100 {CH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0
x100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-21
Levulinic acid}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\m
argrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw2413\colsr-0\colno2\colw2293\colsr-0\colno3\colw1960
\pard\li426\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \*\tx880\*\tx1306\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\t
ab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\l
i400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \*\tx880\*\t
x1280\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs16
\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li880\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li880\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f2\chars
calex100 {2}}\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li613\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \
fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {D-Glucose}\par\column\pard\li320\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \
fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}\par\pard\li320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li320\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li320\ri0\s
x100 {CH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {5-hydroxy methyl furfu
ral}\par\column\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {+}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Formic acid}\par\pard\l
i373\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\li306\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \*\tx626\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CO}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{+}{ }\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CO}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\par\p
rscalex100 {This reaction is the basis of the colour test, known as}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\b {Molish test}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {for sugars. When pentoses are treated with mineral acids furfu
ral is}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {obtained on
heating.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {
5.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Ester formation}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri
0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They can form esters with carboxyli
c acids due to the presence of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {OH groups. For eg. glucose reacts with five molecules of acetic anhy
dride}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to form penta
acetate derivative. It obviously indicates that the glucose}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {contain five OH groups.}\par\pard\li37
\pard\li3773\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CHO}\par\pard\li493\
ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CHO}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\
pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw493\colsr-0\coln
o2\colw1973\colsr-0\colno3\colw2333\colsr-0\colno4\colw1866\pard\li146\ri0\sl-36
0\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\

cf0\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HO}\par\column\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx320\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0
\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx346\fs18\cf0\f2\char
scalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li973\ri0\sl-20
0\slmult0 \*\tx1306\*\tx1640\*\tx2000\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf
0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\chars
calex100 {C}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx866\*\tx1306\*\tx1666\*\tx2000
\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {3}}\fs18\cf0\f2
\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscale
x100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\p
ar\pard\li533\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charsca
lex100 {3}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margr
sxn133\cols6\colno1\colw1426\colsr-0\colno2\colw1973\colsr-0\colno3\colw720\cols
\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx493\*\tx826\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\
charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \*\tx493\*\tx813\fs18\cf0\f2
\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscale
x100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {5(C
H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {3}}\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CO)}{\sub \fs
14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li13\
ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \*\tx373\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\chars
calex100 {C}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx373\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \*
\tx360\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard
\li360\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-2
00\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{C}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\par\column
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\c
harscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\li93\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C
H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {3}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+5H}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn56
0\colsr-0\colno4\colw1653\pard\li493\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex1
00 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\
pard\li280\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {D-Glucose}\par\column\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f2\ch
arscalex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \*\tx360\fs18\cf0\f2\cha
rscalex100 {O}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li360\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\sect\sec
\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {76}\par\colu
mn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {D-Glucose penta aceta
te}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\p











7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;61;(0,0);(0,0);(0,0);(0,0);(0,0);(0,0);(0,0);(0,0);(0
,0);(0,0);(0,0);(0,0);(0,0);(0,0);(0,0);(0,0);(0,0);(0,0);(0,0);(0,0);(0,0);(0,2
6);(0,40);(13,66);(13,93);(26,106);(26,120);(40,146);(53,160);(66,173);(80,200);
(106,213);(120,226);(133,226);(160,240);(173,253);(200,253);(213,266);(240,266);
(266,266);(293,280);(306,266);(320,266);(346,266);(360,266);(373,266);(386,253);
(413,253);(426,240);(440,226);(453,226);(466,213);(480,200);(493,186);(506,173);
(520,160);(533,146);(533,133);(546,120);(546,106);(560,93);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;32768}}
lex100\b {6.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Reducing property}\b0 \par\p
ard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Monosaccharides act as
the best reducing agents. They readily}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {reduce oxidizing agents such as ferric cyanide, H}{\sub \fs1
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { and cupric ion. In}\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {such reactions, the sugar is oxidized
at the carbonyl group and the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {oxidising agent becomes reduced.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-413\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Glucose and other sugar capable of reducing certain
compounds}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {are calle
d reducing sugars. Glucose reduces Tollen\uc1\u8217Xs reagent, Fehling\uc1\u8217
Xs}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {reagent, Benedic
t\uc1\u8217Xs reagent etc. At the same time glucose is oxidized to}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {gluconic acid.}\par\pard\sect\se
ctd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw4173
\colsr-0\colno2\colw2493\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li130
6\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx1706\*\tx
2080\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
\charscalex100 {COOH}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsx
n560\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw1706\colsr-0\colno2\colw746\colsr-0\colno3\col
lt0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li1160\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\
f2\charscalex100 {HO}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx386\fs18\cf0\f
2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\
slmult0 \*\tx413\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H
t0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2Cu}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2+}}\
fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2Cu}{ }\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard
\li160\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HO}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\*\tx386\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx413\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\
f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn
560\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw3706\colsr-0\colno2\colw2960\pard\li1266\ri0\sl
-360\slmult0 \*\tx1706\*\tx2106\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\c
harscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li1240\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1240\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \*\tx1706\*\tx2093\fs18\cf0
\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charsc
alex100 {OH}\par\pard\li1706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1706\ri0\sl
-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}
}\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li1533\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2
\charscalex100 {D-Glucose}\par\column\pard\li26\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx466\*\tx
866\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\c
f0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \*\tx466\*\tx853\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\
f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-2
0 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\p
ard\li40\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {D-Gluconic acid}\par\par
d\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li400\r
calex100 {This property is the basis of Fehling\uc1\u8217Xs reaction (ammoniacal
cupric}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sulphate),
a qualitative test for the presence of reducing sugar.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-40
0\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cu}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{2+}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { is reduced into Cu}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {+}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { and at the same time glucose is oxi
dised}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to gluconic a
cid. During this reaction the blue colour of the reagent}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-29
3\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {changes to reddish orange colour. Benedict
\uc1\u8217Xs reagent contains cupric}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {ions which are reduced to cuprous ions by the reducing sugar a
nd the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {colour chang
e from blue to orange or red. It indicates the presence of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {reducing sugar.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-4
00\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A standard test for the presence of reduc
ing sugar is the reduction}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {of Ag}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 { in ammonia solution (Tollen\uc1\u8217Xs reagent) to yield a metallic silve
r}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mirror lining on
the sides of the test tube.}\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
glsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage











7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;41;(0,0);(0,26);(0,40);(13,66);(13,93);(26,106);(26,1
33);(40,146);(53,160);(66,186);(80,200);(106,213);(120,226);(133,240);(160,253);
(173,253);(200,266);(226,266);(240,280);(266,280);(293,280);(306,280);(333,280);
(346,280);(360,266);(373,266);(400,266);(413,253);(426,253);(440,240);(453,226);
(466,213);(480,213);(493,200);(506,186);(520,173);(533,160);(546,133);(546,120);
(560,106);(560,93);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;32768}}
824;24577;32768}}

824;24577;32768}}






7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}








\margtsxn586\margbsxn93\cols2\colno1\colw1440\colsr-0\colno2\colw5226\pard\li400
rscalex100 {D-glucose}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 { Tollen\uc1\u8217Xs reagent}\par\pard\li1440\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {D-Gluconic acid + si
lver mirror}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\marg
rsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw4173\colsr-0\colno2\colw2493\pard\li1280\ri0\sl-213\slm
sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx1693\*\tx2066\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2
\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl
0 {COOH}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn
133\cols6\colno1\colw1693\colsr-0\colno2\colw813\colsr-0\colno3\colw613\colsr-0\
colno4\colw506\colsr-0\colno5\colw546\colsr-0\colno6\colw2493\pard\li1280\ri0\sl
-333\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \
fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HO}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx386\f
s18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx413\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charsca
lex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl306\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2Ag}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f2\charscalex1
00 {+}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2Ag}\par\column\pard\li146\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\c
harscalex100 {HO}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs18\cf0\f2\ch
arscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmu
lt0 \*\tx426\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\pa
r\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols2\c
olno1\colw3720\colsr-0\colno2\colw2946\pard\li1240\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx1693\
*\tx2093\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \f
s18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li1226\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li1226\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \*\tx1693\*\tx2080\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\t
ab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\l
x100 {OH}\par\pard\li1520\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {D-Gluco
se}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*
\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {7.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Re
action with alanine}\b0 \par\column\pard\li13\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx453\*\tx86
6\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0

\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-200\slmult0 \*\tx453\*\tx853\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2
\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li453\ri0\sl-213
{CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\par
d\li26\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {D-Gluconic acid}\par\pard\
sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li400\ri0
\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The aldehyde group of glucose conden
ses with the amino group of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {alanine to form}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Schiff\uc1\u8217Xs bas
e.}\b0 { }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Fructose also gives Schiff\uc1\u8217Xs bas
e with}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {alanine.}\pa
r\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols2\c
olno1\colw4893\colsr-0\colno2\colw1773\pard\li2346\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {3}}\par\column\pard\li0\r
0 {3}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn13
3\cols3\colno1\colw3613\colsr-0\colno2\colw893\colsr-0\colno3\colw2160\pard\li66
6\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx1040\*\tx1400\*\tx2346\*\tx2733\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex
100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}{ }
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f
2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex10
0 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0
\*\tx373\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\co
lumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx386\*\tx773\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\
tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\s
lw1040\colsr-0\colno2\colw1306\colsr-0\colno3\colw1266\colsr-0\colno4\colw373\co
lsr-0\colno5\colw906\colsr-0\colno6\colw1773\pard\li666\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx360\fs18\c
f0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {COOH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl346\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult
0 \*\tx360\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par
\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {COOH}\par\pard\s
lw1040\colsr-0\colno2\colw400\colsr-0\colno3\colw666\colsr-0\colno4\colw1373\col
sr-0\colno5\colw506\colsr-0\colno6\colw400\colsr-0\colno7\colw2280\pard\li533\ri
0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HO}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {Alanine}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\cha
rscalex100 {HO}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex10
0 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\
pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols3\col
46\slmult0 \*\tx1040\*\tx1426\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\cha
rscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li613\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx1040\*\tx1400\fs18\cf0\f2\
charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex
100 {OH}\par\pard\li1040\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1040\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs
18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li26\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx426\*\
tx813\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18
\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \*\tx426\*\tx786\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf
0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li426\ri0\sl
100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par
\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs18\cf0\f

2\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {O}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn13
3\cols2\colno1\colw3906\colsr-0\colno2\colw2760\pard\li893\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {D-Glucose}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Schiff's base}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pg
hsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li400\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The browning reaction oc
curs during baking of bread and other}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {mixtures of carbohydrates and proteins is believed to be due
to the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {formation of
Schiff\uc1\u8217Xs base between the amino groups of proteins and}\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the aldehyde groups of carbohydra
tes.}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-226\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {78}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pgh


7;32768}}
7;32768}}








7;32768}}

7;32768}}






{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}}\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn93\
margtsxn586\margbsxn93\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\b {8.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Osazone formation}\b0 \par\pa
rd\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {An important reaction of
reducing sugars, (monosaccharide and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {disaccharrides) having potential aldehyde or ketone group, is
their action}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {with
phenylhydrazine to form phenyl hydrazones.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \f
s20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Reaction with phenylhydrazine involves only 2 carbon a
toms namely}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the car
bonyl carbon atom and the adjacent one.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {The steps involved in phenylhydrazine reactions are}\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.}\tab \fs20\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {One molecule of glucose condenses with one molecule of phenyl}
\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hydrazine to form
soluble glucose phenylhydrazone.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn
11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn93\cols4\colno1\colw1053\colsr-0\colno2\colw2933\colsr
-0\colno3\colw720\colsr-0\colno4\colw2000\pard\li466\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}\par\
column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
\*\tx946\*\tx1493\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O }\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}{
\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\tab \fs20\cf0
\f2\charscalex100\ul {NH}\ul0 \tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}{\sub \fs14\cf0
\f2\charscalex100 {6}}\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscale
x100 {5}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
{CH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx440\*\tx1013\fs20\cf0\f2\ch
arscalex100 {N}\tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {NH}\tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex1
00 {C}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {6}}\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \
fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {5}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn1104
0\marglsxn560\margrsxn93\cols5\colno1\colw386\colsr-0\colno2\colw3173\colsr-0\co
lno3\colw360\colsr-0\colno4\colw1653\colsr-0\colno5\colw1133\pard\li40\ri0\sl-36
0\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li80\ri0\sl-373\slmult0
\*\tx480\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {(CHOH)}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f
2\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\li66\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li66\ri
0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{2}}\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs2
0\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li66\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs20
\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-426\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {(CHOH)}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex10
0 {3}}\par\pard\li66\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs
14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\
li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscal
ex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\
\pard\li373\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {D-Glucose}\par\column
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {D-Glucose phenyl hydraz
one}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn93\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {In the presence of
excess of phenylhydrazine, another molecule of}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult

0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {phenylhydrazine enters the reaction.}\par\pard\sec
t\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn93\cols4\colno1\colw9
06\colsr-0\colno2\colw2653\colsr-0\colno3\colw626\colsr-0\colno4\colw2520\pard\l
\charscalex100 {HC}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx413\*\tx906\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\tab \fs18\cf
0\f2\charscalex100\ul {NH}\ul0 \tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}{\sub \fs14\cf
0\f2\charscalex100 {6}}\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscal
ex100 {5}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl360\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HC}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx413\*\tx906\fs18\cf0\f2\charsc
alex100 {N}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {NH}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {
C}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {6}}\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs14
\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {5}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\ma
rglsxn560\margrsxn93\cols4\colno1\colw1213\colsr-0\colno2\colw2426\colsr-0\colno
3\colw1253\colsr-0\colno4\colw1813\pard\li280\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx773\fs18\c
f0\f2\charscalex100 {HC}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li346\ri0\
sl-400\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {(CHOH)}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex1
00 {3}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx813\*\tx1306\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {+}{ }\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{2}}\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {NH}\tab \fs18
\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {6}}\fs18\cf0\f2\chars
calex100 {H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {5}}\par\column\pard\li53\ri0\sl-33
{O}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {(CHOH)}{\sub \fs
14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {3}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
0\f2\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f2\charsca
lex100 { + NH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-200\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Ammonia}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn736
0\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn93\cols3\colno1\colw3693\colsr-0\colno2\colw10
13\colsr-0\colno3\colw2000\pard\li413\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex
100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par
\pard\li40\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\f2\charscalex100 {D-Glucose phenyl hydrazone}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs1
8\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f
2\charscalex100 {C}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {6}}\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex1
00 {H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {5}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Aniline}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11
040\marglsxn560\margrsxn93\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Now the third molecule of phenylhydrazine enters the reaction,}\par\par
d\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {giving rise to phenyl glu
cosazone which are yellow coloured crystals.}\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
7;32768}}
7;32768}}









824;24577;32768}}

824;24577;32768}}
{The shape of the crystals and the time of formation of osazone}\par\pard\li400
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {differ for various sugars.}\par\
no1\colw866\colsr-0\colno2\colw3146\colsr-0\colno3\colw653\colsr-0\colno4\colw20
00\pard\li213\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li213\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HC}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx440\*\tx960\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\tab
\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {NH}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}{\sub \fs12\c
f0\f2\charscalex100 {6}}\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f2\charsca
lex100 {5}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-360\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HC}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx440\*\tx960\fs18\cf0\f2\chars
calex100 {N}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {NH}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{C}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {6}}\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs1
2\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {5}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\m
arglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw1240\colsr-0\colno2\colw386\colsr-0\coln
o3\colw2520\colsr-0\colno4\colw546\colsr-0\colno5\colw1973\pard\li346\ri0\sl-280
\slmult0 \*\tx733\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {
O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\col
umn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx586\*\tx1080\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}{
\sub \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\tab \fs18\cf0
\f2\charscalex100 {NH}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f2\char
scalex100 {6}}\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {5}
}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\colu
mn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx426\*\tx933\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\ta
b \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {NH}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}{\sub \fs12\
cf0\f2\charscalex100 {6}}\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f2\charsc
alex100 {5}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\marg
rsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw4080\colsr-0\colno2\colw1146\colsr-0\colno3\colw1440\pa
rd\li293\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {(CHOH)}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f
2\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\li346\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex10
0 {CH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\c
olumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {(CHOH)}{\sub \fs12
\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\li66\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charsca
lex100 {CH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\
par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs12
\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
none\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li4106\ri0\sl-306\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Phenyl gucosazone}\par\pard\li293\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li293\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The
reaction of phenyl hydrazine with fructose is similar to glucose.}\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Here again 3 molecules of phenyl

hydrazine take part in the reaction.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {Fructose gives fructosazone. Disaccharides such as maltose and
lactose}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {also exhi
bit the property of osazone formation. But, sucrose does not}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {form osazone, since it does not contai
n free CHO or CO groups which}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {are responsible for the reducing property.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\s
lmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {9.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\b {Fermentation}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Fermentation is the process of converting a larger complex molecule}\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {into simple molecules by
means of enzymes in an anaerobic condition.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The products of the reaction are alcohol and CO}{\sub
\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\sect\sect
olsr-0\colno2\colw5266\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Glucose}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Zym
ase}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
2C}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {OH
+ CO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pa
rd\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li0\ri
Ethyl alcohol}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\b {10. Epimerisation}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Two sugars which differ from one another only in configuration}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {around a single carbon atom
are termed \uc1\u8220Xepimers\uc1\u8221X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {eg : Glucose and mannose are epimers in respect of C}{\s
ub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Glucose and}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {galactose differ only w
ith respect to C}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{. The process by which one}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {epimer is converted to other is called as epimerization and it require
s}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the enzyme epimer
ases in the living organisms. Galactose is converted}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to glucose by this manner in our body.}\par\pa
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {80}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsx
n11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage


































\margtsxn666\margbsxn93\cols4\colno1\colw2960\colsr-0\colno2\colw53\colsr-0\coln
o3\colw1573\colsr-0\colno4\colw2080\pard\li1346\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\
charscalex100 {CHO}\par\pard\li1280\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\s
lmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CHO}\par\column\pard\li53\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
f2\charscalex100 {CHO}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex10
lno4\colw786\colsr-0\colno5\colw413\colsr-0\colno6\colw2026\pard\li946\ri0\sl-24
0\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {H}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\sl
mult0 \*\tx400\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {C}\b0 \tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\b {OH}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx546\fs18\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\b {HO}\b0 \tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {C}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {H}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmu
lt0 \*\tx413\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\p
w493\colsr-0\colno5\colw480\colsr-0\colno6\colw653\colsr-0\colno7\colw493\colsr0\colno8\colw480\colsr-0\colno9\colw1600\pard\li800\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\f2\charscalex100 {HO}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {2}\par\pard\li66\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\column\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HO}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-133\slmult0
\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\cha
rscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HO}\par\
column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li53\
ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-133\slmult
0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\margls
xn560\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw2573\colsr-0\colno2\colw1520\colsr-0\colno3\c
olw2573\pard\li920\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx1346\*\tx1760\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex1
00 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\pa
r\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx440\*\tx853\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\c
olumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx546\*\tx973\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {
HO}\b0 \tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {C}\b0 \tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
b {H}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsx
n133\cols5\colno1\colw2546\colsr-0\colno2\colw1613\colsr-0\colno3\colw453\colsr0\colno4\colw546\colsr-0\colno5\colw1506\pard\li1280\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs14\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\par\pard\li893\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \*\tx1346\*\tx1746\fs18
\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\ch
arscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li413\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {4}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx466\*\tx853\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex
100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\p
\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {4}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\
no1\colw2960\colsr-0\colno2\colw1626\colsr-0\colno3\colw2080\pard\li1253\ri0\sl133\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-133\slmult
0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs14\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {5}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\margls
olw53\colsr-0\colno4\colw1573\colsr-0\colno5\colw53\colsr-0\colno6\colw2026\pard
0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\chars
calex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH
t0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs18\c
alex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-173\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf

0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\margl
sxn560\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw2893\colsr-0\colno2\colw1546\colsr-0\colno3\
colw2226\pard\li1066\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Glucose}\par
\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Mannose}\par\col
umn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Galactose}\par\pard\
sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li0\ri0\s
00\b {4.3.1.4 }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Haworth projection formula
of glucose and fructose}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {According to Haworth, glucose exists in six membered ring}\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {structure called pyranofor
m (Fig.4.5) and fructose in five membered}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {furano form. (Fig. 4.6)}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgws
colw680\colsr-0\colno3\colw1360\colsr-0\colno4\colw800\colsr-0\colno5\colw2413\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx426\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.}\tab \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Glucose}\par\column\pard\li333\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f
2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx333\fs14\cf0\f2\charsc
alex100 {H}\tab \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \
*\tx333\fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\col
umn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
s14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li453\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs14\cf0
\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx453\fs14\cf0\f2\chars
calex100 {HO}\tab \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \*\tx453\fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par
0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn1
1040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw2466\colsr-0\colno2\colw986\colsr0\colno3\colw1173\colsr-0\colno4\colw2040\pard\li1293\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx17
46\*\tx2106\fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HO}\tab \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\ta
b \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li1360\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx1746\*\
tx2080\fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs1
4\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li1373\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \*\tx1746\fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs14\cf
0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscale
x100 {CH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\pa
r\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx453\*\tx813\fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HO}\tab \
fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li66\r
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx453\*\tx786\fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs14\cf0\f
2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li80\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li80\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \*\tx453\fs14\cf0\f2\charsca
lex100 {H}\tab \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li453\ri0\sl-360\slmult0
\fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs14\cf0\f2
\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscal
ex100 {O}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsx
n133\cols4\colno1\colw1426\colsr-0\colno2\colw2253\colsr-0\colno3\colw1400\colsr
-0\colno4\colw1586\pard\li1106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1106\ri0\
f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charsca
lex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { D - Glucose}\par\pard\li93\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li93\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex
100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {-OH}\pa
r\pard\li653\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx1026\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\tab \fs1
8\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li93\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charsca
lex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\u
c1\u946X}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { D- Glucose}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{
\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {-OH}\par\pard\li
53\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx1026\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\c
harscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pg
olsr-0\colno3\colw373\colsr-0\colno4\colw1266\colsr-0\colno5\colw413\colsr-0\col
0 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\pa
r\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-21
l-293\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\p
\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\chars
calex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {
H}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\colum
n\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\margls
xn560\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw3493\colsr-0\colno2\colw3173\pard\li866\ri0\s
l-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ D - Glucopyranose}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f1\charsca
lex100 {\uc1\u946X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { D - Glucopyranose}\par\pard\sect
\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li1293\ri0\sl
-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 4.5 Pyranose structure of gluco
se}\b0 \par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {81}\par\p
ard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\
sectd\sbkpage























no3\colw1106\colsr-0\colno4\colw973\colsr-0\colno5\colw2546\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2. Fructose}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213
0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{2}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\
cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li2
6\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li466\ri0\s
pard\li466\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f2\
charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs16\cf0\f2\charscal
ex100 {HO}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slm

-226\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1053\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx1533\*\tx1906\fs16\cf0\f2\
charscalex100 {HO}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscale
x100 {H}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx1533\*\tx1880\fs16\cf0\f2\chars
calex100 {H}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {
OH}\par\pard\li1146\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1146\ri0\sl-293\slmu
lt0 \*\tx1533\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\p
ar\pard\li1533\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs10\cf0
\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl
0 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\s
lmult0 \*\tx480\*\tx853\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HO}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscal
ex100 {C}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li66\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*
\tx480\*\tx826\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\
tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li93\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li93\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx480\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs16
\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li480\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charsca
lex100 {CH}{\sub \fs10\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\
\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn110
40\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw3346\colsr-0\colno2\colw1520\colsr-0
\colno3\colw1800\pard\li1053\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1
\u945X}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { D - Fructose}\par\pard\li1666\ri0\sl-213\slm
sl-213\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slm
ult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { D - Fru
ctose}\par\pard\li920\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li920\ri0\sl-333\slm
ult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\par
d\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols11\colno
1\colw1040\colsr-0\colno2\colw373\colsr-0\colno3\colw506\colsr-0\colno4\colw706\
colsr-0\colno5\colw560\colsr-0\colno6\colw453\colsr-0\colno7\colw373\colsr-0\col
266\pard\li600\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HO}\par\column\par
d\li13\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f2\char
scalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O
H}\par\column\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\
cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\p
ard\li160\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f2\ch
arscalex100 {2}}\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\par
d\li346\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex10
0 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par
\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HO}\par\column\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f2\cha
rscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-21
OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\pa
0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\par
charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\

sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscale
}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\p
ghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw3573\colsr-0\colno2\colw3093
\pard\li866\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs20\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 { D - Fructofuranose}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \f
s20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { D - Fructofura
nose}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133
\pard\li1120\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 4.6 Pyranose
structure of fructose}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {4.3.2 Disaccharides}\b0 \par
\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Disaccharides are sug
ars containing two molecules of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {monosaccharides. Disaccharides are formed by the condensation of}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {two molecules of mono
saccharides with the elimination of one molecule}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of water.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {In disaccharides, monosaccharides are linked by the glyco
sidic}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bonds. The pr
operties of the disaccharides depend to a great extent on}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
93\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the type of linkage. If the two potential
aldehyde or ketone of both}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {monosaccharides are involved in the linkage, the sugar will not exhibit
}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {82}\p
ar\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\s
ect\sectd\sbkpage













reducing properties and will not be able to form osazones. eg. Sucrose.}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {But if one of them is not b
ound in this way, it will permit reduction and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {osazone formation by the sugars eg. lactose and malt
ose which are}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {known
as reducing disaccharides.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\b {4.3.2.1 }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Maltose}\b0 \i0 \par\p
ard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Maltose is composed of
two glucose molecules combined by}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f1\
charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X\uc1\u8722X}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 1,4 glycosidic
linkage. It is commonly called malt sugar. Malt from}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sprouting barley is the major source of malto
se. It is a rather sweet}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {sugar and is highly soluble in water.}\par\pard\li1666\ri0\sl-360\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn110
40\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw2093\colsr-0\colno2\colw493\colsr-0\
-253\slmult0 \*\tx1346\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex
100 {C}\par\pard\li1013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1013\ri0\sl-293\
slmult0 \*\tx1346\*\tx1720\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charsc
alex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li813\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li813\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \*\tx1346\*\tx1693\fs18\cf0\f2\cha
rscalex100 {HO}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex10
0 {H}\par\pard\li973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li973\ri0\sl-186\slmu
lt0 \*\tx1346\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\p
ar\pard\li960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li960\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \*\
tx1346\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\colu
18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\par\column
mn\pard\li120\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \*\tx533\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs1
8\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li186\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx533\*\tx906\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs1
8\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \*\tx533\*\tx880\fs18\c
f0\f2\charscalex100 {HO}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\cha
rscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li146\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li146\ri0\sl
-200\slmult0 \*\tx533\*\tx906\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\cha
rscalex100 {C}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li146\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li146\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx533\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex
100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\
6\pard\li1346\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\
f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li973\ri0\sl-320\s
lmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { D - G
lucose (1)}\par\column\pard\li373\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{CH}\fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}{\super \fs18\up1\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs20\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 { D - Glucose (2)}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pgh
sxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 { 1,4 glycosidic linkage)}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {The structure of maltose shows that the potential aldehyde gr
oup}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of glucose -2
is blocked in the glycosidic linkage, whereas the potential}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aldehyde group of glucose -1 is free an
d can reduce alkaline copper}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {solution. It is because of this free aldehyde in the first glucose mol
ecule,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {maltose}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {has reducing property.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Metabolism}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Maltose is the end product of digestion of starch
by the action of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s
alivary amylase, in the mouth and pancreatic amylase in the intestine.}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Maltose is formed as an int
ermediate product in the intestine. Maltose}\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-413\slmult0














is split into two molecules of glucose by the enzyme}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\b {maltase}\b0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280
\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {intestinal juice before absorption.}\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {4.3.2.2 }\b0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\b \i {Lactose}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Lactose is commonly called as milk sugar. It is present in
the milk}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of mammal
s. However lactose is found in the urine of pregnant and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-29
3\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lactating women. It is less soluble in wat
er and less sweeter than sucrose.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn
11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw1853\colsr-0\colno2\colw373\colsr
-0\colno3\colw1733\colsr-0\colno4\colw360\colsr-0\colno5\colw2346\pard\li1320\ri
\li1320\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {HO}\par\column\pard\li0\r
rscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0
l-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}
6\colno1\colw1826\colsr-0\colno2\colw360\colsr-0\colno3\colw1386\colsr-0\colno4\
0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\pa
r\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\se
w1826\colsr-0\colno2\colw386\colsr-0\colno3\colw600\colsr-0\colno4\colw386\colsr
-0\colno5\colw240\colsr-0\colno6\colw493\colsr-0\colno7\colw386\colsr-0\colno8\c
olw466\colsr-0\colno9\colw1880\pard\li1333\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\co
lumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\
arscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par
\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pa
\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn56
80\colsr-0\colno4\colw2733\pard\li1466\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \*\tx1826\fs20\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl186\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmul
t0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \*\tx3
60\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\sec

3600\colsr-0\colno2\colw3066\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx1826\fs18\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li1840\ri0\sl-38
s20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-OH}\par\pard\li1440\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\c
harscalex100 {\uc1\u946X}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { D-glucose}\par\column\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx346\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li346\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-OH}\par\par
d\li40\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X}\fs20\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 { D-galactose}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\ma
rglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li2080\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{(}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 1-4 glyc
osidic linkage)}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li400\ri0\
ex100 {Just as in maltose, lactose has a free potential adehyde group in the}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {glucose molecule, not
involved in the glycosidic linkage between glucose}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and galactose molecules. Whereas, the potential
aldehyde group of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {g
alactose molecule is blocked in the linkage. Because of the presence}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of free aldehyde group in the
glucose molecule, lactose can reduce}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {Fehling\uc1\u8217Xs solution and is therefore a reducing sugar
.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Metabolism}\b0
\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {When lactose is h
ydrolysed by acids or by the enzyme}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {lactase}\b0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {one molecule of glucose and one molecule of galactose are formed.}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The intestine of milk
sucking infants has the enzyme lactase, which}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {converts lactose into glucose and galactose. Then on
ly it is absorbed in}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{the body. Excess of lactose ingested into the body causes diarrhoea,}\par\pard
0\f0\charscalex100 {84}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\margl
sxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage










abnormal intestinal flow and colic pain. Lactose is not fermented by}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {yeast.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-38
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {4.3.2.3}\b0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\b \i {Sucrose}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Sucrose is ordinary \uc1\u8220Xtable sugar\uc1\u8221X. It is also called
as \uc1\u8220Xcane sugar\uc1\u8221X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {as it can be obtained from sugar cane. It is widely distributed
in sugar}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cane, bee
t root, pine apple, honey, carrot and ripe fruits.}\par\pard\li2346\ri0\sl-213\s
0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgws
colw1600\colsr-0\colno3\colw2840\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \*\tx1920\fs18\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\par\pard\li1
906\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li1546\ri0\sl-200
\slmult0 \*\tx1893\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\p
ar\column\pard\li93\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs1
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-OH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl253\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X}\par\pard\li80\ri0\sl-173\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsx
r-0\colno3\colw573\colsr-0\colno4\colw600\colsr-0\colno5\colw466\colsr-0\colno6\
colw826\colsr-0\colno7\colw1946\pard\li1400\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {HO}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\c
olumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {HO}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx373\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscale
6\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\
\*\tx1880\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\p
ard\li1560\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx1893\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \*\tx320\fs18\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0
\*\tx333\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\c
olumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\sect\
sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw37
73\colsr-0\colno2\colw2893\pard\li1893\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-OH}\p
ar\pard\li1680\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs18\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 { D-glucose}\par\column\pard\li133\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {-OH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\
u946X}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { D-fructose}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsx
n7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li2213\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\f1\charscalex100 {(\uc1\u945X,\uc1\u946X}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 1-2 gl
ycosidic linkage)}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li400\ri
alex100 {Sucrose consists of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of}\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fructose. The linkage betw
een these molecules are formed between}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {the aldehyde group of glucose and the ketone group of fructo
se. Thus,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {both the
potential aldehyde group of glucose and the ketone group of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fructose are blocked in the linkage and
sucrose has no free reducing}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {group. On account of this structural peculiarity sucrose is a non-red
ucing}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sugar. It doe
s not reduce Tollen\uc1\u8217Xs and Fehling\uc1\u8217Xs solutions and does not}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {form osazone.}\par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Metabolism}\b0 \par\par
d\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sucrose on hydrolysis by
dilute acids or the enzyme}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {sucrase}\b0 \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 { or}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\b {invertase}\b0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { gives a mixture of glucose and
fructose. It is called as invert}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {sugar.}\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3
013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {85}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn5
60\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrs
xn133\margtsxn586\margbsxn93\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\b {Inversion}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Sucrose is dextrorotatory (+62.5) but it\uc1\u8217Xs hydrolytic products are}
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {levorotatory becaus
e fructose has a greater specific levo-rotation than}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\sl
mult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the dextrorotation of glucose. As the hydrolyt
ic products inverts the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {rotation, sucrose is known as invert sugar and the process is called as}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {invertion. Honey conta
ins plenty of \uc1\u8216Xinvert sugar\uc1\u8217X and the presence of}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fructose accounts for the grea
ter sweetness of honey.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\b {4.4 Poly saccharides}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {Polysaccharides, which are also known as glycans composed of}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {number of monosccharide
units. They represent condensation products}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of several molecules of simple sugars or monosaccharid
es.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Monosaccharides
are linked together by glycosidic bonds in}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs
20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {polysaccharides. They form linear chain or branched cha
in molecules.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They
contain only one type of monosaccharide units or many types of}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {monosaccharide units. According to t
his nature polysaccharides are}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {classified into two groups, homopolysaccharides and}\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {heteropolysaccharides.}\fs24\cf1\f0
\charscalex100\b {Po}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {Homopolysaccharides are composed of only one type of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {monosaccharides. On hydrolysis they yi
eld only one type of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{monosaccharides Eg. starch, glycogen, cellulose etc. which yield only}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {glucose on hydrolysis.}\par
\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Heteropolysaccharides
are composed of a mixture of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\char

scalex100 {monosaccharides. On hydrolysis, they yield a mixture of}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {monosaccharides. Eg. Hyaluronic
acid, Heparin, Mucopolysaccharides.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\b {4.4.1 Starch}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {This is the storage form of carbohydrate present in plants.
They}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {are abundantly
found in root, stem, vegetables, fruits and cereals. The}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
93\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bulk of our diet which consists mainly of
rice, wheat and vegetables is}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {a good source of starch.}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
466);(1253,413);(1226,373);(1213,333);(1186,293);(1160,253);(1133,213);(1093,173
);(1053,146);(1013,120);(973,93);(933,66);(893,53);(840,26);(800,13);(746,13);(6
93,0);(640,0);(586,0);(533,13);(493,13);(440,26);(386,53);(346,66);(306,93);(266
,120);(226,146);(186,173);(160,213);(120,253);(93,293);(66,333);(53,373);(26,413
);(13,466);(13,520);(0,560);(0,613);(0,666);(13,706);(13,760);(26,813);(53,853);
(66,893);(93,933);(120,973);(160,1013);(186,1053);(226,1080);(266,1106);(306,113
3);(346,1160);(386,1173);(440,1200);(493,1213);(533,1213);(586,1226);(640,1226);
(693,1226);(746,1213);(800,1213);(840,1200);(893,1173);(933,1160);(973,1133);(10
13,1106);(1053,1080);(1093,1053);(1133,1013);(1160,973);(1186,933);(1213,893);(1
226,853);(1253,813);(1266,760);(1266,706);(1280,666);(1280,613);(1280,613);(1280
,613);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768
}}

466);(1253,426);(1240,373);(1213,333);(1186,293);(1160,253);(1133,213);(1093,186
);(1066,146);(1026,120);(986,93);(933,66);(893,53);(840,26);(800,13);(746,13);(6
93,0);(640,0);(586,0);(533,13);(493,13);(440,26);(386,53);(346,66);(306,93);(266
,120);(226,146);(186,186);(160,213);(120,253);(93,293);(66,333);(53,373);(26,426
);(13,466);(13,520);(0,560);(0,613);(0,666);(13,720);(13,760);(26,813);(53,853);
(66,893);(93,933);(120,973);(160,1013);(186,1053);(226,1080);(266,1106);(306,113
3);(346,1160);(386,1186);(440,1200);(493,1213);(533,1226);(586,1226);(640,1226);
(693,1226);(746,1226);(800,1213);(840,1200);(893,1186);(933,1160);(986,1133);(10
26,1106);(1066,1080);(1093,1053);(1133,1013);(1160,973);(1186,933);(1213,893);(1
240,853);(1253,813);(1266,760);(1280,720);(1280,666);(1280,613);(1280,613);(1280
,613);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768
}}
466);(1253,426);(1226,373);(1213,333);(1186,293);(1160,253);(1133,213);(1093,186
);(1053,146);(1013,120);(973,93);(933,66);(893,53);(840,26);(800,13);(746,13);(6
93,0);(640,0);(586,0);(533,13);(493,13);(440,26);(386,53);(346,66);(306,93);(266
,120);(226,146);(186,186);(160,213);(120,253);(93,293);(66,333);(53,373);(26,426
);(13,466);(13,520);(0,560);(0,613);(0,666);(13,720);(13,760);(26,813);(53,853);
(66,893);(93,933);(120,973);(160,1013);(186,1053);(226,1080);(266,1106);(306,113
3);(346,1160);(386,1186);(440,1200);(493,1213);(533,1226);(586,1226);(640,1226);
(693,1226);(746,1226);(800,1213);(840,1200);(893,1186);(933,1160);(973,1133);(10
13,1106);(1053,1080);(1093,1053);(1133,1013);(1160,973);(1186,933);(1213,893);(1
226,853);(1253,813);(1266,760);(1266,720);(1280,666);(1280,613);(1280,613);(1280
,613);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768
}}
240,80);(240,66);(240,66);(226,53);(226,53);(226,40);(213,40);(213,26);(200,26);
(186,13);(186,13);(173,13);(160,0);(160,0);(146,0);(133,0);(120,0);(120,0);(106,
0);(93,0);(80,0);(80,13);(66,13);(53,13);(53,26);(40,26);(40,40);(26,40);(26,53)
;(13,53);(13,66);(13,66);(0,80);(0,93);(0,106);(0,106);(0,120);(0,133);(0,133);(
0,146);(0,160);(13,173);(13,173);(13,186);(26,186);(26,200);(40,200);(40,213);(5
3,213);(53,226);(66,226);(80,226);(80,240);(93,240);(106,240);(120,240);(120,240
);(133,240);(146,240);(160,240);(160,240);(173,226);(186,226);(186,226);(200,213
);(213,213);(213,200);(226,200);(226,186);(226,186);(240,173);(240,173);(240,160
);(253,146);(253,133);(253,133);(253,120);(253,120);(253,120);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768
}}

53);(146,40);(146,40);(146,40);(133,26);(133,26);(133,26);(133,13);(120,13);(120
,13);(106,13);(106,0);(106,0);(93,0);(93,0);(80,0);(80,0);(66,0);(66,0);(53,0);(
53,0);(53,0);(40,13);(40,13);(26,13);(26,13);(26,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,40);(13
,40);(0,40);(0,53);(0,53);(0,66);(0,66);(0,80);(0,80);(0,80);(0,93);(0,93);(0,10
6);(13,106);(13,120);(13,120);(13,120);(26,133);(26,133);(26,133);(40,133);(40,1
46);(53,146);(53,146);(53,146);(66,146);(66,146);(80,146);(80,146);(93,146);(93,
146);(106,146);(106,146);(106,146);(120,133);(120,133);(133,133);(133,133);(133,
120);(133,120);(146,120);(146,106);(146,106);(146,93);(146,93);(146,80);(160,80)
;(160,80);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
266,93);(266,80);(253,66);(253,66);(240,53);(240,40);(226,40);(226,26);(213,26);
(213,13);(200,13);(186,13);(173,0);(173,0);(160,0);(146,0);(133,0);(120,0);(120,
0);(106,0);(93,0);(80,13);(66,13);(66,13);(53,26);(53,26);(40,40);(26,40);(26,53
);(26,66);(13,66);(13,80);(13,93);(0,93);(0,106);(0,120);(0,133);(0,146);(0,146)
;(0,160);(13,173);(13,186);(13,186);(26,200);(26,200);(26,213);(40,226);(53,226)
;(53,240);(66,240);(66,240);(80,253);(93,253);(106,253);(120,253);(120,253);(133
,253);(146,253);(160,253);(173,253);(173,253);(186,253);(200,240);(213,240);(213
,240);(226,226);(226,226);(240,213);(240,200);(253,200);(253,186);(266,186);(266
,173);(266,160);(266,146);(266,146);(266,133);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(333,120);(333,106);(333,93);(320,80);(320,66);(306,53);(293,53);(293,40);(280,2
6);(266,26);(253,13);(240,13);(226,13);(213,0);(200,0);(186,0);(173,0);(160,0);(
146,0);(133,0);(120,13);(106,13);(93,13);(80,26);(66,26);(66,40);(53,53);(40,53)
;(40,66);(26,80);(13,93);(13,106);(13,120);(0,133);(0,133);(0,146);(0,173);(0,18
6);(0,200);(0,213);(13,213);(13,226);(13,240);(26,253);(40,266);(40,280);(53,280
);(66,293);(66,306);(80,306);(93,320);(106,320);(120,320);(133,333);(146,333);(1
60,333);(173,333);(186,333);(200,333);(213,333);(226,320);(240,320);(253,320);(2
66,306);(280,306);(293,293);(293,280);(306,280);(320,266);(320,253);(333,240);(3
33,226);(333,213);(346,213);(346,200);(346,186);(346,173);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
53);(146,40);(146,40);(146,40);(133,26);(133,26);(133,26);(133,13);(120,13);(120
,13);(106,13);(106,0);(106,0);(93,0);(93,0);(80,0);(80,0);(66,0);(66,0);(53,0);(
53,0);(53,0);(40,13);(40,13);(26,13);(26,13);(26,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,40);(13
,40);(0,40);(0,53);(0,53);(0,66);(0,66);(0,66);(0,80);(0,80);(0,93);(0,93);(0,10
6);(13,106);(13,106);(13,120);(13,120);(26,120);(26,133);(26,133);(40,133);(40,1
33);(53,146);(53,146);(53,146);(66,146);(66,146);(80,146);(80,146);(93,146);(93,
146);(106,146);(106,146);(106,133);(120,133);(120,133);(133,133);(133,120);(133,
120);(133,120);(146,106);(146,106);(146,106);(146,93);(146,93);(146,80);(160,80)
;(160,66);(160,66);(160,66);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768
}}
266,93);(266,80);(253,66);(253,66);(240,53);(240,40);(226,40);(226,26);(213,26);
(213,13);(200,13);(186,13);(173,13);(173,0);(160,0);(146,0);(133,0);(120,0);(120
,0);(106,0);(93,13);(80,13);(66,13);(66,13);(53,26);(53,26);(40,40);(26,40);(26,
53);(26,66);(13,66);(13,80);(13,93);(0,93);(0,106);(0,120);(0,133);(0,146);(0,14
6);(0,160);(13,173);(13,186);(13,186);(26,200);(26,213);(26,213);(40,226);(53,22
6);(53,240);(66,240);(66,253);(80,253);(93,253);(106,253);(120,253);(120,266);(1
33,266);(146,266);(160,253);(173,253);(173,253);(186,253);(200,253);(213,240);(2
13,240);(226,226);(226,226);(240,213);(240,213);(253,200);(253,186);(266,186);(2
66,173);(266,160);(266,146);(266,146);(266,133);(266,133);(266,133);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768
}}

(346,120);(333,106);(333,93);(320,80);(320,66);(306,53);(293,53);(293,40);(280,2
6);(266,26);(253,13);(240,13);(226,13);(213,0);(200,0);(186,0);(173,0);(160,0);(
146,0);(133,0);(120,13);(106,13);(93,13);(80,26);(66,26);(66,40);(53,53);(40,53)
;(40,66);(26,80);(13,93);(13,106);(13,120);(0,133);(0,146);(0,160);(0,173);(0,18
6);(0,200);(0,213);(13,226);(13,240);(13,240);(26,253);(40,266);(40,280);(53,293
);(66,293);(66,306);(80,306);(93,320);(106,320);(120,333);(133,333);(146,333);(1
60,333);(173,333);(186,333);(200,333);(213,333);(226,333);(240,320);(253,320);(2
66,306);(280,306);(293,293);(293,293);(306,280);(320,266);(320,253);(333,240);(3
33,240);(346,226);(346,213);(346,200);(346,186);(346,173);(346,173);(346,173);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768
}}
53);(146,40);(146,40);(146,40);(133,26);(133,26);(133,26);(133,13);(120,13);(120
,13);(106,13);(106,0);(106,0);(93,0);(93,0);(80,0);(80,0);(66,0);(66,0);(53,0);(
53,0);(53,0);(40,13);(40,13);(26,13);(26,13);(26,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,40);(13
,40);(0,40);(0,53);(0,53);(0,66);(0,66);(0,66);(0,80);(0,80);(0,93);(0,93);(0,10
6);(13,106);(13,106);(13,120);(13,120);(26,120);(26,133);(26,133);(40,133);(40,1
33);(53,146);(53,146);(53,146);(66,146);(66,146);(80,146);(80,146);(93,146);(93,
146);(106,146);(106,146);(106,133);(120,133);(120,133);(133,133);(133,120);(133,
120);(133,120);(146,106);(146,106);(146,106);(146,93);(146,93);(146,80);(160,80)
;(160,66);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
266,93);(266,80);(253,66);(253,66);(253,53);(240,40);(240,40);(226,26);(213,26);
(213,13);(200,13);(186,13);(186,13);(173,0);(160,0);(146,0);(133,0);(120,0);(120
,0);(106,0);(93,13);(80,13);(80,13);(66,13);(53,26);(53,26);(40,40);(26,40);(26,
53);(26,66);(13,66);(13,80);(13,93);(0,93);(0,106);(0,120);(0,133);(0,146);(0,14
6);(0,160);(13,173);(13,186);(13,186);(26,200);(26,213);(26,213);(40,226);(53,22
6);(53,240);(66,240);(80,253);(80,253);(93,253);(106,253);(120,253);(120,266);(1
33,266);(146,266);(160,253);(173,253);(186,253);(186,253);(200,253);(213,240);(2
13,240);(226,226);(240,226);(240,213);(253,213);(253,200);(253,186);(266,186);(2
66,173);(266,160);(266,146);(266,146);(280,133);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(346,120);(333,106);(333,93);(320,80);(320,66);(306,53);(293,53);(293,40);(280,2
6);(266,26);(253,13);(240,13);(226,13);(213,0);(200,0);(186,0);(173,0);(160,0);(
146,0);(133,0);(120,13);(106,13);(93,13);(80,26);(66,26);(66,40);(53,53);(40,53)
;(40,66);(26,80);(13,93);(13,106);(13,120);(0,133);(0,146);(0,160);(0,173);(0,18
6);(0,200);(0,213);(13,226);(13,240);(13,240);(26,253);(40,266);(40,280);(53,293
);(66,293);(66,306);(80,306);(93,320);(106,320);(120,333);(133,333);(146,333);(1
60,333);(173,333);(186,333);(200,333);(213,333);(226,333);(240,320);(253,320);(2
66,306);(280,306);(293,293);(293,293);(306,280);(320,266);(320,253);(333,240);(3
33,240);(346,226);(346,213);(346,200);(346,186);(346,173);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
53);(146,40);(146,40);(146,40);(146,26);(133,26);(133,26);(133,13);(120,13);(120
,13);(120,13);(106,0);(106,0);(93,0);(93,0);(80,0);(80,0);(66,0);(66,0);(66,0);(
53,0);(53,0);(40,13);(40,13);(26,13);(26,13);(26,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,40);(13
,40);(0,40);(0,53);(0,53);(0,66);(0,66);(0,80);(0,80);(0,93);(0,93);(0,93);(0,10
6);(13,106);(13,120);(13,120);(13,120);(26,133);(26,133);(26,133);(40,133);(40,1
46);(53,146);(53,146);(66,146);(66,146);(66,146);(80,146);(80,146);(93,146);(93,
146);(106,146);(106,146);(120,146);(120,133);(120,133);(133,133);(133,133);(133,
120);(146,120);(146,120);(146,106);(146,106);(160,93);(160,93);(160,93);(160,80)
;(160,80);}}

5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
53);(160,40);(146,40);(146,40);(146,26);(146,26);(133,26);(133,13);(133,13);(120
,13);(120,13);(106,0);(106,0);(93,0);(93,0);(93,0);(80,0);(80,0);(66,0);(66,0);(
53,0);(53,0);(40,13);(40,13);(26,13);(26,13);(26,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,40);(13
,40);(0,40);(0,53);(0,53);(0,66);(0,66);(0,80);(0,80);(0,93);(0,93);(0,93);(0,10
6);(13,106);(13,120);(13,120);(13,120);(26,133);(26,133);(26,133);(40,133);(40,1
46);(53,146);(53,146);(66,146);(66,146);(80,146);(80,146);(93,146);(93,146);(93,
146);(106,146);(106,146);(120,146);(120,133);(133,133);(133,133);(133,133);(146,
120);(146,120);(146,120);(146,106);(160,106);(160,93);(160,93);(160,93);(160,80)
;(160,80);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

53);(173,53);(160,40);(160,40);(160,40);(160,26);(146,26);(146,26);(133,13);(133
,13);(133,13);(120,0);(120,0);(106,0);(106,0);(93,0);(93,0);(80,0);(80,0);(66,0)
;(53,0);(53,0);(53,13);(40,13);(40,13);(26,26);(26,26);(26,26);(13,40);(13,40);(
13,40);(13,53);(0,53);(0,66);(0,66);(0,80);(0,80);(0,93);(0,93);(0,106);(0,106);
(13,120);(13,120);(13,133);(13,133);(26,133);(26,146);(26,146);(40,146);(40,160)
;(53,160);(53,160);(53,160);(66,160);(80,173);(80,173);(93,173);(93,173);(106,17
3);(106,160);(120,160);(120,160);(133,160);(133,160);(133,146);(146,146);(146,14
6);(160,133);(160,133);(160,133);(160,120);(173,120);(173,106);(173,106);(173,93
);(173,93);(173,80);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
40);(133,40);(133,40);(120,26);(120,26);(120,26);(120,13);(106,13);(106,13);(106
,13);(93,13);(93,0);(93,0);(80,0);(80,0);(80,0);(66,0);(66,0);(53,0);(53,0);(53,
0);(40,0);(40,13);(26,13);(26,13);(26,13);(26,13);(13,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,40
);(0,40);(0,40);(0,53);(0,53);(0,66);(0,66);(0,66);(0,80);(0,80);(0,93);(0,93);(
13,93);(13,106);(13,106);(13,106);(26,106);(26,120);(26,120);(26,120);(40,120);(
40,133);(53,133);(53,133);(53,133);(66,133);(66,133);(80,133);(80,133);(80,133);
(93,133);(93,133);(93,120);(106,120);(106,120);(106,120);(120,106);(120,106);(12
0,106);(120,106);(133,93);(133,93);(133,93);(133,80);(133,80);(133,66);(133,66);
}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
53);(146,40);(133,40);(133,26);(133,26);(133,26);(120,26);(120,13);(120,13);(106
,13);(106,13);(106,0);(93,0);(93,0);(80,0);(80,0);(66,0);(66,0);(66,0);(53,0);(5
3,0);(40,0);(40,13);(40,13);(26,13);(26,13);(26,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,
40);(0,40);(0,53);(0,53);(0,53);(0,66);(0,66);(0,80);(0,80);(0,80);(0,93);(0,93)
;(13,106);(13,106);(13,106);(13,120);(26,120);(26,120);(26,120);(40,133);(40,133
);(40,133);(53,133);(53,133);(66,133);(66,133);(66,133);(80,133);(80,133);(93,13
3);(93,133);(106,133);(106,133);(106,133);(120,120);(120,120);(120,120);(133,120
);(133,106);(133,106);(133,106);(146,93);(146,93);(146,80);(146,80);(146,80);(14
6,66);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

53);(173,53);(160,40);(160,40);(160,40);(160,26);(146,26);(146,13);(133,13);(133
,13);(133,13);(120,0);(120,0);(106,0);(106,0);(93,0);(93,0);(80,0);(80,0);(66,0)
;(53,0);(53,0);(53,13);(40,13);(40,13);(26,13);(26,26);(26,26);(13,40);(13,40);(
13,40);(13,53);(0,53);(0,66);(0,66);(0,80);(0,80);(0,93);(0,93);(0,106);(0,106);
(13,120);(13,120);(13,120);(13,133);(26,133);(26,146);(26,146);(40,146);(40,146)
;(53,160);(53,160);(53,160);(66,160);(80,160);(80,160);(93,160);(93,160);(106,16
0);(106,160);(120,160);(120,160);(133,160);(133,146);(133,146);(146,146);(146,14
6);(160,133);(160,133);(160,120);(160,120);(173,120);(173,106);(173,106);(173,93
);(173,93);(173,80);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
53);(146,40);(133,40);(133,40);(133,26);(133,26);(120,26);(120,13);(120,13);(106
,13);(106,13);(106,0);(93,0);(93,0);(80,0);(80,0);(66,0);(66,0);(66,0);(53,0);(5
3,0);(40,0);(40,13);(40,13);(26,13);(26,13);(26,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,40);(13,
40);(0,40);(0,53);(0,53);(0,53);(0,66);(0,66);(0,80);(0,80);(0,93);(0,93);(0,93)
;(13,106);(13,106);(13,106);(13,120);(26,120);(26,120);(26,133);(40,133);(40,133
);(40,133);(53,133);(53,133);(66,146);(66,146);(66,146);(80,146);(80,146);(93,13
3);(93,133);(106,133);(106,133);(106,133);(120,133);(120,120);(120,120);(133,120
);(133,106);(133,106);(133,106);(146,93);(146,93);(146,93);(146,80);(146,80);(14
6,66);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

53);(146,40);(133,40);(133,26);(133,26);(133,26);(120,26);(120,13);(120,13);(106
,13);(106,13);(106,0);(93,0);(93,0);(80,0);(80,0);(66,0);(66,0);(66,0);(53,0);(5
3,0);(40,0);(40,13);(40,13);(26,13);(26,13);(26,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,
40);(0,40);(0,53);(0,53);(0,53);(0,66);(0,66);(0,80);(0,80);(0,80);(0,93);(0,93)
;(13,106);(13,106);(13,106);(13,120);(26,120);(26,120);(26,120);(40,133);(40,133
);(40,133);(53,133);(53,133);(66,133);(66,133);(66,133);(80,133);(80,133);(93,13
3);(93,133);(106,133);(106,133);(106,133);(120,120);(120,120);(120,120);(133,120
);(133,106);(133,106);(133,106);(146,93);(146,93);(146,80);(146,80);(146,80);(14
6,66);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
3,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,0);(53,0);(40,0);(40,0
);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(13,0);(
13,0);(13,0);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,26);(0,26);(
0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,53);(13,
53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,
53);(26,66);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(53,53);(53,53);(53,
53);(53,53);(53,53);(53,53);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);(66,
26);(66,26);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
3,26);(80,26);(80,26);(80,13);(80,13);(80,13);(80,13);(66,13);(66,0);(66,0);(66,
0);(66,0);(53,0);(53,0);(53,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);
(26,0);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(13,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,2
6);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,53);(0,53);(0,53);(0,53);(0,66);(0,66);(13,66);(13,66
);(13,66);(13,80);(13,80);(13,80);(26,80);(26,80);(26,80);(26,80);(40,80);(40,80
);(40,80);(40,80);(53,80);(53,80);(53,80);(66,80);(66,80);(66,80);(66,80);(66,80
);(80,80);(80,80);(80,66);(80,66);(80,66);(80,66);(93,66);(93,53);(93,53);(93,53
);(93,53);(93,40);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
40);(106,26);(93,26);(93,26);(93,26);(93,13);(93,13);(93,13);(80,13);(80,13);(80
,0);(80,0);(66,0);(66,0);(66,0);(53,0);(53,0);(53,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0)
;(26,0);(26,13);(26,13);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(13,26);(13,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0
,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,53);(0,53);(0,53);(0,66);(0,66);(0,66);(0,80);(13,8
0);(13,80);(13,80);(13,80);(13,93);(26,93);(26,93);(26,93);(26,93);(40,93);(40,9
3);(40,106);(53,106);(53,106);(53,106);(66,106);(66,93);(66,93);(80,93);(80,93);
(80,93);(80,93);(93,93);(93,80);(93,80);(93,80);(93,80);(93,80);(106,66);(106,66
);(106,66);(106,53);(106,53);(106,53);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
6,13);(66,13);(66,13);(66,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,0);(53,0);(53,0);(53,0
);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(
13,0);(13,0);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,26);(0,26);(
0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,53);(0,53);(0,53);(13,
53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,66);(26,66);(26,66);(26,66);(26,66);(26,
66);(40,66);(40,66);(40,66);(40,66);(40,66);(53,66);(53,66);(53,53);(53,53);(53,
53);(53,53);(53,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);(66,
40);(66,26);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
40);(106,26);(93,26);(93,26);(93,26);(93,13);(93,13);(93,13);(80,13);(80,13);(80
,0);(80,0);(66,0);(66,0);(66,0);(53,0);(53,0);(53,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0)
;(26,0);(26,13);(26,13);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(13,26);(13,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0
,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,53);(0,53);(0,53);(0,53);(0,66);(0,66);(0,66);(0,80);(13,8
0);(13,80);(13,80);(13,93);(13,93);(26,93);(26,93);(26,93);(26,93);(40,106);(40,
106);(40,106);(53,106);(53,106);(53,106);(66,106);(66,106);(66,106);(80,93);(80,
93);(80,93);(80,93);(93,93);(93,93);(93,80);(93,80);(93,80);(93,80);(106,66);(10
6,66);(106,66);(106,53);(106,53);(106,53);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
40);(106,26);(106,26);(93,26);(93,26);(93,13);(93,13);(93,13);(80,13);(80,13);(8
0,0);(80,0);(66,0);(66,0);(66,0);(53,0);(53,0);(53,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0
);(26,0);(26,13);(26,13);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(13,26);(13,26);(0,26);(0,26);(
0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,53);(0,53);(0,53);(0,53);(0,66);(0,66);(0,66);(0,80);(13,
80);(13,80);(13,80);(13,93);(13,93);(26,93);(26,93);(26,93);(26,93);(40,106);(40
,106);(40,106);(53,106);(53,106);(53,106);(66,106);(66,106);(66,106);(80,93);(80
,93);(80,93);(80,93);(93,93);(93,93);(93,80);(93,80);(93,80);(106,80);(106,66);(
106,66);(106,66);(106,53);(106,53);(106,53);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
40);(120,40);(120,26);(120,26);(120,26);(106,26);(106,13);(106,13);(106,13);(93,
13);(93,13);(93,0);(80,0);(80,0);(80,0);(66,0);(66,0);(53,0);(53,0);(53,0);(40,0
);(40,0);(40,13);(26,13);(26,13);(26,13);(13,13);(13,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,26)
;(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,53);(0,53);(0,66);(0,66);(0,66);(0,80);(0,80);(0,80);(1
3,93);(13,93);(13,93);(13,93);(13,106);(26,106);(26,106);(26,106);(40,106);(40,1
20);(40,120);(53,120);(53,120);(53,120);(66,120);(66,120);(80,120);(80,120);(80,
120);(93,120);(93,106);(93,106);(106,106);(106,106);(106,106);(106,93);(120,93);
(120,93);(120,93);(120,80);(120,80);(120,80);(120,66);(133,66);(133,53);(133,66)
;(133,66);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768
}}

3,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0
);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(13,0);(
13,0);(13,0);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,26);(
0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(13,
53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,
53);(26,53);(26,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(53,53);(53,
53);(53,53);(53,53);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,
26);(66,26);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
3,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0
);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(13,0);(
13,0);(13,0);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,26);(
0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(13,
53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,
53);(26,53);(26,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(53,53);(53,
53);(53,53);(53,53);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,
26);(66,26);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
3,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0
);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(13,0);(
13,0);(13,0);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,26);(
0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(13,
53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,
53);(26,53);(26,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(53,53);(53,
53);(53,53);(53,53);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,
26);(66,26);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

3,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0
);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(13,0);(
13,0);(13,0);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,26);(
0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(13,
53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,
53);(26,53);(26,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(53,53);(53,
53);(53,53);(53,53);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,
26);(66,26);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
3,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0
);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(13,0);(
13,0);(13,0);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,26);(
0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(13,
53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,
53);(26,53);(26,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(53,53);(53,
53);(53,53);(53,53);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,
26);(66,26);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

3,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0
);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(13,0);(
13,0);(13,0);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,26);(
0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(13,
53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,
53);(26,53);(26,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(53,53);(53,
53);(53,53);(53,53);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,
26);(66,26);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
6,13);(66,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,0);(53,0);(53,0);(40,0
);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(13,0);(
13,0);(13,0);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,26);(
0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(13,
53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,
53);(26,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(53,53);(53,53);(53,53);(53,
53);(53,53);(53,53);(53,40);(53,40);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);(66,
26);(66,26);}}

5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
6,13);(66,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,0);(53,0);(53,0);(40,0
);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(13,0);(
13,0);(13,0);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,26);(
0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(13,
53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,
53);(26,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(53,53);(53,53);(53,53);(53,
53);(53,53);(53,53);(53,40);(53,40);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);(66,
26);(66,26);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

3,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0)
;(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(1
3,0);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0
,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,53);(13,53);(13,
53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,
66);(26,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(53,53);(53,53);(53,
53);(53,53);(53,53);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,26);(66,
26);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
3,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0)
;(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(1
3,0);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0
,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,53);(13,53);(13,
53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,
66);(26,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(53,53);(53,53);(53,
53);(53,53);(53,53);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,26);(66,
26);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

3,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0
);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(13,0);(
13,0);(13,0);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,26);(
0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(13,
53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,
53);(26,53);(26,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(53,53);(53,
53);(53,53);(53,53);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,
26);(66,26);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
3,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0
);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(13,0);(
13,0);(13,0);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,26);(
0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(13,
53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,
53);(26,53);(26,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(53,53);(53,
53);(53,53);(53,53);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,40);(53,
26);(66,26);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
6,13);(66,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,0);(53,0);(53,0);(40,0
);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(13,0);(
13,0);(13,0);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,26);(0,26);(
0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,53);(13,
53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,
53);(26,66);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(53,53);(53,53);(53,53);(53,
53);(53,53);(53,53);(53,53);(53,40);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);(66,
26);(66,26);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

6,13);(66,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,0);(53,0);(53,0);(40,0
);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(13,0);(
13,0);(13,0);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,26);(0,26);(
0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,53);(13,
53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,
53);(26,66);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(53,53);(53,53);(53,53);(53,
53);(53,53);(53,53);(53,53);(53,40);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);(66,
26);(66,26);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
6,13);(66,13);(66,13);(66,13);(66,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,0);(53,0);(53,0);(53,0
);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(
13,0);(13,0);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,26);(0,26);
(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(13,53);(1
3,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,53);(2
6,53);(40,66);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(53,53);(53,53);(53,53);(53,53);(5
3,53);(53,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);(6
6,26);(66,26);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

6,13);(66,13);(66,13);(66,13);(66,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,0);(53,0);(53,0);(53,0
);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(
13,0);(13,0);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,26);(0,26);
(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(13,53);(1
3,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,53);(2
6,53);(40,66);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(53,53);(53,53);(53,53);(53,53);(5
3,53);(53,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);(6
6,26);(66,26);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
6,13);(66,13);(66,13);(66,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,0);(53,0);(53,0);(53,0
);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(
13,0);(13,0);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,26);(0,26);(
0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,53);(0,53);(0,53);(13,
53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,66);(26,66);(26,66);(26,66);(26,66);(26,
66);(40,66);(40,66);(40,66);(40,66);(40,66);(53,66);(53,66);(53,53);(53,53);(53,
53);(53,53);(53,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);(66,
40);(66,26);}}

5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
6,13);(66,13);(66,13);(66,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,0);(53,0);(53,0);(53,0
);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(
13,0);(13,0);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,26);(0,26);(
0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,53);(0,53);(0,53);(13,
53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,66);(26,66);(26,66);(26,66);(26,66);(26,
66);(40,66);(40,66);(40,66);(40,66);(40,66);(53,66);(53,66);(53,53);(53,53);(53,
53);(53,53);(53,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);(66,
40);(66,26);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

6,13);(66,13);(66,13);(66,13);(66,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,0);(53,0);(53,0);(53,0
);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(
13,0);(13,0);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,26);(0,26);
(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(13,53);(1
3,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,53);(2
6,53);(40,66);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(53,53);(53,53);(53,53);(53,53);(5
3,53);(53,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);(6
6,26);(66,26);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
6,13);(66,13);(66,13);(66,13);(66,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,0);(53,0);(53,0);(53,0
);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(
13,0);(13,0);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,26);(0,26);
(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(13,53);(1
3,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,53);(26,53);(2
6,53);(40,66);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,53);(53,53);(53,53);(53,53);(53,53);(5
3,53);(53,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);(6
6,26);(66,26);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

6,26);(66,13);(66,13);(66,13);(66,13);(66,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,0);(53,0);(53,
0);(53,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);
(13,0);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26
);(0,26);(0,26);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,53);(0,53);(0,53);(13,53);
(13,53);(13,53);(13,66);(13,66);(13,66);(13,66);(26,66);(26,66);(26,66);(26,66);
(26,66);(40,66);(40,66);(40,66);(40,66);(53,66);(53,66);(53,66);(53,66);(53,66);
(53,66);(66,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);
(66,40);(66,40);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
6,26);(66,13);(66,13);(66,13);(66,13);(66,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,0);(53,0);(53,
0);(53,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);
(13,0);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26
);(0,26);(0,26);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,53);(0,53);(0,53);(13,53);
(13,53);(13,53);(13,66);(13,66);(13,66);(13,66);(26,66);(26,66);(26,66);(26,66);
(26,66);(40,66);(40,66);(40,66);(40,66);(53,66);(53,66);(53,66);(53,66);(53,66);
(53,66);(66,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);
(66,40);(66,40);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
6,26);(66,13);(66,13);(66,13);(66,13);(66,13);(53,13);(53,0);(53,0);(53,0);(53,0
);(53,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(
13,0);(13,0);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);
(0,26);(0,26);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,53);(0,53);(0,53);(13,53);(1
3,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,66);(13,66);(13,66);(26,66);(26,66);(26,66);(26,66);(2
6,66);(40,66);(40,66);(40,66);(40,66);(53,66);(53,66);(53,66);(53,66);(53,66);(5
3,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);(6
6,40);(66,40);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

6,26);(66,13);(66,13);(66,13);(66,13);(66,13);(53,13);(53,0);(53,0);(53,0);(53,0
);(53,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(
13,0);(13,0);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);
(0,26);(0,26);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,53);(0,53);(0,53);(13,53);(1
3,53);(13,53);(13,53);(13,66);(13,66);(13,66);(26,66);(26,66);(26,66);(26,66);(2
6,66);(40,66);(40,66);(40,66);(40,66);(53,66);(53,66);(53,66);(53,66);(53,66);(5
3,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);(6
6,40);(66,40);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
6,26);(66,13);(66,13);(66,13);(66,13);(66,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,0);(53,0);(53,
0);(53,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);
(13,0);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26
);(0,26);(0,26);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,53);(0,53);(0,53);(13,53);
(13,53);(13,53);(13,66);(13,66);(13,66);(13,66);(26,66);(26,66);(26,66);(26,66);
(26,66);(40,66);(40,66);(40,66);(40,66);(53,66);(53,66);(53,66);(53,66);(53,66);
(53,66);(66,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);
(66,40);(66,40);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

6,26);(66,13);(66,13);(66,13);(66,13);(66,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,0);(53,0);(53,
0);(53,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);
(13,0);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26
);(0,26);(0,26);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,53);(0,53);(0,53);(13,53);
(13,53);(13,53);(13,66);(13,66);(13,66);(13,66);(26,66);(26,66);(26,66);(26,66);
(26,66);(40,66);(40,66);(40,66);(40,66);(53,66);(53,66);(53,66);(53,66);(53,66);
(53,66);(66,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);
(66,40);(66,40);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
6,26);(66,13);(66,13);(66,13);(66,13);(66,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,0);(53,0);(53,
0);(53,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);
(13,0);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26
);(0,26);(0,26);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,53);(0,53);(0,53);(13,53);
(13,53);(13,53);(13,66);(13,66);(13,66);(13,66);(26,66);(26,66);(26,66);(26,66);
(26,66);(40,66);(40,66);(40,66);(40,66);(53,66);(53,66);(53,66);(53,66);(53,66);
(53,66);(66,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);
(66,40);(66,40);}}

5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
6,26);(66,13);(66,13);(66,13);(66,13);(66,13);(53,13);(53,13);(53,0);(53,0);(53,
0);(53,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);
(13,0);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(13,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26
);(0,26);(0,26);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,40);(0,53);(0,53);(0,53);(13,53);
(13,53);(13,53);(13,66);(13,66);(13,66);(13,66);(26,66);(26,66);(26,66);(26,66);
(26,66);(40,66);(40,66);(40,66);(40,66);(53,66);(53,66);(53,66);(53,66);(53,66);
(53,66);(66,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,53);(66,40);(66,40);(66,40);
(66,40);(66,40);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

40,80);(240,66);(240,66);(226,53);(226,53);(213,40);(213,40);(200,26);(200,26);(
186,13);(186,13);(173,13);(160,0);(146,0);(146,0);(133,0);(120,0);(120,0);(106,0
);(93,0);(80,0);(80,13);(66,13);(53,13);(53,26);(40,26);(40,40);(26,40);(26,53);
(13,53);(13,66);(13,66);(0,80);(0,93);(0,93);(0,106);(0,120);(0,133);(0,133);(0,
146);(0,160);(13,160);(13,173);(13,186);(26,186);(26,200);(40,200);(40,213);(53,
213);(53,213);(66,226);(80,226);(80,226);(93,240);(106,240);(120,240);(120,240);
(133,240);(146,240);(146,240);(160,226);(173,226);(186,226);(186,213);(200,213);
(200,213);(213,200);(213,200);(226,186);(226,186);(240,173);(240,160);(240,160);
(240,146);(240,133);(253,133);(253,120);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
40,80);(240,66);(240,66);(226,53);(226,53);(213,40);(213,40);(200,26);(200,26);(
186,13);(186,13);(173,13);(160,0);(160,0);(146,0);(133,0);(120,0);(120,0);(106,0
);(93,0);(80,0);(80,13);(66,13);(53,13);(53,26);(40,26);(40,40);(26,40);(26,53);
(13,53);(13,66);(13,66);(0,80);(0,93);(0,93);(0,106);(0,120);(0,133);(0,133);(0,
146);(0,160);(13,160);(13,173);(13,186);(26,186);(26,200);(40,200);(40,213);(53,
213);(53,213);(66,226);(80,226);(80,226);(93,240);(106,240);(120,240);(120,240);
(133,240);(146,240);(160,240);(160,226);(173,226);(186,226);(186,213);(200,213);
(200,213);(213,200);(213,200);(226,186);(226,186);(240,173);(240,160);(240,160);
(240,146);(253,133);(253,133);(253,120);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

240,80);(240,80);(240,66);(226,53);(226,53);(213,40);(213,40);(200,26);(200,26);
(186,13);(186,13);(173,13);(160,0);(160,0);(146,0);(133,0);(120,0);(120,0);(106,
0);(93,0);(80,0);(80,13);(66,13);(53,13);(53,26);(40,26);(40,40);(26,40);(26,53)
;(13,53);(13,66);(13,80);(0,80);(0,93);(0,106);(0,106);(0,120);(0,133);(0,146);(
0,146);(0,160);(13,173);(13,173);(13,186);(26,186);(26,200);(40,213);(40,213);(5
3,213);(53,226);(66,226);(80,226);(80,240);(93,240);(106,240);(120,240);(120,240
);(133,240);(146,240);(160,240);(160,240);(173,226);(186,226);(186,226);(200,213
);(200,213);(213,213);(213,200);(226,186);(226,186);(240,173);(240,173);(240,160
);(240,146);(253,146);(253,133);(253,120);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
40,80);(240,66);(240,66);(226,53);(226,53);(213,40);(213,40);(200,26);(200,26);(
186,13);(186,13);(173,13);(160,0);(160,0);(146,0);(133,0);(120,0);(120,0);(106,0
);(93,0);(80,0);(80,13);(66,13);(53,13);(53,26);(40,26);(40,40);(26,40);(26,53);
(13,53);(13,66);(13,66);(0,80);(0,93);(0,93);(0,106);(0,120);(0,133);(0,133);(0,
146);(0,160);(13,160);(13,173);(13,186);(26,186);(26,200);(40,200);(40,213);(53,
213);(53,213);(66,226);(80,226);(80,226);(93,240);(106,240);(120,240);(120,240);
(133,240);(146,240);(160,240);(160,226);(173,226);(186,226);(186,213);(200,213);
(200,213);(213,200);(213,200);(226,186);(226,186);(240,173);(240,160);(240,160);
(240,146);(253,133);(253,133);(253,120);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
53);(160,53);(160,40);(146,40);(146,26);(146,26);(146,26);(133,13);(133,13);(120
,13);(120,13);(120,0);(106,0);(106,0);(93,0);(93,0);(80,0);(80,0);(66,0);(66,0);
(53,0);(53,0);(40,13);(40,13);(40,13);(26,13);(26,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,40);(1
3,40);(0,53);(0,53);(0,53);(0,66);(0,66);(0,80);(0,80);(0,93);(0,93);(0,106);(0,
106);(13,106);(13,120);(13,120);(13,133);(26,133);(26,133);(40,133);(40,146);(40
,146);(53,146);(53,146);(66,146);(66,146);(80,160);(80,160);(93,160);(93,146);(1
06,146);(106,146);(120,146);(120,146);(120,146);(133,133);(133,133);(146,133);(1
46,133);(146,120);(146,120);(160,106);(160,106);(160,106);(160,93);(160,93);(160
,80);(160,80);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

53);(160,53);(146,40);(146,40);(146,26);(146,26);(133,26);(133,13);(133,13);(120
,13);(120,13);(106,0);(106,0);(93,0);(93,0);(93,0);(80,0);(80,0);(66,0);(66,0);(
53,0);(53,0);(40,13);(40,13);(26,13);(26,13);(26,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,40);(13
,40);(0,53);(0,53);(0,53);(0,66);(0,66);(0,80);(0,80);(0,93);(0,93);(0,106);(0,1
06);(13,120);(13,120);(13,120);(13,133);(26,133);(26,133);(26,146);(40,146);(40,
146);(53,146);(53,146);(66,160);(66,160);(80,160);(80,160);(93,160);(93,160);(93
,160);(106,146);(106,146);(120,146);(120,146);(133,146);(133,133);(133,133);(146
,133);(146,120);(146,120);(146,120);(160,106);(160,106);(160,93);(160,93);(160,8
0);(160,80);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
53);(160,53);(160,40);(146,40);(146,26);(146,26);(146,26);(133,13);(133,13);(120
,13);(120,13);(120,0);(106,0);(106,0);(93,0);(93,0);(80,0);(80,0);(66,0);(66,0);
(53,0);(53,0);(40,13);(40,13);(40,13);(26,13);(26,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,40);(1
3,40);(0,53);(0,53);(0,66);(0,66);(0,66);(0,80);(0,80);(0,93);(0,93);(0,106);(0,
106);(13,120);(13,120);(13,120);(13,133);(26,133);(26,133);(40,146);(40,146);(40
,146);(53,146);(53,160);(66,160);(66,160);(80,160);(80,160);(93,160);(93,160);(1
06,160);(106,160);(120,146);(120,146);(120,146);(133,146);(133,133);(146,133);(1
46,133);(146,120);(146,120);(160,120);(160,106);(160,106);(160,93);(160,93);(160
,80);(160,80);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
53);(160,53);(160,40);(146,40);(146,26);(146,26);(146,26);(133,13);(133,13);(120
,13);(120,13);(120,0);(106,0);(106,0);(93,0);(93,0);(80,0);(80,0);(66,0);(66,0);
(53,0);(53,0);(40,13);(40,13);(40,13);(26,13);(26,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,40);(1
3,40);(0,53);(0,53);(0,53);(0,66);(0,66);(0,80);(0,80);(0,93);(0,93);(0,106);(0,
106);(13,120);(13,120);(13,120);(13,133);(26,133);(26,133);(40,146);(40,146);(40
,146);(53,146);(53,146);(66,160);(66,160);(80,160);(80,160);(93,160);(93,160);(1
06,160);(106,146);(120,146);(120,146);(120,146);(133,146);(133,133);(146,133);(1
46,133);(146,120);(146,120);(160,120);(160,106);(160,106);(160,93);(160,93);(160
,80);(160,80);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

53);(160,53);(160,40);(146,40);(146,26);(146,26);(146,26);(133,13);(133,13);(120
,13);(120,13);(120,0);(106,0);(106,0);(93,0);(93,0);(80,0);(80,0);(66,0);(66,0);
(53,0);(53,0);(40,13);(40,13);(40,13);(26,13);(26,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,40);(1
3,40);(0,53);(0,53);(0,66);(0,66);(0,80);(0,80);(0,93);(0,93);(0,93);(0,106);(0,
106);(13,120);(13,120);(13,133);(13,133);(26,133);(26,146);(40,146);(40,146);(40
,146);(53,160);(53,160);(66,160);(66,160);(80,160);(80,160);(93,160);(93,160);(1
06,160);(106,160);(120,160);(120,146);(120,146);(133,146);(133,146);(146,133);(1
46,133);(146,133);(146,120);(160,120);(160,106);(160,106);(160,93);(160,93);(160
,93);(160,80);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
66);(186,53);(186,53);(186,40);(173,40);(173,26);(173,26);(160,26);(160,13);(146
,13);(146,13);(133,13);(133,0);(120,0);(120,0);(106,0);(93,0);(93,0);(80,0);(80,
0);(66,0);(66,13);(53,13);(40,13);(40,13);(40,26);(26,26);(26,26);(13,40);(13,40
);(13,53);(13,53);(0,66);(0,66);(0,80);(0,80);(0,93);(0,106);(0,106);(0,120);(0,
120);(13,133);(13,133);(13,146);(13,146);(26,160);(26,160);(40,160);(40,173);(40
,173);(53,173);(66,173);(66,186);(80,186);(80,186);(93,186);(93,186);(106,186);(
120,186);(120,186);(133,186);(133,173);(146,173);(146,173);(160,173);(160,160);(
173,160);(173,160);(173,146);(186,146);(186,133);(186,133);(186,120);(200,120);(
200,106);(200,106);(200,93);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
66);(186,53);(186,53);(186,40);(173,40);(173,26);(173,26);(160,26);(160,13);(146
,13);(146,13);(133,13);(133,0);(120,0);(120,0);(106,0);(93,0);(93,0);(80,0);(80,
0);(66,0);(66,13);(53,13);(40,13);(40,13);(40,26);(26,26);(26,26);(13,40);(13,40
);(13,53);(13,53);(0,66);(0,66);(0,80);(0,80);(0,93);(0,106);(0,106);(0,120);(0,
120);(13,133);(13,133);(13,146);(13,146);(26,160);(26,160);(40,160);(40,173);(40
,173);(53,173);(66,173);(66,186);(80,186);(80,186);(93,186);(93,186);(106,186);(
120,186);(120,186);(133,186);(133,173);(146,173);(146,173);(160,173);(160,160);(
173,160);(173,160);(173,146);(186,146);(186,133);(186,133);(186,120);(200,120);(
200,106);(200,106);(200,93);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

66);(186,53);(186,53);(186,40);(173,40);(173,40);(173,26);(160,26);(160,13);(146
,13);(146,13);(133,13);(133,0);(120,0);(120,0);(106,0);(93,0);(93,0);(80,0);(80,
0);(66,0);(66,13);(53,13);(53,13);(40,13);(40,26);(26,26);(26,40);(13,40);(13,40
);(13,53);(13,53);(0,66);(0,66);(0,80);(0,93);(0,93);(0,106);(0,106);(0,120);(0,
120);(13,133);(13,146);(13,146);(13,146);(26,160);(26,160);(40,173);(40,173);(53
,173);(53,186);(66,186);(66,186);(80,186);(80,186);(93,186);(93,186);(106,186);(
120,186);(120,186);(133,186);(133,186);(146,186);(146,173);(160,173);(160,173);(
173,160);(173,160);(173,146);(186,146);(186,146);(186,133);(200,120);(200,120);(
200,106);(200,106);(200,93);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
66);(200,53);(186,53);(186,40);(186,40);(173,26);(173,26);(160,26);(160,13);(160
,13);(146,13);(146,13);(133,0);(120,0);(120,0);(106,0);(106,0);(93,0);(80,0);(80
,0);(66,0);(66,13);(53,13);(53,13);(40,13);(40,26);(26,26);(26,26);(13,40);(13,4
0);(13,53);(13,53);(0,66);(0,66);(0,80);(0,80);(0,93);(0,106);(0,106);(0,120);(0
,120);(13,133);(13,133);(13,146);(13,146);(26,160);(26,160);(40,160);(40,173);(5
3,173);(53,173);(66,173);(66,186);(80,186);(80,186);(93,186);(106,186);(106,186)
;(120,186);(120,186);(133,186);(146,173);(146,173);(160,173);(160,173);(160,160)
;(173,160);(173,160);(186,146);(186,146);(186,133);(200,133);(200,120);(200,120)
;(200,106);(200,106);(200,93);(200,93);(200,93);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768
}}

66);(200,53);(186,53);(186,40);(186,40);(173,40);(173,26);(160,26);(160,13);(160
,13);(146,13);(146,13);(133,0);(120,0);(120,0);(106,0);(106,0);(93,0);(80,0);(80
,0);(66,0);(66,13);(53,13);(53,13);(40,13);(40,26);(26,26);(26,40);(13,40);(13,4
0);(13,53);(13,53);(0,66);(0,66);(0,80);(0,93);(0,93);(0,106);(0,106);(0,120);(0
,120);(13,133);(13,146);(13,146);(13,146);(26,160);(26,160);(40,173);(40,173);(5
3,173);(53,186);(66,186);(66,186);(80,186);(80,186);(93,186);(106,186);(106,186)
;(120,186);(120,186);(133,186);(146,186);(146,186);(160,173);(160,173);(160,173)
;(173,160);(173,160);(186,146);(186,146);(186,146);(200,133);(200,120);(200,120)
;(200,106);(200,106);(200,93);(200,93);(200,93);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768
}}
66);(186,53);(186,53);(186,40);(173,40);(173,26);(173,26);(160,26);(160,13);(146
,13);(146,13);(133,13);(133,0);(120,0);(120,0);(106,0);(93,0);(93,0);(80,0);(80,
0);(66,0);(66,13);(53,13);(40,13);(40,13);(40,26);(26,26);(26,26);(13,40);(13,40
);(13,53);(13,53);(0,66);(0,66);(0,80);(0,93);(0,93);(0,106);(0,106);(0,120);(0,
120);(13,133);(13,133);(13,146);(13,146);(26,160);(26,160);(40,173);(40,173);(40
,173);(53,173);(66,186);(66,186);(80,186);(80,186);(93,186);(93,186);(106,186);(
120,186);(120,186);(133,186);(133,186);(146,173);(146,173);(160,173);(160,173);(
173,160);(173,160);(173,146);(186,146);(186,133);(186,133);(186,120);(200,120);(
200,106);(200,106);(200,93);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
66);(186,53);(186,53);(186,40);(173,40);(173,26);(173,26);(160,26);(160,13);(146
,13);(146,13);(133,13);(133,0);(120,0);(120,0);(106,0);(93,0);(93,0);(80,0);(80,
0);(66,0);(66,13);(53,13);(40,13);(40,13);(40,26);(26,26);(26,26);(13,40);(13,40
);(13,53);(13,53);(0,66);(0,66);(0,80);(0,80);(0,93);(0,106);(0,106);(0,120);(0,
120);(13,133);(13,133);(13,146);(13,146);(26,160);(26,160);(40,160);(40,173);(40
,173);(53,173);(66,173);(66,186);(80,186);(80,186);(93,186);(93,186);(106,186);(
120,186);(120,186);(133,186);(133,173);(146,173);(146,173);(160,173);(160,160);(
173,160);(173,160);(173,146);(186,146);(186,133);(186,133);(186,120);(200,120);(
200,106);(200,106);(200,93);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

66);(200,53);(186,53);(186,40);(186,40);(173,40);(173,26);(160,26);(160,13);(160
,13);(146,13);(146,13);(133,0);(120,0);(120,0);(106,0);(106,0);(93,0);(80,0);(80
,0);(66,0);(66,13);(53,13);(53,13);(40,13);(40,26);(26,26);(26,40);(13,40);(13,4
0);(13,53);(13,53);(0,66);(0,66);(0,80);(0,93);(0,93);(0,106);(0,106);(0,120);(0
,120);(13,133);(13,146);(13,146);(13,146);(26,160);(26,160);(40,173);(40,173);(5
3,173);(53,186);(66,186);(66,186);(80,186);(80,186);(93,186);(106,186);(106,186)
;(120,186);(120,186);(133,186);(146,186);(146,186);(160,173);(160,173);(160,173)
;(173,160);(173,160);(186,146);(186,146);(186,146);(200,133);(200,120);(200,120)
;(200,106);(200,106);(200,93);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
66);(200,53);(186,53);(186,40);(186,40);(173,26);(173,26);(160,26);(160,13);(160
,13);(146,13);(146,13);(133,0);(120,0);(120,0);(106,0);(106,0);(93,0);(80,0);(80
,0);(66,0);(66,13);(53,13);(53,13);(40,13);(40,26);(26,26);(26,26);(13,40);(13,4
0);(13,53);(13,53);(0,66);(0,66);(0,80);(0,93);(0,93);(0,106);(0,106);(0,120);(0
,120);(13,133);(13,133);(13,146);(13,146);(26,160);(26,160);(40,173);(40,173);(5
3,173);(53,173);(66,186);(66,186);(80,186);(80,186);(93,186);(106,186);(106,186)
;(120,186);(120,186);(133,186);(146,186);(146,173);(160,173);(160,173);(160,173)
;(173,160);(173,160);(186,146);(186,146);(186,133);(200,133);(200,120);(200,120)
;(200,106);(200,106);(200,93);(200,93);(200,93);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768
}}
66);(200,53);(186,53);(186,40);(186,40);(173,40);(173,26);(160,26);(160,13);(160
,13);(146,13);(146,13);(133,0);(120,0);(120,0);(106,0);(106,0);(93,0);(80,0);(80
,0);(66,0);(66,13);(53,13);(53,13);(40,13);(40,26);(26,26);(26,40);(13,40);(13,4
0);(13,53);(13,53);(0,66);(0,80);(0,80);(0,93);(0,93);(0,106);(0,106);(0,120);(0
,133);(13,133);(13,146);(13,146);(13,160);(26,160);(26,160);(40,173);(40,173);(5
3,173);(53,186);(66,186);(66,186);(80,186);(80,186);(93,200);(106,200);(106,200)
;(120,186);(120,186);(133,186);(146,186);(146,186);(160,173);(160,173);(160,173)
;(173,160);(173,160);(186,160);(186,146);(186,146);(200,133);(200,133);(200,120)
;(200,106);(200,106);(200,93);(200,93);(200,93);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768
}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;7;(493,240);(493,280);(493,333);(0,13);(0,0);(13,0);(
493,240);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;7;(760,0);(773,26);(760,53);(0,53);(0,26);(0,0);(760,
0);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;7;(493,0);(520,0);(506,13);(13,333);(0,280);(13,240);
(493,0);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}




(493,240);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

3,0);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
93,0);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}







7;32768}}

7;32768}}
lno3\colw1986\pard\li1333\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1333\ri0\sl-21
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Potato}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-146\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Rice}\pa
r\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Whe
at}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 4.7 Starch grains under microscope}\b0 \par\pard\l
r\pard\li400\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Starch occurs in the
forms of grain which may be spherical or oval}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in shape. Microscopically, the starch grains are fou
nd to differ in size}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{and shape according to their sources (Fig.4.7).}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slm
ult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Starch is made up of two structurally different
homopolysaccharide}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{units. They are amylose and amylopectin.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs
20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {In amylose, glucose molecules are arranged in a linear
form. Glucose}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {molec
ules are arranged in a highly branched form in amylopectin.}\par\pard\sect\sectd
\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols11\colno1\colw1506\c
olsr-0\colno2\colw760\colsr-0\colno3\colw293\colsr-0\colno4\colw280\colsr-0\coln
o5\colw186\colsr-0\colno6\colw226\colsr-0\colno7\colw226\colsr-0\colno8\colw986\
colsr-0\colno9\colw546\colsr-0\colno10\colw466\colsr-0\colno11\colw1186\pard\li1
s14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li1066\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs14\cf0
ex100 {-OH}\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-293\
slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs14\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri
ex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li66\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li66\ri0\s
\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
rd\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0
pard\li0\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\r
rscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li266\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li266
\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {2}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-OH}\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \*\tx200\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\tab \fs14\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li160\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li160\ri0\
ex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li40\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li40\ri0\s
\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmul
t0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
ard\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-2
13\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri
0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs10\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\s
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\
li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknon
fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {F i g . 4 .8 S t r u c t u r e o f A m y l o
s e (}\b0 { }\fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}{ }\fs12\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\b { 1 - 4 g l y c o s i d i c l i n k a g e )}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\s
x100 {Amylose has 1,4 glycosidic linkages. The glycosidic - OH group}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of C}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {1}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { in one glucose unit is joined to that o
f C}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of the next
unit (Fig 4.8).}\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3013\r

-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {87}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7
(346,200);}}

824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
6,0);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(346,0);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}





(333,200);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

6,0);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(346,0);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}








(360,200);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
0,0);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(360,0);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}





(346,200);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

0,0);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(360,0);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}









3\colsr-0\colno7\colw146\colsr-0\colno8\colw146\colsr-0\colno9\colw160\colsr-0\c
olno10\colw546\colsr-0\colno11\colw213\colsr-0\colno12\colw106\colsr-0\colno13\c
olw2840\pard\li893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li893\ri0\sl-213\slmult
i0\sl-146\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl280\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\s
ub \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-OH}\par\pard\li26
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {H}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\pa
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\s
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\sl
l-133\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\par\c
olumn\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \f
s14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs14\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li26\ri0\s
l-280\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs
14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs14
\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscale
l-293\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1}\b0 \par\column\pard\li66\ri0\sl-2
0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li66\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
lmult0 \*\tx293\fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\tab \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\u
c1\u945X}\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 1-6 branch point}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-120\
slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {6}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7
w373\colsr-0\colno3\colw933\colsr-0\colno4\colw213\colsr-0\colno5\colw440\colsr0\colno6\colw560\colsr-0\colno7\colw386\colsr-0\colno8\colw1800\pard\li1413\ri0\
sl-146\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-146\sl
mult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li66\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs14\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \*\tx640\fs14\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {-OH}\tab \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li560\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \
fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li93\ri0\sl-293\sl
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li93\r
i0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}
0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11
040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols13\colno1\colw1733\colsr-0\colno2\colw453\colsr0\colno3\colw106\colsr-0\colno4\colw560\colsr-0\colno5\colw240\colsr-0\colno6\co
lw320\colsr-0\colno7\colw346\colsr-0\colno8\colw80\colsr-0\colno9\colw600\colsr0\colno10\colw293\colsr-0\colno11\colw280\colsr-0\colno12\colw320\colsr-0\colno1
3\colw1333\pard\li920\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li920\ri0\sl-306\slm
ult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Main chain}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\par\column\pa
rd\li26\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-13
3\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-146\slmult0
\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li26\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs14\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri

ex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}
0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs14\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\par\column\pard\li80\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {H}\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\pard\li53\ri0\
sl-200\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li26\ri0\sl-226\sl
mult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240
\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
f0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\par\pard\sect\
sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li413\ri0\sl-3
60\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 4.9 Structure of Amylopectin }\b0
\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {(}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs18\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\b { 1-4 and}\b0 { }\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs18\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { 1-6 glycosidic linkages)}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The
glucose unit present at each point of branching has subtituents at}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {carbon atoms 1,4 and 6 i.e it h
as three points of attachment (Fig.4.9).}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Reaction of starch with iodine}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\s
l-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A solution of starch react with iodine
to give blue colour. The blue}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {colour formation is mainly due to the presence of amylose in starch.
}\par\pard\li333\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Table 4.1 Diff
erence between Amylose and Amylopectin}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn73
60\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw3600\colsr-0\colno2\colw
3066\pard\li720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Amylose}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx573\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 1.}\ta
b \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It has a simple unbranched}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {structure}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmul
t0 \*\tx573\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 2.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It
is soluble in water}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx573\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 3.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {It has }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X,}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 { 1-4 glycosidic}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {linkages}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx573\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ 4.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Gives blue colour with dilute}\par\pard\
li573\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iodine solution}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx573\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 5.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {The molecular weight ranges}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {from 10,000 -50,000}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmul
x100 {88}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-3
33\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Amylopectin}\b0 \par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-2
{It has branched chain}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {structure}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It i
s insoluble in water, can}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {absorb water and swells up.}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {It has}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X,}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 { 1-4 glycosidic and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1
\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X,}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 1-6 glycosidic linkages
}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Gives yellow or o

range}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {colour with
iodine solution}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Th
e molecular weight ranges}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {from 50,000 - One million}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn1
1040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marg
lsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsxn586\margbsxn93\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\b {4.4.1.1 }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Starch diges
tion occurs in stages}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Digestion of starch, the main carbohydrate source in the human}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {diet, begins in the mou
th. Saliva contains}{ }\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 { amylase, which randomly}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {hydrolyses all the}{ }\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X,}{
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1-4 glycosidic bonds of starch except its outer}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {most bonds and those
next to branches.By the time thoroughly chewed}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {food reaches the stomach, where the acidity inactiva
tes}{ }\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-amyla
se, the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {average cha
in length of starch has been reduced from several thousand}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to fewer than eight glucose units.}\par\
pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Starch digestion conti
nues in the small intestine under the influence}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of pancreatic amylase which is similar to salivary
amylase. This enzyme}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{degrades starch to a mixture of disaccharide maltose and the}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {trisaccharide maltotriose. These oli
gosaccharides are hydrolysed to their}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {component monosaccharides by specific enzymes persent in the
brush}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {border membra
nes of the intestinal mucosa. The resulting}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {monosaccharides are absorbed in the intestine and tran
sported to the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bloo
d stream.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {4.4.2
Glycogen}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Gly
cogen is a homopolysaccharide since it gives only glucose units}\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on hydrolysis. It is the major rese
rve carbohydrate in animals. Glycogen}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {is present in all cells of skeletal muscle and liver and occu
r as cytoplasmic}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {gr
anules. Among plants, it is found in fungi and yeast. Primary structure}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of glycogen resembles that
of amylopectin but glycogen is more highly}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs2
0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {branched, with branch points occurring every 8 to 12 glu
cose residues}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(Fig.
4.10). Glycogen is readily available as immediate source of energy.}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {During starvation glycogen is
mobilised from the storage tissue and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {converted to glucose by the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase. G
lucose}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {formed like
this is oxidised to produce energy. The degree of branching}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {is considerably more in glycogen when c
ompared to starch.}\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3013
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {89}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

(386,253);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

6,0);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(400,0);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}





(386,240);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

3,0);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(400,0);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}








(413,253);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

0,0);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(413,0);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}





(413,253);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

0,0);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
(413,0);}}

824;1;45824;24577;32768}}








3,2333);(133,2000);(186,1653);(240,1320);(306,986);(373,653);(453,320);(546,0);}
}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;32768}}
(1426,0);}}
824;32768}}

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;15;(1426,453);(1320,480);(1213,493);(1093,493);(986,4
93);(880,466);(773,453);(666,426);(560,386);(466,333);(360,280);(266,226);(173,1
60);(80,80);(0,0);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;3276
8}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;21;(0,80);(0,53);(13,40);(26,13);(40,0);(66,0);(80,0)
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(80,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(80,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,26);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,26);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

3);(120,26);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,160);(4
0,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
3);(120,26);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,160);(4
0,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(80,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(80,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(80,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(80,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,26);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

;(106,13);(120,26);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

;(106,13);(120,26);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(80,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,26);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(80,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(80,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(80,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(80,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(80,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,26);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

;(106,13);(120,26);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(80,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(80,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(80,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(80,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(80,160);(66,160);(40,
160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(80,160);(66,160);(40,
160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,26);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,26);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(80,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(80,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(80,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(80,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
3);(120,26);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,160);(5
3,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

3);(120,26);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,160);(5
3,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,26);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,26);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(80,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(80,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

;(106,13);(120,26);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,26);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(80,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(80,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
3);(120,26);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,160);(5
3,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

3);(120,26);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,160);(5
3,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
0,186);(480,160);(560,133);(626,93);(693,53);(773,0);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;32768}}

93,453);(586,400);(666,333);(746,253);(826,186);(906,93);(973,0);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(80,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(80,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,160);(53,
160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,160);(53,
160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,26);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(80,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,26);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(80,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
3);(120,26);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,160);(5
3,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

3);(120,26);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,160);(5
3,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(80,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(80,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(80,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(80,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(80,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(80,160);(66,
160);(40,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,26);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,26);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;17;(200,1213);(240,1133);(280,1066);(306,986);(320,89
3);(333,813);(333,720);(333,640);(320,546);(306,466);(280,386);(253,306);(213,24
0);(160,160);(120,106);(66,53);(0,0);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,160);(53,
160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,160);(53,
160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

;(120,26);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,160);(53,
160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(120,26);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,160);(53,
160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

;(106,13);(120,40);(133,53);(133,80);(133,106);(120,133);(106,146);(93,160);(66,
160);(53,160);(26,146);(13,133);(0,106);(0,80);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

olno10\colw346\colsr-0\colno11\colw480\colsr-0\colno12\colw1960\pard\li186\ri0\s
pard\li186\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(Main chain)}\par\pard
f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l

rd\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li53\ri
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-OH}
\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li13\
ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx653\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {H}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\c
8\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\
cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\par\column\pa
x100 {OH}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\
li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
f0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx240\fs18\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {H}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1}\b0 \par\column\pard\li93\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li93\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
arscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li93\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li93\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li93\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex10
0 {O}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {6}\b0 \par\c
olumn\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-21
{\uc1\u945X}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 1-6 linkage}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(Branch point)}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pg
2\colw1066\colsr-0\colno3\colw240\colsr-0\colno4\colw506\colsr-0\colno5\colw640\
colsr-0\colno6\colw440\colsr-0\colno7\colw1240\pard\li1466\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \*
\tx2093\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\tab \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx720\fs18\c
alex100 {-OH}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li626\ri0\sl-333\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-3
\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\l
i106\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\s
00 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pg
\colsr-0\colno10\colw333\colsr-0\colno11\colw1066\pard\li1840\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
53\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\par\column\pard\li26\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par
\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\column\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-21
OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\co
lumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\column\pard\
ard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sb
-0\colno2\colw1133\colsr-0\colno3\colw680\colsr-0\colno4\colw1026\colsr-0\colno5
\colw706\pard\li2506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2506\ri0\sl-253\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\pard\li66\ri0\sl253\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li160\ri0\sl-160\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {n}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn
133\cols2\colno1\colw4080\colsr-0\colno2\colw2586\pard\li2506\ri0\sl-320\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 1-4 linkage
arscalex100\b {Braching}\b0 \par\pard\li200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\b {sites}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\margl
sxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li3093\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3093\ri0\
sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Main Chain}\b0 \par\pard\li1600\ri0
\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 4.10 Structure of glycogen}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li400
\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Formation of glycogen from gluco
se is called as}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Glycogenesis}\b0 \par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and breakdown of glycogen to form
glucose is called as}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Glycogenolysis.}\b0 \par\
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {90}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\m
arglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn56
0\margrsxn133\margtsxn586\margbsxn93\pard\li2640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\b {Excercise}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\b {I. }\b0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Choose the correct answer
from the given four alternatives}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {a. Glycogen is a}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pgh
sxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw3400\colsr-0\colno2\colw733\co
lsr-0\colno3\colw2533\pard\li693\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx1146\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {i.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Monosaccharide}\par\pard\li693\ri0\
sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx1146\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iii.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {Homopolysaccharide}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\cha

rscalex100 {b. Sucrose is a}\par\pard\li693\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx1146\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {i.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ketose sugar}\par\pard\l
i693\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx1146\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iii.}\tab \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Dissaccharide}\par\column\pard\li13\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ii.}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {iv.}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213
ii.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iv.}\par\column
\pard\li13\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Disaccharide}\par\pard
\li26\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Heteropolysaccharide}\par\p
\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Aldose sugar}\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Polysaccharide}\par\pard
\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li400\ri
0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c. Glucose is oxidised by nitric ac
id and produce}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\m
argrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw3413\colsr-0\colno2\colw733\colsr-0\colno3\colw2520\
pard\li693\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx1146\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i.}\tab \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sorbitol}\par\pard\li693\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx1146\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iii.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Furfural}\par\colu
mn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ii.}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iv.}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Saccharic acid}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmu
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Glucuronic acid}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgw
sxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw5760\colsr-0\colno2
\colw906\pard\li400\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d. The number
of phenyl hydrazine molecules required for 1}\par\pard\li693\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {molecule of glucose osazone formation is}\par\pard\
li693\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx1440\*\tx2160\*\tx2880\*\tx3600\*\tx4320\*\tx5040\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\tab \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {ii.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {iii.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{iv.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e. Iodine g
ives blue colour with}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\
sr-0\colno2\colw1440\colsr-0\colno3\colw720\colsr-0\colno4\colw3066\pard\li720\r
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i.}\par\pard\li693\ri0\sl-320\slmu
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iii.}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Glucose}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Starch}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {ii.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iv.}\p
ar\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Lactose}\par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Heparin}\par\pard\sect\se
ctd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li400\ri0\sl-333
\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f. Starch is converted to maltose and dextr
in by the enzyme.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn56
100 {i.}\par\pard\li693\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iii.}\par
\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Lipase}\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Amylase}\par\column\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ii.}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-320\sl
mult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iv.}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Protease}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {None of the above.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghs
xn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw4346\colsr-0\colno2\colw2320\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {II. Fill up the blanks}\
b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a. Starch is c

omposed of amylose and}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
charscalex100 {---------------}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn110
40\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li400\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {b. --------------------- is known as animal starch.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c. Glucose on reduction with sodium amal
gam produce -----------}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {d. Mannose is an epimer of ---------------}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-333\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e. Epimerisation reaction is catalysed by the
enzyme --------------}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {f. Specific rotation of a optical isomer can be detected by --------}\par\
pard\li400\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {g. Separation of racem
ic mixture is called as ---------}\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {91}\par
\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sec
t\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsxn573\margb
sxn93\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {III. }\b0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Say true or false}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-333\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a. Ribulose is a pentose}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-320
\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b. An aldohexose can exist in 16 isomeric f
orms.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c. In racem
ic mixtures d forms do not exist.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {d. The basic monosaccharide units of lactose is glucose.}\par\p
ard\li400\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e. Glycogen yield only
glucose on hydrolysis.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\b {IV. Match the followings}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsx
r-0\colno3\colw3066\pard\li400\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a.
Glycogen}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}
\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Invert sugar
}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\col
s2\colno1\colw3613\colsr-0\colno2\colw3053\pard\li400\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {b. Asymmetric carbon atom-}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Starch}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn73
x100 {c. Iodine test}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {d. Sucrose}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e.
Non sugars}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f. La
ctose}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {g. Maltose}
\par\column\pard\li13\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{-}\par\column\pard\li13\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Polysacc
harides}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Animal star
ch}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Isomerism}\par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Maltase}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Milk sugar}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkn
one\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \
*\tx400\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {V.}\b0 \tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {G
ive short answer for the following:}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a. What is the structural difference between glycogen and
starch?}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b. What
is glycogenolysis?}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{c. Give the structure of sucrose.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {d. What is epimerisation?}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-333\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e. Mention the reaction between fructose and sodium
amalgam.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f. What

is racemic mixture?}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
b {VI. Answer the followings}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {a. Explain the classification of carbohydrates.}\par\pard\li400\
ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b. What are the functions of carb
ohydrates?}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c. Exp
lain the property of stereoisomerism in monosaccharides}\par\pard\li693\ri0\sl-2
53\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {with two examples.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl
-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d. What are the reaction sequences of g
lucosazone formation?}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {e. Mention the difference between amylose and amylopectin.}\par\pard\li400\
ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f. Explain the mutarotation of gl
ucose.}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\
{92}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\
pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage



4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {5.1 Introduction}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\s
b {CHAPTER 5}\b0 \par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
{ PROTEINS}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\m
argrsxn133\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proteins ar
e complex organic nitrogenous substances found in}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {animal and plant tissues. The term protein is der
ived from Greek :}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P
roteios means primary or holding first place.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Protein is the essential constituent of living cell
s. Protein make upto}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{12% of the protoplasm. They are not only responsible for comprising}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the structure of the cell bu
t are concerned with every function of the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cell including those of respiration, catalysis of reacti
ons by enzymes,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tra
nsport of materials, regulation of metabolism, and defense actions.}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The foods rich in proteins are
known as body building foods.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\b {5.2 Sources of protein}\b0 \par\pard\li426\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proteins are obtained from animal and plant sources. The
animal}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sources of p
roteins include milk, egg, meat, fish, liver etc. Plant sources}\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of proteins are pulses, nuts and ce
reals.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {5.3 Amino
acids}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Amino a
cids are the simplest units of a protein molecule and they}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {form the building blocks of protein str
ucture. The general formula of an}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {amino acid can be written as,}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn
lw400\colsr-0\colno3\colw1546\colsr-0\colno4\colw413\colsr-0\colno5\colw400\cols
r-0\colno6\colw2320\pard\li1173\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1173\ri0
li1173\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0
x100 {H}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\col
umn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
s20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {COOH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\p
0\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slm
\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {COOH}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn736
ex100 {NH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\s

{R=H}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {93}\par\column\pard\li293\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs
20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G lyc in e}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sb
knone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage



7;32768}}











{An amino acid is an amino carboxylic acid. R is the side chain or}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {residue and it represents the g
roup other than -NH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 { and -COOH. It}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{may be a hydrogen atom (H) or a methyl group (-CH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {3}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) or an aliphatic}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {group or an aromatic group or a heterocyclic
group. The amino acids}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {are classified based on the nature of R groups.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {D and L amino acids}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\
sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Based on the position of amino group
on the asymmetric carbon}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {atom, amino acids exist in two types. They are D and L amino acids.}\par\p
120\pard\li1533\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1533\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
0 {H}\par\column\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-2
0 {COOH}\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \*\tx520\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C
}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\p
ard\li106\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {D
form}\par\column\pard\li746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li746\ri0\sl-2
0 {HOOC}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-480\slmult0 \*\tx1293\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
H}{\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {N}\tab \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li986\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {H}{\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par
\pard\li853\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {L-Form}\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Mirror}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\s
i0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The amino
acid having the NH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 { group on the right is called}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {D-amino acid. The amino acid having the NH}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 { group on the left is}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn110
40\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li4346\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {2}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {called L-am
ino acid. These isomers are the mirror images of each other.}\par\pard\li400\ri0
\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {All amino acids are}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\
charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { amino acids because the N
H}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { group is}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn73
60\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li5320\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{attached to the}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 { carbon atom which is next to the COOH group.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Examination of the structure of an amino acid
except glycine, reveals}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex

100 {that the}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {carbon atom has four different groups attached to it, thus}\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {making it asymmetric. Because of
the presence of asymmetric carbon}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {atom, amino acids exist in two optically active forms, dextrorota
tory}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and levorotato
ry.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dextrorotator
y, they rotate plane polarised light in the clockwise}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {direction. Levorotatory, they rotate plane p
olarised light in the anti}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {clockwise direction. The direction of optical rotation of an amino acids
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {indicated by the s
ymbol + and - (+ indicates dextro and - indicate}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {levo).}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {94}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsx
n11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
}
}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
}
}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
{It has been found that L-amino acids are more common than D}\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {forms and most of the naturally occur
ing amino acids are L-amino acids.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {Therefore L-amino acids are called natural aminoacids. Since the
L}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {amino acids are
more common, the letter \uc1\u8220XL\uc1\u8221X is usually omitted, while}\par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {representing L-amino acid
s.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Amino acids ar
e widely distributed in plants and animals.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {5.3.1 Properties of amino acids}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {5.3.1.1}\b0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\b \i {Physical properties}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Amino acids are coloureless, crystalline, generally sol
uble in water,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in a
cid and in alkali but sparingly soluble in organic solvents.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {5.3.1.2}\b0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\b \i {Chemical properties}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx40
0\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Ionic forms o
f amino acids}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Amino acids bear atleast two ionizable weak acid groups, a - COOH}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and a -NH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. In solution, two forms of these gro
ups, one charged and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{another uncharged, exist in protonic equilibrium:}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R-COOH}\par\pard\li2266\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2266\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R-COO}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + H}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\par\par
\f0\charscalex100 {R-NH}{\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 { + H}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sb
knone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li1600\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R-NH}{\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\p
ard\li720\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R-COOH and R-NH}{\sub \
fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 { represent the protonated or acidic}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {partners in these equilibria. R-COO}\fs14\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { and R-NH}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ are the conjugate}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn
560\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw4000\colsr-0\colno2\colw493\colsr-0\colno3\colw
2173\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bases of the corres
ponding acids.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\b {ii.}\b0 \tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Zwitterion}\b0 \par\column\pard
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li2386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \
*\tx3840\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs2
6\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}\tab \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub \fs18\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\li3186\ri0\sl-480\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {COO}{\super \fs18\up5\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}}\par\pard\li1680\ri0\sl-213\s
Zwitter ionic structure of alanine}\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
824;24577;32768}}
;}}
824;24577;32768}}

824;24577;32768}}
824;24577;32768}}




{Due to the presence of an acidic and a basic group in the same}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {molecule, the amino acid exists l
argely as a dipolar ion or a zwitterion,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {which can react as an acid as well as a base. In zwitterio
n, the proton}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {from
the carboxylic group is transferred to the amino group. Thus a}\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {zwitterion carries both positive an
d negative charges.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn
386\colsr-0\colno4\colw320\colsr-0\colno5\colw626\colsr-0\colno6\colw693\colsr-0
\colno7\colw640\colsr-0\colno8\colw360\colsr-0\colno9\colw1666\pard\li146\ri0\sl
arscalex100 {R}\par\column\pard\li293\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li29
3\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\par
d\li40\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {COOH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\pa
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\par\column\pard\li40\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {3}}\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}\par\co
lumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {COO}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}{\super \fs1
2\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\par\column\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx586\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {CH}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {COO}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pg
2\colw2546\colsr-0\colno3\colw1760\pard\li346\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Cation}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {Zwitter ion}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {Anion}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\ma
rgrsxn133\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-413\slmu
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {In acidic solution an amino acid behave like a p
rotonated derivative}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{and therefore migrates to the cathode under electric field. In an alkaline}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {medium, the same amino
acid behaves like an anion derivative and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {therefore migrates to the anode.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
{iii. }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Isoelectric point}\b0 \par\pard\li400\
ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The net charge (the algebraic sum
of all the positively and negatively}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {charged groups present) of an amino acid depends upon the pH,
or}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {proton concentr
ation of the surrounding medium.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li400\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The pH at which an a
mino acid bears no net charge and hence}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {does not migrate to either of the anode or cathode under t
he influence}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of an
electric current, is known as the isoelectric point or isoelectric}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pH.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {iv.
Reaction with ninhydrin}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ninhydrin oxidatively de
carboxylates an amino acid to CO}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {, NH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and an aldehyde. The reduced ninhydrin
then reacts with the liberated}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {ammonia forming a purple complex, which absorbs light at a waveleng
th}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of 570 nm.}\par\













7;32768}}

7;32768}}











7;32768}}

7;32768}}














7;32768}}
7;32768}}
no3\colw640\colsr-0\colno4\colw4000\pard\li560\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
\li560\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ninhydrin}\par\column\pard
\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2
par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li186\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li186
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13
scalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li160\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li160\ri0\sl
ard\li160\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\s
d\li13\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx253\*\tx1413\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\tab \f
s16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs16\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {CH}\tab \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {COOH}\par\pard\li866\ri0\sl-21
{R}\par\pard\li626\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Amino acid}\p
\*\tx360\*\tx1146\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\tab \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{RCHO}{ }\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\tab \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub
\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\li1826\r
i0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CO}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {2}}\par\pard\li253\ri0\sl-146\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Aldehyde}\p
colno1\colw1306\colsr-0\colno2\colw2240\colsr-0\colno3\colw3013\pard\li480\ri0\s
x100 {Hydrindantin}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-146\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Amm
onia}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn666\margrsxn133
\cols8\colno1\colw1866\colsr-0\colno2\colw693\colsr-0\colno3\colw680\colsr-0\col
charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li1266\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1266\r
f0\par\pard\li1266\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li
746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ninhydrin}\par\column\pard\li
\cf0\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\
ard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl

arscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri
d\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\
16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li426\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li426\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
s18\cf0\par\pard\li426\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hydrindantin}\par\column\pa
s16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ }\fs16\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
00\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ammonia}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgws
0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
harscalex100 {N}\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li106\ri0\
sl-226\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slm
0 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ 3
H}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\s
ect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li2253\ri0
alex100 {Purple complex}\par\pard\li520\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
520\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 5.1 Reaction of an am
ino acid with ninhydrin}\b0 \par\pard\li2906\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {97}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\ma
rglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

lex100\b {5.3.2}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Classification of amino a
cids}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The amin
o acids are classified based on the nature of their R groups,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in particular their polarity or tende
ncy to interact with water at biological}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pH. The polarity of the R groups varies widely, from total
ly non polar}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to hig
hly polar.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {5.3.2.
1}\b0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Non-polar, aliphatic R-group}\b0 \i0 \
par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The R-group in thi
s class of amino acids are non polar (or)}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hydrophobic. Six amino acids come under this class, which
are }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {glycine,}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine}\b0 { }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { methionine.}\b0 \par
\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols3\co
lno1\colw1200\colsr-0\colno2\colw1893\colsr-0\colno3\colw3573\pard\li320\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li320
\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx440\*\tx946\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}
\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {COO}{\super
\fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}}\par\pard\li826\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs14\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\li426\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {NH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \
fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Glycine}\par\column\pard\li280\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li280\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx1426\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH
}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}\tab \fs20\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {COO}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}}\par\pard\l
3\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Alanine}\par\pard\l
\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
none\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols7\colno1\colw920\colsr-0
\colno2\colw520\colsr-0\colno3\colw1693\colsr-0\colno4\colw560\colsr-0\colno5\co
lw533\colsr-0\colno6\colw640\colsr-0\colno7\colw1800\pard\li360\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\colu
mn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}\par\column\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \*\tx533\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {COO}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}}\par\pard\li413\ri0
\sl-133\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\column\
arscalex100 {3}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {CH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\
sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx
533\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {COO}{\super \
fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}}\par\pard\li413\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn5
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li160\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C
fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Valine}\par\column\pard\li640\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs2
0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Leucine}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknon
e\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols6\colno1\colw1493\colsr-0\c
olno2\colw573\colsr-0\colno3\colw1600\colsr-0\colno4\colw653\colsr-0\colno5\colw
x100 {CH}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}\
\*\tx573\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {COO}{\s
uper \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\column\
arscalex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \*\tx533\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {CH}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {COO}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {-}}\par\pard\li360\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}
colw1200\colsr-0\colno5\colw1760\pard\li973\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-3
33\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\
par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\column
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \*\tx373\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\tab \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\column\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {3}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn
133\cols2\colno1\colw4226\colsr-0\colno2\colw2440\pard\li1413\ri0\sl-346\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Isoleucine}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Methionine}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\p
ghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Glycine has the simple
st structure. Methionine is one of the two}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sulphur containing aminoacids and has a non polar thio e
ther group in}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {its s
ide chain.}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li29




7;32768}}

7;32768}}



7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}






7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

{5.3.2.2}\b0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Aromatic R groups}\b0 \i0 \par
\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Phenylalanine, tyro
sine}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { and}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { tryptop
han,}\b0 { }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {with their aromatic side}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {chains, are relatively non-polar.
All can participate in hydrophobic}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {interactions. The hydroxyl group of tyrosine can form hydrogen b
ond}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {with other comp
ounds and it is an important functional group in some}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {enzymes. Tyrosine and tryptophan are signifi
cantly more polar than}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {phenyl alanine because of the hydroxyl group of tyrosine and the nitrogen}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of the indole ring i
n tryptophan.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\ma
rgrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw2933\colsr-0\colno2\colw1586\colsr-0\colno3\colw2146\
mult0 \*\tx1973\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
2}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {CH}\ul0 \tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {COO}{
\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}}\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \f
s14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {HO}\par\column\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \*\tx1080\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {COO}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}}\par\pard\li946\ri0\sl240\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn736
186\colsr-0\colno3\colw1773\colsr-0\colno4\colw1560\pard\li1533\ri0\sl-186\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard
\li786\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Phenylalanine}\par\column\
calex100 {N}\par\pard\li520\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tryptophan}\par\column
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tyrosine}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs16\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {CH}\tab \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {COO}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {-}}\par\pard\li866\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+
}\par\pard\li533\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub \fs12\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {NH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {5.3.2.3 }\b
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Polar-uncharged R groups}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li
400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The R groups of these amino a

cids are more soluble in water or}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {more hydrophilic, than those of the non polar amino acids because
they}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {contain funct
ional groups that form hydrogen bonds with water. This}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {class of amino acids includes}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\b {serine, threonine, cysteine, proline,}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {asparagine}\b0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {and}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { glutamine.}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\
sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The polarity of serine and threonine
is contributed by their hydroxyl}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {groups; that of cysteine by its sulphydryl (-SH) group; and that o
f}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {asparagine and gl
utamine by their amide groups. Proline has a distinct}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cyclic structure and is only moderately polar
. Proline has an imino group.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {Cysteine is readily oxidized to form a covalently linked dimeric amin
o}\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {99}\par\pard\s
ect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd
\sbkpage
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}


7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

acid called}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {cystine}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {, in which two cysteine molecules are joined by a}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {disulphide bond.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknon
e\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw2040\colsr-0\c
olno2\colw586\colsr-0\colno3\colw546\colsr-0\colno4\colw1373\colsr-0\colno5\colw
0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {COO}{\super \fs14\up
3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {3}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx493\fs20\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {CH}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {COO}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {-}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \*\tx1080\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {COO}{\
super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360
\colsr-0\colno3\colw1520\colsr-0\colno4\colw573\colsr-0\colno5\colw1413\colsr-0\
colno6\colw546\colsr-0\colno7\colw386\colsr-0\colno8\colw1146\pard\li133\ri0\sl306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmul
t0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\colu
mn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li
l-200\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\column\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {SH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{3}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\p
0\colsr-0\colno5\colw2213\pard\li426\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Serine}\par\column\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1
f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{N}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slm
0 {COO}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {-}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Threonine}\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmul
13\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx760\*\tx1173\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {N}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}
{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li413\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\cha

rscalex100 {Cysteine}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0
\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx520\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {COO}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}}\par\pard\li426\ri0\s
l-226\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\sect
\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw3
ex100 {H}\fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li880\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proline}\par\c
olumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Asparagine}\par\pa
rd\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols4\colno
1\colw2093\colsr-0\colno2\colw1080\colsr-0\colno3\colw600\colsr-0\colno4\colw289
3\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \
fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {N}\par\column\pard\li0
\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx453\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\
ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {2}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213
H COO}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}}\par\pard\li453\ri0\sl-253\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn
11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw2533\colsr-0\colno2\colw1266\cols
r-0\colno3\colw2866\pard\li2093\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Glutamine}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\s
sr-0\colno5\colw2986\pard\li813\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li813\ri0\
813\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {OOC}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
i0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx586\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {CH}{\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li426\ri0\sl-253\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\par\colu
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs18\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH COO}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {-}}\par\pard\li1066\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {+}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133
\cols3\colno1\colw2893\colsr-0\colno2\colw1426\colsr-0\colno3\colw2346\pard\li16
53\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {3}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cy
stine}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}{\s
ub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn
11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {5.3.2.4 }\b0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\b \i {Positively charged (basic) R-groups}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li400\
ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The most hydrophilic R groups are
those that are either positively}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\

charscalex100 {(-NH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {+}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) or negatively (-C00}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {-}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) charged. The amino acids in wh
ich the R}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {groups ha
ve significant positive charges at pH 7.0 are}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {l
ysine, arginine}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{and}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { histidine.}\b0 \par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx4320\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {CH}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {2}\ul0 }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {CH}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\su
b \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs16\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {COO}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
493\pard\li1400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub \fs16\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Lysine}\par\pard\li280\ri0\sl-213\slm
}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub \f
s16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn5
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}


7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
no3\colw640\colsr-0\colno4\colw4240\pard\li1000\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {N}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\
sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2293\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {CH}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {COO}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}}\par\pard\li2146\
ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pg
2\colw1346\colsr-0\colno3\colw2493\pard\li1346\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {C = NH}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li1333\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Arginine}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\s
lw2640\colsr-0\colno2\colw320\colsr-0\colno3\colw3706\pard\li1480\ri0\sl-213\slm
i1480\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HN}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0
\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {NH}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-146

\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \*\tx1253\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH
}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}\tab \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {COO}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}}\par\pard\l
0\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\p
f0\charscalex100 {Histidine}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {5.3.2.5 }\b0 { }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\b \i {Negatively charged (Acidic) R groups}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li
400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The two amino acids having R
groups with a net negative charge at}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {pH 7.0 are aspartate and glutamate.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkno
ne\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols6\colno1\colw1000\colsr-0\
w1133\colsr-0\colno6\colw1666\pard\li280\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i280\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}{\sub \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {OOC}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
2}}\par\column\pard\li40\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-306\s
lmult0 \*\tx546\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C
OO}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-253\slmult0
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {NH}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{-}{\sub \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OOC}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\su
f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH COO}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {-}}\par\pard\li386\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {+}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub \fs
16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\
marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw4120\colsr-0\colno2\colw2546\pard\li880
\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Aspartic acid}\par\column\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Glutamic acid}\par\pard\sect\s
ectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li400\ri0\sl-21
{Based on their inclusion in the diet, amino acids are classified into}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {two groups, namely essentia
l amino acids and non-essential amino acids.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {5.3.2.6}\b0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i { Es
sential amino acids}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {Certain amino acids can not be synthesized by the living organisms.}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They must be compuls
arily included in the diet for normal health.These}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmu
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {amino acids are called essential amino acids. Fo
r human being about}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{10 amino acids are considered as essential.eg,}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgw
\colw4053\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.}\ta
b \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Arginine}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx400
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Histidine}\par\p
\f0\charscalex100 {Isoleucine}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {4.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Leucine}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {Lysine}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {6. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Methionine}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-373\slmult0

\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7. Phenyl alanine}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8. Threonine}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {9. T}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ryptophan}\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10. Valine}\par\pard\li346\ri0\sl-2




7;32768}}
7;32768}}




7;32768}}
7;32768}}


7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}






{5.3.2.7 }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Non-essential amino acids}\b0 \
i0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Certain amino
acids can be synthesized in the cells from essential}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {amino acids or from other compounds. So these
amino acids need not}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{be included in the diet. They are called non-essential amino acids.}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {5.3.2.8 }\b0 { }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\b \i {Non protein amino acids}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-37
3\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Certain amino acids which do not exist in
proteins are called non}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {protein amino acids eg. Ornithine and}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u
946X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-alanine etc..}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {5.3.2.9}\b0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {
Peptide bonds}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {In proteins, amino acids are linked together by linkages called}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {peptide bonds. The carboxyl gr
oup of one amino acid is joined to the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { amino group of anoth
er amino acid by a peptide bond.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn1
1040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols13\colno1\colw906\colsr-0\colno2\colw333\colsr0\colno3\colw1013\colsr-0\colno4\colw320\colsr-0\colno5\colw346\colsr-0\colno6\c
olw666\colsr-0\colno7\colw520\colsr-0\colno8\colw320\colsr-0\colno9\colw386\cols
r-0\colno10\colw400\colsr-0\colno11\colw413\colsr-0\colno12\colw346\colsr-0\coln
o13\colw693\pard\li626\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li626\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx600\f
s16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs16\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {N}\tab \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li666\ri0\sl-226\slm
ult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}
\par\column\pard\li360\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li360\ri0\sl-213\sl
l-200\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \*\
tx480\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\tab \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs
12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {N}\par\column\pard\li40\
calex100 {H}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\
pard\li80\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\par\column\

cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li
charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{N}\par\column\pard\li40\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-306\
slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs16\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li80\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex10
0 {\uc1\u945X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0
\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-21
00 {N}\par\column\pard\li40\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-34
6\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs16\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\
arscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\
margrsxn133\cols7\colno1\colw920\colsr-0\colno2\colw1386\colsr-0\colno3\colw1813
lno7\colw1040\pard\li586\ri0\sl-146\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\par\c
olumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-146\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \*\tx280\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R'}\tab \fs16\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \*\tx320\fs16\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {R}\tab \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-1
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R'}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\margls
olw2466\pard\li280\ri0\sl-146\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Amino acid}\pa
r\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-146\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Amino acid'}\pa
r\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Peptide bond}\p
16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+H}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs16\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {O}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\m
argrsxn133\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-306\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The peptide bond is also called as the amide bo
nd. The two amino}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a
cids, joined by a peptide bond, constitute a dipeptide. The dipeptide}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {is formed by simple condensat
ion reaction.}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The
product formed by a peptide bond is called a peptide. The}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {compound formed by the linking of three
amino acids is called as}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {tripeptide. A peptide formed of less than 10 amino acids constitute an}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {oligopeptide. More tha
n 10 amino acids join together to form a}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {polypeptide chain (Fig. 5.2).}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
olno9\colw466\colsr-0\colno10\colw480\colsr-0\colno11\colw560\colsr-0\colno12\co
lw1066\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \f
s10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {N}\par\column\pard\li13

scalex100 {H}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-106\slmult0 \fs10\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\par\column\pard\li1
rd\li13\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-30
6\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-106\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\
100 {R}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs10\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard
\li13\ri0\sl-106\slmult0 \fs10\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\
100 {C}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\colu
f0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-106\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-106\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-240\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\sl
6\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs14\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-106\
slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-106\sl
8\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {COOH}\par\pard
\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li1440\r
i0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 5.2 Structure of a polypept
ide}\b0 \par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-213
{102}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn13







7;32768}}
7;32768}}
{Protein is made up of one or more polypeptide chains}\b0 \par\pard\li466\ri0\s
l-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Many proteins, such as myoglobin, cons
ist of a single polypeptide}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {chain. Others contain two or more chains, which may be either identical
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {or different. For
example haemoglobin is formed of 4 polypeptide}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {chains, of which two}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {
\uc1\u945X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { chains are of one kind and the other two
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {chains are of another kind.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {N and C terminal ends of protein}\b0 \par\par
d\li466\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {An amino acid in a polype
ptide is called a residue. A polypeptide}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {have two ends, namely amino and carboxyl terminal end. The
end of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the polypep
tide chain containing amino group is called amino terminal}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-
280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {or N-terminal. The end of the polypeptid

e chain containing carboxyl}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {group is called carboxyl terminal or C-terminal. The terminal amino}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {acid with the free ami
no group is called N-terminal amino acid and the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {terminal amino acid with the free carboyl group is
called C-terminal}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
amino acid.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\marg
rsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw2120\colsr-0\colno2\colw1240\colsr-0\colno3\colw1266\co
lsr-0\colno4\colw2040\pard\li920\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li920\ri0
lex100 {R}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\s
06\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\p
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}{\sub \f
s16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
f0\f0\charscalex100 {R}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}}\par\pard\sect\sectd
\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw2893\co
lsr-0\colno2\colw2146\colsr-0\colno3\colw1626\pard\li333\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\t
x2560\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {CH }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {NH CH}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slm
ult0 \*\tx906\*\tx1666\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH CH}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {C }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}\
par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C }\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsx
n560\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw2560\colsr-0\colno2\colw1240\colsr-0\colno3\co
lw533\colsr-0\colno4\colw2333\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {O}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {N-termi
nal amino acid}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\
column\pard\li706\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C-terminal amino acid}\par\pard\
sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li1653\ri
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1653\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {R}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, R
}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,R}{\sub \fs16
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { and R}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {4}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { - Side chains}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
00\b {5.4 Properties of proteins}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\b {5.4.1 Physical properties}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmu
lt0 \*\tx426\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Colo
ur and taste}\par\pard\li426\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Prot
eins are colourless and usually tasteless. These are}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {homogeneous and crystalline.}\par\pard\li2960\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {103}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\ma

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;234;(1253,320);(1213,346);(1160,373);(1120,400);(1066
,426);(960,453);(906,466);(853,466);(800,466);(746,466);(680,453);(626,426);(573
,400);(506,360);(493,346);(466,333);(453,320);(440,306);(426,280);(413,280);(400
,266);(373,253);(360,240);(346,226);(333,226);(320,213);(306,213);(293,213);(280
,213);(266,213);(240,240);(226,253);(226,253);(213,280);(200,293);(200,306);(200
,320);(186,333);(186,360);(186,373);(186,386);(186,400);(186,426);(186,466);(186
,466);(200,480);(200,493);(200,493);(213,493);(213,506);(226,520);(253,546);(280
,546);(306,560);(320,560);(346,560);(373,560);(413,560);(440,560);(466,546);(493
,533);(546,506);(573,493);(600,466);(626,440);(653,426);(680,373);(680,360);(693
,333);(706,306);(706,266);(720,253);(720,226);(733,200);(733,186);(733,160);(733
,120);(746,106);(746,80);(746,66);(760,53);(760,40);(760,26);(760,13);(773,13);(
786,0);(800,0);(813,0);(840,13);(853,26);(866,40);(893,66);(920,106);(946,133);(
960,160);(973,200);(986,226);(1000,253);(1013,320);(1013,346);(1026,386);(1013,4
13);(1000,480);(973,520);(973,520);(946,546);(920,573);(893,573);(880,586);(866,
586);(853,600);(840,600);(813,613);(800,613);(786,613);(733,613);(706,613);(680,
600);(666,586);(653,573);(640,546);(640,533);(626,506);(626,480);(613,426);(613,
400);(613,373);(600,346);(600,280);(600,253);(586,186);(560,146);(560,120);(546,
106);(533,93);(520,66);(520,66);(506,40);(493,40);(480,26);(466,13);(453,13);(44
0,0);(400,0);(386,13);(373,26);(360,40);(346,53);(333,66);(333,80);(320,106);(32
0,133);(306,146);(306,173);(306,213);(320,253);(320,266);(320,280);(333,293);(33
3,306);(346,320);(360,333);(373,346);(400,346);(413,333);(413,333);(426,320);(44
0,306);(440,293);(453,280);(466,266);(480,253);(506,226);(533,200);(546,200);(56
0,186);(573,186);(586,173);(600,173);(613,173);(626,160);(666,160);(680,173);(69
3,173);(706,173);(720,186);(746,200);(760,213);(773,240);(786,266);(786,293);(78
6,320);(800,360);(800,400);(786,426);(786,466);(786,493);(773,533);(760,560);(76
0,600);(733,626);(720,680);(706,693);(693,706);(680,733);(680,746);(666,760);(65
3,760);(640,773);(600,800);(586,800);(573,800);(546,800);(546,800);(533,800);(49
3,773);(480,746);(466,720);(440,693);(426,653);(413,613);(400,586);(373,546);(36
0,520);(333,480);(320,453);(293,426);(266,413);(226,413);(186,413);(146,426);(10
6,440);(53,480);(0,520);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;32768}}

3,506);(213,520);(253,546);(306,573);(333,573);(373,586);(386,586);(413,600);(44
0,600);(466,613);(520,613);(533,613);(560,613);(586,613);(613,613);(626,626);(65
3,613);(680,613);(706,613);(733,613);(813,600);(840,586);(866,586);(893,573);(92
0,560);(933,560);(960,546);(1000,520);(1026,506);(1040,493);(1053,480);(1066,466
);(1066,453);(1080,440);(1080,426);(1066,413);(1053,386);(1040,373);(1026,360);(
1013,346);(986,333);(973,320);(946,306);(920,306);(906,293);(880,280);(853,266);
(826,253);(800,240);(786,213);(773,200);(760,186);(746,173);(733,160);(733,133);
(733,106);(733,93);(746,80);(746,66);(760,53);(786,40);(786,26);(800,13);(813,13
);(826,13);(840,0);(853,0);(866,0);(880,0);(893,13);(893,13);(906,26);(920,53);(
920,53);(933,80);(933,80);(933,93);(933,106);(933,133);(920,160);(906,186);(880,
200);(853,226);(826,240);(800,253);(773,266);(733,280);(693,293);(666,306);(640,
320);(600,346);(573,360);(546,373);(520,386);(506,413);(493,440);(493,453);(493,
466);(493,480);(493,493);(506,506);(506,520);(520,533);(533,546);(533,560);(546,
573);(560,586);(586,600);(600,613);(613,613);(640,626);(653,640);(693,640);(720,
640);(733,640);(746,640);(773,640);(786,653);(800,653);(853,653);(906,666);(906,
680);(920,680);(946,706);(946,720);(960,733);(973,760);(986,760);(1000,773);(100
0,786);(1040,813);(1080,826);(1120,840);(1146,840);(1200,840);(1240,853);(1280,8
53);(1333,840);(1386,840);(1426,840);(1480,840);(1520,840);(1560,853);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;32768}}
}
lex100 {2.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Solubility}\par\pard\li426\ri0\sl-38
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Solubility of proteins is influenced by pH
. Solubility is lowest at}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {isoelectric point and increased with increasing acidity of alkalinity.}\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Optical activity}\par\pard\li426\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {All protein solutions rotate the plane polarised light to
the left i.e.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {thes
e are levorotatory.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx426\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {4.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Colloidal nature}\par\pard\li426\ri
0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Because of their giant size, the p
roteins exhibit many colloidal}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {properties are:}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx746\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {i.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Their diffusion rate is e
xtermely low.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ii.
They may produce considerable light-scattering in solution, thus}\par\pard\li74
6\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {resulting in visible turbidity
(Tyndall effect).}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx426\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {5.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The comparatively week forces respons
ible for maintaining}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100

{secondary, tertiary and quarternary structure of proteins are readily}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {distrupted with resulting l
oss of biologic activity. This distruption of native}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\sl
mult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {structure is termed denaturation. Physically,
denaturation may be viewed}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {as randomizing the conformation of a polypeptide chain without affecting
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {its primary struct
ure (Fig.5.3).}\par\pard\li2733\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2733\ri0
\f0\charscalex100 {8M urea}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\
marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw3960\colsr-0\colno2\colw2706\pard\li113
pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Active enzyme}\par\pa
rd\li1186\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(native form)}\par\colu
mn\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Inactive enzym
e}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(denatured form)}
0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 5.3 Denaturation of protein}\b0 \par\pard\li466\ri0\s
l-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The biological activity of most protei
ns is destroyed by exposure}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {to strong mineral acids or bases, heat, urea, acetone, alcohol and ioni
c}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {detergents etc. D
enatured proteins are less soluble in water.}\par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0






lex100\b {5.4.2}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Chemical properties}\b0 \
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hydrolysis}\par\pard\li426\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {i. By acidic agents}\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Proteins upon hydrolysis with concentrated mineral acids su
ch}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as, HCl yield am
ino acids in the form of their hydrochlorides.}\par\pard\li426\ri0\sl-386\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ii. By proteolytic enzymes}\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Under relatively mild conditions of temp
erature and acidity,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{certain proteolytic enzymes like}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { pepsin}\b0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { and}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {trypsin}\b0 { }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hydrolyse the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {proteins. Enzyme hydrolysis is used for the isolation of ce
rtain amino}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {acids l
ike tryptophan. Two important drawbacks with this type of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
93\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hydrolysis are:}\par\pard\li426\ri0\sl-38
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a. It requires prolonged incubation and}\p
ar\pard\li426\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b. Hydrolysis may b
e incomplete}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx426\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{2.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Colour reaction with Biuret reagent}\par\p
ard\li426\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {When a protein solution
is treated with alkaline CuSO}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}}\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 { reagent,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {the peptide bonds present in the protein interact with copper ions and}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {forms}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\b {violet}\b0 { }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {coloured Biuret comp
lex (Fig.5.4). The colour deepens}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {which depend on the number of peptide bond present in the protein
.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The sturcture of

the voilet complex is}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\margls
xn560\margrsxn133\cols7\colno1\colw1333\colsr-0\colno2\colw680\colsr-0\colno3\co
lw706\colsr-0\colno4\colw786\colsr-0\colno5\colw666\colsr-0\colno6\colw560\colsr
ard\li733\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HN}\par\column\pard\li0
calex100 {O}\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par
f0\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li26
\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li40\ri0\sl-2
\fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
\charscalex100 {N}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cu}
{\super \fs14\up2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {++}}\par\column\pard\li40\ri0\sl-213\slm
46\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs14
\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0
calex100 {N}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\
column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charsc
alex100 {C}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C
}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\par
\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {NH}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\ma
rglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li1680\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
b {Fig.5.4 Voilet colour complex}\b0 \par\pard\li426\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {All proteins except dipeptides react with Biuret reagent bec
ause a}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {minimum of t
wo peptide linkages are involved in this reaction.}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\s
0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {105}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pg
wsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage



7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}



7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

no3\colw3266\pard\li1760\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\c
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {O}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\
\colsr-0\colno4\colw706\colsr-0\colno5\colw2066\pard\li1240\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li1266\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p

ard\li1266\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\par\column\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx466\*\tx1133\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li1160\ri0\s
l-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\
ar\pard\li426\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {This reaction is wi
dely used both as a qualitative test for the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {detection of proteins and also as a quantitative test
for the estimation of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {protein in biological materials.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\b {5.5 Protein structure}\b0 \par\pard\li426\ri0\sl-413\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The architecture of protein molecule is complex but
well organised.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {To
understand this, a clear idea of certain basic details regarding the}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mode of arrangement of the str
uctural units inside the molecule is}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {necessary. Linder strom - Lang suggest four types of structura
l}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {organisation for
proteins. They are}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx426\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {1.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Primary structure}\par\pard\li0\ri0\
ex100 {Secondary structure}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {3.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tertiary Structure and}\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4.}\tab \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {Quarternary strucutre}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx
720\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {5.5.1}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Pr
imary structure}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {The primary structure of protein is defined as the sequence of amino}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {acid residues making up its
polypeptide chain. The protein may be}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {formed of one or more polypeptide chains. The amino acids ar
e arranged}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in speci
fic sequence in these polypeptide chain. The amino acid residues}\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {are linked by peptide bonds. The
peptide bond is formed between the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of adjacent
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {amino acid. Some t
imes the adjacent polypeptide chains are linked by}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {disulphide bonds.}\par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-213\sl
alex100 {106}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\mar
grsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage








7;32768}}



no3\colw1146\colsr-0\colno4\colw1066\colsr-0\colno5\colw1093\colsr-0\colno6\colw
100 {R}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {1}}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx600\*\tx1093\*\tx1520\fs16\cf0\f2\
{N}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab
\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {NH}\par\pard\li1080\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\
charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li80\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N
- terminal amino acid}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\chars
calex100 {R}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}\par\column\pard\li226\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
lt0 \*\tx653\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {NH}\p
ar\pard\li226\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-293\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Peptide bond}\par\column\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {R}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{3}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx626\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}\tab
\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li626\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f2\c
harscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li560\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscale
x100 {R}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {4}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*
\tx440\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {NH}\tab \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}\par\co
lumn\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl
0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgw
sxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li4440\ri0\sl-146\slmult0 \fs14
\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C- terminal amino acid}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {For example the primary structure of a protein can be
written as}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\marg
rsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw1373\colsr-0\colno2\colw5293\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}{\
sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {N}\par\column\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx586\*\tx
1133\*\tx1746\*\tx2373\*\tx2973\*\tx3546\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {gly}\tab \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lys}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {leu}\tab \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {val}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ala}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {glu}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {COOH}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkn
\colno2\colw573\colsr-0\colno3\colw626\colsr-0\colno4\colw680\colsr-0\colno5\col
w560\colsr-0\colno6\colw2213\pard\li1440\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}
\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\colum
n\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\par\column\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-24
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\
pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Each polypeptide chain of any length has at one end a N-terminal}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {amino acid containin
g free amino group and at the other end a C-terminal}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {amino acid containing a free carboxyl group. T
he amino acids in a}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{polypeptide chain are numbered from the N-terminal end.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-41
3\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The primary structure has the following sa
lient features}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {i.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Primary structure refers to the linear s
equence of amino acid}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {residues.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {ii.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The proteins are linear and unfolded}\p

ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iii. }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {The protein is formed of one or more polypeptide chains.}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iv. The amino acid residues a
re linked by repeating polypeptide bonds.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx
400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {v.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The adjacent
polypeptide chains are linked by disulphide bonds.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmu
lt0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {vi. Most of the structural proteins which are in
the form of fibres exhibit}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {primary structure}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {vii. }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The primary structure provides infor
mtion on the number and}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {proportion of different amino acids in a protein.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Primary structures of a large number of
proteins have been}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{determined.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx693\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {eg. i.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {human insulin has 51 amino acids dist
ributed in two poly peptide}\par\pard\li693\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {chains. A chain-31 amino acids, B chain-20 amino acids and}\par\pard\
li693\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the polypeptides are linked
by disulphide bridges.}\par\pard\li346\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {ii. cytochrome C contains 104 amino acids.}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\sl
07}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\p
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}


{iii. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {human serum albumin contains 584 amino acids
.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Primary structu
re is ultimately responsible for the native structure}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of the protein.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {5.5.2 Secondary structure}\b0 \par\pard\li400
\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The peptide chain thus formed as
sumes a two-dimentional}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {secondary structure by way of folding or coiling consisting of a helically}
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {coiled, zig-zag lin
ear or mixed form. It results from the steric relationship}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {between amino acids located relatively n
ear to each other in the peptide}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {chain. The linkages or bonds involved in the secondary structure}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {formation are hydrog
en bonds and disulphide bonds.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\b {i.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Hydrogen bond}\b
0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {These are weak,
low energy non-covalent bonds sharing a single}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hydrogen by two electronegative atoms such as O and
N. Hydrogen}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bonds
are formed in secondary structure by sharing H-atoms between}\par\pard\li0\ri0\

sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {oxygen of
and nitrog
en of
of different peptide bonds.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li1093\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1093\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx46
6\*\tx1786\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}{ }\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {...........}{ }\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs1
8\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {(Hydrogen bond)}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marg
lsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
The hydrogen bonds in secondary structure may form either an}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {-helix or}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {-pleated sheet structure.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\b {ii.
Disulphide bond}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {These are formed between two cysteine residues. They are s
trong,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {high energy
covalent bonds.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P
roteins exist in the two forms of secondary structure,}{ }\fs22\cf0\f1\charscale
x100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { helix and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { ple
ated sheet.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {5.5.2
.1}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { \uc1\u945X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {
-Helix}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A
polypeptide chain forms regular helical coils called}{ }\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex1
00 {\uc1\u945X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-helix. These}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {coils are stabilized by hydrogen bonds bet
ween carbonyl oxygen of}\par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i2893\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {108}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sb
knone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\sh
p
{\*\shpinst
\jpegblip
FFD8FFE000104A46494600010100000100010000FFDB004300080606070605080707070909080A0C
393D38323C2E333432FFDB0043010909090C0B0C180D0D1832211C21323232323232323232323232
3232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232FFC0
00110800A9005003012200021101031101FFC4001F00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090A0BFFC400B5100002010303020403050504040000017D010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191A1082342B1C11552D1F02433627282090A161718191A2526272829
2A3435363738393A434445464748494A535455565758595A636465666768696A737475767778797A
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090A0BFFC400B511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291A1B1C109233352F015
6272D10A162434E125F11718191A262728292A35363738393A434445464748494A53545556575859
5A636465666768696A737475767778797A82838485868788898A92939495969798999AA2A3A4A5A6
0A28A2800A28A2800EF4515CEC726A9E216678E4974CD2B3842136DCDC0FEF73FEAD0F6E371EB95A
00E8599514B310147524F4A8E0B982E54B413472A838CA3061FA562B7827C352B17BAD16D2F243D6
4BD4FB4B9FAB49B8D24BE05F0A4A558F87B4D8DD4616486D96375FA328047E7401D0564789B549F4
6D0E4BEB648DE449A15DB267055A5456E9DF0C71EF8ACF6F0FEA7A4309B40D52678D473A7EA3334D
149ECB236648CFBE587FB354EEF578FC4B3E9BA32412C375F694B8BFB6940DD6C90B2B80D8E3E671
1807A30248E01A181D9D145140051451401CC78CB42BAD7934886DA478BECF7C6E1A647DA622B04A
11FF00DAC486338E73DC6334DF024D78BA1BDAEAE2DE0D605CDC4F73671DC2CA60F36679141C13C6
D618F6C55EF175B49A8784F56D3ADD945DDE5A4D05B299026F95A36DA0127FC806AC5F68BA46B8AA
F796905CB464AA4B8F9E3209076B8E54E73D08A5D40D3A6BBAC685DD82AA8C924E001580BE0FB48F
022D4F5B8D07013FB526603F16627F5A727833442E1EEA1B8BF6183FF130BA96E5723FD9918A8FC0
0A35021B8F150BD95AD3C3700D52E81DAD38245AC07D5E5E848FEEAE5BD71D6B2B54D364F0A471F8
A4DC497377138FED590FCA26B76203617A288F8651D82B0C92C49EDE389218D638D1511461554600
155756B08F55D1EF74E97FD5DDC0F037D194A9FE74302E0208E296B9FF0003DFBEA7E07D1AEA5399
8DAA24BCE7F78A36B7FE3CA6BA0A601451450073BE2AD2AE3535D2A48677863B2BE1733BC6C449E5
88A453B700E4E58718E79AB3E18D267D134A96D2793CD63797332BEEDC596499E4058E07CD86E7DE
B4AF778B298C4923C9B0ED58D82B138EC4F00FD6A65E94ADA80B45145300A28A280393F87AA60F0F
DDD990316BAA5F443E9F68761FFA157595C87809B23C48026D51AEDDE3DF919FD735D7D25B030A28
A29819BAF5DDBD9E8F3B5CAA48B2810244F19904AEFF002AA6D1F78127047A673814ED1F52B7D4AC
8B40AD1BC2C619A164DAD0B8032A476E083C6460820906AAF8A22B63A2B5DDCCAF17D85D6EE39517
71464E47CBDC1E411C704F23AD2F87AD6DEDECEEAE927334B797524D732EDD80C83119C2E4ED0046
140C9E9C9279A5D40D9A2B11FC5DA1ACA628AFD6E5C1DA56D11AE0A9F43E586C1E3A1A60F18E82B2
88E7BF168E7A0BC89EDF3F8C8053B81BD4536391258D648D83A30CAB29C823D456578A352974AF0E
5EDD5B8DD75B3CBB65FEF4CE42463F1665A00C7F87285B42BFBEC10B7FAB5EDD264FF099982FE8A2
BAFAA1A2E989A368963A6C6C596D6048B71EADB40193EE7AD5FA0028A28A00C5F15F90FE1BBBB6B8
49644BC02D0244C1599A5210004F0396EBD864D50D37C3E6F6161ABDBCD1C0B34ACBA7BCAAF0B167
2E5CEDFF0058096380E0600FBB9E4EFEA36116A564F6B3175562183C6DB59181CAB29EC4100D645A
DF7F6179D06ABF6958CC8D20BF958C91B827AB300045818182157D09A561DCDE8E3486358E345445
180AA3000A5745910A3A865230411906ABC5A958CF6FF6886F2DE487FE7A24AA57F3CD519BC53A34
5218A3BE4BA9C7FCB0B306793FEF94C91F53C53114AE3C372E98E6EFC332C76520E5EC187FA2CFED
B47FAB63FDE4FC43567E8BAC47E39D5D675B7920B4D1662B34521524DE80415E09044609E7A12C08
FBB5A3241AD7884EC9D64D1F4CFE28D6406EA6F62CA4AC6BF4258FAAD53D474DB3F096A1A6EB1A6C
31DA59031E9F7B14636A344E42C4E474CA39519FEEBB73C52B01D8514522A85CE3B9CD30168A28A0
028A28A00CF9742D22790492E97652483A33DBA13F9915721822B78C470C691A0E8A8A001F80A928
A002B17C5D64351F07EB16BC8692CE5D857AAB052548F70403F856D54376CAB693337DD08C4FD314
9815B44BEFED3D074FBFC83F69B68E6C8EFB941FEB57EB9AF878DBBE1CF8772C1B1A7C2323D900AE
9698051451400514562DCF8854DF4961A5D9CBA8DD45C4DE5B058A038C81239E01E9F28DCDC838C7
3401B5456181E2994862DA3DA82398F6C93907FDECA67F2A47B9F135AAEE7D3B4FBE518CFD9EE5A2
7FC15D4A9FC585006ED6278C6FC697E0DD62F39DD1DA49B00EA5CA90A3F1240A7D8F896C6EEF058C
E93D8DF9E96B789E5BBFAEC392B263B942C2B3FC4921D475ED1B408B0434BF6FBB04640862395047
FB5214C7FBA7D28035BC3DA6FF006378734DD33FE7D2D6384FD5540FE95A54514005145140157527
B98F4BBB7B35DD74B0B98548EAFB4ED1F9E2B2BC1305BC1E0CD24DBB8904B6E93492F532C8E373BB
1FEF16249F7ADFAE71B47D4B47BB96E3419607B595CC9269D72C5503939668DC02509392548209FE
EE49201D1D15CF7FC2477F1FCB71E17D5D64FF00A6461914FD0893A7D403ED49FDA5E24BF9365968
915847FF003DF529D588FA47116DDF8BAD2B812F8B24D2134295358805C43210915BA8CC92CBFC0B
1F7DF9E84631D72319AC0F050BBD2B5ABAB0F10177D6EF608EE52E2470E6585542F94080066324E7
1D77EEFE238E874EF0E476B7BFDA37D732EA1A9E0A8B89B00440F558D07083E9C9EE4D6778FE16B7
D161F104099BBD12617AA40E4C438997E8632FF90A6075945322952689258D832380CAC3A107A1A7
D00145145001451450014514500155353B35D474ABBB27FBB710BC4DF46523FAD5BA280399F87978
D7DF0F3409E4E5FEC51A31F52A3693F98AE9AB8FF85E49F877A592E1C1331561FDD33391FA62BB0A
48028A28EF4C028A28A0028A28A002B3F5EBE1A6787F52BF2768B6B5966CFA6D527FA5685729F12F
FE49AF887FEBCA4FE549817FC19A6FF64782B45D3F18686CE25718C7CDB416FD49ADCA45E8296981
FFD9}
li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {first amino and amide N of fo
urth amino acid residues. Thus in}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-helix}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {intra chain hydrogen bonding is present. The}{ }\fs22\cf0\f1\charsca
lex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-helices can be either}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {right handed or left handed.
Left handed}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100

{-helix is less stable because}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {of the steric interference between the carbonyl group and the side
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {chains. Only the r
ight handed }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{-helix has been found in protein structure}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(Fig.5.5).}\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
d\li1853\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 5.5}\b0 { }\fs24\
cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {-Helix structure}
\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Each
amino acid residue advances by 0.15 nm along the helix and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3.6 amino acid residues are present in o
ne complete turn. The distance}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {between two equivalent points on turn is 0.54 nm and is called a pit
ch.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Small or unch
arged amino acid residues such as alanine, leucine}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and phenyl alanine are often found in}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-helix. More polar r
esidues}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {such as arg
inine, glutamate and serine may repel and destabilize}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex
100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {helix. Proline is never found in}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\char
scalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-helix.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl
-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hair, nail, skin contain a group of pro
teins called keratins rich in}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {helical structure.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\b {5.5.2.2}\b0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\b \i {-pleated sheet structure}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A conformation called}\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { \
uc1\u946X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { pleated sheet structure is thus formed}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {when hydrogen bonds
are formed between the carbonyl oxygens and}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
r\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage





7;32768}}

7;32768}}






7;32768}}
7;32768}}


7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}


7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
amide hydrogens of two or more adjacent extended polypeptide chains.}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Thus the hydrogen bonding in}{
}\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { pleated sh
eet structure is interchain.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {The structure is not absolutely planar but is slightly pleated due to
the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bond angles. Th
e adjacent chains in}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {-pleated sheet structure are either}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {parallel or antiparallel, (Fig.5.6) depending on whe
ther the amino to}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c
arbonyl peptide linkage of the chains runs in the same or opposite}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {direction.}\par\pard\li986\ri0\s
86\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub \fs10\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {2}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrs
xn133\cols11\colno1\colw493\colsr-0\colno2\colw413\colsr-0\colno3\colw466\colsr0\colno4\colw386\colsr-0\colno5\colw413\colsr-0\colno6\colw386\colsr-0\colno7\co
sr-0\colno11\colw1360\pard\li213\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
R}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HN}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\colu
mn\pard\li93\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\par\pard\li0\ri0\
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H
N}\par\column\pard\li13\ri0\sl-146\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub
\fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0
x100 {O}\par\column\pard\li173\ri0\sl-146\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}
{\sub \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {N}\par\pard\li0
\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \*\tx386\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\tab \fs12\cf0\f2\
charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\

ri0\sl-146\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-146\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R
}\par\column\pard\li40\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {COOH}\par\
f2\charscalex100 {NH}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsx
n560\margrsxn133\cols10\colno1\colw586\colsr-0\colno2\colw693\colsr-0\colno3\col
w146\colsr-0\colno4\colw413\colsr-0\colno5\colw706\colsr-0\colno6\colw626\colsr0\colno7\colw733\colsr-0\colno8\colw1040\colsr-0\colno9\colw746\colsr-0\colno10\
colw973\pard\li186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li186\ri0\sl-293\slmult
0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\s
00 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\
slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \f
s14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\par\column\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-146\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {NH}\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
..............}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-106\slm
\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\par\pard\sec
t\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols14\colno1\col
w613\colsr-0\colno2\colw293\colsr-0\colno3\colw413\colsr-0\colno4\colw146\colsr0\colno5\colw266\colsr-0\colno6\colw426\colsr-0\colno7\colw360\colsr-0\colno8\co
sr-0\colno12\colw1000\colsr-0\colno13\colw400\colsr-0\colno14\colw973\pard\li213
rd\li213\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\par\column\pard\li0\r
rd\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {NH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {NH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
f0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\par\column\par
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HN}\par\column\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {NH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl106\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\p
s12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HN}\par\pard\li80\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
2\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscal
ex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\
fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { ..............}\fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HN}\par\p
\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \*\tx266\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\tab \fs
14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-
213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0

\sl-160\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {NH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\
par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols3
\colno1\colw3906\colsr-0\colno2\colw1040\colsr-0\colno3\colw1720\pard\li1173\ri0
alex100 {Parallel chains}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\ch
arscalex100 {NH}\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { ..............}\fs14\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}
\li4040\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Anti parallel Chains}\par
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 5.6}\b0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946
X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {-pleated sheet structure}\b0 \par\pard\li466\ri0
\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {In both parallel and antiparallel}{
}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-pleated she
et structures, the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
side chains are on opposite sides of the sheet. Generally glycine, serine}\par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and alanine are more comm
on to form}{ }\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{-pleated sheet. Proline occurs}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {in}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {-pleated sheet although it tends to distrupt the sheets by producing}\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {links. Silk fibroin, a p
rotein of silk worm is rich is}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {-pleated sheet.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\b {5.5.3 Tertiary structure}\b0 \par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-400\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The polypeptide chain with secondary structure
may be further}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fold
ed, super-folded, twisted about itself forming many sizes. Such a}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {structural confirmation is calle
d tertiary structure. It is only one such}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {confirmation which is biologically active and protein in
this conformation}\par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2893\
ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {110}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\
pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133
6000 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs14\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {.}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs1
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}}}}

7000 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs14\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {.}}}}
8000 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs14\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {.}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}}}}
9000 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs14\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {.}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}}}}

10000 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs14\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {.}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}}}}
11000 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}}}}
12000 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs14\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {.}}}}
13000 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. }\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}}}}
14000 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}}}}\pard\sect
\sectd\sbkpage{\shp
{\*\shpinst
\jpegblip
FFD8FFE000104A46494600010100000100010000FFDB004300080606070605080707070909080A0C
393D38323C2E333432FFDB0043010909090C0B0C180D0D1832211C21323232323232323232323232
3232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232FFC0
001108008A00E603012200021101031101FFC4001F00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090A0BFFC400B5100002010303020403050504040000017D010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191A1082342B1C11552D1F02433627282090A161718191A2526272829
2A3435363738393A434445464748494A535455565758595A636465666768696A737475767778797A
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090A0BFFC400B511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291A1B1C109233352F015
6272D10A162434E125F11718191A262728292A35363738393A434445464748494A53545556575859
5A636465666768696A737475767778797A82838485868788898A92939495969798999AA2A3A4A5A6
F2F3F4F5F6F7F8F9FAFFDA000C03010002110311003F00F7FA28A2800EB40A28A0028A28A0028A2B
09B50BDD53519AD74C68E1B6B57F2EE2EA442DB9FAEC8C700E3B93C0271C90709BB01BB9A2B0A5F0
9D8DD64DE5CEA5724FF7AFE641FF007CA32AFE955AE6C754D0B6DD697713DF59A733D8DCB99642BE
B13939DC3D189CE31C1E68BB19D351556C2FEDB52B18AF2D2412412AEE561FE1D88E8476AB54D3B8
828A2AA3EA56B15F476524A12E245DD1AB646FC75C1E84FB0E695C0B745145300A28A2800A28A280
0A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A3355AF6FAD74FB66B8BB9E38625EAEED8150E97ABD9EAF0BCB6523
BC68DB49689939F6DC06695D5EC16EA5FA28A29805145140051451400514514019FAE5F1D3342BEB
E504B4103C8A00CE48048FD69BA158FF006768B6B6C571208C34B9EA646E5C9F72C49A8BC50AEDE1
6D50C69BDD6DA4654FEF10A4E3F4AD1B5B88EEED61B988E639503A1F5046454F51F426A28A2A8473
B104D1BC522D63056D7555799547DD49D305B1E9B94EEFAA13DCD745585E23FDDCFA25C020347A8A
01C6721D1D08FF00C7BF4ADDA4B7B0D8554D474EB6D56C9ED6E93746DCE41C3291D194F620F20D5B
A2988C3D1AFEE96F2E749D48AB5DC03CC8A61C7DA212701F1D987DD61EBCF42056E561F88DD2C62B
4D60E41B2997791DE27211C7D06437FC0056E524FA0D8514514C41451450014514500145646A9A95
CC5756FA7E9F0A4979382DBE4CF970A0C65DB1D7A8006464F700134C5D33595DCE75F2CE7EEAB59A
7963F01F31FF00BEA84EE3B1B5484E064D645B6B0E97E9A76A508B7BB933E4BA9CC538032769EC47
753CF5C640CD56F16DCBFF0066C7A55B3B25E6AAFF0065899464A020977EA380A09CFAE29396970B
6A3742C6B77736BB2159202C63D3F0C4A888705C0E99639E7FBA0574755ECACE1B0B182CEDD76C30
46B1A0F40060558A103770A28A298828A28A0028A28A0028A28A004232307A5733A35CC5E1F953C3
D7AE22504FF67C8EDF2CD1672101FEFAF4DBD4800FAE3A7AA9A869B67AAD9BDA5FDBC77103FDE491
723EBEC7DE93BF41A7DCB74572F771EA9E19B6FB55A4F36A5A7420B4F6D39DF3AA752637EAD819F9
5B24FF007ABA48278EEADE39E160F148A1D1874208C834262317C4E7E5D2530096D4E0C64E3A1278
FC01ADEAC4D7086D4F4084853BAF998E47658253C7E38ADBA16EC7D0C87D42E6EF547B3B011AC76C
40B9B8914B00C402235008C9C1049CE0647049E2398EB9A785917C9D4E2CFCF122086503D5493B5B
E871F5A6E8B27D9F54D5F4F9589984FF006A4C9FBD1C83823E8CAC3F0ADDA4B50398D72FE0D67449
74CB4129BABD51108DA2606304FCCCF91F2803279EB8C0EA2BA7A28A620A28A29805145140051451
401CE5F39D3BC616F7F3ED4B3B9B4FB29949C04943EE407D321980F718EE2BA3A8E7822B985E19E3
496271B591D432B0F420F5AC493C37606702DEFB51B62AB8F26DEFE45403D937103F002A7601FE2B
4B09342956FAE3ECE410D6F22FFAC5981CA141D4B67B0EBD2B2BC1135C6BF68BE24D51238F50915A
DC5BA6716AAAD86420F21CB2E4FE15B961E1ED3F4E9BCF8E3925B9C11F68B995A6939EBF339247D0
5677864436FAD789ACA2FE0D404EDCF7962463FAE7F3A3A8FA1D3514515420A28A2800CD140A2800
A28A4A005A28A4A00C4D52FEFDB57B5D274E11C72CB13CF2DCCABB962452070B9196248F61C9F414
935878862D8F69ACC1311F7A2BAB51B5BE85082A7F3FA55CD53468354F25DA59ADEE2024C3716EFB
5E3CE32067208381904107038E2AA1D27582367FC247384CFDE5B58B7E3EA54AFF00E3B50D3B8F42
9FFC26967670CB1EB703E9B7B183B6DE4F9BED1CED0613FF002D3248C0C06E4640CD5FF0AD9CF61E
17D3AD6E53CB9A3846F8F24EC279DB9F6CE3F0AA7A87846D2E6DDEE19E6B8D5231BEDAF2E5F7BC52
29CA951C2AF20642819EF5A9A1EA4BACE8563A92A6C175024BB7D091922857BEA1D342A6B195F107
878E1769B9950E7A83E43918FF00BE4D6E561F89079434ABD3C2DA6A11331F40E1A127FF0022D6E5
35BB0E860789A29ADADA3D6AC958DDE9F990A28FF5D0FF00CB48FF0010323FDA02B6EDE78EE6DE39
E16DD148A1D187704641A92B9DF06968B4AB9D39DCB9D3AF26B5562D93B036E41F82328C7B51B30E
87454514550828A28C500145145001451450073064975FF12EA5A6BCB245A6E9CB124A91B6D69E57
5DF82C390A14AF008C9639E062AECBE12F0FCB108DB46B1001CAB2C0AACA7D430E41F7CD437105DE
93ADCFA95B5BBDD5A5DAA8B98633F3C6EBC07504E08DBC1039F946334E3E32D0109596F8432038F2
A689E37CFF00BACA0FE950ADD46EFD0A7A9DCEA1E15F2AF15E6BED113E5B98DF2F35B2FF00CF40C4
E5D47707271CE4F4A97C2D9BCBAD675AF2CA457F723C82460BC51A0457FA310C47B114DBC9EF7C48
8D636504D6BA64A0ADC5ECA0C6EE9DD6253CF23F88E300F193478591B4ABAD4BC3F96FB3D93ABD96
E393F6775C85CF53B5B72F3D80A5F6BC876D0E9E8A0515A12028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A
00E4B5047D5FC62DA45DDCDCC161159A4E90C527962E98B306CB0F9885017E5047DEE735A2DE12D1
4A308ED5EDD9B9325BCCF13E7D772B039A975FD3F48BCB35975731C496E4BC77265F29A13D32AE08
2A7F1AC059747848DDAFEBD3425719266298C673E62A7A0EBBAB3D9EA55C35BD7750F093C16BBC6A
82F5BC8B3477559D25390BBFA068F3805BA82475CD753A4D82697A45A5846772DB42B1038C670319
AE5F538B457F06EA97DA01B492474C8B98983B3C818150CFC927701D6BB514E2B50656BFB38B50B1
9ED26CF97321462A70467B83D8D66787F5696E966D3F50DA9AAD99D93AF4122FF0CABFECB0E7D8E4
76ADCC5676A5A2586AE13ED7096923CF97346ED1C91E7AED752197F034DAEA84B6B16AEEEE0B0B49
6EAEA558A0894BC8EC70140EA6B0BC130B0D0E4BE92268A4D46EA5BD28C30407625723FDDDB532F8
474C664378D777E2360C897D7524C8A4743B58ED247A904D6F51677BB00A28A2A8414514500140A3
1450014514500158F2F8AFC3B04ED04DAEE991CAA7051EEE30C0FA609A8FC5DF6CFF008462F0D8EF
F3942B308FEF98C30F302E3B94DC07BD5CD3A2D2E6D3235D3E3B56B175F9042ABB08FC38A96DDEC3
E85D8A58E6896489D5E361956539047B1AE56E26F2FE29D9C5F3FEF749901C3E178954F23B9EB83E
E69DAC69EBE1AB5B9D6F47D96E21067BAB4E915C28E5B03A23E3A30EA7AE6A3F0D4726BBAD4DE2D7
7912D67B716FA7C0DC158B396761D32CC07E00527ABB0D6D73AFA28A2AC90A28A2800A4A5A2800A0
D14500252D1450072D78227F1FD9C77E018BEC4CD621CFCA660FFBCC0FEF85D98F6DD8EF5D4D62F8
96DF49974877D5E32D0232B2B461BCC57C80A536FCDBB24018E6B09742BEB800CB65737B00E562D5
75775FA068E346561C7F164D67CD6656E8A1E22846ADA836AFA1D8C4EBA6B09EEAE7855BE3190DE4
0C7DEC633B8E4020019E71DF595DC57F6305DC0730CF1ACA87D558647E86B9F9BC4EBA3DBB0F1069
6FA6DAA27FC7C467CFB6C74DBB9402BE9F328156BC169327833495B852920B65F9482081D873ED8A
71DC1EC6F51451564851451400514514005145140051451400514514019DA8EB961A4B451DDCC44D
367CB8628DA591F1D70880B11EF8AE7AF21F0DB4CD279DA868F23B82D34427B34724F72404624FAE
6AF787A4371AE78864B9555BB8AEC42060E44023531FE04963F527D2BA2745914ABA865230411904
545B9B52B631E0F0DE9A44524C67BE29828D7970F38CFF0078062573EE0567F804BAE87776C4208A
D751BA821DBFF3CD656C71DB19C7E155F5BBC4F02247A842A3FB15DBCB9AD1063C973F70C43DDB00
AF4E7231839D6F0A69B3697E1F862BA50B7733BDC5C2A9C8592462CC01F6271F85096BB03D8DCA28
A2AC90A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2803335DD206B7A635A7DA1EDE50E92C33A0C98A4460CA
D83D7040E3BD66C37DE2DB788C775A369D752AF026B7BE31A3FB9564257E996AB7E26BDBAB2D2D0D
A4AB03CB3A42D72EA1840AC705C824038F7E32467350A783745719BFB63A9C84E5A4D458DC127D76
B6557E8A00F6A87ABD07D35229F45BFF0011DA35BF8845B4564E7E7B1B5767120F47908524743800
74EA6ACF84E6326829034CF33D9CD2D9B48E305BCA919013F828AC8D7347D16CA3F2748B75B1D6A4
1BAD534D221919870199460141DF70231EF8ABDE059243E1A5B7B9C1BCB5B89A0BA7518124CB236F
71ECC4EEFC685F10DEC74B451515C5CC3696EF71712A450C6373C92305551EA49AB24968AC093C47
298FED36BA55C4D600167BA77485768EAC039048F7C007B71CD52D3357D43C4EF3885E5D12389B1E
4CD0AFDB1971C3956CAA0CE40C86CE3A8E953CE8763ACACABEF10E9D6139B7779A6B9001305AC0F3
B8F4C84071F538AC6D6F49BCB0D1E67B5F10EAAB752BC70472C8E8E15A4754076EDC705874C51656
9A8F83ED4A191351D29374934CCA45DA92725DB1912FBFDD38F5C62936C6923457C4ABB37C9A3EAF
126EDB936858FD70A49C7E14D87C4D6FAACEF6BA1EDBC9A21FBF662512DC9C801F233BB83F2E33EB
8AD2BCD461B5D1E7D49489618A069C143C3A85DDC1F715CB5BE813E95A4C1AD5828FEDADBF68BF54
000BE2D96746F52093B0F6C01D09A4DB11BC6D75D785BFE269651CD9F94AD93151D7820C993DBB8E
9DAB266F136A569AA43A34B636F2DF4C405BA8E465B74C82407C82558E384E73EB5D3D9DDC37F650
5DDBB878674592361DD48C835CF787AD21D5342D40DC0FDEDDDEDCF9FDD95965645EBD0AAA201F41
4DAEC0ADD4BE91F8854A3BDDE98E3F8A21692293F47F30E3FEF9A6C1E20F2A65B7D5ED1B4D999B62
33B878653E8920C727B060AC7D2A4F0DEA52EA7A24735CA85BA89E4B7B803A7991B94623D895247B
115A177696F7D6CF6D7504734120DAF1C8A19587B834FA5D014B52D163BF912E62B99ECEF506D4B9
B7601B1E8C082AE3D981F6C5576B0F10ED28BADD96D2000CDA712E3DF22503F4AAEBA7EA9A033BE9
B23EA1618E2C6793F7917FD73918F23FD96FC1874A97FE12FD2A2005E9B9D3E4C64A5E5BBC78E324
6EC6D6FF008093D295D751993E2BF0FDA45E14D5EFF5095EFEF62B09BCA9EE76E233B0E362801579
C72067DEBA8D224966D1AC659C9F39EDE367DDD771519CFE35817970DE318E2B2B24B88F4A322BDD
5DBA18C4CAA73E5A0600B062065B18C6719CF1D5818181D288AD6E84DE96168A28AB105145140051
451400514514005151CF32DBC124CC0958D4B1C75C019AE634BFEDBF10D85B6AC359FB05BDCC6258
ADADADE372AADCAEE77DD938C670001D2937603A89628E689A29115E3605595864107B1AC18BC1F6
36EA22B7BED561B60302DE3D4250807A2FCDB947B290298DA7F8AE0958DBEB9A7DCC47A25DD810C3
FE048E01FF00BE69FF0067F154C76C9A8E976C9C65A1B4777FC373E07E46A5EBBA1FCC9265D2BC2D
6CF2DAD98FB45D481563886E9AE64EC0B1E49F72700649C0AB3A069F2E9BA4A4572E1EEA4679EE19
7A191D8B301EC09C0F6029BA5E830E9B712DDBDCDCDE5ECC36BDCDCBEE6DBFDD5000545F6503DF35
AD4D475B83635DD514B310140C924E0015CFDA463C4932EA17087FB36360D670B0FF005A467F7AC3
D3FBA3D39EA4612EDFFE126B9934E84FFC4AA16DB792AB7FAE61FF002C54FA7F78FF00C07D71D100
1400000074028DC3630B54FF008986BF63A5B806DA346BC9D4FF0019560117E9B8EEFF00808F7A8B
C56AB656F69AD42ADF6BB3B98914A0E5E392454743EA086CE3D403DAACEABA7DD7DBEDF56D3444F7
90C6D0B453394496362091900E1815041C1EE3BF1047A6EA3AB5E5BDCEB220B782D9C4B159DBCAD2
069074691C85CE0F2140C679C9E309DC0D0D6F4F6D4F4B92DA390C72E56489FF00BB22307427DB72
8CD56B5F12E9F2C652EA68ACEED3896D67900743EC3F887A11C1ADAA8DE18E4656745664E5490095
FA5369F40B9CDD86932DC78026D2A45646B8B69E2457041547DDB0104F1856031ED5A9E1EBB4BFF0
FD85CA8237C0A181182AC061811D88208C7B56A573F36817F0DFC93E91AC1B18273BA7B77B7132EF
27974C91B09EFD413CE339C96B6C1713C1C59748B8B7DB88ADEFEEA087FEB9ACCC17F2E9F853EE2C
353D3EEE69F455B3923B925E5B7B9768D564E9BD594375EE31C9E72326B56C6CA2D3EC62B584B148
D7682C725BD493DC93C9FAD59A2DA20B999A1E9874AD3BC991D1EE2491E79DD176AB48EC59881938
193C7B569D1455256105145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514001E6B92B779BC1
D23DAC96F2CBA0139B79A142ED6A4924A3A80494EE1BB6707D6BADA29357029D8EA961AA4464B1BC
82E514E18C3206DA7D0E3A1AB95C478F74CD3C69B1DD8B1B6173E681E7792BBF1CF1BB19AF13B0BE
BB92E2657BA9D9559301A4240F95E926558FA42FBC43A4E9D22C5737D0ACCC76AC21B748C7D020E4
FE55985B55F114BB3CAB8D2B4A5C1677C2DC5CF3F740FF00966BEA4FCC73DAAC785F4FB2B5D1ADA6
B7B3B78A591773BC712AB313D4920726B7A86AFB893B10DB5B41676E96F6D12450A0C2C68B80A3D8
54D4514D2B0828A28A6014514500145145001451450014514500145141A0028A28A0028A28A0028A
28A00FFFD9}
li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {is called as native protein.
Thus the tertiary is constitued by steric}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {relationship between the amino acids located far apart bu
t brought closer}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {by
folding (Fig. 5.7). The bonds responsible for interaction between}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {groups of amino acids are as fol
lows.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i.}\t

ab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hydrophobic interactions}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-4
13\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Normally occur between nonpolar side chai
ns of amino acids such}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {as alanine, leucine, methionine, isoleucine and phenyl alanine. They}\par\
pard\li466\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {constitute the major s
tabilzing forces for tertiary structure forming}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-280\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a compact three-dimentional structure.}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ii.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {Hydrogen bonds}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Normally formed by the polar side chains of the amino acids.}\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iii.}\tab \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ionic or electrostatic interactions}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl
-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The interaction occurs between oppostiv
ely charged polar side}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {chains of amino acids, such as basic and acidic amino acids.}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iv.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Vander -wall forces}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {Occurs between non polar side chains.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\s
lmult0 \*\tx453\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {v.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {D
isulphide bonds}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {T
hese are S-S bonds formed between - SH groups of distant}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cysteine residues.}\par\pard\li1013\ri0\
ard\li1013\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 5.7 Tertiary st
ructure (eg. Myoglobin)}\b0 \par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {111}\par\pard
\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\shp
{\*\shpinst
\jpegblip
FFD8FFE000104A46494600010100000100010000FFDB004300080606070605080707070909080A0C
393D38323C2E333432FFDB0043010909090C0B0C180D0D1832211C21323232323232323232323232
3232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232FFC0
00110800B000B103012200021101031101FFC4001F00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090A0BFFC400B5100002010303020403050504040000017D010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191A1082342B1C11552D1F02433627282090A161718191A2526272829
2A3435363738393A434445464748494A535455565758595A636465666768696A737475767778797A
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090A0BFFC400B511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291A1B1C109233352F015
6272D10A162434E125F11718191A262728292A35363738393A434445464748494A53545556575859
5A636465666768696A737475767778797A82838485868788898A92939495969798999AA2A3A4A5A6
F2F3F4F5F6F7F8F9FAFFDA000C03010002110311003F00F7FA28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A2B286B
2F15D886F6C27B48DE4F2E29DD91A376270A3E562413C63207240EB5AB45C028A2A86A37B269E619
D950DA6FD93B138640701587B67AFB1CF6E4605FA28A2800A2A39E68EDE169657091A8C963DAB35B
5D8E1756B9B3BBB7B67200B995142027A6E19DCBF5600517035AA282E21BA8FCC8245913715CA9CF
20E08FA8352D7333AFF61F8BAD65854AD9EB05A29D47DD5B855DC8FEC595594FA90B4981D3514514
C0A3A943A83C69269D71124B19C98A64CA4BFEC92395FA8CE3D0D3747D55356B369444F04F1398A7
81FEF4520EAA7D7A820F7041EF515C6AB71F699A1B0B13786DC859F12AA6D62A1B68CF56C153CE06
187359BA4EA50DE78AE66B50FB2E6C564991860C52248C9861D98E48FF00B6753703A7A28A2A8028
A28A0028A28A0028A283C8A00E6ECE3BAF11096F9B50B9B5B2F35E3B686D5826E552577B36324920
90010318E339AB7A64F776DA8CFA55EDC7DA196313C13B285678C92086C719538E40190CBEF59FE1
779F42D2B4BD0352B378258A316D15C2BABC570CAA4E460EE04AAB36180E87935A5771FF00C555A6
4AAC030B6B84618EAA4C47F98152317C4C03786751F94338819A21C7320194C67BEEDB8F7C56B0E9
591129D5AF9E691B3656D2948A2C7FAC910F2E4FFB2C3007AA93CF18D7A68451D5EF9B4ED39EE547
46452C54B040CC0162073819C9F61DAB92D6B5F5B9B6934E8752B3D42DAEC0B79A7B404B59EF217C
C72A5971CF7DA41C7519C763A8DCB5A59B4A806EDCAA095242E481B881D86727FA572FABEB0D7367
269D1DD58DFC7A8AFD9924B327741BC15DEE016F9327AE47381CE6A64523B2A28A2AC931EEA45B8F
13D9D8C84EC8EDDEE82F6660CAA0FBE371FC483D856A4B0C73C2F14A81E3752ACAC32083D41ACCD6
63B20F6B7135F4565770B31B79649028391F329048DCA40191EC0F04022CE95A88D46D5998462689
CC732C6FBD55800783DC10411EC454F90C8BC3EEEFA1598918B3A2796C49C9254EDEBDFA555F166D
1A44121FBF1DFDA347C64EEF3D0607D4123F1A9BC36C4E8F827252E6E133FEECCE3FA541FBDD7353
46D8ABA6594E482796B899091C0ECAAD9EBC965EC0649D2C1D4DEA28A2A84735A86A36BA2EB4E575
086237204B710C90BB85C0DBE6165E10600196E0EDEDCD57F075A91AAF88B50F3229C5D5DA0FB4C6
8144A523553B704FCA0E54724E4354BAA416D26A379E4417733EC46BC8E2BBF2633C71B8E41CED1F
4C633567C152C337846C5AD94A5B80EB0C6C305230EC1548EC42800FD2A56E337E8A28AA10514514
0051451400552D5E39A5D22F2382E45ACCD0B849C9C08CE0FCD9ED8ABB59BAFA5AC9A1DE7DB99D6D
963DEED1FDE1B7E6047627207078F5A4F60472BA7B25C78874AB84BEB692313491FD96DB5092E955
BCA90F9859F18C01B400BFC7C93C63A7189FC4EC76FF00C7ADA60367A995F247E1E50FCEB995217C
5FA29993513ABBB4B9FB6B4648B5F2DB7E045F201BFCAEBC938EB5D0D949B3C55AAC126D0ED0C12C
7CF253E653F9107F3A84531DE1C98496171191B5E1BDB98DC7BF9AC41FC4107F1AD8AC4D1D926D67
59B8B760D6CD322123A34A8815C8FA6157EAA476ADBAB8EC2643757315A40669490A085E06492480
00F72481F8D606AFA8AB5A9D3DECAE2D2E2F6411405D548772724E509008505B9C700FA56CEA82D4
E9D2ADEC62481B0A5319DC490140F7CE31EF8AE4B5486C60B5DB2E9D7D0EA0F22C76125F4E6E0997
702BB18BBED390091C1C03D40A99023B9A28A2AC4636A61ACEE4DF2EA56567E622C25AF22DCB9049
183BD7AE7A64F4159BE1DB2834BD6EEA0B29CDC457917DB2E2452BB3CD2D80542F03238C7A20EA72
4DDD567934ED405D2C9644CD188D16E1D83A11924A05525F39191C74EBE99FE1B6B293C417D2D8DE
2DDCCC99D4A554D83CEC8F2D42FF000ED50F91D791924D677D4AE86D787C11A63E6368C9BBB9386E
BFEBDF9FC7AFE350F86094D326B790112C179708F9EA732B329FC5595BF1A9B4A7586E2FB4F20ABC
53B4CB9FE349097DC3DB7165FF0080D41A5854F116B91A2E159E195885C02E630A79EE70ABFA535D
046DD1451562392BBB5B5D6B53BDB88F4DB2952D5BECF3CB75332094A80DB594020A8DDD5B3DF031
CD5AF08DF47A943A9DE44A5126BD2C131D079718C8E390D8DC0F70C0F7AA9A94363A86A97E8DFD93
6725B15134B776C923CBF2290C7247C83763273C823231CCBE13B996F6FB58B9B84F2A5796308801
50F12AED49403C80C4363D97BD669EA5743A9A28A2B42428A28A0028A28A002B375F9648741BE922
B3178E2161F672BB84991820A8E48C750393D055F9658E085E596458E340599DCE0281D493DAB1E3
D6AF2FC1934CD2DE5B7FE19EE64F2164F75182C47B9001ED9A4DF404727E1C6DDE34B6B2F2202896
B35DA5E47652DA99882A8632B212485DF9CE48E40C0C1AEDB52D0B4DD60C4D7F6A92BC59F2DF2559
73D406041C1F4AAD61617D2EB0DAB6A6904532C06DE082090C8110B066258AAE492ABC63036F7ADA
A51436456D6D059DB476F6D12450C636A468B80A3D00A968A2A8452D5DADD347BC7BBB7FB45BAC2C
D243B776F5032463BD71DA9DA5B47610896CB17572CABA75CADF3DD2A4D9DC9B4BE361E339031804
67B1EDAF2ED2CE012382C59951557196627000CE0572B7D06930A4D20D0A1B0D543A1819A28C348C
64500A3AE73F315CF39E791C8ACE6523B2A28A2B424E7B58B68BFB4D67497527B89611135AD9328F
31012412C7053963C865CFB902A968F7D6B2F8C5AC2CED9ECCD9D8B2DCC3215CB333A18F95621881
BC9E723CC19EB5B77DA15A5FDEADE3BDCC3388FCA67B7B8788BA6490ADB48E84920F519383C9AA29
A7DAC1AFE9D6BA7C2B1476514B2CA5474DF80013DCB1CB64F27673D6A2C3352FF4D4BE08C269ADE7
8CFEEE7818075F51C82083DC10474E3814FB1B086C22648F7333B6F92476CB48D80324FAF007B000
0E052DE5FDBD8A2B5C485779C22AA96663E814024FE02B2AE7C61A2DAE9ED7F25D3FD95485332C0E
503138DA5B18073C609183C1E69E8986A6F51589FDBF24BA936996F6245F2462668EE2554511938D
DB97777C8C63B738041315878A12FA182F05B6CD3E79042B71E729C484ED0081D8B600209CE47183
9A399059943C532C2DA9241757B63A705843DADD5E5AA488D292C0A8673818014E0609DDD78A6784
3505F106A979ACC3098A04812C8FCC089255676765E395F9C61B8DDB89C57624561688EB26BBE216
88E631751A37A190431EEFD360FC0D0D6A1D0DEA28A2A84145145001451450073DAB2AEA1E24D3B4
AB9C8B4F264BB29DA674640AA7D40DDB88EE76FA1AE86A86A9A45B6AD0C6B39912489B7C3342E524
89B18CAB0E9C120F620E0E6A82E817D20F2AEFC43A85C5B7398D56389987A17450DF9107DEA75431
6E6F64D53507D3ECDDD6D2004DE5D44D821BB4487FBDDC91F7460753C715616726A90C319D5AFB37
7344EB722F24636DE642F2792A7772010A3E6C921B9ED8F4CB5B4B7B1B68EDAD6148608C61238D40
551F4A89B4CB06B592D5ACADCDBC8773C2625D8C739C918C1A4E3704EC79A0659E58EF219A4B0B6B
8862B6FB2DB4CF1471CCF1A49E780A4723730CF43819E952DD4119BFDD3ED963B19C24D0B60ADF2B
5C188B38E8CE8BB083D437D6BD0E4D1F4C99CBCBA75A3B187ECE59A1524C5FDCE9F77DBA50FA3698
ED6A5B4FB526D18B5BE625FDC93DD78E0FD29720F98CFB3B58E482E340BF692610E1E277721DA227
2843039DC846376739507A9AA7A8E8E56F74A57D42EEF258EF1658629CA11185077370A09C29232C
4F247722B7AFB4CB6D43CB3307592224C72C4E51D33D70C39C1EE3A1EF4965A5DBD81778FCD9257C
6F96691A47603B649E07B0C0E4F14F97A0AE5DA28AC9D7E5905B5B5AC6CC86F2E1206915B0554E59
B07A82554804720906A9BB08496FEE6FE57B7D29536A31592EE4194420E0AA8FE361C8F407A92411
576C6C21B089D63DCCF236F965739791BFBCC7F003D00000C00054F1C490C6B1C681114615546001
E82A86A77F245FE876223935195731A3E4AA0E9BDF1D147EBD052DB563327559A57B6D7754B7CEFB
4B492DAD98738600B3B0FF00816D07DE3AE7E4FB147A00782169746975198442DE2322B2790E8B80
A0E4190707B923D6BBFB1B28F4FB18AD622CCB1AE3739CB31EEC4F724E493EA6AC6297285CE1EC2C
EEA4D625B5944AB77E59124A54EDD8D6D0AE73D0FEF14F19EAA6A6B6D1B518BC29AC432DA2477123
89ADED91C3005228C0008E9B9E3623FDE19E781D9E28A3902E61BF8812F6055D1A27BCB872064A15
4873DE42718C7F77EF7B77ABDA469A9A569EB6C2432C859A49A661832C8C72CC7D3249E3B74ED57B
14552420A28A2980514514005145140051451400552D5AF26B0D3A5BB82D9AE4C5867890FCC533F3
151DC8192077C63BD5DA314011C13C7730473C2E1E29143A3A9C8604641152560F86035AA6A1A51C
84B1BA64841C711300E807B00C547FBB5BD4200AAC750B317DF6237310BA2BB842580723D40EE3E9
566B3F564D2E4B754D51ADD632E0A199C2E18742A4F2187A8E693B81A02AB5FD85BEA568D6D7285A
3620FCAC55948390411C82080411D31556CE596CA78B4FBA95A60CA7C89DBAB81D55BFDAC739EE01
3D8D69D1B8193FD93787E53AE5F795B71809106FFBEB666ADD869B69A6A3ADB45B5A46DF248CC59E
46F5663CB1FAD5BACE1A94D7258D85A99A219FDEC8FE5AB11FDDE093F5C60F6346880D1A2A8D96A6
9773496EF1496F75180CF0CA06769E8C0824303EA0FD7078ABD4C0A10DE489A9C96373B773299606
5180E808041F75247D4107D717EB0FC4C821B4B6D4D5B63E9F709396FF00A664ED901F6D8CC7EA05
6E0A4802AA5F4D7902A3DADAA5C007F789E66C7C7FB391827D891F5AB754F51D423D3A15768E4964
91C471431005E46C13819207404F240C0343043ACB50B7BF8D9A12C190ED923752AF19F460791FD6
AD572ADAAA7FC24DA603693D8DFDCEE8A582E14664882B302190B2B15603BF01CF4CD75542770614
5145300A28A28032AEE59EF7517D32DA76B7114492CF32005B0C582AAE7804ED6C9EDC63AE457B9D
39B46B67BDD3E7BB91A052F241717524C2651C91F39386F4231CF078A75C1934DF118BC652D677B1
25BC8F9FF5322962AC7D9B76DFA85F5E3624C6C39C631DEA4624334771047344DBA3914329F50464
52C92C70A1791D51475663802B33C30DBBC29A3B7AD8C27FF1C5AAF6B6D6FACEABA85D5E4093A5BC
DF66B7595772A855059803C64B3119F4514EE217C3DB2EEEF54D5E224C17B3AF90DD9E3440BB87B1
21B07B8C1EF5BB48AA14000600E0014B4200AC6BD89ADB5AFB7C90C9716D25B8819514B988862721
472436EC1C73F2AF6E9B358773A9DD0D4E6B44B9B2B674C3431DCA9CCEBB41241DC31C92380718C9
EA050C68CE81D1F5AB7D3AC619059EFF00B4C6D240F1AC05301D54B0190DBC600E07CDDB8AEB6B9C
D2B558F5DD70C90A853A724905C00C1C0958AE02B03CF0B9FF00810CE0E40E8E944199DAF49E568B
72C5D91368591D7AA2120337B614939F6ABF1A2C71AA22855518000C0028923596368DD432302194
8C823D2B2C4D3E8EB1C539335902105C16CBC793850E3B8E71BB39F51D4D0F4603F591F67B5FED24
5CCB660C848EA63FE35FC5467EA07A5698AA1ADE3FB0B50DC015FB349907A7DD35369D9FECCB5DC3
07C94C8F4E053EA233FC58866F0AEA56EA4096E20682205B1BA471B50647AB102B61010A013923BD
645AC7FDABA835FCAEFE45B4AF1DBC5D14B292AD21F539DC07A0E7A9AD8A002B2B5D1646D6337971
25BB23EF8648B9915C03CA0C1C9C13C60F04F15AB599A9585DCD7B6F7B63710C5710A3C789E23221
572A4F0197072839FAFAD0C1189BAC9F51D32FA3BFB9BDBB372225F3C0578D191895F2C2AE01C679
5CFCA33D38EBAB9ABDD3E4B5B9B5D6EFEEC4F7904A90A7971EC8D524754601724E4E41C927A71804
8AE9692DC614514550829B23AC71B3B670A093819A75473CD1DBC124F2B6D8E352EC71D00193401C
E36B326ADA1FDA65D1A56D22F2DB7971326FF29D7A94FF0074E7839F6CD697872EBFB43C33A6DD19
3CC335B46C5F767712A3393EBEBEF5856F6969736CB7AFE1F9934B9079A21FB516041190C6DC1D98
C738193ED9ADAF0ECB1CD67732DBC8925ABDDCAF03A1CA95272483DFE6DD52B718785778F0968EB2
30675B38958839C90801FE54CF0B90DA75DB672C751BCCFE13B81FA014FF000F620B5B8D3CA847B4
B891020EC858B47DBA6C65FC411DAA2F0F218AEF5D451887FB499A33EB98A366FF00C7CB8FC28EC0
6ED14515420AC8BAD4ADA4597CEB09A7B489CAC9318D5914AF04EDCEE207A815AE6B9D5B88E7D527
FEC3D56CDA66C3CD6928DCADC7DF5C10467232790703A1E6A58D1662F263F13C620C6D9EC496DA7E
5C238D871FF6D1F9AD9AE6BC2B6925B4FA9A5CCAB24F6F702DD76021238F62CAA8A0F381E6E33DF0
3A0000E9688EC0CA1ACDF9D374C92E86C043226E93EEA6E60BB9BFD919C9F615CE6AFAD97B3934C8
F50B4BF92F57ECDBAD786B7F33E512300C46D19EBC738C649ADDD6B551A64706E960804CFB3ED170
71146704FCDC8EB8C0E473DEB9E9EFE69AD0C362B6B7BA73488D717565098638A30C0B3062CC2438
1D17A0073D814D823A3F1032AE817AACC5449118B703D0BFCA3F9D692800000600ACFD6D04963121
50C0DD5BE41F6950FF004AD1155D43A191E180EBA05B891B73EE9371F7DED5AF597A0227F6541223
655B795C70305C91C56A511D84C2B175984BDFDA493D8BDED8AA3AC91A80FB5C95DAC50FDE180DEA
467A7391B554EF75282C5A34904AF2480948E18D9D8818C9C01D06473EE3D6863471D748E9A8595D
5AD8DCD9684B73135DC77184567DE04663888257126D2C7E518E79EA3BDAE5FC43A8D96AFE0ED53E
CCE65223DAD160A48AE48C02A7054E7D715D452401451455082AB6A17915858CF75382638D4B1551
92DEC07A9E9F8D59AA3ACC9670E8B7B2EA09BECD207332633B9307231DF8A4C0E5A3867D26DDA5BC
82FB4ED1506E6863BE475B75FF006B0BB9147A239007B5745E1B85ADFC3F6B118DA3501BCB8D860A
465894047621768C76AE5F506361A15C5F6B9A45F4DA7C511668EE2F96631AFF00B49C2923D72C78
E39AEC74C59534AB3599B74A2040ED9CE5B68C9CF7A94F51B4457DA3C37B38B859A7B6B8DA10CB6E
FB599739DA78208E4E3D32718CD5AB3B382C6D96DEDD3646A49C672492724927924924927A9353D1
57610514525003658D6589A3719560548F635CA5D5A6A1FD9EBA6DD68D2DE1B7005A5F5A4F12BA10
30AE77B2947F5C6E0707B1C5751762736738B52A2E0C6DE516E81B1C67DB35C5EA1AED8E8B6DFDA3
15C5F4375061AE74EB867679933F3855738C8E48653838EB8A9931A377C24B3B686B3DE156BF9A59
0DE320C032AB14603D86C0A3D9456ED67687692D969314538026667964507215DDCBB007BE0B11F8
568D35B08CAD5AE6EBCFB6B0B49A3B796E83E2E245DC176E0E157232C4124678C293CE3079CD76E2
FACAD9F4D5D586A0D7D8B795648903DAA49F219728000AB9E8C39EC6B6B5C9D24BA8B4FB89AD2DED
E442FE65D461C4847F0AEE3B723A9CE7D87523216E22926B4D06D0DA4D6B3CC1CDCDA43B225D8448
6338CA9760BD8F4C920606658D23A1F10893FB12696252CF6ED1DCEC5EAC237572A3DC85C7E356AE
6F6282C1EED4874DBB9307EF93F740FA9200FAD5AAA3068F616B379B0DB2230FBA07DD4FF757A2F5
EC05534EFA087E996D259E95696B2C9E6490C288EFFDE20004FE26ADD145300ACAD52CAECDE5B6A5
60226B9B7578CC529DAB2C6C54B2EEFE1395520F3D31DF2356B22FB56BA86F5EDECF4D7BB10C6249
D84A108CF45507EF360138E074E79A4C68C2D72D6EAF27B4D56F2C12CE0B59E2F3D5A60CF3A79808
0C178DAAD87E49395C71939ED2B075EB95BFF085C4964DBFED71AC70965EEEC14641F73D2B769201
68A28AA10545736D0DE5B4B6D711AC90CA851D18643291820D4B552FB5182C7CB4725A698ED8A141
9790FB0FE67A0EF49DBA818B7FA3E99A4E9D35CCCF7972514AC11DC5CBCDF3B70AA8AC48DC4E003D
79EB5AFA7C674ED16DA2BA972D6F6EAB2C8DDCAA8049FCAA1B4B0B89AE85EEA4E8F2A9CC3027DC83
8C71FDE6EBF371C1200193966A01750D56DF4D6E62882DD4E33D70DFBB53EC5813FF0000F7A9DB52
BC8CCBEF12EA0B266CF4F416E910B89A49D8892388B150FE5E075019B0483853900F14FBAD47538F
5B8F4E92E62FB31DBE75CDBC3B5E2672446B862C304A904E3232BC7390DD5E0BE37FA8DAC769712C
3AA5AA4093C4576C0DF32B16C9E3018303839C11D71992FB4CBE9355B948A00D6F792DBCAF71E601
E579441231D493B4631EA7A779D43420B737126AE219F52BA974D92592DE11BC23999012C0B20048
C2B81C8C6C39CE4622D151F51D426FB75D5D3C73A7DA2C42DC3A6C84315C7CA46E3F75893CFCF8E7
157E1D3AFD75658648A336315DBDE453F99F37CCAD942B8EA19D8E7A631DEA5D23439AC2F44D7174
B3A410B5BDA80A432C6CC18EE39E4FCA833E8BEF428EA172D68F3CCCB73677321967B397CA329183
22950CAC474CE18038E320F4E94FD74467C3FA909543466D65DC1BA11B4E6A2B01FF0013CD59B9C6
625FC933FD68F10A25CE95269EC33F6E22D76FAAB70DF92EE3F8555FDD1752CE94B22E9364B2FF00
AC10207CFAED19AB79A3000E2B1121975F669E59E68B4DE5628A190A19C74DECCBCED3FC2011C727
39C077B6806D3A2C8BB5D432FA119AC6BF956EB58D3ACAD9833DBCC67B8DA7FD526C6500FA125860
77009ED530F0D68A1837F665B16031B8C609C7D6AEDAD9DA69F6FE55A5BC36D08E764481147BE071
459B012F2F12CE20CC8F23B36D8E28C659DBD07FF5F818C9AC36F145C8D4C69DFD94C970C42A3C93
8116F2A5BCB2EA0E1F682D8C118EFC8AD1D3C1BDB97D4DB98D9765A8FF00A67DDBFE0479FA05AC3D
298DE41636E597EDB1EA335C5DA2E3745CC846E1DB39503D41F4A96D8D17A2D7AF6EFED620B4B689
ED0E64171390AEA0B02CAC14F19561923A83C6304D783C5B71369ABA87F66A887CE581A0F3FF00D2
15D880A366DC72195B1B87041AC6B97173A24B6B03813DA69D7305F409CB2FCF1E41EF96512153DF
7645696A1125BEB33DF9629650DCDADD48EA7E5C9478998FB05D84FA000F6A9BBEE3B236F4ED6D2F
A4891E2F2FCF46785836430520303900AB027953CF07D0E0BBB2BD83527D474D104924B1AC73413B
140E172548600E08DC47420FB62B154A3DA6A17F6AE86D61D592E6DA4439429B631315C7A969BF12
6BB01571D55992CE574EB4BABAF115CA6A223852D8A5DC5690BEF4DD2065DCCC40C9051881800124
F2704755593A76D9F5CD56E95B214C56DD3BA02C71F8C98FA835AD4E2B40614518A2A8406B9DF0B4
D26A0BA86A3739370D7B3DBAA9FF009651C6E51547A74DC7D4B7D2BA2AC5B9F0F46FA83DF595F5DE
9F712E3CDFB3B294971DD91815CFB800FBD4BEE334AFAF60D3ACA5BBB97D914632481927D0003924
F400724D54D1EDA458E5BDB94297576C24756C6635C7CA9FF011D7B64B1EF515AF87E249E3B9BEBC
BAD46789B746F74CB88CE31954455507DF19F7AD8146FAB00A28A2A8414514500624F69AA59EAF71
77A6C5693C374A9E6C73CCD11475046E042B672BB46303EEF7CF13D969F746EFEDDA94E92DC052B1
C510C45083D719E4B1E0163F801939D4A2A7950EE676BE273E1ED4BECA19AE3ECB279617392DB4E0
0C77AB564F0496303DB106068D4C657A6DC71FA54F591FD8421919AC2FEEEC9189630C451A3C9EB8
5756DBF45C0A1EF70358B050493803A9358D2336BCC238588D2F867954FF00C7CF3F717FD8F53DFA
0E33527F60C13A04D46E2E3510083B6E4AEC3F5450AA7F106B54000607028B37B800000C0E94B8E6
9296A8426D1F9D4169636B610986D2DE2823DC5B646A1464F53815628A00AD7D682EF4EB8B456D82
589A30C07DDC8C66B346A3A94B6A90269D2477E540919F1E4C47BB6ECFCC3B80393C671DB6FBD18A
96AE3B94F4CD3E3D2F4F8AD22677080EE91CE5A46272CCC7D49249FAD5CA28AA1051451401FFD9}
li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {5.5.4 Quarternary structure
}\b0 \par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Some protein
s are made up of more than one polypeptide chain}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {These peptide chains held together by non-covalent
interactions or by}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{covalent cross - links it is referred to as the quarternary structure. The}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {assembly is often calle
d as an oligomer and each constituent peptide}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {chain is called as a monomer or sub unit. The monomer
s of oligomeric}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pro
tein can be identical or quite different in primary, secondary or tertiary}\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {structure (Fig. 5.8).eg:
}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proteins with 2
monomers (dimer) eg. Creatine phosphokinase}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proteins with 4 monomers (tetramer) eg. Haemoglobin}
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li706\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 5.8 Quarternary st
urcutre (eg. haemoglobin)}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\b {5.6 Biologically important proteins}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\sl
mult0 \*\tx466\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Gl
utathione is a tripeptide containing glutamic acid, cysteine and}\par\pard\li46
6\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {glycine. It is present in eryth
rocytes and several other tissues. It}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {acts as a coenzyme and protects haemoglobin against oxidati
on.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ii.}\ta
b \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Insulin and glucagon are pancreatic hormones, invo
lved in the}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {regul
ation of glucose metabolism.}\par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {112}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\m
arglsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsxn586\margbsxn93\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx4
66\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iii.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Angiotensin
is a peptide which stimulates the release of certain}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-280\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hormones from adrenal gland.}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iv.}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {Collagen, is a connective tissue protein rich in proline and hydroxy}
\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {proline.}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {5.6.1 Plasma proteins}\b
0 \par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Plasma consists
of many proteins such as albumin, globulin and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fibrinogen. Total protein of the plasma is about 68gm /100ml. Plasma}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
proteins comprise a major part of the solids of plasma. Albumin combine}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {with substances of low solu
bilities such as cholesterol, triacylglycerol}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to form more soluble complexes, which can be transpor
ted in the an}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aqueo
us environment of the body fluids.}\par\pard\li2640\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\b {Excercise}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs2

2\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {I.}\b0 \tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Choose the c
orrect answer from the given four altenratives}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\sl
mult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a. Phenyl alanine is a}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sb
-0\colno2\colw720\colsr-0\colno3\colw2360\pard\li720\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {i.
Aromatic amino acid}\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-386\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iii. Dipeptide}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b. Essential amino acids}\par\pard\li733\ri0\sl-373\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i. are synthesized in the body}\par\column
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ii.}\par\pard\li26\ri0\
sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iv.}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Aliphatic amino acid}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-38
6\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Glycoprotein}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ii. are not synthesized in the body}\par\pard\li733\ri
0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iii. are not used for protein bios
ynthesis}\par\pard\li733\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iv. are
unstable}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c. The
primary structure of proteins is associated with this}\par\pard\li733\ri0\sl-373
\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i. Amino acid sequence}\par\pard\li733\ri
0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ii. }\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\
uc1\u946X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-pleated sheet structure}\par\pard\li733\r
i0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iii. Conformation}\par\pard\li733
\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iv. Relative position of subunit
s}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmul
-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {113}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn
7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360\pghs
xn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsxn573\margbsxn93\pard\li400\ri0\sl-200\slm
ult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d. Protein denaturation results in}\par\pard\li
720\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i.
change of primary struc
ture}\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ii. change
of secondary structure.}\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {iii. change of tertiary structure}\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iv. change in both secondary and tertiary structures
.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e. The bonds re
sponsible for the tertiary structure of proteins are}\par\pard\li746\ri0\sl-373\
slmult0 \*\tx1146\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Hydrogen bonds}\par\pard\li746\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx1146\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {ii.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Vander wall forces}\par\pard\li746\
ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx1146\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iii.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Disulphide bonds}\par\pard\li746\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx1146\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iv.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {All the above.}\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {II. Fill up the blanks
}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a. The simpl
est amino acid is -----------}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {b. All the amino acids exist in their ------------ form.}\par\pard\
li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c. The functional group pre
sent in tryptophan is ------------}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {d. Guanidino group is present in the amino acid -------------}
\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx746\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e.}\tab \
fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { helix nature
of proteins tell about the ------------- structure of}\par\pard\li746\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {proteins.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult
0 \*\tx746\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {--------------- amino acid is never found in}{ }\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945
X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-helix}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\b {III. }\b0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Say true or false}\b
0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a. Proteins are
not found in plants}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1

00 {b. Ornithine is a non-protein amino acid.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c. Glutamic acid has two carboxyl groups}\par\pard\
li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d. Myoglobin can be analyse
d for its quaternary structure}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {e. A dipeptide has two peptide bonds.}\par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-213\
d\li2893\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {114}\par\pard\sect\sectd
\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsxn586\margbsxn93\c
ols3\colno1\colw2880\colsr-0\colno2\colw720\colsr-0\colno3\colw3066\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-200\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {IV. Match the followings}\b0 \par\
pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a. Primary structure}\
par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b. Glycine}\par\pa
rd\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c. Zwitter ion}\par\pard
\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d. Arginine}\par\pard\li40
0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e. Hemoglobin}\par\pard\li400\r
i0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f. Myoglobin}\par\pard\li400\ri0\s
l-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {g. Urea}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-21
-}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li13
\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\column\pard\l
rscalex100 {Simplest amino acids}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {Guanidino group}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Amino acids sequence}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {Quaternary structure}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {T}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ertiary structure}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Denaturing reagent}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Isoelectric point}\par\pard\sect\s
ectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\
slmult0 \*\tx400\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {V.}\b0 \tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\b {Give short answer for the followings}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmu
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a. What is a peptide bond?}\par\pard\li400\ri0\s
l-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b. Give the D form of glycine.}\par\pa
rd\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c. Write the structure o
f Leucine.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d. How
are proteins denatured?}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {e. Give the salient features of primary structure of a protein.}\par\par
d\li293\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx746\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
f.}\tab \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Name the any of two biologically important proteins with
their}\par\pard\li746\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {functions.}
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {VI. Answer the fo
llowings}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a. G
ive the classification of aminoacids.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {b. Give the structure of aromatic amino-acids.}\par\pard\li
400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c. What are essential amino a
cids? Give examples.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {d. Explain the secondary and tertiary structure of proteins.}\par\pard\li400
\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e. What are the salient features
of primary structure of proteins?}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {f. Write the reaction of an amino acid with ninhydrin reagent?
}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {g. What is the a
ction of Biuret reagent on proteins?}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {115}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn
7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360\pghs
xn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn93\cols2\colno1\colw2320\col
sr-0\colno2\colw4346\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
0\charscalex100\b {6.1 Introduction}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {CHAP
TER 6}\b0 \par\pard\li333\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li333\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li333\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
b {LIPIDS}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\ma
rgrsxn133\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-240\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Lipids form a group of organic compounds which a
re widely}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {distribut
ed in living organisms. Chemically they are esters of fatty acids}\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {or are capable of forming esters.
The important lipids are triacyl}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {glycerols, phospholipids, sterols and fatty acids.}\par\pard\li0\
alex100\b {6.2 Fatty acids}\b0 \par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li466\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Fatty acids are carbox
ylic acid with hydrocarbon side chains. They}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {are the simplest form of lipids and they are water sol
uble. They exist in}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{the body either as free acids or fatty acyl esters such as triacylglycerol.}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The fatty acids are re
leased from these lipids on hydrolysis by lipases.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {6.2.
1 Classification}\b0 \par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li466
\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Fatty acids may be divided into
(i) saturated fatty acids and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {(2) unsaturated fatty acids.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {6.2.1.1}\b0 { }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Saturated fatty acids}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li466\r
calex100 {These are fatty acids which donot contain double bonds. They}\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {have general formula C}{\sub
\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\fs14\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {2n+1}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {COOH (Table 6.1).}\par\pard\li2893
lex100 {116}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\marg
rsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

\margtsxn586\margbsxn93\pard\li40\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
b {Table 6.1 Saturated fatty acids commonly found in natural fats}\b0 \par\pard\
sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\c
olw1720\colsr-0\colno2\colw4946\pard\li466\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
f0\charscalex100\b {Acid}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
f0\f0\charscalex100\b {
}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Formula
Carbon atoms}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\

marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw2280\colsr-0\colno2\colw2760\colsr-0\co
lno3\colw1626\pard\li466\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-346\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Acetic}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {COOH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\sect\s
ectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw228
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Propionic}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Butyric}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Caproic}\par\pard\li453\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Caprylic}\par\pard\li453\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Decan
oic}\par\pard\li453\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Lauric}\par\p
ard\li466\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Myristic}\par\pard\li46
6\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Palmitic}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl
-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Stearic}\par\column\pard\li333\ri0\sl-1
20\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {COOH
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}{\sub \fs14\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {7}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {COOH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {COO
H}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}{\sub \fs14\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {7}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {15}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {COOH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9}}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {19}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C
OOH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}{\sub \fs14\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {11}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {23}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {COOH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {13}}\fs24\cf0\f0\
0 {COOH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}{\sub \fs
14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {15}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {31}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {COOH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {17}}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {35}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {COOH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
3}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {10}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {14}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {16}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0
-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Arachidic}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {COOH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {20}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\m
argrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw2760\colsr-0\colno2\colw3906\pard\li2440\ri0\sl-120\
slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {19}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \
fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {39}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn1104
colno3\colw1626\pard\li466\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Beheni
c}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Lignoceric}\par

\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}{\sub \fs14\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {21}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {43}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {COOH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {23}}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {47}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{COOH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {22}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {24}\par\pard\sect\sec
td\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\sl
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {6.2.1.2}\b0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\b \i {Unsaturated fatty acid}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {These are fatt
y acids which contain double bonds. They have}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-346\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {general formula (C}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2n-1}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {COOH). They are subdivided into}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \*\tx906\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(a)}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Mono
unsaturated fatty acid : These are fatty acids containing}\par\pard\li920\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {one double bond. (eg) Oleic acid.}\par\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C H}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs18\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 { (C H}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{)}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C H = C
H (C H}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub
\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C O O H
}\par\pa
rd\li1533\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O leic acid}\par\pard\l
i400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \*\tx920\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(b)}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Polyunsaturated fat
ty acid : These are fatty acids that contain}\par\pard\li920\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {more than one double bond.}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-3
46\slmult0 \*\tx1146\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(eg)}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid.}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-2
00 {117}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn
133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\margt
sxn586\margbsxn93\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Impo
rtance}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margr
sxn133\cols2\colno1\colw1133\colsr-0\colno2\colw5533\pard\li466\ri0\sl-400\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {2.}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {They act as energy stores and fuel molecules.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They are the major components of cell membran
e.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {6.2.1.3 }\b0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Essential fatty acid (EFA)}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li466\ri0\s
l-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The fatty acids that cannot be synthes
ised by the body and therefore}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {should be supplied in the diet are known as essential fatty acids.}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Chemically they are
polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), namely linoleic}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {acid, linolenic acid and arachidonic acid.}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Structure}\b0 \par\pa
rd\li626\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { (CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 { CH = CH-CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {-CH=CH(CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
COOH}\par\pard\li2560\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Linoleic a
cid}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { CH}{\sub \fs14

\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { (CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
4}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { CH = CH-CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-CH=CH -CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-CH = CH(CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 { COOH}\par\pard\li2506\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Li
nolenic acid}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\s
ub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { (CH}{\sub \fs14\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {4}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { CH = CH-CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-CH=CH -CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-CH = CH-CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-CH=CH-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {(CH}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 { COOH}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\marg
rsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw2360\colsr-0\colno2\colw4306\pard\li426\ri0\sl-120\slmu
lt0 \*\tx573\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\pa
0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Functions}\b0 \p
ar\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Arachidonic ac
id}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\p
\f0\charscalex100 {EFAs are requried for the membrane structure and functions.}\
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They are necessary for the maintenance of growth, reprod
uction}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and good h
ealth.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3.}\
tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They are important for the transport of choleste
rol, formation of}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{lipoportein and prevention of fatty liver.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \*\
tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They serve
as precursor for prostaglandin biosynthesis.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \*
\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They prolo
ng clotting time and increase fibrinolytic activity.}\par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-213
rd\li2893\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {118}\par\pard\sect\sect
d\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage












{6.3 Structure of triacyl glycerol}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Triacylglycerols are simple lipids in which glycerol bac
kbone is}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {esterified
with three fatty acids. This form the major part of dietary}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lipids. They are stored in adipose tis
sue and serve as concentrated fuel}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {reserve of the body.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pgh
lsr-0\colno3\colw1960\colsr-0\colno4\colw1360\colsr-0\colno5\colw1640\pard\li66\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li66\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li66\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li66\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {1}\par\column\pard\li973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \*\tx960\fs20\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\ta
b \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li986\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\
li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {14}}
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\column
\cf0\par\pard\li986\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \*\tx986\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{C}\par\pard\li1013\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column

\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {16}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360
573\pard\li66\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\pard\li40\ri
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl200\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\column\
f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\
100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\pa
r\pard\li26\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li13\ri0\
sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slm
ult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {14}}\fs20\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 { CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slm
13\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(CH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}
\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {14}}\fs18\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 { CH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri
ex100 {CH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\
sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li1
rd\li13\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {(CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub
\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {16}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0
x100 {(CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\s
ub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {14}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { CH}{\sub \fs14\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marg
lsxn560\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw3733\colsr-0\colno2\colw2933\pard\li333\ri0
\sl-360\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tripalmitin (simple triacyl glycerol
)}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Distearopa
lmitin (mixed }\par\pard\li360\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tr
iacylglycerol)}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\m
argrsxn133\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-333\slm
ult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {If the three hydroxyl groups are esterified wit
h same type of fatty}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{acid then the lipid is called as simple glyceride. If the three hydroxyl}\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {groups are esterified wi
th different type of fatty acids, the lipid is called}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as mixed glyceride.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {6.3.1 Properties}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {6.3.1.1}\b0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\b \i { Physical}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {1.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Triacylglycerols are non p

olar, hydrophobic molecules, insoluble}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in water, but soluble in organic solvents.}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {Specific gravity of fats is lower than water. Therefore fats and}\par\
pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {oils float on water.}\
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Melting point of triacylglycerol is related to the chain
length and}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {degre
e of unsaturation of fatty acids. The longer the chain length,}\par\pard\li400\r
i0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the higher the melting point and g
reater the number of double bonds,}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {the lower the melting point.}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmu
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {119}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margr
sxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage





7;32768}}

7;32768}}




7;32768}}

7;32768}}









7;32768}}
7;32768}}






lex100 {4.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They are tasteless, odourless, colou
rless and neutral in solution.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \*\tx386\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {5.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They are themselves good
solvents for other fats.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\b {6.3.1.2}\b0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Chemical properties}\b0
\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx386\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.}\ta
b \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hydrolysis : On boiling with water at 200C, triacyl
glycerols are}\par\pard\li386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hy
drolysed to glycerol and fatty acids in a stepwise manner.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\
sr-0\colno2\colw653\colsr-0\colno3\colw1240\colsr-0\colno4\colw1266\colsr-0\coln
o5\colw426\colsr-0\colno6\colw1666\pard\li1040\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li1040\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li146\ri0
\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx1040\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {2}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\tab \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\p
ar\pard\li1053\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li146\
ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx640\*\tx1053\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}\tab \fs18\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\tab \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li1040\ri0\sl
-186\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmul
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}{
\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0

harscalex100 {+H}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{O}\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {200C}\par\colum
n\pard\li906\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li906\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx893\fs18\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {O}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li906\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs1
6\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li506\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx906\fs18\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {O}\tab \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-160\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}\par\column\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}{\
sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\c
ard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx293\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\tab \fs18\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {R}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {-COOH}\par\pard\li280\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Fatty
acid}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133
\cols7\colno1\colw666\colsr-0\colno2\colw386\colsr-0\colno3\colw373\colsr-0\coln
3\pard\li133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}
\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}{\sub \fs1
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\
ult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsx
n11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw3466\colsr-0\colno2\colw3200\par
d\li213\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Triacylglycrerol}\par\par
fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Diacylglycerol}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11
040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols6\colno1\colw1373\colsr-0\colno2\colw613\colsr-0
\colno3\colw1293\colsr-0\colno4\colw1346\colsr-0\colno5\colw440\colsr-0\colno6\c
olw1600\pard\li53\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx986\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\su
b \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li1000\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{O}\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx573\*\tx1000\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {CH}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par
\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \*\tx98
6\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {O}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li13\ri0\
x100 {R}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}{\sub \fs1
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\f0\charscalex100 {+H}{\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {O}\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {200C}\par\
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li973\ri0\
sl-186\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li533\ri0\sl-400\slmult0
\*\tx960\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\pa
rd\li13\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}\par\pard\li560\ri0\sl

-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li560\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx960\fs20\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {O}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\colu
18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}{\sub \fs14
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx320\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\tab \fs20
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs20\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {-COOH}\par\pard\li293\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li293\ri0\
sl-186\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Fatty acid}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkno
colno2\colw506\colsr-0\colno3\colw1280\colsr-0\colno4\colw1800\colsr-0\colno5\co
lw1693\pard\li200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Diacylglycerol}
\par\pard\li66\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li66\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li66\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li66\ri0\sl-306\slmul
t0 \*\tx1000\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li101
3\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-400\slm
ult0 \*\tx586\*\tx1013\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {O}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \*\tx1013\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}
{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\tab \fs20\cf
cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}{\sub \fs14\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+H}{\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {O}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {200C}\
par\column\pard\li93\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Monoacylglyc
erol}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-240\
slmult0 \*\tx946\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\l
i13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx546\*\tx1
013\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\tab \fs20\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \*\tx973\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}
l-253\slmult0 \*\tx306\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {R}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-COOH}\p
20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Fatty acid}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghs
xn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw2893\colsr-0\colno2\colw3773\pa
rd\li40\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Monoacylglycerol}\par\col
umn\pard\li306\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {glycerol}\par\pard
harscalex100 {120}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn56
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

The reaction can also be catalysed by the enzymes lipases.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2. Hydrogenation}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl
-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acid
s present in the fats, lead}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {to the formation of saturated fats. Hydrogenation elevates the melting}
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {point. Thus an oil
is converted to a solid fat.}\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li40\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {3}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { (CH}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}}\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {CH = CH (CH}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1

00 {COOH
+ H}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li1013\ri0\sl-2
13\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Oleic acid}\par\pard\li1546\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1546\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P
t, Pd or Ni}\par\pard\li2760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{
\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { (CH}{\sub \fs16
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {7}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {
CH}\ul0 {\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { (CH}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {COOH}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\
margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw3586\colsr-0\colno2\colw3080\pard\li1560\ri0\sl-200
\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as catalyst}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Stearic acid}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\p
gwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {This reactio
n is of great commercial importance since it permits}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\sl
mult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {transformation of inexpensive and unsaturated
liquid vegetable fats into}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {solid fats. The latter are used in the manufacture of candles, vegetable
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {shortenings like v
anaspathi and oleomargarine.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {3. Saponification}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Boiling with an alcoholic solution of strong metallic alkali hydrol
yses}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {triacyl glycer
ol into soap and fatty acid. This process is called as}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {saponification.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
lno2\colw1306\colsr-0\colno3\colw2666\pard\li40\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li40\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {2}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { - OOC C}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {17}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {33
}{ }\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+
Na
OH}\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH
- O
OC C}{\sub \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {17}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\fs10\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {33
}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + Na
OH}\par\par
d\li53\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {2}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { - OOC C}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {17}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {33}}\f
s16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
+
Na
OH}\par\pard\li480\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\*\tx1586\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Triolein}\tab \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S
odium }\par\pard\li533\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \*\tx1546\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(
a fat)}\tab \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hydroxide}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-21
00 {Saponification}\par\column\pard\li40\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i40\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {CH2 - OH}\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \*\tx866\fs16\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {CH - OH}\tab \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ }\fs16\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {3C}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {17}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}{
\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {33}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. COONa}\par\pa
rd\li1133\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sodium oleate}\par\pard
\li40\ri0\sl-146\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH2 - OH}\par\pard\li1333\
ri0\sl-146\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(a soap)}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-146
\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Glycerol}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsx
n7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Soaps are import
ant cleansing agents. Their cleansing property is}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {due to their emulsifying action. This is accomphl
ised by means of negative}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal

ex100 {charge the soap anion confers on oil droplets. The electrostatic repulsio
n}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {121}
\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

then prevents the coalescene of soap and results in the removal of dirt}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {particles.}\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4. Halogenation}\par\pard\li400\ri
0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Unsaturated fatty acids in the tria
cyl glycerol take up chlorine,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {bromine and iodine atoms at their double bonds to form saturated}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {halogenated derivative
s.}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-333\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C H}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs18\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 { (C H}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {)}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C H
= C H (C H}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}
{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}}\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C O O H
+
I}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li626\ri0\sl-200\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O leic acid}\par\pard\li973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li973\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Acetic acid /
m ethanol}\par\pard\li3000\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C H}{
\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { (C H}{\sub \fs1
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {7}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C H
C H (C H}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {7}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C O O H}\par\pard\li1053\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R oom tem perature}\par\pard\li4000\ri0\sl-146\slmul
t0 \*\tx4720\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\tab \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\pa
r\pard\li3360\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9,10 diiodo steari
c acid}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5. Rancidity}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {On storage, unsaturated fatty acids present in the f
at are likely to}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un
dergo oxidation and hydrolytic cleavage in the presence of lipases}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {present in the fat itself or se
creted by the contaminating microorganisms.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {This leads to change of colour and odour of the fat. T
his change is}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {calle
d as rancidity. This occurs due to the formation of peroxides at the}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {double bonds of unsaturated fa
tty acids. Rancidity can be prevented}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {by certain antioxidants such as vitamin -E, gallic acid, buty
lated hydroxy}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tolue
ne etc.Vegetable oils are less rancid because of the presence of}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {natural antioxidants such as vitam
in E and carotenoids.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\b {6.3.2 Quantitative tests}\b0 \par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {There are certain chemical constants used for the characterisa
tion}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of fats.}\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {6.3.2.1}\b0 { }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Acid Number}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-400\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It is the number of milligrams of KOH required to n
eutralize the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {free
fatty acids present in 1 gm of fat. The acid number, thus, tells us}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {about the quantity of free fatt
y acid present in a fat. Obviously, a fat}\par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {122}\par\
pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsxn5
86\margbsxn93\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {which has
been processed and stored properly has a very low acid}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {number.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {6.3.2.2}\b0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Sapon
ification number}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {It is the number of milligrams of KOH requried to saponify 1 gm}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of fat. The saponification
number, thus, provides information on the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {average chain length of the fatty acids in the fat. The s
aponification}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {numbe
r varies inversely with the chain length of the fatty acids. The}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {shorter the average chain length o
f the fatty acids, the higher is the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {saponification number.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {6.3.2.3}\b0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i { Iodine
number}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It
is the number of grams of iodine absorbed by 100 gm of fat.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The iodine number is, thus, a measure
of the degree of unsaturation of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {the fatty acids in the fat. The iodine number gives no indication
as to the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {number of
double bonds present in the fatty acid molecules.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {6.3.2.4}\b0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i
{Polenske number}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {It is the number of millilitres of 0.1 N KOH required to neutralize}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the insoluble fatty ac
ids. This indicates the level of non volatile fatty}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {acids present in the fat.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {6.3.2.5}\b0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\b \i {Reichert - Meissl number}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \f
s20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It is the number of millilitres of 0.1 N KOH required
to neutralize}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the s
oluble, volatile fatty acids derived from 5 gm of fat. The Reichert-}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Meissl number thus, measures t
he quantity of short chain fatty acids in}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the fat molecule.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {6.3.2.6 }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Acetyl nu
mber}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It i
s the number of milligrams of KOH required to neutralize the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {acetic acid obtained by saponification
of 1 gm of fat after it has been}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {acetylated. The acetyl number is, thus, a measure of the number o
f OH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {groups in the
fat.}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\sl
\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {123}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage







{6.4 Phospholipids}\b0 \par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Phospholipids are compound lipids containing phosphoric acid in}\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {addition to fatty acid, alco
hol and a nitrogenous base.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\b {6.4.1 Classification}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Phospholipids are classified into two types.}\par\pard\li293\
scalex100 {Glycerophospholipids (or) Phosphoglycerides that contain}\par\pard\l
i693\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {glycerol as alcohol.}\par\pa
rd\li293\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2. Sphingophospholipid
s that contain sphingosine as alcohol.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\b {6.4.1.1 }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Glycerophos
pholipids}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{These are the major lipids that occur in biological membranes.}\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They present in all plant and anima
l cells. They are abundantly present}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {in heart, brain, kidney, egg yolk and soyabean. The important}
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {glycerophospholipid
s are lecithin, cephalin, phosphotidyl inositol,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cardiolipin and plasmalogen.}\par\pard\li2800\ri0\
i2800\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkn
\colno2\colw1293\colsr-0\colno3\colw3520\pard\li1146\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li1146\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\p
20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {O}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-38
6\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\
6\colsr-0\colno3\colw1973\pard\li786\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx1133\*\tx1480\*\tx1
853\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs20\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}\par\column\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213
-173\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn73
3560\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx2786\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\su
b \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {P}\par\pard\li2746\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{OH}\par\pard\li2360\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Lecithin}\p
ar\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \*\tx373\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\tab
0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {N (CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{
\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghs
xn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li466\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard

par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The lecithins cont
ain glycerol, fatty acids, phosphoric acid and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {choline (nitrogenous base). Lecithins generally cont
ain a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {saturated fatty}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {acid at}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u9
45X}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { position a
nd an unsaturated fatty acid at}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 { postition. .}\par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {124}\
sect\sectd\sbkpage



















{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;21;(0,0);(0,0);(0,13);(0,13);(0,26);(0,26);(13,26);(1
3,40);(13,40);(13,40);(26,53);(26,53);(26,53);(40,53);(40,53);(40,66);(53,66);(5
3,66);(66,66);(66,66);(66,66);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;32768}}

6,40);(53,26);(53,26);(53,26);(53,26);(40,13);(40,13);(40,13);(26,13);(26,0);(26
,0);(13,0);(13,0);(0,0);(0,0);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;32768}}
(40,13);(26,13);(26,13);(26,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,40);(0,40);(0,53);(0
,53);(0,53);(0,66);(0,66);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;32768}}

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;41;(0,66);(0,66);(0,66);(0,66);(0,66);(0,66);(0,66);(
0,66);(0,66);(0,66);(0,66);(0,66);(0,66);(0,66);(0,66);(0,66);(0,66);(0,66);(0,6
6);(0,66);(0,66);(13,66);(13,66);(13,66);(26,66);(26,66);(40,66);(40,53);(40,53)
;(53,53);(53,53);(53,40);(53,40);(66,40);(66,26);(66,26);(66,26);(66,13);(66,13)
;(80,0);(80,0);}}
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;32768}}






0 {O}\par\column\pard\li1186\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-480\slmult0 \*\tx1173\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}{
\sub \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {1}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscal

ex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
{R}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\c
ols3\colno1\colw3173\colsr-0\colno2\colw1813\colsr-0\colno3\colw1680\pard\li1200
\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx1546\*\tx1893\*\tx2280\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\ta
b \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\tab \fs20\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X}\par\pard\li2106\r
i0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\s
00\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360
0\colsr-0\colno3\colw2773\pard\li2293\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx3200\fs20\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{O}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P}\par\pard\li3173\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li2773\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {Cephalin}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}
{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {3}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\mar
grsxn133\pard\li466\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-413\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The cephalin contains glycerol, fatty acids, phos
phoric acids and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {et
hanol amine as nitrogenous base.}\par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040
\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw1946\colsr-0\colno2\colw1293\colsr-0\c
olno3\colw1026\colsr-0\colno4\colw466\colsr-0\colno5\colw1933\pard\li1240\ri0\sl
x100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \*\tx933\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\tab \
fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {R}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{OH}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133
lno4\colw826\colsr-0\colno5\colw1560\pard\li866\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx1213\*\t
x1573\*\tx1933\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\
tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}\par\colum
n\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-30
{C}\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\sect\sectd\
\colw493\colsr-0\colno6\colw1573\pard\li1946\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx2880\fs20\c
alex100 {O}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\sl
mult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs2
0\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li120\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {H}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\colu
mn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\sect\sect
20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li1706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li1706\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Phosphatidyl inositol}\

par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \*\tx440\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\ta
b \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx480\fs20\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li40\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Inositiol}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {H}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Phosphatidyl inositol contains a hexahydric alcoh
ol called as}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {inosit
ol.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\
cols4\colno1\colw2280\colsr-0\colno2\colw1400\colsr-0\colno3\colw453\colsr-0\col
no4\colw2533\pard\li1626\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1626\ri0\sl-333
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx866\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}
{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\tab \fs18\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0
x100 {R}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn
133\cols3\colno1\colw3120\colsr-0\colno2\colw1773\colsr-0\colno3\colw1773\pard\l
i1280\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx1600\*\tx1933\*\tx2280\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
R}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\tab \fs
18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0
calex100 {+}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\marg
rsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw3466\colsr-0\colno2\colw3200\pard\li2293\ri0\sl-200\slm
ult0 \*\tx3160\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2
}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P}\par\pard\li3
}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\s
bknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li2560\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Plasmalogen}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {125}\p
ar\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\s
ect\sectd\sbkpage








7;32768}}
7;32768}}


7;32768}}
7;32768}}


7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
{Plasmalogens posses an ether link in}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X
}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { position inst
ead of ester}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {link.
The alkyl radical is an unsaturated alcohol and they are found in}\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {brain and nervous tissue}\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {6.4.1.2}\b0 { }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\b \i { Spingophospholipids}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-400\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {These are present in plasma membrane and mye
lin sheath. They}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ar
e amphipathic lipids having polar head and non-polar tail. They contain}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {an amino alcohol called shi
ngosine. It is attached to a fatty acid by an}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {amide linkage to form ceramide. Ceramide is linked to
phosphoryl choline}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{to form sphingomyelin, which is an important member of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sphingophospholipids.}\par\pard\li3293\ri0\
i3293\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ceramide}\par\pard\li1986\r
i0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sphingosine}\par\pard\sect\sectd\s
r-0\colno2\colw2746\pard\li3426\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3426\ri0
\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li906\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx2893\*\tx3413\fs18
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs18\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {(CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
)}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}\tab \fs1
8\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}\par\pard\li3440\
ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {2}}\par\pard\li3426\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\co
lumn\pard\li506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \*\tx506\*\tx880\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}\
tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\par\pard\l
\charscalex100 {Fatty acid}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\m
arglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw3466\colsr-0\colno2\colw426\colsr-0\coln
o3\colw2773\pard\li2973\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\c
olumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P}\par\column\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkno
colno2\colw3240\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li18
charscalex100 {Sphingomyelin}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f

0\charscalex100 {O-CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { N}{\
super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { (CH}{\sub
\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\li560\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li560\ri
li560\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Choline}\par\pard\sect\sect
d\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slm
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {6.4.2 Properties of glycero phospholipi
ds}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.}\
tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Glycerophospholipids are white waxy substances,
which become}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dark
when exposed to air and light, owing to autoxidation and}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {decomposition. This is due to the prese
nce of unsaturated fatty}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {acids in the molecules.}\par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {126}\par\pard\sect\
page



7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
lex100 {2.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They are soluble in alcohol and othe
r fat solvents except in acetone.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx453\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They are hygroscopic
and mix well with water to form cloudy,}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {colloidal and slimy solutions.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\s
lmult0 \*\tx453\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {T
hey donot have definite melting point and decompose when}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {heated.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0
\*\tx453\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They ar
e readily hydrolysed by boiling with acids and alkalies to}\par\pard\li466\ri0\s
l-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {their constituents.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\
ex100 {They are hydrolysed by enzyme phospholipase to various}\par\pard\li466\ri
0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {components.}\par\pard\li2920\ri0\sl
920\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Phospholipase A}{\sub \fs14\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\par\pard\li2360\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i2360\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { - O + CO - R}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {1}}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\p
colno1\colw3186\colsr-0\colno2\colw266\colsr-0\colno3\colw3213\pard\li1120\ri0\s
l-346\slmult0 \*\tx1973\*\tx2360\*\tx2746\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}{\sub \fs
14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {O}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Phospholipase D
d\li1000\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Phospholipase A}{\sub \f
s14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { - O + P - O - N-base}\par\pard\li3
653\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(Choline)}\par\pard\sect\sect
d\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li3173\ri0\sl-173\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li2413\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Phospholipase C}\par\pard\li1226\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Phospholipase A}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { produces lysolecithin which is a }\par\pard\li1226\ri0\s
l-186\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {potent hemolytic agent which degrade r
ed blood cells.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
b {6.4.3 Properties of sphingophospholipids}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult
0 \*\tx466\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They a
re white crystalline substances}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They form opelescent su
spension in water.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {3.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They are insoluble in fat solvents l
ike ether and acetone.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {4.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They are stable in air and light
.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {6.4.4 Importan
ce of phospholipids}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {1.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They form the structural compon
ents of membrane and regulate}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {membrane permeability.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They play an import
ant role in cellular respiration.}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\margl
sxn560\margrsxn133\margtsxn573\margbsxn93\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx453\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They participate i
n the absorption of fat from the intestine.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\
tx453\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They act as
surface tension lowering agent.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx453\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They are essential com
ponents of bile where they act as detergents}\par\pard\li453\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and help in the solubilisation of cholesterol.}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx453\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6.}\tab \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {They also participate in blood clotting.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\
ex100 {They protect and insulate the neuronal fibres of myelin sheath.}\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx453\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {They are involved in the interaction of hormones with receptors.
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx453\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9.}\tab \f
s20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They can act as lipotropic agents and prevent fatty li
ver formation.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10.
They help in the reverse transport of cholesterol.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {6.5 Sterols}\b0 \par\pard\li453\ri0\sl-400\sl
mult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sterols are compounds containing a cyclic nucl
eus namely}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cyclopen
tanoperhydro phenanthrene (CPPP) and one or more hydroxyl}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
80\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {groups. They are widely present in animal
and plant tissue.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx706\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\b {6.5.1}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Cholesterol}\b0 \par\pard
\li453\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cholesterol is exclusively
found in animals and is the most abundant}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs2
0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {animal sterols. It is widely distributed in all cells an
d is a major component}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {of cell membrane and lipoproteins. In human beings, it is very important}\pa

r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to control the normal
level of cholesterol in blood.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\b {6.5.1.1}\b0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Structure}\b0 \i0
\par\pard\li453\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cholesterol is a
C27(C}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {27}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}{\sub
\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {46}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O) compound. It has
one hydroxyl}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {group
at C3 and a double bond between C5 and C6. An aliphatic side}\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {chain is attached to C17. Cholesterol
contains a total of 5 methyl groups}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {(Fig. 7.1).}\par\pard\li453\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Cholesterol is the precursor of various physiologically important}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {compounds such as bi
le acids, vitamin-D, steroid hormones etc.}\par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
rscalex100 {128}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage













0,13);(40,13);(40,13);(40,13);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(
26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,
0);(13,0);(13,0);(0,0);(0,0);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0
,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26
);(13,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,40);(13,40);(26,40
);(26,40);(26,40);(26,26);(26,26);(26,26);(26,26);(26,26);(26,26);(40,26);(40,26
);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,13);(40,13);(40,13
);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
0,13);(40,13);(40,13);(40,13);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(
26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,
0);(13,0);(13,0);(0,0);(0,0);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0
,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26
);(13,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40
);(26,40);(26,40);(26,26);(26,26);(26,26);(26,26);(26,26);(26,26);(26,26);(26,26
);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,13);(40,13);(40,13
);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

0,13);(40,13);(40,13);(40,13);(40,0);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(
26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,
0);(13,0);(13,0);(0,0);(0,0);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0
,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26
);(13,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,40);(13,40);(26,40
);(26,40);(26,40);(26,26);(26,26);(26,26);(26,26);(26,26);(26,26);(40,26);(40,26
);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,13);(40,13);(40,13
);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
0,13);(40,13);(40,13);(40,13);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(
26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,
0);(13,0);(13,0);(0,0);(0,0);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0
,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26
);(13,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,26);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40
);(26,40);(26,40);(26,26);(26,26);(26,26);(26,26);(26,26);(26,26);(26,26);(26,26
);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,13);(40,13);(40,13
);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
3\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {21}\par\pard\li3040\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs
14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 8}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {2 0}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {2 2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-173\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2 3}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {27}
7\colno1\colw2200\colsr-0\colno2\colw240\colsr-0\colno3\colw360\colsr-0\colno4\c
olw386\colsr-0\colno5\colw573\colsr-0\colno6\colw253\colsr-0\colno7\colw2653\par
f0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 9}\par\column\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-146
\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 2}\par\pard\li93\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs14
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 3}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {1 7}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {1 6}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2
4}\par\pard\li146\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \*\tx600\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2 5}\t
ab \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2 6}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsx
r-0\colno3\colw253\colsr-0\colno4\colw200\colsr-0\colno5\colw133\colsr-0\colno6\
colw240\colsr-0\colno7\colw3533\pard\li1586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li1586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\column\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-146\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\
slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 0}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0
\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {8}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-66\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {7}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{1 4}{\super \fs14\up2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 5}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\p
o2\colw4680\pard\li1466\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\c
olumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}{\super \fs14\up
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sb
knone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li1560\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1560\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {F
ig. 7.1 Structure of cholesterol}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\b {6.5.1.2}\b0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Properties}\
b0 \i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.}\
tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They are white shining rhombic plate like crysta
ls.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It is tasteless and odourless}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl400\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {It has a high melling point of 150C.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx46

6\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It is insoluble
in water and soluble in fat solvents.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx466
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It is a poor con
ductor of heat and electricity and serves as an}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {insulator against electric charge. In brain, wher
e it is present}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a
bundantly, it acts as an insulator against nerve impulse which are}\par\pard\li4
66\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {electrical in nature.}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx453\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Cholesterol, when oxidised under suitable conditions, undergoes
}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rapid oxidation
to form a ketone-cholestenone.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx453\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {7.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The hydroxyl group of ch
olesterol readily forms ester with fatty}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {acids, stearic acid etc.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult
0 \*\tx453\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It giv
es addition reactions such as hydrogenation and halogenation}\par\pard\li466\ri
0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {because of the presence of double b
ond.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {6.5.1.3}\b0
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Physiological importance of cholesterol}\b0
\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx453\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.}\tab
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It is one of the essential constituents of cells.}\
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It influences the permeability functions of the cell.}\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It controls the redcells from being easily hemolyzed.}\pa
pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect
\sectd\sbkpage












0,13);(40,13);(40,13);(40,13);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(
26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,
0);(13,0);(0,0);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(
0,13);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(13,
40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(26,
40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,26);(40,
26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,13);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
0,13);(40,13);(40,13);(40,13);(40,13);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);
(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13
,0);(13,0);(13,0);(0,0);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);
(0,13);(0,13);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,
26);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(26,
40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(40,40);(40,
26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,
13);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
0,13);(40,13);(40,13);(40,13);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(
26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,
0);(13,0);(0,0);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(
0,13);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(13,
40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(26,
40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,26);(40,
26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,13);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}


0,13);(40,13);(40,13);(40,13);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(
26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,
0);(13,0);(0,0);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(
0,13);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(13,
40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(26,
40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,26);(40,
26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,13);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

0,13);(40,13);(40,13);(40,13);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(
26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,
0);(13,0);(0,0);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(
0,13);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(13,
40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(26,
40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,26);(40,
26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,13);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

lex100 {4.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It performs defensive action.}\par\p
\f0\charscalex100 {It assists the formation of bile acids and bile salts, 7-}\pa
r\pard\li466\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dehydrocholesterol,
vitamin D3, corticosteroid hormones,}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {androgens, estrogens and progesterone.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl400\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {It acts as an antagonist to phospholipid.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \
*\tx720\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {6.5.2}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
{E}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {rgosterol}\b0 \par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-426\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ergosterol occur in plants. It is also found
in yeast and fungi as the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {structural constituent of membranes. It is an important precursor for}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {vitamin-D. When expose
d to light, it is converted to ergocaliciferol, a}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {compound containing vitamin-D activity.}\par\pard
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1426\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1426\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1426\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li14
18\cf0\par\pard\li1426\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pa
cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 7.2 Structure of ergosterol}\b0 \par\pard\li466\ri0
\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Its structure is similar to that of
cholesterol, but differs in the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {following aspects.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {1.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It has another double b
ond at C7-C8.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {2.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It has a double bond in the side chain.}\
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It has an additional CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { group in the side chain (Fig 7.2).}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx746\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {6.5.3}\b0 \tab \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {S}\b0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {tigma sterol -}\b0
{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It is structurally similar to that of ergosterol}
\par\pard\li746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {except at C7 (Fig
. 7.3)}\par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-213\
i0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {130}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage












0,13);(40,13);(40,13);(40,13);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(
26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,
0);(13,0);(0,0);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(
0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,40);(0,40);(13,
40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(26,40);(26,
40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(40,40);(40,40);(40,
40);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
0,13);(40,13);(40,13);(40,13);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(
26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,
0);(13,0);(0,0);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(
0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,40);(0,40);(13,
40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(26,40);(26,
40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(40,40);(40,40);(40,
40);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
0,13);(40,13);(40,13);(40,13);(40,13);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);
(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13
,0);(13,0);(13,0);(0,0);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);
(0,13);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,40);(0,40);(0,
40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(26,
40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(40,40);(40,
40);(40,40);(40,40);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,
26);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

0,13);(40,13);(40,13);(40,13);(40,13);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);
(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13
,0);(13,0);(13,0);(0,0);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);
(0,13);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,40);(0,40);(0,
40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(26,
40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(40,40);(40,
40);(40,40);(40,40);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,
26);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

0,13);(40,13);(40,13);(40,13);(40,13);(40,0);(40,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);
(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(26,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13,0);(13
,0);(13,0);(13,0);(0,0);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);(0,13);
(0,13);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,26);(0,40);(0,40);(0,
40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(13,40);(26,
40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(26,40);(40,40);(40,
40);(40,40);(40,40);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,26);(40,
26);}}
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
{Stigmasterol and its derivatives sitosterols are probably the most}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {common sterol of plants. The i
mportant sources are soya bean and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {calabar beans.}\par\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\p
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 7.3 Structure of stigmasterol}\b0 \par\pard\li
0\charscalex100\b {Excercise}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx453\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {I.}\b0 \tab \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Choose the correct answer from the given four altern
atives}\b0 \par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a. Tri
olein is a}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margr
sxn133\cols2\colno1\colw3586\colsr-0\colno2\colw3080\pard\li720\ri0\sl-373\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i. mixed glyceride}\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-386\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iii. fatty acid}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-373\sl
mult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b. Stearic acid is}\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-386\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i. an unsaturated fatty acid}\par\pard\li720
\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iii. essential fatty acid}\par\c
olumn\pard\li13\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ii. simple glyc
eride}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iv. }\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {phospholipid}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ii. a saturated fattyacid}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iv. a simple lipid}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c. The number of double bonds present in arachidonic ac
id is}\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx1453\*\tx2160\*\tx2880\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {i. 1}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ii. 2}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {iii. 3}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iv. 4}\par\pard\li466\r
i0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d. Cholesterol is present in}\par\
pard\li720\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i. animals ii. pla
nts iii. yeast iv. fungi}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsxn546\margbs
xn93\pard\li466\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e. C}{\sub \fs12\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {2n-1}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {COOH is the general formula for}\par\pard\s
alex100 {i. saturated fatty acids}\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {iii. simple lipids}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx466\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {II.}\b0 \tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fill up t
he blanks}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ii. unsaturated fatty acids}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {iv. phospholipids}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11
x100 {a. A fat with high acid number is said to be ____________}\par\pard\li466
\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b. Choline is present in _______
_____}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c. Cerebros
ide is a _______________}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {d. ___________ is an essential fatty acid.}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-373\sl
mult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e. Fats are _____________ in water.}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {III. }\b0 \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\b {Say true or false}\b0 \par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {a. Oleodibutyrin is a simple glyceride}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b. Iodine number denotes unsaturation in
lipids}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c. Sphing

olipid contains glycerol}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {d. Rancidity of fats can be prevented by antioxidants.}\par\pard\li466\
ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e. Ergosterol can be converted to
vitamin D.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {IV. M
atch the following}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\margl
sxn560\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw2880\colsr-0\colno2\colw720\colsr-0\colno3\c
olw3066\pard\li466\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1. Cholesterol
}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2. Oleic acid}\p
ar\pard\li466\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3. Lecithin}\par\pa
rd\li466\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4. Tripalmitin}\par\pard
\li466\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5. Arachidonic acid}\par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {V.}\b0 \tab \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Give one word answer}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs2
lex100 {-}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\column\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Unsaturated fatty acids}\par\pard\l
i13\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Essential fatty acids}\par\pa
rd\li13\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Simple glyceride}\par\par
d\li13\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Phospholipid}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Animal sterol}\par\pard\sect\sec
td\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li466\ri0\sl-373\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a. Name the nitrogenous base present in sphi
ngolipids}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b. Ment
ion any one hydrolytic product of lecithin}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c. What is the hydrogenated product of triolein}\par\p
\cf0\par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {132}\par\par
d\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\se
ctd\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn586\margrsxn133\margtsxn573\margbsxn9
3\pard\li453\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d. Name the parent c
ompound present in sterols.}\par\pard\li453\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {e. How many methyl groups are present in cholesterol.}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {VI. Answer the followings}\b0 \p
ar\pard\li453\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a. Explain the stru
cture and the properties of triacylglycerol.}\par\pard\li453\ri0\sl-373\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b. Write a note on the structure and properties of p
hospholipids.}\par\pard\li453\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c.
Explain the structure and functions of cholesterol.}\par\pard\li453\ri0\sl-373\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d. What is ergosterol? Give the structure and
functions of}\par\pard\li733\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {erg
osterol.}\par\pard\li453\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e. Give
the classification of fatty acids? Explain the functions of}\par\pard\li733\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {EFA and their structures.}\par\pard\l

sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {133}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
















0\f0\charscalex100\b {7.1 Introduction}\b0 \par\column\pard\li320\ri0\sl-213\slm
-266\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {CHAPTER 7}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
{NUCLEIC ACIDS}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn
560\margrsxn133\pard\li466\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Nuclei
c acids are colourless, complex, amorphous compounds}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {made up of three units : purine and pyrimidine
bases, sugar and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p
hosphoric acid. The nucleic acids are of two types DNA and RNA. It}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {is very important to know the st
ructure of nucleic acids and their}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {components.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\b {7.2 Pyrimidine bases}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\b {7.2.1 Structure of pyrimidine bases}\b0 \par\pard\li466\ri0\s
l-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pyrimidine bases are derived from the
parent compound pyrimidine.}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {The pyrimidine bases present in nucleotides are cytosine, uracil}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and thymine. It is 6 me
mbered heterocyclic compound contains carbon,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen atoms (Fig 7.1).}\par\p
ard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols11\col
lno8\colw1160\colsr-0\colno9\colw453\colsr-0\colno10\colw573\colsr-0\colno11\col
w1200\pard\li93\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li93\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li93\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li93\ri0\sl-186\slmu
lt0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\pard\li93\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f2
\charscalex100 {N}\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li40\ri0\
sl-253\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li40\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl253\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\par\pard
\li13\ri0\sl-146\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\
alex100 {5}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\sl
mult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
mult0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
\fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub \fs10\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-146\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\par\column\pard\li40
2\charscalex100 {HN}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\pa
8\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li40\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li40\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charsc
alex100 {HN}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\s
lmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\l
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-120\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmul
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}
colno3\colw1280\colsr-0\colno4\colw2480\pard\li173\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {Pyrimidine}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Cytosine (2-oxy 4-amino}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs1
6\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pyrimidine)}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs1
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Uracil (2,4, dioxy }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs
14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pyrimidine)}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs
12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Thymine (2,4, dioxy 5methyl }\par\pard\li533\ri0\sl-186
\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pyrimidine)}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pg
wsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li1266\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li1266\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 7.1
Structure of pyrimidine bases}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx720\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {7.2.2}\b0 \tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Properties

of pyrimidine}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {1.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pyrimidine bases are soluble in wate
r.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They absorb UV light at 260 nm. This property is use
d to detect}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and e
stimate pyrimidine nucleotides.}\par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {134}\par\pard\sect\
page

















lex100 {3.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They are capable of forming hydrogen
bonds with other purine}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {bases}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {4.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They exhibit keto-enol tautormerism.}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {7.3 Purine bases}\b0
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {7.3.1 Structure o
f purine bases}\b0 \par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Purine bases are derived from the parent compound purine. Purine}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {contains the heterocyclic ring s
ystem. Fusion of the pyrimidine ring with}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {imidazole yields the purine ring (Fig. 7.2).}\par\pard\se
ct\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols11\colno1\co
lw373\colsr-0\colno2\colw360\colsr-0\colno3\colw320\colsr-0\colno4\colw520\colsr
-0\colno5\colw466\colsr-0\colno6\colw333\colsr-0\colno7\colw693\colsr-0\colno8\c
olw1146\colsr-0\colno9\colw626\colsr-0\colno10\colw693\colsr-0\colno11\colw1133\
0\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \f
s16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\chars
calex100 {N}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs10\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-306\sl
mult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
f0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\par\pard\li13\
ri0\sl-146\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\column\pard\li80\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li80\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li80\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li80\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
80\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\pa
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs
12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-146\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charsc
ex100 {8}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
sl-240\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\par\column\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\sl

mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {NH}
{\sub \fs10\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\par\column\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
ex100 {N}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\par\col
umn\pard\li213\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li213\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
mult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {NH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\r
i0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs10\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\par\column\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-146\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\sect\sect
16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Purine}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-146\slmult0 \fs16\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {Adenine}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-146\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {(6 amino purine)}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-146\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Guanine (2 amino 6 oxy purine)}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsx
n7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li1506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li1506\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig.7.2 Stru
cture of purine bases}\b0 \par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {The purine bases present in nucleic acids are adenine and guanine.}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Other purine bases are
hypoxanthine and xanthine. They are}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {intermediates in the formation of adenine and guanine nucleotid
es.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {7.3.2 Propert
ies of purine bases}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {1.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Purine bases are sparingly solu
ble in water.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {2.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They absorb light in UV region at 260 nm.
This property is used}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {for the detection of and the quantification of purine nucleotides.}\par\pa
f0\charscalex100 {They are capable of forming hydrogen bonds.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\
ex100 {They exhibit keto-enol tautomerism at body pH.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {7.4 Nucleic acids}\b0 \par\pard\li466\ri0\s
l-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Two types of nucleic acids are present
in all mammalian cells.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {They are DNA - deoxy ribonucleic acid and RNA- ribonucleic acid.}\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {DNA is present in the nucleu
s and mitochondria. RNA is present in the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nucleus, risosome and cytoplasm.}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {135}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7

(466,280);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
0,0);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

66,0);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}




(453,280);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

0,0);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
66,0);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}




426,280);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
0);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

40,0);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}







7;32768}}
7;32768}}

{Nucleic acids are acidic sustances containing nitrogenous bases,}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pentose sugar and phosphoric aci
d. Both DNA and RNA are}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {polynucleotides. They are polymers of mononucleotides.}\par\pard\li466\ri0\
sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {In nucleic acids, nucleotides are jo
ined together by phosphodiester}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {linkages.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\b {7.4.1 Nucleosides}\b0 \par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {A nucleoside is composed of purine or pyrimidine base and a}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pentose sugar. Two types o
f pentose sugar are present in nucleoside,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {they are ribose and deoxy ribose (Fig. 7.3). In the case
of purine}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nucleosi
des, the sugar is attached to N-9 of the purine ring, whereas in}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pyrimidine nucleosides, the sugar
is attached to N-1 of the pyrimidine}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {ring. The type of linkage is N-glycosidic linkage (Fig. 7.4).}
colw613\colsr-0\colno5\colw1053\colsr-0\colno6\colw946\colsr-0\colno7\colw413\co
lsr-0\colno8\colw200\colsr-0\colno9\colw120\colsr-0\colno10\colw480\colsr-0\coln
o11\colw1026\pard\li266\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li266\ri0\sl-293\s
lmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs16
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
ar\pard\li720\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\
18\cf0\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard
pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\
alex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
lmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard
\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {2}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
H}\par\column\pard\li93\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li93\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li93\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li93\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li93\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {H}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\co
lumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs16
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p

ard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li26\r
alex100 {H}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margr
sxn133\cols2\colno1\colw4213\colsr-0\colno2\colw2453\pard\li1053\ri0\sl-360\slmu
lt0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-D-Ribose
}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X}
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-D-deoxyribose}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn73
f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 7.3 Structure of sugars in nucleic acids}\b0 \par\pard\
li3053\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li2706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2706\ri0\
sl-173\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\par\pard\li3973\ri0\sl-146\slmult0
\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pyrimidine base - cytosine}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
none\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols6\colno1\colw1946\colsr0\colno2\colw373\colsr-0\colno3\colw186\colsr-0\colno4\colw533\colsr-0\colno5\co
lw480\colsr-0\colno6\colw3146\pard\li1080\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
ex100 {OH}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-2
3\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li80\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li80\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li80\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li80\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li80\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li80\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li106\ri
-240\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmul
\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
lmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Glycosidic linkage}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkno
ne\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-346\slmult0
\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A Nucleoside (cytidine)}\par\pard\li1426\ri0\sl-400
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 7.4 Structure of a nucleoside}\b0 \

533,360);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

0);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(546,0);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}









7;32768}}
7;32768}}

{7.4.2 Nucleotides}\b0 \par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {Nucleotides are phosphorylated nucleosides usually one or two}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of hydroxyl groups of ribose
(or) deoxyribose are phosphorylated. Thus}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a nucleotide has three structural components. They are ni
trogenous}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {base, sug
ar and phosphate. Phosphate is attached to ribose (or) deoxy}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ribose through an ester linkage (Fig.7
.5).}\par\pard\li4133\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NH}{\sub \f
s16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li3693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li3693\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\par\pard\li1933\ri0
alex100 {Ester linkage}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\margl
sxn560\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw2733\colsr-0\colno2\colw466\colsr-0\colno3\c
olw226\colsr-0\colno4\colw680\colsr-0\colno5\colw2560\pard\li1560\ri0\sl-173\slm
ult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li1106\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx1573
\*\tx1866\*\tx2200\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{P}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li1560\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li2173\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2173
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2173\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li10
f0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O
}\par\column\pard\li13\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li133\ri0\s
harscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex1
00 {N}\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-213\slmul
H}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 7.5 Structure of
a nucleotide (cytidylic acid)}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx720\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {7.4.3}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Structure
of DNA}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {7.4.3.
1 }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Primary structure}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li4
66\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Nucleotide sequence of a nucle
ic acid is known as its primary}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {structure which confers individuality to the polynucleotide chain.}
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Polynucleotide chai
n has direction. They are represented in}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5\uc1\u8217X---> 3\uc1\u8217X and 3\uc1\u8217X----> direct
ions. Each polynucleotide chain has 2 ends.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The 5\uc1\u8217X end carrying a phosphate group and 3\u
c1\u8217X end carrying an unreacted}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {hydroxyl group (Fig 7.6).}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {In 1953, J.D. Watson and F.H.C. Crick proposed a preci
se three}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dimensiona
l model of DNA structure based on model building studies,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
80\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {base composition and X-ray diffraction st
udies. This model is popularly}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {known as the DNA double helix (Fig.7.7).}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213

ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {137}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\
pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
373,200);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

0);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

(386,0);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}







373,200);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}

0);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
86,0);}}
824;1;45824;24577;32768}}







}
824;24577;32768}}
7;32768}}

}
824;24577;32768}}


7;32768}}

7;32768}}





}}
824;24577;32768}}
7;32768}}
}
824;24577;32768}}








\margtsxn666\margbsxn93\cols6\colno1\colw720\colsr-0\colno2\colw333\colsr-0\coln
\cf0\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx453\fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\ta
b \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs8\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\column
\f0\charscalex100 {5}{\super \fs8\up1\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {'}}\fs10\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {end}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri
charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\

alex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
scalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\
100 {Guanine}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\mar
grsxn133\cols7\colno1\colw1066\colsr-0\colno2\colw293\colsr-0\colno3\colw840\col
\colw3453\pard\li840\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\colum
n\pard\li13\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-200\slmult0 \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \*\tx293\fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\tab \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{
\sub \fs8\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\l
rscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\sl
H}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Thymine}\p
colno1\colw2213\colsr-0\colno2\colw293\colsr-0\colno3\colw1200\colsr-0\colno4\co
alex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li13\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
P}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx293\fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\tab \fs10\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs8\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\sl
mult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cytosine}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn73
253\colsr-0\colno3\colw293\colsr-0\colno4\colw1200\colsr-0\colno5\colw653\colsr0\colno6\colw906\pard\li1213\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1213\ri0\sl
-160\slmult0 \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Phosp ho diester linkage}\par\column\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-146\slmult0 \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li26\ri0\
x100 {O}\par\column\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\r
alex100 {P}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li66\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \*\tx293\fs10
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\tab \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs8\cf0\f0\c
arscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri
scalex100 {Adenine}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn5
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2613\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Phosp
ho diester linkage}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
\charscalex100 {3}{\super \fs8\up2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {'}}\fs10\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {end}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\s

i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl146\slmult0 \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-146\slmult0 \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P}\par\pard\l
i13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li306\ri0
i306\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\s
lmult0 \*\tx293\fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\tab \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH
}{\sub \fs8\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pgh
sxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li1400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
cf0\par\pard\li1400\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 7.6 P
rimary structure of DNA}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li400\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The purine bases present
in DNA are adenine and guanine and the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {pyrimidine bases present are thymine and cytosine. The purin
e and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pyrimidine ba
ses of DNA carry genetic information where as the sugar}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and phosphate groups perform the structural
role.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {7.4.3.2 }
\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Salient features of double helix}\b0 \i0 \p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Two polynuleotide chains are coiled around a central axis
in the}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {form of a
right handed double helix.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {2.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Each polynucleotide chain i
s made up of 4 types of nucleotides.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {They are adenylate, guanidylate, thymidylate and cytidinilat
e.}\par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-386\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {138}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghs
xn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\m
arglsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsxn613\margbsxn93\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx4
00\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Each polynucle
otide chain has direction or polarity. Further each}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\s
lmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {polynucleotide chain has 5\uc1\u8217X phospho
rylated and 3\uc1\u8217X hydroxyl ends.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx40
0\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The backbone of
each strand consists of alternating sugar and}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {phosphate. The bases project inwards and they are
perpendicular}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to
the central axis.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {5.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The 2 strands run in opposite directi
on (ie.) they are antiparallel.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {6.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The strands are complem
entary to each other. Base composition}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of one strand is complementary to the opposite strand. If
adenine}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {appears i
n one strand, thymine is found in the opposite strand and}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {vice versa. When guanine is found in on
e strand, cytosine is present}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {in the opposite strand and vice versa.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slm
ult0 \*\tx400\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Bas
es of opposite strands are involved in pairing. Pairing occurs}\par\pard\li400\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {through hydrogen bonding and it is
specific. Adenine pairs with}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {thymine through two hydrogen bonds. Guanine pairs with cytosine}\pa
r\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {with three hydrogen
bonds.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8.}\
tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Major and minor grooves are present on the doubl
e helix. They}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ari
se because glycosidic linkages of base pairs are not opposite to}\par\pard\li400
\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {each other. Protein interact wit
h DNA through the minor and major}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {grooves without disrupting the DNA strands.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
x100 {According to Chargaff\uc1\u8217Xs observation, the number of adenine base}
\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {is equal to thymi
ne base and the number of quanine base is equal}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to number of cytocine base ie. A = T and G = C. A
lso A + T = G}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ C
and the ratio of A+T /G+C = nearly 1.0. The total number of}\par\pard\li400\ri0
\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {purine bases = the total number of p
yrimidine bases.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {
7.4.3.3 }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Functions of DNA}\b0 \i0 \par\par
d\li600\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx1133\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.}\tab \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {DNA is the genetic material of living organisms. It is the}\
par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {greatest super ch
ip ever made by man.}\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx1133\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {2.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {DNA contain all the information
required for the information}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {of an individual organism.}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {139}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\shp
{\*\shpinst
\jpegblip
FFD8FFE000104A46494600010100000100010000FFDB004300080606070605080707070909080A0C
393D38323C2E333432FFDB0043010909090C0B0C180D0D1832211C21323232323232323232323232
3232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232FFC0
001108014A00B403012200021101031101FFC4001F00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090A0BFFC400B5100002010303020403050504040000017D010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191A1082342B1C11552D1F02433627282090A161718191A2526272829
2A3435363738393A434445464748494A535455565758595A636465666768696A737475767778797A
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090A0BFFC400B511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291A1B1C109233352F015
6272D10A162434E125F11718191A262728292A35363738393A434445464748494A53545556575859
5A636465666768696A737475767778797A82838485868788898A92939495969798999AA2A3A4A5A6
F2F3F4F5F6F7F8F9FAFFDA000C03010002110311003F00F7FA28A2800A28A2800A28A28023925589
7731C2E40E99E49C0A92AB5F102DC67A79B1FF00E86B496F7D6D76D28B69D66F28ED7319DC01F4CF
4CFB76EF4016A8A3345001451914D0C0F00838EB8A00751594FAB98E7311B591896608148C9C16EB
9C6385623D40A874FD42CDAEF503F6C7204C07EFA60547CBD17D06430C75C8CD006DD155BFB42CBF
E7EEDFFEFE8A43A9588EB7B6E3FEDA8A00B54555FED3B0FF009FEB6FFBFABFE354AFBC47A569E8B2
DC5EC0B09386904808439E338E40F7E83BD0068DBCA67B78E52BB4BA838CE7153554D3644974BB49
118323428C08E4118156E800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A280286AB6B15E69ED6F3
A078A4923574600861BD7208F4ED55AC3C39A5E99E625ADA4690B9DC212A19633DF6E4700E7A74F4
039AD1BBE215FF00AE89FF00A10A9E802B7F6758FF00CF9DBFFDFA1FE149FD9B63FF003E76FF00F7
E855AA2802AFF66587FCF8DB7FDFA5FF000A921B6B7B6DDE4C11C7BBAEC5033F954D4500671D1ED1
9A4661331958B36677EA7D39E38E38EDC74AB51DAC10B931C41491838FA93FCC93F8D2ACAC6EA48B
1F2AA2B03EA496FF000A9A800C518A82E2EA1B44DF33EDCF00752C7D00EF4E825F3A1493694DC01D
AD8C8FCA8017CD8FCDF277AF99B776DC8CE33D7E94D9ADA19CC6658D5CC6DBD370CED3EB49716D1D
CA80E39539565382A7D41EC6A0B79A5497ECB7277498CA3E31E62FAFB11919C71DC75C0009ECB06C
6DC8E9E5AE3F2153D55D34EED32D5BD6243FA0AB5400514514005145140051451400514514005145
14015AF72605C75F363FFD0D6ACD4375FEA97FEBA27FE842A6A0028A2ABCF731DBED5624C8DF7635
1966FA0FEBD2800BCBCB7B0B396EEEA5114112969243D140EF51E9DA9D8EAF682EB4FBB8AE6DD890
24898119FAD55BBDB72862D40E2391481671E59A41FED63A8F5038F524550D0F463A0E949A658836
B6AB249222921A4C3396C6790300E3BF007228035E5BA86DEFA41249F3B449B51412CDCB74039350
4B777731DB1816EA7032C0339C9FC87EB5460668EF65430ED4C90EEE4B4879F9739E4839246338C7
A938B31CCDB0C93048D14965C9E40C7527B1E09F4FD28028DADC33033981DE42064A4A198820372C
DB718CF41C035BD64E5AD86E072091923AD60697297B1B58B4C4596D8215FB54415A3041DA76F4CF
3939E07E583AB6F32D8DA92D05D0500BC8F2ED27381C9E78EBDB8E0D005E8278AE621242E1D4F191
EBE9F5AAFA9605B865602E233E6420900B300781F5191F435950DC59DC5D5C5ECD2CBA7CB285558A
46F2DC800FCC57A1392477E001D78A80EA4925A5B5E4CB33BC11A0BA3240CA010549CE40DA72370C
71C7B8A00E960F2BECF1F901445B46CDBC0C638A96B3F442E742D3CCA36C9F678F70F43B45685001
45145001451450014514500145145001451499EBC50041787112FF00D758FF00F435AB155AF46605
FF00AEB1FF00E86B45C5CADBA027733B1C222F258FA0FF0038A0099DD638CBBB0555192CC7000ACD
92EC4B708AB2C76825F951E4C0964F6553DB9EA73F4EF514D3B26A112DDA2C878628A4911E431520
632E7E46E78C761493BB4F791CB0473FCE63003C2C1582B9249C8054AF5E48CFA1A00B17221B4B1B
D5B76C5C881A4273973C1C126A38B4E36F6B36C736AACE6429115000DA1792475E339F5EFDEABEF9
152E6D96D3ED865CACD3C4E40C9E086CF23038C2EE23D056278BF5692CB4A8E586533DD194020AED
10F7CF967BF1C16CF7C11C5006BC2B35CDF116F2F9BB01903B02028724FDECFCC38230A31C0C9E86
B13C5BE11F106B13D84963A95B32413F9B35B4DBA28665E30A4286CFE351F82F53D4353BBD424B99
2EAEB022C32155D9F7F8E71C77F5E7D2BAF2B2ED20C57DD08CF991E71D3D7F1A00C1F02782FF00E1
15F0A43A65CDCC92DC96792668A770819BFBBC8E318EDD79AD2D5134F5630C97524770BB655334D2
18810E186EE76F55E87B7B566F89AFAF2D22896117F06F73FBCDE0EE3C700293DB279C74F4CD53D2
2CB54D52CA59930C8E31E65DCA4397C0C83C1E878F6C63B52037345D1EE2D27124F212132C3255B7
C8C06F618030A719C752724FBB35A9DE2D40DBC51B3ADC842E1718CAEE38C123258281EE17153DF5
F5ED8DB2AEFB38A6DA02A10D201DB24FCB81FCCF039AA770C3EC733863215026958A67CC1C3061D3
9E0631903D0740C0DAD14E743B020E41B78CE474FBA2AFD54D32DCD9E97696CDF7A285233F50A07F
4AB740051451400514514005145140051451400514514015EF116483E67D8A8CB2163D00560DFD2A
AC3346125BF9CE1BA05EE8BC6171FDE3C1C75C903B0A93551BAC767F0BCB1A30F552EA08FC89159B
6EF047085B548A6B96546864DB9F341C90CC38C1C1624FBE7BE2802C4D2416B7B2EA175095716D18
418DCD9CB92ABEA71D71DB93C552B7D5D351B845BD59ADA1707646594293D70ECAC73C76E07639E2
AE1D1E5BA8E5FB55FCE649A331BF94A80004721720903F1CFAF35CEEBFA1DEDBDA831817B6DB86E5
1102FD4632BD0F4EBC738E00CD203B24B8B448C2A4D08403002B0000E950DD0D2EED025DFD927553
9025DAC01FC6B95F0BFDAA086E03C0D6EA40F91AC9DC17C1E46DC03C6CCE3838C0F5AE8DAE650CCA
AE01E40FF897CA40386F7E7B7F9618605354F0EDA6AB3332E970E6288863E5AE48693FFAF5A76F69
A5DC44B2DBDBDA49137DD744520FD08FA570DE2FB2D4350D483DB5BBDD345103B52DDD060B38C107
39E4673DF8E319356FC2B35F68DA74D14F6970D2310C2062144600E5D89395071DC76E324D203AE9
348D31C31934FB560704EE854E71D3B76FD2AB0B85110834C8A38A01C09800235E7F840EBF5E9F5C
6291664BA8BCDBB12CBC906DD217DAA719C10464F0472D807A802A068A38E7BC2F1FC9CB34D20319
5249E0BFF10F4C720601A6044C8AC227B69497672CD2B2E493B58649F5E38EDD31C01562DACD2E66
44014DADBB0E369037020E0679E08CFE439E712416F2DD040BBE0B55C0E01467FA0EC3DCF3E98EA7
5A38D218D638D42A28C00A3005003E8A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A00A5A
91C5BC5EF710FF00E8C5AA9A29B591AE25821485D9F3E5AA05C21FBA71EE39CFAF1DA8F133B45A0D
C4CA33E59563DB0370C9CF603AFE159C16E16669D6593CC8D9D40400951BB8EC32B81CE49391C72A
6803A3B8B886D2079EE2548A241967720003EB5562D674C9C662D42D9C1381B65079E3FC47E75C3F
8E3529EF3438D3CD9207490170B13849B3C021B1C1CF63EB919C557F001BEDD3DC192E20B72BB306
DE47DEDB863B7607BFF7B8E01A00F419758B08A1F35AE50A6320AE5B3F975FEB58F75E298E59FCAD
35D1BCB3895A485CE4F202AAE4127FFAC3BF05D89B5BB7F22CEE6570B282F249098D1704F1C80588
CE78EEA32452787ECE2B5849B6B24925555292C936480E3254F1F21C04F9573C6DEB8CD004F6D757
17978A2E7759BCB1A46D1AA92DB8066237745E0E719DD8FEE9AB9224726977B0D9C6546C650EA33B
D88393FED1F73D4D47248F6DA9798F09891DF2CCAC1849F26385EA5F3C703A0AB623B9B91990B5BC
3FF3CD0FCE47B91D3E839F7ED400AA440A60B65F36504B316381927F88F63ED8FC315038114C8D74
E6E6E7AC70A2F0A7D40CF1FEF31E3D4671547C57A2EA5AAE891D8E897D1E9D2ACE9219483C053BB0
00EFB829AD4D36D5ED2CA3599964B92A3CE9573FBC6EE79C9FC0F4E94013C1E798F370230E492153
242FE27AFD78A9E8A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A4CF3D29693BD002E6B0C6BE1A668D60181
7053733E008C286321E38C8DC40EE067357352D445842CFE5EFDB1B48E0B600518CFD4F3803B9ACE
8AE2DC190FF6508C3292599942300369E7D0050338E98C704E002D47AD47C2341725F3B72540DCD8
5E073EAC173D01E09A961D545C5C2C31DACEC7215DC28DA870DD4E7FD9ED9FBCBEB549EF74F9576C
B6A0445B6824F2A771EA0720961C7726A5D33508A4B836A96C90360EF45704AB8C02318E98EFE98E
991900D696349E278A550E8EA5595864107A8AE42180E9138D32F6593CB7665B39D8F120273B4918
C3FB313BB1C770BD9D67EA42DE6B56B39E04BAF3C1510360861EA7D00F5EDDB9C0A00C3B89264BD5
4779590448AFBC02AE496072A3924803EE8E4E3B54B2453DB7968C59209F3B2DE5988424630A4F62
D9E1460707AF4A75A5A36977905BACBF68B855405E6CBBEC676E14E723680C773649E326AEEA1BCD
B18EEAE154CA1A330C68497538E064FDEFF6BA0CF22802D8790195238C470449B41618C9F6F4503B
F7FC39AF64B22D9C36D64891C51A053315F94F1FC23BFD7A7D6B32F266BCF31AEA631AC6A5D618CE
3EEFCD903F8CF1F4ED8EF5A5697D7023632C6D2223152EA843AFD57BFD47E0314012DB5BAC3A95C3
65A490C31E5DCE49E5FF002E9D060568138ED9AA56D34736A13BC4E197C98F9073FC4F574D0019F6
AC097599B33C68551FCE011B1BB643804B91DCE0311EA3D715B1733981536A86776DAAA5B009C13D
7E80D6226A16F3C21FFB311A320EF64C1558C318C36703236EF231DBEBC005FF00ED64604345344C
B2EC2085249001E304E7AAAF1DCE29F0EAB1DC4EB0A5BDC6FDDB5CECCAA1F9B2091C0FBBFA8F5AC9
510DB8980B5DD272CC8F285C01B09C151CB92C9EF91D7D6C3EAF159A3476B691965664DA1B68DCB9
1824038F9547D0633C73401BF452039008E8696800A28A2800A28A2800A4C03D452D14014EE6C21B
B92192519F28EE0BB41C9C83D48C8E83A11EF53BC1148155E3460A4150CA0ED3EA2A5A2802358635
C908A0B1C9C01C9F5A50881CB05018F538E4D3E8A008E5952085E590ED4452CC7D00ACDB6B869219
678544D78CC159320797E809FEE8E791D4E71CD4FAAA87B44539C1B88738EFFBD5ACDB669E78A3B5
B696E2D8A600768806110031B8303CE4951EB8279E6802B6BBAF2786E36B8904D7B772AC76E91C30
EE76932C70AA319386C851CE0727BD66E977B1F889E6BDB08752B6D4ED9845756F7C815B1C150E85
86D043920AFA1CE48C17F8DBC07278AFC3C9A625C5BC72C5309609D9183237724E4EE2413E9CF34E
F05F817FE11B9755BDBEBD177A9EA572669E587746A3249DA067D598FE5E94013CBA933096C2E74C
BB8A40A8AE3746518BFDD50C586E390C3F3CFAD5FB5966B3B1B5B88A7F3C5CB0FF004738192793B4
9C1DC0024EEEA41FBB4B7BE1D1717AD2AB47240F1ED782E03380FCE240D9C86C311F4C608C731AF8
75EC774902DBDEF98C649A2BB404BB939255F04AF249C104761B45004B879BC4B702288C444712BC
88D86C61C86C630C33F2F7E7E95A5E6DCC1FEBE11320FE384723EAA7FA127DAB174FF25BC412A896
4B49442A56D26501D4619485392193807E5C8CF7ED5A1A8C773F602924826CCD1002306362378C8C
83D7DC62802DCA906A56C504B94CFCC02A920FA10C0E0FE19A9E2822823091A0550A17F002A94302
B88E39A4DB7C9102F24670F8F7FEF0CFA8C67B5361D4429759258E648CE1A58BF83DD97B0E3A8C8F
A0A00BAB696E891AA5BC4AB19CA00A0053EDE94AF6D048006863601B780CA0E1BD7EB522B2C88194
82A46411C8229D40051451400514514005145140051451400514514015A5B696490BADE4F10FEEA0
423F5526B134B9356BAD4EFD2EA7B98ED038FB33058C1DA15721C6CE092770F638EA2BA4AAB6BFF1
F37BFF005D87FE8B4A00A9A821B7B1DF35D49228B885B32851B4798BFDD029347B96B9495E5016E1
DCC84743B4FDD1F80E3EA338E69FAF406E742BB405B2137FCBD4ED21B03DF8C560BC5049389A398C
61833C53C5294F30123009EE32CA0762083D31800DCD6EE638EC1E2133ACCC576A424F9846E19C05
F9BF2ED5CBAEAA74DBD77B4DBBB6813AB0C8393F2E7241DD9DDC93D339ED5D2D8DEDADB9FB3491C3
6D21C31F2F0037FB47B8CE3BFD326A4D5B478B578915DCC4CAD90EBD71E99EDCE0FD4526053D3B5D
3A842ADF6AB5864E0E19721813C10777A061D4F3CFB55C17A5CFC9A9D91246462327FF0067F75FF2
699A7688BA645E5DBDDCA0719CAA6480738E9E991F893D79AB8F0BA2966BE9540EE420038C7F77F1
FAFB714C0E1BC57E2396C6F0DB241657CB3C51B299623B00CB9181BB938C723FFD5A9A35F5D5DE87
1DFC1771154204B6F7C49457183F2CBCB0EA0E5B7E3A549ABF86F4FD7EF8FF0068DDC92470A06423
CB1C316F973B79036F1DF93926B4B4BD2749D16148E0652D1F01E593732927B67EEE7D06050053FF
008486396EAD12EF4E9ED24673B27B82522FA2B81C923A06033576C268E0927F347971468BF33E47
9792D9427B818C83E8476C137A6BAB131324F3DB989B2843B0C1E3247E5CFD2B92BBD4AE34733DDE
8A914B608370B6698847503931F076FB63E5C76E72003A279EDAD82DCD95C405257DA22120DB2B7A
29CF0DFA1EFEA346199278D6443907A763587F694F10DAC62D0985C3325CC73C477C24A105597230
79EBD0F6C8ABC244B7717713936EE76CC0FF0009076EEFCC60FE7DA8034E8A28A0028A28A0028A28
A0028A28A0028A28A002AADAFF00C7D5EFFD751FFA02D5AAAB6BFF001F37BFF5D87FE8B4A00B55C8
DCDB47E1F9254B84074998E126C716E09198DF1CECEA54F41D0E3827AEA6BAAC8A51802A46082320
8A00E5CDB83293B8796BB40611E5C905B382BD724E381F9767477D2D9F962DBCC75605BC975E0282
32402411D470011DF1D32E9B44BBD29CCBA118DADC1DC74F989083FEB937F07D3057D36F355A3D49
2FE65B26436B7AAC18C171FBB9633FDE5C6770EBCA9C1E067AD006D26B96DB8ACF1DC42E1B6E4C0E
558F6C301835CB7C44B9B9BBD1A286CBCC92067FDFC4B130761C6382391D7F1C574574F2C16F7726
3313445A27400EC24018DBDC771C1CF23D333584537D9774533A1566501D4EC7009C1DA7EEFE181D
F18C50070DF0F6278A2BA8E60B045842B0DCC258F56E838C7048CF7CF7C1AEE16542C36CB6D9600F
168DCFDDF7F73F9FB1A725E88B539C5DC7E49F263F9F394EAFFC5DBF1C5698208041041E84500703
AEC3A8CFA9C12451C9728D08319B6B6913CB1CE4119FE26D87A8E1707FDAD1D33C3B2DDE9616F259
2DD6407F771C7865C819E5F3819DC7046715BD0EBBA4DC5C34106A7672CCBF7A38E75665E40E403C
7240FAD4FF00DA169DAE623FF031EDFF00C52FE74580C6D5345D44CC9A8E997CA35184601990013A
778DCAE38F438C83C8EF98A3952F12DE69FCC8DA721678119879726E5560573820E429EBD723824D
68CDADD9332DBDA5CC52DD4ADB224072377BFB0009FC3D6B3AF649EDB545865860B89658C6C99540
DAF93B58A9CE0FCA79079E07181401B9A64FF68D3A07F33CC2176B37F7981C13F983572B2FC3E8B1
E8D1468BB555E4503D312356A50014514500145145001451450014514500155ADBFE3E6EFF00EBA8
FF00D012ACD56B6FF8F9BCFF00AEA3FF00405A00B34514500154B50D2ECB55B7F22FADA39E307728
71CA9F507A83EE39ABB45007352691AAE9CAC34FBAFB7DA9218DA5EB61F823EECC393D3A3839F515
66DB53B3D4EE16DEE62BCB1BD19C5B4CED116F52A54ED907BA938EF8ADCA82E6D60BB85A1B889258
CF557008A00C0818AF88EEE4B60259DA2380CDB09DAE4306E0E7076EDE3A1FC4C5AD3997409CD9CF
2E992DCC4F1C73AE0C61CA9C640E473D48008C73532E9F7FA76AF3CFA7B47728D0C61A1BA621F196
E165C127E8C0E7D40A905FC1793C36D1A3D8DFF9C6436F72803742091CE1C73D509FAD00790783F4
1F1158F8AF40966D1BFB1C582CCB7D7AF6C1629B3951F303F36415E49033CD7B94915FBDBB2A5D5B
ACA5701FC82403C76DDFEF7E63D396076D36082065436D1A2C6242FF003120600DB8E4F1D0551867
69598D84E21B5190CBC3107FD91D13E873F45E4D0064CF35CA49F67C4CAF246204B611B9311523F7
A18FCA486DE73C67E5E7B55D7D2E4BA90497005C4CC3244C3F83A6C07007F16738E4F6E8424F6A97
93C11C7868E485DCBB3672494C3E4F24804E338C5685BDADBCB2490242F1A8F9A4681CC7F3F1D4AE
093D720E7DF823201734CB77B5B158A5C6FDEEC7073CB316FEB576A98D3A050407B9E7D6E643FF00
B3551D39648B50BDB81A824F6126C5890CA5FCA61C1F9893F789E9DB8F5A00DAA2A9CD732C77D6D0
2C2AD1CBBF7B990029803185FE2CFB74AB9400514514005145140051451400556B6FF8F9BCFF00AE
A3FF00405AB355ADFF00E3E2EFFEBA0FFD016802CD145140051451400514C9244890BC8E111792CC
70055513CD73FF001ECBB63FF9ED20383F45EA7EA703B8CD000D3470DF4EF2BAA288A3C96200EAF5
435364D46D562934FF003627702333C60966C120AA92304004E495C76CD2C11491EAAF249892600F
FAC5CB98C038287A753820018CF3EF62ED77DB4525F347144B26F9033ED545DA4609EFD467B7E140
10E9915A416B6D106BD9DDA20166B80D23E08EEF8C67D79FAD40A125B378653BED82A2A129B598E0
FC840C6E2303818CF4C75A75AF8817559E6874A89E58A1C07B8F976E79E029604F43C9C0FAD64EB9
7A905D01025E0D5615261B82C18649E55941C1520292303AA9E0E0D0069C921BA93CB777B5F33214
BC4C58E4E06781B01C600C82477E95A9672A28FB33422095064C6BD08F553DC7EBEB5CA594CD2EAB
652FDA45D4B74DD2572158005F2ABFC382B9C7207A679AE98335C5D2C13C3E4CAB1972C929CF2718
538191C027A63E5E3D00341812A40E0E3A9AE696D6DEFAEA7B34D471325C2DC4B1440FC8CA540CEE
CE01C640E9D08E9CEEFD857FE7BDCFFDFE34CB4D36DACAE6E2E230E66B8DBE6C8EC496DA30280229
F4D69AFADEEBED5229B70022E0107AEECF1C9238E318EB5A54514005145140051451400514514005
558062E6E8E08CB820FAFCAB52CCC56091812A429390BB88FC3BD61DA5C6ABF6AB70F197B7691F7C
991F38E76FF083C003B0CFF300DD8E58E5DDE5BAB6D62ADB4E70476FAD49595A389923B813DAF91B
E533280A064373CE3AB0E9CF3D2AFCD3476F199246C28FC493D863FA5004D59B71AA448C1229232C
5B6799238081BD33DCFB0FC7150CB726E2E0433C52843D214C7CC70480E738C90A7E5E9EA79029B7
CCDF671225ACD13223C69118C32B838F94ED2700E319E31FCC0249E34512F9B319AED2132038C2C7
D7042F41CE704E49E7938A8ED2CA386C59EE1BECF13157DA933285F940C9618E4F7EDF8F3435E5BE
E963B75E263BA4B9955BCA39E3EF746F4C038F7AE67E217881BC2DE1DB6BBB69A3373717090C57D3
446482D47762141C0C0238049F7C50074B179936A1B2D9A531C2A1D1AE3381B815E3F8987CA78381
CE7278C55D7BC26BAF42A936A12E430277A865C63A0518C75EBCD72FE07F11EAFAB6B7ABD8EA7746
F2E6C4C51C975A7C2161CE5BE421D01C825B91C118FC7B922E369026D4327F8824591D3DBEBF99F6
A00CBD1BC1F0E8B6EF1452412B3B6E2F2C049E8703EF7A9CFE2DEBC41AAF86ECDEF1249AFE0B6676
2553CBC2939041C16EB90B93C678E9CE742F6E2EA0042CB7C18AB95CA464BB00308B853CE7D7FDAF
C19A4CD72866F3ADEEEEE59111DDDBCB0D1920E6320ED1C1C9E0746FC4804CDA08934F5B226D1635
C1568EDD95958746043E437BF5AAD1DCEA76575241792C32CB141BA29CA10665E47DD1C6EDC50103
03A63EF616ED84F3D96991472E9B3A796997DAD1ED53D4E3E6E9FD2B36FA53AA5CDADD22C9043102
2294AF396C0E57A05F73E9DB2AD401BBA5CF3DC69F1BDC953382CAE5010090C4743D3A55DACED109
6D2A373D1D9DD79C82A5D8AFE84568D0014514500145145001451450014514500155E1766B8B8427
2148007A64558AAF07FC7D5CFF00BCBFFA08A009998282C4E00E493592B7B1CC5AEB7C72CAADB208
038C8247191D988E79E83F1CDAD4CFFA2AC5D44D2A4647AA961BBFF1DCD54B7921B561122ACF288D
4C2C9D65562D8CFBF0C49E9DFBE280096482CAE6E2F6F65DA10A2AFA6F2B8F94772738EFFCE92CAF
21D62694485B6C7822D99480476273F7BA7D01F5E0D4377677D796C5E4B58DEE4B2905A4C08C6E04
85E38E38CF53DF8E073DACDBDDDB3067B7B885460248AC012491BB943D80CE0E01EB83B695C0F40C
0ACCD53C3FA4EB56B2DAEA16114D14D8F3063696E73C9183589E1D371344C0C334B1AA820CD3B02A
73F8E738071DBFE058ADBFB3B290459A718E4DC9E3A7B7FB2B4C08344D0B4DD02EEEE0D32D85BC72
AA4AE03162EF9619258924F02B6EBC87C6CF7D67AEA110C9023C20446262C08007193EE5BD3B7B67
B7F0BEA823F0DD99D46EE23291B506ECB95CFCB91D49A00E8A6822B88FCB9A3574C83B5864555796
CB4B4D8891C65CE4468002E7A74FCB9A1E5BAB888BC2AD0C7B491B80F31F8E300F0BF8F3EA056759
A48F68D247711B4E586F2F136F5383F2B02D9CF3C1CE40F6A008F50B8B89423318D431252365DEA4
804818C8DCD9C71D01FF0077350CD15C4B008518F9B31C20040C67192DC0247CB923AF6E3A1B2C8C
F711C71C7E64C8A71B700024632C7036FD31C8E9D315A7656420FDECBF35C150ACF8C0C0EC0761FA
9EF40CB36F0A5B5BC5027DD8D020CFA018152D145020A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800AAF0
7FC7D5CFFBCBFF00A08AB15560005E5D9F565FFD0450041AB2A3C102C832AD3A2907D09C1FE74CD2
22B668DEEA08951656214018DAA0E31FF8EFF21D00AABE2E91E2D0F7C7B379B88631BCE065DC27FE
CD51D9DE1B5BB9156390C273E63601195214B0C73907820F5C647B80745505CDA5BDEC260BA8229E
12412922860483E86BC9FE256B971278BF4DD264D4B54D2B4D6B47B886F2C261189DC02482D9E405
5000F56F715D3FC3EB9D4355F05585E5FC57123C9BFCB926B860F245BB0AEDEE5403EFD7F8A803AA
8B48D360509169F6B1A8C9C242A076EDF80FCAA93B69F179D2FF006529B78C9DF3A4484718C9C752
06D03807EEFB5666A515DDCDFC76F6D04FE623AB4AAD70FE5AA6D19CB03C12703B90149039E6DD89
B61631C73196E3CA541040EB857539D981FC5C2F56E463242D0048AB6D3DFC8B6D6B6AD09894A3C8
06D0433EE217BFDE1C8C03EB4EB88ED9AC0B5BC91DCC8248E3255800017505463EE823823D3AE6A4
26D7FB64A82AF219332230198F11FDEF5DB8E39E327F3B6F29BA023B7895D32184ADC2020E463FBD
C807D3DE802082D23B4815AE25011010B1AE42A1627381DFAE07B74EB4905A4B20705A48E29082CD
21065703181D3E51C7B9E7B1AB915AAC6DE6485A59BFE7A3751F4F41F4AB54010C16F15B47B2240A
3A9F7FAFAD4D451400514514005145140051451400514526D19CF7A005A28A2800AAD07FC7E5D7FB
CBFF00A08AB355A0FF008FBBAFF797FF0041140116AD63FDA7A6CD6A1823B61A37233B1D48656FC1
803583697134B9923B5923756DB3C6083C85E46091F306DA33919183D36D759585AC5AB4120D42D0
037070AF074FB481D147A3019C1E9EB81CA8063DD2C1F6C8D26B2B4951544A63B95464566DDFF7C1
F91B257233D738CD6D25EB3416F18B696CE12A711AAE5C22E01200FBABCAFBE0F41514715B47A9C7
35FAFF00A41452A9B7290FDE2093FDE3F37B0C71EA6C5E79B716D0DC9D96C14960D23956419183D3
D072A7839C1E94016E02FB9E24B431443397620163EA00CE7EA707EB54EC365959DB40B14935E344
8CEADD41DA0658FF0008EDF9E0139A86EF51B9BA464B2912DD460B492A9DC4679F97820601E7AFA7
4A34CD46511109641D37619E2CA317C0EA8FC83820E49C91CD005B48669F50952F1D648D63465894
7CAA496CE7FBDD075FAE056A5655BDFC12EB13C658C6E618F09229466E5FA03D7F0AD5A0028A28A0
028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A002AB41FF001F775FEF2FFE822ACD56B7
FF008FCBBFF797FF0041140133BAC71B3B90AAA0924F402B26DEEC4F3493886592E30447195DA154
100805B0339C67BF6E702ACEAD32456D1AB9C2CB3221EF919C95C77CE318F7AAD6B7524734B1AC2F
B9C068E3914A957249719C72A3E539E7AF19E050056BED4AD3489DEF3536D92B10B0C4AC5813B46E
6031D0670588E07D79CF92EEE75075D42DE48F52B56FB91470CB1F924673B5B69DC783D769CE39C1
02B2FC67E18D6355FB34B6D6C6E2EB9598ACABB08C838F98AE071D07E64E73A3E14D16FB48D30C37
76B7A25660C56299020E31C7CFD7E51F98EB8CD00245ACD8DB996CE4B1BDB060A54472D9B2890918
CAEC0548E0F435169F7F766E2D1A0906C9A553B5F2DC3103939F9B031D79F420714ED6740D4F50D4
566B649913695CCC52465E579196E9C6477CEECF6ADAB7F0C5925AC6B2A48270E65DF1CCEBB1CF52
B83C753F5EFD6900C8E4693C457D1DD4B13DB881498DC2942819F91C7507820FAFD2ACCB3C367147
2DBDC4B1C6EC5407899D06067383821703A838154E1D3AF6C35BB8B88A45BF3E4A16137C921E5864
15F949E31CA83EA6ACDC5CDBEA73DADA4E25B7977B178253B199763038C70C39EAA48A605F37CD00
FF004C84C23BCAA7747F9F51F5200F7AB6082320E41EE2AB379F0F9CE3F7B1ED2C898C1040E9EE0F
E60FAF6A364B702332DB08B664111A13E538C0395EEA7391DC71D013C006CD150C1279B12BEC7427
AAB8C11535001451450014514500145145001451450014514500579A7789C2ADB4B2823AA6DC0FCC
8AC5D3AD6FEDF5DD42EA65BA7B590836D13327C8481BF3F373C8E33D0640E2BA2A280332F25F33EC
BE646F1017209DE57A05273C13E95269CEB731B5E73BA52400782AA09007B7AFD49ACEF164EF6DA6
DBC89805AE522C9E80C80C633ED97151DAEA525BDE3DB470131CAE563796401048090C33C91C8E98
EB9F5068035B55B99ED34F926B708645231BC64019009FEB5C97FC24D75A65D2863F6B3719668E57
20AE00195DAA7D86D03DF8C367AC6D385CFF00C7F3FDA07FCF2C6231FF0001EFF8E7DB1581E25F0C
599B1B8BEB544B7962899982AE43AAAB1C63A0EAC3D304E41E3001A9A76B726A10BB2456C8CB8CA9
B83CE41208F97A1C0E7FDEFEEF379EE2707E55B6233FC5391C73FECFB0FD7D39CCD2FC3DFD996AB0
ABDBCAB841F3DB9246DC81CEEE9827F124F7C55F165204C0FB1860300FD98E07FE3D401CC6BFE2F6
D0751F96DE3B99A68A30122932300BE79C0E7FC2B634AD56CBC49E1EFB4DEC702A0244F1B9055181
E393ED839F7AC8F1378720D48DCBC9B164B6823316C42A002D26475FD7FC715BDA3F876D346B58E1
88BCBE59254C98F94FA803001ED9EB8E338A00A3349AADAA16B249AE34D3C399413711AF39318241
703FDAF9BD37702B4F49DB242F7514F14B1DC30706252AB9C609C12707D6B4EB22E6CA7B3B87BED3
57748E733DAE4059BDC67EEBFBF43D0F620035E8A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028
A28A0028A28A00CFD6AC0EA9A45CDAA36C95D4344E7F82452191BF0600D60D8C8B7966F733A9F2E6
C2BC414965752DB83000F23EE9C67EEFB8C75D5CEDF5B3693792DFC48D258CE77DD46A32636FF9E8
077181C8F5E7D68026B6BCB8B69FECADBEE821DA3390E38040DC70AC7073C9071EBCD5AD464FB468
5A81F2DD3F7120C38C1FBA6A1B5B717092DE5B480EF6125BB6EDD1B66351BB00F3DEACEA25DB43BB
32285736CF9507201DA78F7A00BE3A5140E9450063EA6377F68A8EBF658CFF00E3CF5B154F5503FB
32E4F7F2CF3572800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A2931D7DE96800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A
2A86A3712410A2445C4B2C8114A2EE2075240C1EC0FB66AA41A9CB044B1CE92CF31919571B7730DC
0738C0C8CE0E38F958F419A00DAA2B19F5778F3235ACBB941DD0865CA00BB893F40501F76E33DED5
8EA22FDE50911544E379208272411FA5005393436B69DEE348BAFB13392CF0326F81C93D4A646D3E
EA467BE6A7BAFB5B681782F16159BC8901F25895C60E08C81F976F5356EE6FAD6CF6FDA6E238B767
1E63019ACED4F5BD2FFB2EEC7DBA024C2F80AE093F29A00D95FBA3E94B4C8C868D1874201A7D0053
D579D2AEBFEB99FE5572A86B2DB346BB6C336223C28C9E940D62C88C87908F685FFC2802FD15516F
E07B396E9598C510258942A781CF040AC586FAE6CE7CDD656568559D25987DF24F2073850039E39C
2F20F1401D2D158171AA5CBC78974C64CA09638E4940666046D1C743B8A0FC4FF779175BB8DEFE6D
B40A9CED2931248CE33D3A61643F45CF7A00DFA2B9E4D4DDAE16C826C8D234DD890E54306C02C7B8
45663EF819F564BE20B988287B78A2F331B0BB13B49C901BA7CDB4038C8C67AD0074945471166891
9C00E40C81D01A92800A28A2800A28A2800A28A28023312195642BF328201F4071FE02A34B3B78E4
322C2A18B17271CE79E7FF001E6FCCFAD58A280207B681C92D1292C08271D41C67F90A22B6820676
8A28D19CE58AA8058FBD4F450014514500145145001451450031915C618061EFCD5796C629AE5679
BF7854108ACA085C8C1EDE956E8A008CC51B307280B0C7247349E4C7B81F2D72B8038E83FC9352D1
4010A5BC11A8448A3551D02A803FCF5A936AE49C0C9EBC53A8A0028A28A0028A28A00FFFD9}
li493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx1026\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3.}\tab \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {The genetic information in DNA is converted to}\par\pard\li102
6\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {characteristic features of livi
ng organisms like colour of}\par\pard\li1026\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {the skin and eye, height, intelligence, ability to metabolise}\par\p
ard\li1026\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {particular substance,
ability to withstand stress,}\par\pard\li1026\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {susceptibility to desease and ability to produce or}\par\pard\li102
6\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {synthesise certain substances.}
\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx1026\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4.}\tab
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {DNA is the source of information for the synthesis o
f all}\par\pard\li1026\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cellular p
roteins. The segment of DNA that contain}\par\pard\li1026\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {information for a protein is known as gene.}\par\pard\l
i466\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx1026\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {DNA is transmitted from parents to offsprings and hence}\par\pa
rd\li1026\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {transmit genetic inform
ation from one generation to another.}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx10
26\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The amount of
DNA in any given species or cell is constant}\par\pard\li1026\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and is not affected by nutritional and metabolic st
ates.}\par\pard\li973\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 7.7
Double helical structure of DNA}\b0 \par\pard\li3146\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7. Avery Macleod and Mc Carty}\par\pard\li3146\ri
0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in 1944 first demonstrated that}\pa
r\pard\li3146\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {DNA contained the g
enetic}\par\pard\li3146\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {informati
on and they referred}\par\pard\li3146\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {DNA as \uc1\u8216Xtransforming factor\uc1\u8217X.}\par\pard\li3146\ri0\sl-2
00 {8. The nucleotides present in}\par\pard\li3146\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {DNA are deoxy adenylic acid,}\par\pard\li3146\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {deoxy quanidylic acid, deoxy}\par\pard\li3146\ri0
\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cytidylicacidanddeoxythymidylic}\par
\pard\li3146\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {acid.}\par\pard\li27
\li2786\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {140}\par\pard\sect\sectd\
sbkpage\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsxn586\margbsxn93\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx720\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {7.4.4}\b0 \tab \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Structure of RNA}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {RNAs are present in the nucleus, ribosomes and
cytoplasm of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {eukary

olic cells. They are involved in the transfer and expression of}\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {genetic information. They act as pr
imer for DNA formation. Some act}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {as enzymes and as coenzymes. RNA also function as genetic material
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {for viruses.}\par\
pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {RNAs are also polynucl
eotides. In RNA polymer, purine and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {pyrimidine nucleotides are linked together through phosphodiest
er}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {linkages. The su
gar present is ribose. The nitrogenous bases present in}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {RNA are adenine and guanine (purine bases),
uracil and cytosine}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{(pyrimidine bases). The nucleotides present in RNA are adenylic acid,}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {quanidylic acid, cytidylic
acid and uridylic acid.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\b {7.4.4.1}\b0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Types of RNA}\b0 \i0 \par
\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {There are mainly thre
e types of RNAs in all prokaryotic and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {eukaryotic cells. They are (1) Messenger RNA (mRNA) 2) Trans
fer}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {RNA (tRNA) 3) R
ibosomal RNA (rRNA). They differ from each other}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {by size, formation and stability.}\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\b {Messenger RNA}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {It accounts for 1-5% of cellular RNA. They have a primary}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {structure. They are sin
gle standed linear molecules. They consist of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1000-10,000 nucleotides. They have a free or phosphor
ylated 3\uc1\u8217X and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {5\uc1\u8217X end. They have different life span ranging from few minutes to
days.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mRNA molec
ules are capped at 5\uc1\u8217X end by methylated guanine}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
80\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {triphosphate. Capping protects mRNA from
nuclease attack. At 3\uc1\u8217X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {end a polymer of adenylate (poly A) is found as the tail. Poly A t
ail}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {protects mRNA f
rom nuclease attack.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Intrastrand base pairing among complementary bases allows folding}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of the linear molecule. As a
result, haripin or loop like secondary}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {structure is formed.}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
141}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\shp
{\*\shpinst
\jpegblip
FFD8FFE000104A46494600010100000100010000FFDB004300080606070605080707070909080A0C
393D38323C2E333432FFDB0043010909090C0B0C180D0D1832211C21323232323232323232323232
3232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232FFC0
00110800C9008303012200021101031101FFC4001F00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090A0BFFC400B5100002010303020403050504040000017D010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191A1082342B1C11552D1F02433627282090A161718191A2526272829
2A3435363738393A434445464748494A535455565758595A636465666768696A737475767778797A
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090A0BFFC400B511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291A1B1C109233352F015
6272D10A162434E125F11718191A262728292A35363738393A434445464748494A53545556575859
5A636465666768696A737475767778797A82838485868788898A92939495969798999AA2A3A4A5A6
F2F3F4F5F6F7F8F9FAFFDA000C03010002110311003F00F7EA28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A280
0A2BCBFE306A7E30B0D3E0FF008478DC4567B19AE27B48CB4B907A6472A31CE7F5AF29F056BFF13A
F7C4D6C9A75D6AF769E60130BD7796155DD83BCB703BF4E7D2803EA6A6ABAB0CAB023A641CF34CB8
595ADE458182C846158FF0FBFE1590961A9C19F2AE63404E7646A029E807504E76FEABEE68036C10
7A1A5AC6106AEAE545CC7E596182A00238393D3D406C7FB6C3B0352DDAEA6F77BA07D90A91C023E6
1C7A83CF279CF65E393401A6181C8073838A5ACB4B6D4CDD4065B853029CC801196C6EC0E1477D84
9C8EE315A9400514514005145140051451400535D8221662001C924E0014EA4650CA55802A460823
AD0066437F2AA5C4D77948E09181DAA39002F5E4F727BF6EDD290EB90A805E19D4121493B405249C
03CF0781F4C8CE2B4BC98C45E508D3CBC6366D18C7D295515400AA001D001401520BEF3B4CFB7796
E50A9915146E6651C8C01DC8C541A1CD7371A766F2C8D9DD2C8E2487A8049CE41C9041041C83DCFD
05DBB495ACA74B7658E631B08D8F456C707F3AADA44524768C240402E5901BA69F0303F89B9EB9E3
9FE8003428A28A0028C51450014514500145145001451450014514500531A8C0F792DA445A5B8876
F9888A4ECCE3193D3A1CE339C73834926AB6114A627BEB6470E10AB4AA08639C2F5EA7078F6A41A6
5A9BA9AE1E3123CA549DEA081839181F5EFD7A7A5555F0DE9822923685983EEC932367920F5FC073
ED4017AD2FADEF4CA6DA6595236D8CE8415CF5233FE7AD675AF89ACEF0218A2B820BA29F941DBBF6
ED2704F07728F5EBE871A567670D841E4401826E67F9DCB1CB1249C9E7A9ACABFD0E39F4C862D25E
1B59ED47976F2B21754DBC608CF3823BE7079EB401ABA808DB4EB959DDA388C4E2475EAAB83922A9
E87E4FD9A730BA31F37E709686DC06DAB81B0F3D30727D7D315A124227B66866390E8558AF1D460E
2A8E8D686CA09A349233079AC228E3856311A838C71D4F1D68034E8A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A
28A0028A28A0028ACBD43568ECE41189A20E30CCAE72707B0039CF07D718E9CD4A756B465DD1CE1B
9031B18F703818F7FE54017E8AA91EA56B30664909555DE58A9031F522A31AB5A346EEB23611B692
D1B280D9C63914017EB9DD221893EDDE5585FC64DECECC4CC42C8C5CE5946FE9F80AD7B4BD5BB693
CB0764676962A572DDC007DBF9FB564E953DB6FD451358B8664BE943C72851E53641DAB95C95E41E
E393CD00696CFF00A75BDFFBFF00FF00D9D51F0CC70456F7E21B2BBB53F6F98C82E58B191B764BA9
2C7E5FC7D6AF79D1FF00D04E4FFC73FF0089AA3E199E09AD6FC41A9CD7E12FE6477940CC6DBB2506
00E0678A00DDA28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2802136D0330668909077648EFC73FA0
FC85655D5E5AD85EED3689E4A808CEAA3EF1E00FA0040FF818ADBA698D0E7201CF5E2803196EE074
60208911F87450BF39EBCF1E9B474CFCFEA2AED9C56B342B32D94516E180BB00603AE0F1C1CF6ABB
B141C851F952D003228638502451A4683A2A2802B2F4D6D4C35E0961B4282EA4F28A4AC0ECCE46E0
54FCDD7DAB5EB9BD356C52F75602CF508DFEDAC5CB47295918AA9DCBD463A7B5006EEEBAFF009E30
FF00DFD3FF00C4D55D2DAE8FDB05D2C2AE2E5B6888961B4804649039E68DB66467C8B8FA18E4AA9E
1E5B3493565B4B59EDC7DB49713232EE731A12C3776FA5006E5158DA94B1C377E6FDA5A36489B01A
6709E612A10100E39E78EF9AACD76EB6D19BBBC8D9F7389152EC4615CFDD1918F940C8C75E87048A
00E8A8A6472A4D1892375743C8653907F1AA835387ED93DB30756888507693BC95DC7007A0A00BD4
5635B788AD2E63BF7F22F615B291E3769ED9E30FB46495240047615734FBA92F2037055044E4343B
5892C981F786061B391819E9D7B000BB45145001451450014520A5A0028AA5A85DBDAC711578937B
EDDD2E71F749FD718FE86AA0D6251F34D0F90809059C8C7F1E3BFF00B03AE3AD006C556B5189AEF3
FF003DBFF645A9A32CD1A17186201231515B63CFBBC7FCF61FFA02D0058ACF92DAE62BA92E2CE48F
F79832C52838620632187DD3803B1CE074E6B428A00E5DE2D51F4BB9BE31581D5124708E5E4F2F09
21DA0AE73F7467AF5E78A9BFB3278353B38618ED16DBCB92470C5D9F72B47B369C800773C7615A4A
33A55CE31F7E6E7FE06D561FFE4210FF00D727FE694018B026B6AA882484C10DC9454B55087CA03E
50C64DD9F7C60FA7BE9DD2C369E4CFF6592778DC056520B02DF2F2588CE7353DAE37DC8F498E7F21
497DFF001E52B04DCC8A64418CFCCBC8E075E40A008DEFADB0566E0AA195918062A1707271919E41
14CF32585E3956178E32DB2585B19193C38C123A9E79E99F4ACE9DD62B8BCBA1A6976746DED22BE1
80E3072303E5E73F855A6B6177A43C1246E8AD20E42B12FF00303C86F9BAF1CF61E9401AFC5150C0
B2AC2A267DF27F132A80334500477D7D1585B99A60C579CEDC7A67B9F6A8D67B8B873E42AAC18CAC
C79DDEC071F9FF003EB4CD52E163B6D866749246550B126F76048070A39C60F2474EB53DD6F4D367
11F32889B6953B79C76E78A00AF636B776EF3A4D36632E1E36072C7D41C8E074FD6A36BE1A3DBC93
EB17B0C703CBF2CAC76AC7BBA29278EB9009C678EFD6192DF54C4CB0394898028AF21665386E3713
EBB4F7EB8E82B4ADE3792D76DCA658BB36C7C3606E2541EBD063F2A00C6D5AF2CCDE403FB66DEDE4
9C3450A9BA0BB9B6B1E00EFDF39EDD2986E6192F67B2FEDD8524D81D112E3E658F0CA0FE67939E76
8E95B976A0DC58920122638F6FDDBD0A07F69CAD819F253F9B50052B0D5B4E16F247FDA76F23432B
239336769CE719279C0229DA2DDFDBEDE6BF48E58E0B997CC844D198DF66D55C953C8E54919C706A
EDB8026BAC01CCA3FF00405AB1400565A5ECB7B70F1C13AC1B1D936BC5B998A9C641DDD3A8E99AD4
AA4F66AB27DA2DE38C5CAA9556238209DC41FA9CF3EFF8500670D23565D125B21ACA7DA2491DBED0
D6808019CB636EEF438EB56DEC2FDB5482E86A5B618E278DA2F2065892A43673DB6FEB57209D6E10
91B95C1C3230E54FA54F4018CBA4DF086F15B5591DEE26322379613CB1C00A36E09C63AE7BD5BB8B
E7B4867966B591D2252F98CA9DE07D48C1F6FD4D5EA42010411907A8A00A3777E90DABB3C1236029
9233196C292011C020900F419A8E4B63A98B6B891CC6B1B2CA8A155B9C720EE0477E08E9EB5A7462
801303D0514B450052B9B20F37DAA2DA2E51488CB7DDCE0E33FF007D1E9EBEC29A268F54B4BA8236
284A94DC403C11C3633D39F6ABF5526B18E453E493039CFCF17CA79EA78E09C7AD0051974AB82CF3
FDA4349F7B68420139CF1F3707B67D38F7A5F323F0FE9059D27B8DA57F776B09762785F95464FB9F
C4D4B68F737A8252D3408AE400E066452BC1E9EE0D58B1B08EC2DC411B3B28CED2E72403CE2802A5
F6A70C573A70315D3799725415B690EDFDDBF27E5E0718FC695752886B33C460BA188236F33ECD26
D3967E338C67A56AD14018F61AB4734D7C4DBDF4612E0A0F32CE45DF845E471C8CE6B42DAEE2BB84
4D0BE549C6082A411D883C83EC7A558AE734FD599BC4FA8D934091C2D3E1246946E790451F017D30
1F9FF64FAF001D1D1455537D00BE16864C4DB77630704738F9BA6783C75C734005C5B33389A06093
A8E0F661FDD3EDFCA9F6F72B38618D92270F19EAA7FCF7EF53D56B9B6F3489236D93A0F95FD47A1F
51401668AAD6F73E7EE460639D31BE33D47B8F507B1FF022ACD0014514500145145001451450018A
38F6A2A86A2F705424113381F33F2573E80103D7AFB0E7AD005FE314561C571A98861845B1511A8D
CECC58BF0300F031D412727A353BFB56E405F2ED25618524147C804E0678EA3A9C67E87A800DAAC5
86E5A7D5EE8C9A3CEED6B36C86E4888ED063427692DB86727B536D351D525750FA7B287752DBC95D
8A4818E9D71CE338F7ED52D9C77FFDA1A9B7DAADFCA372362180EE51E547C13BF9E7DA802FFDA65F
F9F39FF34FFE2AA8C0ED79A9DFDB4FA74D0C4A9132C8ECB89092DCAED6241040F4AB9B2FBB5C5BE3
FEB837FF0017552CA3BF4D6EF0DD5D412C06087CA48E12850E5F2492C739E3F2A00B514B2452082E
1B24FF00AB908C093DBD9BF9F51DF16EA39A18EE2231C83729F7FD41EC45578E59EDC98EE15E441F
72645C961E8C0743F860FB74A002F6D5A65F3A060975183E539E80FA1F553DFF004E6A782713DAC7
3E0A2BA07C1ED919A89E479D4C7007527832302BB7E99EF49756867B1FB2C6EB1A1C29E09CAF71C1
1D47BD004CB730C911963951A31C9656040FC69EAC18061D0F4ED5CF4A619E47591E69D4A2208BCB
2CAE3EF1EAC7EF00C327A02BF566D9C505C5E42B17DA02E433191080E47CD91F37032CBC6381C719
3401D2D145140051451400518A28A00AD7B6BF6CB5684950AC79C83CF7EC477F7ACC8B439A17FDCD
EB2A7518CF047438CE318DBC74E0FF0078D6E514019DA7E982C6577F35E4DC30033B1C7E64F60A3F
027AB1ACCB55D20EBBAC06B4692E85C279ADF65770330A63E6C11D3D2BA3AC7B49750FED5D5105BD
AB5BADC2F96DE7B07FF5499C8D8475F7A00B5B34FF00F9F3FF00C946FF00E26A969EBA70F135F9B6
B778AEBECB07984C2C80AEE9718C800F39E95A81EF7BC100FF00B6EDFF00C4D50B492FDBC4978971
15B25B0B684C6639599F76E93390540C7F85006BD1451400514514010ADA5B26ED96F12EE041C201
907A8A91634524AA2827A903DF3FD4D3A8A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A00CAD76D05FE9
E20333464BAB28501B791CEDC60F040E783C52E812CD3E9114B7168D6D2B33028E0862031552D9E7
25429E699ADCD7D0089ED22F306C93070BF2C981B09C91F2FDECD6B8C71400564EBF0EAAFA7B49A1
BDA47A8A32E1AE558A14CE581C73C8E9EF5AD54357B796EB4E6861B836EE5E3FDE0620801D4B0FC4
647E340179183A2B0E8466AA5F5E8B445CE771C927617DA00C9381CFA541A20BD4D3218EFA278A58
D55009250EE4051CB30E09CE7FFADD2B48AA9EA01FA8A00C85D61CDBC64DBC9E6614C8D80102F3B9
87CDD30A7F4EB539D51110318A561F374DBDBA8C67A8C11F855FF2D339D8B9F5C7F9F4AA17B1BF98
820B705B3E6B3851CB0C0193C73CE7E8A477A008A4D7ADD6728BB8AA00EE703A10718E7FD927D7DB
91576D2F16ED5D9629630A40FDE000F407A7D0F7ACEF3AF966588DBA9C9240C26719CEEEBD79DBE9
9E99AD6855C4282621A4DA37903196C7340125145140051451401CF4B7776640419844FE720E4A8C
798A0313DBAE07B648CD3A4D4EEA5329111546C44A43B0DA73C9231F292338CF3F2F7C8CEFD14018
F69A84F3EA2B11859378CB0624840030207BEE079F423DAA24D62E955DBEC85FCC6CC792DC7CDB42
9014E0E36923B7CDE95BB4607A5006445A84F757296CF6DB5240779E71B4E47071CF4FD474ACDB08
3C41E1F9EE92E269F5CD399C35B10516E2D9318DAD9C0907FB5BB77B1AEA6B909FC6167A16AFA9D8
EA91EA45C4EB25B98ACE6995A368D3EE9552061B70C7B7BD003A2F1D453EB571A5C5E1FD7DA58631
26F365B237CF60CE463EA70383CD4834AD6B58D76D751D46E4D969D6E32BA5230732480E55E4718E
471F28DC381CD423E2468063FBBA979F91FE8BFD9D379DB719DFE5EDCEDFF6BA53F4FF0013FF00C2
41E21B3B7D3AD7528EDA14926B992EACE4814F1B5546F0327249C7B7B50075945145001451450018
A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2802B5E5CFD9ADCC83EF12154609E4FB0FC4D505D608
8B698D9A5248076855F5CF273C0393FEEB0ED572FF00FD50FABFFE80D50DFF00DE87FDF3FF00A0C9
401544B631EA6754922905C341E4EF200C207C918CE782707E9DEA71ACC5E64A4A49B50E02800B12
01CE003C9E36E064E41E94C7FF009094DFF5D7FF00698A7597FAA83FDC4FFD96802FDB5C0BA87CD5
4650490037B1C54F505A7FC79C3FEE0A9E800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2803FFFD9}
rscalex100 {mRNA is a direct carrier of genetic information from the nucleus to}
\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the cytoplasm.}\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It contain information required for the synthesis of prot
ein}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {molecules.}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2.}\b0 \tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Transfer RNA}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmul
t0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It accounts for 10-15% of total cell RNA. They ar
e the smallest of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a
ll the RNAs. Usually they consist of 50-100 nucleotides. They are}\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {single standard molecules. They c
ontain unusual bases such as}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {methylated adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine,dihydrouracil and}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pseudouridine. These
unusual bases are important for binding 6-RNA}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to intra chain base pairing. Further some bases are n
ot involved in base}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{pairing, resulting in loops and arms formation in tRNA. These folding in}\par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the primary structure gen
erates a secondary structure (Fig.7.8).}\par\pard\li1213\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig.7.8 Secondary Structure of t-RNA}\b0 \par\pard\li
ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {142}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\
pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsxn626\margbsxn93\pard\li400
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Secondary structure of t-RNA is
in the form of a clover leaf. The}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {important feature of the clover-leaf structure are,}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {1.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {An acceptor arm with base
sequence \uc1\u8220XCCA\uc1\u8221X 3\uc1\u8217X-OH of adenosine}\par\pard\li400\
ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {moiety of t-RNA.}\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {2.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {An anticodon arm which recogn
ises codon on mRNA.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-520\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {3.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {T}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1
\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C arm which contain unusual base cytosine.}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx40
0\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {D- arm which co
ntain many dihydrouracil residues.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Functions}\b0 \par\p
f0\f0\charscalex100 {1. It is the carrier of amino acids to the site of protein
synthesis.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-29
3\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2. There is at least one t-RNA molecule to
each of 20 amino}\par\pard\li746\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{acids required for protein synthesis.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf

0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {3.}\b0 \
tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Ribosomal RNA}\b0 \par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {T
his accounts for 80% of the total cellular RNA. It is present in}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ribosomes. In ribosomes, r-RNA is
found in combination with protein.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {It is known as ribonucleoprotein. The length of rRNA ranges from
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {100-600 nucleotide
s. rRNA molecules have a secondary structure.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Intra strand base pairing between complementary bases
generate double}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {he
lical segments or loops.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Functions}\b0 \par\pard\li586\
scalex100 {1. They are required for the formation of risosomes}\par\pard\li586\
scalex100 {2. They are involved in the initiation of protein synthesis.}\par\par
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {143}
\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {7.4.5 Differences between DNA an
d RNA}\b0 \par\pard\li2240\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {DNA}
\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {RNA}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7
360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx586\*\t
x3600\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sugar moiet
y is deoxy ribose}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sugar moeity is ribose}\par\p
o1\colw3586\colsr-0\colno2\colw3080\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx586\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Uracil is absent}\par\pa
f0\charscalex100 {Double stranded molecules}\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {both run in opposite directions}\par\column\pard\li13
\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Thymine is usually absent}\par\p

ard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Single stranded molecules
d\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx586\*\tx3626\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4.}\tab \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sum of purine and pyrimidine}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {Sum of purine and}\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx3600\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {bases are equal G+C = A+T}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pyr
imidine bases are not}\par\pard\li3600\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {equal. G+C = A+T.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marg
lsxn560\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw3586\colsr-0\colno2\colw3080\pard\li0\ri0\s
x100 {Bases are not modified}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx586\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {6.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Resistant to alkali hydrol
ysis}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx586\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7.
}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {No catalytic activity}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213
-240\slmult0 \*\tx586\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Mostly DNA is present in}\par\column\pard\li13\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Bases are modified}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {Highly susceptible to alkali}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-280\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hydrolysis.}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Some are catalytically}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {active.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {present in nucleolus and}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7
360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li586\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx3600\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nucleus and also in }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mito
chondria}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cytoplasm}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {7.4.6 Examples of nucleosides and nucleotides
}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133
\cols3\colno1\colw2226\colsr-0\colno2\colw2093\colsr-0\colno3\colw2346\pard\li0\
li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { Base}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri
0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Adenine}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-37
3\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Guanine}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cytosine}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Thymine}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {Uracil}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\
100\b {Nucleoside}\b0 \par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\
calex100 {Adenosine}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Guanosine}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cytidi
ne}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Thymidine}\par\
pard\li13\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Uridine}\par\pard\li666
0\f0\charscalex100 {144}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
\charscalex100\b {Nucleotide}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
f0\charscalex100 {Adenylic acid}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Guanidylic acid}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {Cytidylic acid}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Thymidylic acid}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Uridylic acid}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn56
0\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsx
n133\margtsxn666\margbsxn93\pard\li2640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
2640\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Excercise}\b0 \par\pard\li

d\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {I.}\b0 \tab \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Choose the correct answer from the given four alternati
ves}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a. Thymi
ne is exclusively present in}\par\pard\li746\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx1173\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {i.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {DNA
ii. }\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {tRNA
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iii. mRNA iv. rRNA}\
par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b. Thymidynilate i
s a}\par\pard\li746\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx1173\*\tx2880\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {i.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {purine base
ii.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {nucleoside}\par\pard\li746\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx2346\*\tx2880\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iii. nucleotide}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iv.}
\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pyrimidine base}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmu
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c. Anticodon arm is present in}\par\pard\li746\r
i0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx1173\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {DNA
ii. }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tRNA
}\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {iii. mRNA iv. rRNA}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Adenine pairs with thy
mine}\par\pard\li746\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx1173\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i.}
\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a single bond
ii. }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {double bond}\par\pard\li746\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx2360\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {iii.
triple bond}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { iv. none of the a
bove}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e.}\ta
b \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The alkali resistant nucleic acid is}\par\pard\li7
46\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx1173\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {DNA
ii. }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tRNA
}\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {iii. mRNA iv. rRNA}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\b {II. Fill up the blanks}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult
0 \*\tx4560\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a. T}\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u98
1X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c arm is present in}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {_______________}\i0 \tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nucleic acids}\par\pard
\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b. ______________ nucleic
acid is a genetic carrier}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {c. ______________ is a nucleoside.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d. ______________ RNA is derived from DNA.}\par\pard\
li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e. Adenine is a ___________
___ base.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {III. }\
b0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Say true or false}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-37
3\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a. Purine bases show maximum absorption at
260 nm}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b. Uracil
is a pyrimidine base.}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
0\charscalex100 {145}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsx
n560\margrsxn133\margtsxn586\margbsxn93\pard\li400\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {c. The products formed when nucleosides are cleaved are}\par\p
ard\li746\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nucleotides and nitroge
nous bases.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d. Nu
cleases can cleave RNA.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {e. DNA and RNA have similar structures.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {IV. Match the following}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\s
r-0\colno2\colw640\colsr-0\colno3\colw3786\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {1. Cytosine}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {2. Thymine}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {3. t RNA}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{4. Nucleotide}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5
. Nucleoside}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult
0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {-}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10

0 {Purine base}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pyri
midine base}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Adenyli
c acid}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ATP}\par\par
d\li13\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Amino acid activation}\par
\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {V.}\b0 \tab \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\b {Give one word answer}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1. what is a nucleoside?}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2. What are purine bases?}\par\pard\li400\ri
0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3. What is phosphodiates linkage?}\
par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4. Which is the di
rection of DNa double strands?}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {5. Give the keto enol form of adenine.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\sl
mult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {VI. Answer the followings}\b0 \par\pard\li40
0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1. Explain the structure of pur
ine and pyrimidine bases.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {2. Explain the primary structure of DNA.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slm
ult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3. List out the functions of DNa and RNA.}\par\
pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4. What are the salien
t features of Watson and Crick double}\par\pard\li746\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {helical DNA model .}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5. Give the structure and the functions of tRNA.}\par\p
i2893\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {146}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sb
knone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgw
sxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn93\cols2\colno1\
colw2320\colsr-0\colno2\colw4346\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {8.1 Introdu
ction}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-333\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {CHAPTER 8}\b0 \par\pard\li93\ri0\s
l-413\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {VITAMINS}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sb
knone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The vitamins are a group of complex organic compo
unds required}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in sm
all quantities by the body for the maintenance of good health.}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {They are not normally synthesized in
the body and hence they should}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {be supplied by the diet. The vitamins are present in foods in small
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {quantities.}\par\p
ard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Unlike other groups of
nutrients the vitamins are not chemically}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {similar to each other. Each vitamin has a specific chemic
al structure and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a
specific function or functions in the living system. Most of the vitamins}\par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {act as coenzymes in the b
ody. Normally a well balanced diet will supply}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {all the necessary vitamins in sufficient quantity.}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {8.2 Classification
}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Vitamins are
generally classified into two main groups. (i) fat soluble}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {vitamins (ii) water soluble vitamins.}
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {8.2.1 Fat solubl

e vitamins}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Th
e members of this group are A,D,E and K. All these vitamins}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {are not soluble in water and readily so
luble in fat dissolving organic}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {solvents. Inside the body for their transport and metabolism they n
eed}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the presence of
fats.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {8.2.1.1 }
\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Vitamin - A}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Vitamin A is found only in foods of anim
al origin. It is present in}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {almost all species of fish, birds and mammals. The yellow plant pigmen
ts}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X, \uc1
\u946X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and}{ }\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u6
1543X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { carotenes and cryptoxanthin are precursors of
vitamin A.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The bod
y has the ability to convert these carotenoid compounds present}\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in the diet into vitamin A.}\par\pa
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {147}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\ma
























{The chemical structure of}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 { - carotene is such that it oxidizes to}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {form two molecules of vitamin A, the othe
r provitamins form only one.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f1\chars
calex100 {\uc1\u946X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-carotene is more efficiently c
onverted to vitamin A than}{ }\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 { - or}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex1
00 {\uc1\u61543X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { - carotene or cryptoxanthin.}\par\
pard\li400\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {There are two forms o
f vitamin A: Vitamin A}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { which occurs in the}\par
413\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {liver of marine water fish and Vitamin A}{\sub
\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { found in the liver
of fresh}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {water fish
. The vitamin A which contain alcoholic group in the side}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {chain is called as retinol (Fig. 8.1) and
which contain aldehyde group is}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {known as retinal. Though the two vitamins differ slightly in the
ir chemical}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {structu
res their physiological functions are the same.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgw
\colw1306\colsr-0\colno3\colw1693\colsr-0\colno4\colw866\colsr-0\colno5\colw1400
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs20\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\s
ub \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {3}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
s16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {3}}\par\column\pa
0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {OH}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margr
sxn133\cols8\colno1\colw680\colsr-0\colno2\colw760\colsr-0\colno3\colw400\colsr0\colno4\colw600\colsr-0\colno5\colw440\colsr-0\colno6\colw2066\colsr-0\colno7\c
olw333\colsr-0\colno8\colw1386\pard\li40\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i40\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
0\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs18\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri
ard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {3}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri
0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f2\charscale
x100 {3}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
alex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213
0 {Retinol (Vitamin A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {)}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {3}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par{\trowd\trlef
t0\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl0\trpaddr0\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\b
rdrnone\clbrdrl\brdrnone\clbrdrb\brdrnone\clbrdrr\brdrnone\cltxlrtb\clNoWrap\clf
tsWidth3\clwWidth1106\clpadt0\clpadr0\clpadft3\clpadfr3\cellx6813 \pard\li0\ri0\
sl-226\widctlpar\intbl \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{3}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-66\widctlpar\intbl \fs14\c
f0\f2\charscalex100 {3}\cell\row}\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040
\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw2520\colsr-0\colno2\colw1186\colsr-0\c
olno3\colw973\colsr-0\colno4\colw1986\pard\li906\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2
\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {3}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-320\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {-Carotene}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\s
ect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li773\ri0\
sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 8.1 Structure of Vitamin A}\b0
{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1}\b0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {and}\b
0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {-Carot
ene}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Functions
}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Vitamin A is
essential}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx800\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{i.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {for the growth and metabolism of all body
cells}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ii. for th
e formation of rhodopsin (visual purple) a complex}\par\pard\li800\ri0\sl-293\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {substance formed from retinol and protein. Rh
odopsin, a}\par\pard\li800\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pigmen
t found in retina is necessary for vision in dim light.}\par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li28

60\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrs
xn133\margtsxn586\margbsxn93\pard\li466\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {iii. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {for the maintenance of healthy skin, pa
rticularly mucous}\par\pard\li800\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{membrane of the cornea and the lining of respiratory tract.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Sources}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-4
00\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The liver of any animal is a rich source
of vitamin A. Fish liver oil is}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {an excellent source. Whole milk, egg yolk, dark green leafy vegetab
les}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and deep yellow
vegetables and fruits are rich in carotenes, which can}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {be converted into vitamin A by the intesti
nal wall.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Require
ments}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Vitamin
A requirement is based on the intake to maintain the normal}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {blood level. Adults placed on a vitami
n A free diet are found to show}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {no change in the level for several weeks.The capacity of the body t
o}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {store vitamin A p
rovides for an effective emergency supply.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs
20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Recommended amount of Vitamin A for different age group
is as follows:}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\
\pard\li400\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Infants}\par\pard\li4
00\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Children}\par\pard\li400\ri0\s
l-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Adults}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pregnant and}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lactating women}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {1500 IU / day}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {2000-3000 IU / day}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {5000 IU / day}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6000-8000 IU / day}\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(IU = International units)}\par\par
d\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Absorption and storage}\b0 \par\pa
rd\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Vitamin A and carotene a
re absorbed from the small intestine into}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the lymph system. The maximum absorption is reached 3 to
5 hours}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {after consu
mption. The rate of absorption of vitamin A is more rapid}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
93\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {than that of carotene. In the human being
about 95% of the vitamin A}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {stored in the body is found in the liver with small amount in the lungs
,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {adipose tissue an
d kidneys.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Defici
ency}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The earl
iest sign of vitamin A deficiency is concerned with vision.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Initially there is a loss of sensitivit
y to green light, followed by impairment}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to adapt to dim light. This condition leads to}{ }\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {night blindness}\b0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. More}\











prolonged or severe deficiency leads to the ulceration of cornea and}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {this condition is known as}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { xerophthalmia}\b0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {or
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { keratomalacia}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {8.2.1.2}\b0 { }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i { Vitamin D}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-360\slm
ult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {There are two distinct forms of Vitamin D}\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i.}\tab \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{3}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) is the natural form of the vitamin}\par\pard\l
i400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {occurring in foods (Fig. 8.2
). It can be formed under the skin from}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7 dehydro cholesterol by the influence of sun light (ultr
a violet (UV)}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rad
iation)}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ii.
}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ergo calciferol (vitamin D}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) is a synthetic form of the vitam
in which}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {has the
same activity as the natural vitamin. It is produced by the}\par\pard\li400\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {UV radiation of ergo sterol, a compou
nd which can be extracted}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {from yeast. This is the form of vitamin which is added to}\par\pard\l
i400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {commodities such as margari
ne and baby foods.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn5
866\colsr-0\colno4\colw1413\pard\li1720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs10\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\pa
r\column\pard\li373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li373\ri0\sl-280\slmul
t0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs10\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx373\fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs14\cf0\f2\
charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C
f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs10\cf0\f2\charscale
x100 {2}}\fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}\par\column\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0

\fs10\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs10\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sb
100 {OH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmul
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Functions}\b0 \par\column\pard\li773\ri0\sl
100 {Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
00\b {Fig. 8.2 Structure of Vitamin D}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsx
n7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {Vitamin D is necessary for the growth and maintenance of bo
nes}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and teeth. Vita
min D helps in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293
\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {from the small intestine and for the uptak
e of calcium and phosphorus}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {by the bones and teeth.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\b {Sources}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Vitamin D is not widely distributed in nature and the best sources}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {are fish oil, especi
ally liver oil. Milk, butter and egg yolk are the only}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {foods in the ordinary diet that contain vita
min D.}\par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {150}\par\
xn93\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Requirements}\b0
\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It is difficult t
o make standard recommendations for the dietary}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {requirements of vitamin D since the amount of vita
min D produced in}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {t
he body by the action of sunlight varies from person to person. Many}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {people may obtain this vitamin
from sunlight. It is, however certain that}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs
20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {babies and growing children require more vitamin D than
adults, due to}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rap
id growth and bone development.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn1
1040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw3413\colsr-0\colno2\colw506\colsr0\colno3\colw2746\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Infa
nts and children}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Adults}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pregnant a
nd}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lactating wome
n}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Absorption and
storage}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {400 IU / day}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {200 IU / day}\par\pard\li66\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {400 IU}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/day}\par\
pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li40
0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Fat helps in the absorption of
vitamin D and bile is essential for its}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {absorption. Vitamin D enters into the general circulation v
ia lymph and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {stored

largely in liver and kidneys.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\b {Deficiency}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Children receiving an inadequate supply of vitamin D develop}\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {rickets}\b0 \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {. Calcium and phosphorus are inadequately deposited in the}\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bones. Premature infants
are more susceptible to rickets than full term}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {infants. In adults on inadequate supply of vitamin
D causes}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {osteomal
acia}\b0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, a condition in which the bones become sof
t, weak and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {painful
.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {8.2.1.3 }\b0 {
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Vitamin E}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\
slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Vitamin E activity is possessed by a number
of compounds known}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
as tocopherols. Among these compounds}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-tocopherol is known as}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {vitamin E. Structurally vitamin E contains a di
hydro benzopyran nucleus}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {with an isoprenoid side chain (Fig. 8.3). Many of them are pale yellow}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {oils soluble in fat.}\
r\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\se
ct\sectd\sbkpage










rscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\s
l-306\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs10\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {3}
}\fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs14\cf0
\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs10\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li13\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs10\cf0\f2\chars
calex100 {3}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\
alex100 {O}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}}\fs10\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {3}\

73\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs10\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {3}}\
b \fs10\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn1
f0\f0\charscalex100\b {Functions}\b0 \par\column\pard\li506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li506\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945
X}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-Tocopherol}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 8.3 Structure of Vitamin E}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sect
d\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The principal role of vitamin E appears to be
as an antioxidant. By}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {accepting oxygen, vitamin E can prevent the oxidation of vitamin A in}\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the intestinal tract, th
us making vitamin A available for body use. Vitamin}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E also reduces the oxidation of the poly unsatu
rated fatty acids, thereby}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {helping to maintain normal cell membrane. It protects the red blood}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cells against hemolysis
. Vitamin E is required by animals, and presumably,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slm
ult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {by humans for the normal reproductive processes
. It also plays an}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
important protective role during ageing of cells.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Sources}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Wheat germ oil and corn germ oil are the rich natura
l sources.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Vegetabl
e oils and fats are good sources. Cereals and animal foods are}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fair sources of tocopherol.}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Requirements}\b0 \par\par
d\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It is difficult to establ
ish vitamin E requirements. The requirement}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {depends mainly on the intake of poly unsaturated fatty
acids. It is}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {gener
ally accepted that the intake of vitamin E should be 0.4 mg}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {-tocopherol equivalents / g dietary poly unsaturated fatty acid. This}\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {does not present any probl
em, since all foods which are rich sources of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {poly unsaturated fatty acids are also rich sources of
vitamin E.}\par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl
893\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {152}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkn
one\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsx
n7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsxn586\margbsxn93\pard\li400\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {There is some evidence that higher in
take of vitamin E may have a}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {useful protective effect against the development of ischaemic heart}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {disease. This is beca
use high concentrations of vitamin E inhibit the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult

0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {oxidation of poly unsaturated fatty acids in pla
sma lipoproteins and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{this oxidation which is responsible for the initiation of atherosclerosis}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(deposition of fat in
the coronory artery walls). The levels that appear}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmu
lt0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to be beneficial are of the order of 17-40 mg}{
}\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-tocopher
ol/day, which}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {is ab
ove what could be achieved by eating ordinary foods.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Adults
:
25 - 30 mg / day}\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Absorption and storage}\b0
\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Vitamin E, like
other fat soluble vitamins, is absorbed along with}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmu
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fat in the intestines. It is stored in the liver
, muscle and body fat.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\b {Deficiency}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Vitamin E deficiency cause the following disorders in animals.}\par\pard\li4
00\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i.
Reproductive failure}\pa
r\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ii. Hemolysis of
red blood cells}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i
ii. Muscular dystrophy}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\b {8.2.1.4 }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Vitamin K}\b0 \i0 \par\par
d\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Vitamin K is known as the
antihemorrhagic vitamin.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Three compounds which have the biological activity of vitamin K are}\par\
pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx800\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a.}\tab \fs20\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Phylloquinone, which is the normal dietary source, being f
ound}\par\pard\li800\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in green lea
fy vegetables.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx800\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {b.}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Menaquinones, which are a family of cl
osely related compounds}\par\pard\li800\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {synthesized by the intestinal bacteria, with differing lengths of}\par\p
ard\li800\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the side chain.}\par\pa
rd\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx800\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c.}\tab \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {Menadione, a synthetic compound which can be metabolised}\pa
r\pard\li800\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to yield phylloquino
ne (Fig 8.4).}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\
lex100 {153}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage







\margtsxn666\margbsxn93\cols2\colno1\colw3760\colsr-0\colno2\colw2906\pard\li316
0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li3186\ri0\sl-213\s
0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li2586\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {Menadione}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\r
0 {3}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn13
3\cols2\colno1\colw1000\colsr-0\colno2\colw5666\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Function
s}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig.
8.4 Structure of Menadione (Vitamin K)}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7
f0\charscalex100 {Vitamin K is needed for the formation of prothrombin, a substa
nce}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {necessary for b
lood clotting.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {In
testinal bacteria normally synthesize substantial amount of vitamin}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {K. Because vitamin K is fat sol
uble, its absorption is facilitated in the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2

2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {presence of bile. Small amount of vitamin k are stored i
n the liver, heart,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{skin, muscle and kidneys.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\b {Sources}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {The best source of vitamin K are the green leafy vegetables eg.}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {spinach, cabbage, kale etc. Go
od sources are cauliflower, wheat germ,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {etc. Carrots and potatos are fair sources. Milk, meat and f
ish are poor}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {source
s.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Requirements}\
b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Vitamin K requ
irement depends on the amount of vitamin K formed}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slm
ult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {by the intestinal bacteria. The more the endoge
nous vitamin K formation}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {less will be the dietary requirement.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Absorption and storage}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400
\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Being fat-soluble, its absorption is enhan
ced by sufficient amount}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {of bile salts mainly in the jejunum by the way of lymphatics. Liver stores
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {appreciable amount
s. It is present in blood stream in significant amount.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293
\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {All tissues contain small amounts of vitami
n K.}\par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-226\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {154}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pg
hsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage







{Deficiency}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
The deficiency of vitamin K leads to a lowering of prothrombin}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {level and increased clotting time
of blood. This may lead to hemorrhagic}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {conditions. Vitamin K deficiency causes hemorrhagic disease
of the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {newborn.}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {8.2.2 Water solubl
e vitamins}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Th
e members of this group are B complex vitamins and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {vitamin C. They are readily soluble in water.}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {8.2.2.1 }\b0 \fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {B Complex vitamins}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400
\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {i.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\b {Thiamine (B}\b0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1}\b0 }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\b {)}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {The structure of vitamin B}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 { is given in Fig. 8.5.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\
3\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs
20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\par\column\pard\li0\ri
ex100 {NH}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}
{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
0\charscalex100 {-CH}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {-OH}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrs
xn133\cols2\colno1\colw3720\colsr-0\colno2\colw2946\pard\li2480\ri0\sl-306\slmul
t0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs14\cf0
\f2\charscalex100 {+}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}}\par\column\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {S}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgw
\colw5173\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Func
tions}\b0 \par\column\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Thiamine (Vitamin B}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {)}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-453\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 8.5 Structure of Vitamin B}\b0 {\sub \fs14
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1}\b0 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11
x100 {Thiamine is a coenzyme in many enzyme systems. These are}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {involved principally in the breakdow
n of glucose to yield energy.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Thiamine also aids in the formation of ribose, a sugar that is an}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {essential constituen
t of DNA and RNA, the carriers of the genetic code.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slm
ult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The adequate level of thiamine provides health
y nerves, a good mental}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {outlook, a normal appetite and food digestion.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Sources}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult
0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Meats, especially pork and liver are rich in thiam
ine and account}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {for
about one fourth of the average intake. Dry beans, peanuts and egg}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {are good sources.}\par\pard\li2
960\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {155}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkn
one\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsx
n7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsxn586\margbsxn93\pard\li400\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Enriched and whole grain breads and c
ereals supply about one}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {third of the daily thiamine intake.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Requirements}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The requirement of thiamine depends on energy expenditur
e.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\c
ols3\colno1\colw2840\colsr-0\colno2\colw840\colsr-0\colno3\colw2986\pard\li400\r
i0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Infants}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-426
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Children}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-426\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Adults}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Pregnant women}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {and lactating women}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\b {Absorption and storage}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\colum
n\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0.3 - 0.5 mg / day}\pa
r\pard\li26\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0.7 -1.2 mg / day}\pa
r\pard\li66\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.2 - 1.5 mg/day}\par
f0\par\pard\li93\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.3- 1.5 mg/day}
f0\charscalex100 {Free thiamine is readily absorbed from the small intestine. Ex
cess}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {thiamine admin
istered is not stored in the tissues. A part of the excess}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {thiamine is excreted in urine and same o
f it is destroyed by the enzyme}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {thiaminase.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Deficiency}\b0 \par\pard\li400
\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The symptoms of thiamine deficie
ncy occur because the tissue cells}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {are unable to receive sufficient energy from glucose. Therefore,
they}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cannot carry
out their normal functions.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li400\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Early symptoms of thiamin
e deficiency include fatigue, irritability,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {depression and numbness of the leg and poor tone of the
gastro intestinal}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
tract together with constipation.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li400\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Beriberi,}\b0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { sometimes called \uc1\u8220Xrice-eaters disease\uc1\u8
221X is another}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {def
iciency symptom which is often seen in people whose chief diet is}\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {refined rice and is the most seve
re form of thiamine deficiency.}\par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p

{156}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn13










lex100\b {ii.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Riboflavin (B}\b0 {\sub \fs
14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2}\b0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {)}\b0 \par\pard\
li400\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Structurally vitamin B}{\su
b \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { consists of a ribi
tol moiety and a substituted}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040
\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw2973\colsr-0\colno2\colw3693\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {isoalloxazine ring (Fig. 8.6).}\p
ar\column\pard\li333\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH }\fs18\cf
0\f2\charscalex100 {OH }\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs1
8\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {-CH-CH-CH-CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\
cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\mar
glsxn560\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw2173\colsr-0\colno2\colw1520\colsr-0\colno
3\colw373\colsr-0\colno4\colw2600\pard\li1333\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li1333\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\c
harscalex100 {3}}\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmul
-346\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {3}}
\fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li800\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li800\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\par\pard\li80
f0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Riboflavin}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\par\column\pard\li226\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li226\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {O}\par\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {NH}\par\pard\sect\sec
colsr-0\colno2\colw5080\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Functions}\b0 \par\column\pard\l
rscalex100\b {Fig. 8.6 Structure of Vitamin B}\b0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\b {2}\b0 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\ma
rgrsxn133\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Riboflavin i
s a constituent of a group of enzymes called}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220Xflavoproteins\uc1\u8221X. As with thiamine,
the enzymes are necessary in the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\

charscalex100 {break down of the glucose to form energy. Riboflavin is essential
for a}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {healthy skin
and for good vision in bright light. If the individual ingest}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {more riboflavin than their body need
s, the urinary excretion will increase,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {if the intake is inadequate, the body maintains its supply
very carefully}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and
the urinary excretion will practically stop.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Sources}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {About half of the intake of riboflavin daily is furnished
by milk alone}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and
cheese is a good source, although some of the vitamin has been}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lost in the whey.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Requirements}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri
0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A more generous estimate of require
ments is the level of intake at}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {which there is normalisation of the activity of the red cell enzyme
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {glutathione redu
ctase,}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { which is a flavoprotein whose activity
is}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {especially sensi
tive to riboflavin nutritional status.}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18






no3\colw3826\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Infants}\
par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Children}\par\pard
\li400\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Adults male}\par\pard\li40
0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Adults female}\par\column\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
-}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0.4 - 0.6
mg / day}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0.8 - 1.2
mg / day}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.5 -1.8
mg/day}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.1 - 1.4 mg
/day}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133
\cols2\colno1\colw2840\colsr-0\colno2\colw3826\pard\li400\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\
tx2280\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pregnant women}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{-}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx2266\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Lact
ating women}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Absorption and storage}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.4 - 1.7 mg/day}\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.6 - 1.9 mg / day}\par\pard\sect\sec
td\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The vitamin is phosphorylated in the intesti
nal mucosa during}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a
bsorption. It is absorbed from the small intestine through the portal}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {vein and is passed to all tis
sues being stored in the body. The major}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {part is excreted in urine and a small part is metabolized
in the body.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Defi
ciency}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ribofl
avin deficiency leads to cheilosis, a cracking of the skin at}\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the corners of the lips and scaliness
of the skin around the ears and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {nose. There may be redness and burning as well as itching of the e
yes,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and extreme se
nsitivity to strong light.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca

lex100\b {iii. }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Niacin (B}\b0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\b {3}\b0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {)}\b0 \par\pard\li400\r
i0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Niacin is pyridine-3-carboxylic ac
id (Fig. 8.7). It occurs in tissues}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {as nicotinamide.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn
11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw2320\colsr-0\colno2\colw1386\cols
1573\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\s
i0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {COOH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
alex100 {N}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CONH}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
2}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\c
ols2\colno1\colw3253\colsr-0\colno2\colw3413\pard\li1080\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Nicotinic acid}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Nicotinamide}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\
pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li1506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 8.7 Structure of Vitamin B}\b0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\b {3}\b0 }\par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {158}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn
11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\mar
glsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsxn586\margbsxn93\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\b {Functions}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Niacin is required for the stepwise breakdown of glucose to y
ield}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {energy. Niacin
is essential for the healthy skin, normal functions of the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {gastro intestial tract and maintenance
of the nervous system.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\b {Sources}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{The meat group especially organ meats and poultry, is the chief}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {source of preformed niacin. Dark g
reen leafy vegetables, whole grain,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {enriched breads and cereals are fair sources.}\par\pard\li400\r
i0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Niacin is more stable to cooking p
rocedures than thiamine or}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {ascorbic acid (Vitamin C).}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\b {Requirments}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {The recommended niacin allowance is 6.6 mg/1000 k cal. This}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {can be supplied by exo
genous niacin in the diet and by the tryptophan,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult
0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {an essential aminoacid that is the precursor of n
iacin.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn1
33\cols3\colno1\colw2266\colsr-0\colno2\colw573\colsr-0\colno3\colw3826\pard\li4
00\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Infants}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl
-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Children}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-346\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Adults male}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-346\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Adults female}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}
\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\column\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5 -8 mg / day}\par\pard\li0\

ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9 - 16 mg / day}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {16 - 20 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{mg/day}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12 - 16 }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mg/day}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn1
li400\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx2280\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pregnant women}\ta
b \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx2280\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Lactating women}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Absorption and storage
}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {14 - 18
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mg/day}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {16 - 20 mg / day}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsx
n11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide are absorbed from the intestine}\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {through the portal vein in
to the general circulation. Excess nicotinic acid}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {is not stored in the body.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-4
13\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Deficiency}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-4
00\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Pellagra}\b0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ is the major deficiency disease resulting from the lack of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {niacin. Dermatitis, especially of the
skin exposed to the sun, soreness}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {of the mouth, swelling of the tongue, diarrohea, and mental chan
ges}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-306\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {159}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pgh












including depression, confusion, disorientation, and delirium are typical}\par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of the advancing stages o
f the disease, which ends to death if not treated.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(The disease is sometimes referred to as the \uc
1\u8220X4D\uc1\u8217XS\uc1\u8221X - dermatitis,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {diarrohea, dementia and death).}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-466\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {iv. Pyridoxine (B}\b0 {\sub \fs14\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\b {6}\b0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {)}\b0 \par\pard\li400
\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pyridoxine is 3-hydroxy 4,5 dihy
droxy methyl 2- methyl pyridine}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {(Fig 8.8) The metabollically active form of vitamin B}{\sub \fs14\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {6}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { is pyridoxal}\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {phosphate.}\par\pard\li5053\ri0\s
l-373\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}
}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-C-NH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\par
\colw1133\colsr-0\colno2\colw1320\colsr-0\colno3\colw666\colsr-0\colno4\colw640\
no8\colw973\pard\li253\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li253\ri0\sl-253\sl
mult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {HOCH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par
\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs12\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li440\ri0\sl-30
6\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {HOCH}{\su
b \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs16\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {H-C = 0}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {HOCH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\
slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\pard\li80\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li80\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li80\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \
fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs10\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\sec
1626\colsr-0\colno2\colw1680\colsr-0\colno3\colw533\colsr-0\colno4\colw1173\cols
r-0\colno5\colw1653\pard\li1120\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N
}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \f
s10\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {3}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f
2\charscalex100 {N}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscal
ex100 {CH}{\sub \fs10\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {3}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\s
lmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pyridoxamine}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgw
\colw4720\pard\li880\ri0\sl-146\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pyridoxine}\
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Functions}\b0 \par\column\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-146\slm
ult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pyridoxal}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 8.8 Str
ucture of Vitamin B}\b0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {6}\b0 }\par\pard\sec
t\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li400\ri0\sl
-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Three forms of vitamin B}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 { exist in nature which are pyridoxine,}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
none\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li2746\ri0\sl-120\slmul
t0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {pyridoxal and pyridoxamine. The functions of vitamin B}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 { are closely}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn1
1040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li5146\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {6}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {related t
o protein metabolism, the synthesis and breakdown of amino}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {acids, conversion of tryptophan to niaci
n, the production of antibodies,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {the formation of heme in hemoglobin, the formation of hormones}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {important in brain fu
nction and others.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
{Sources}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Mea
t especially organ meats, whole grain cereals, peanuts and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {wheat germ are rich sources. Milk and gr
een vegetables supply smaller}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {amounts.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
b {Requirements}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Although most of the body\uc1\u8217Xs vitamin B}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {6}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { is associated with glycogen}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {phosphorylase in muscle, this is r
elatively stable and well conserved.}\par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {160}\par\pard\
sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sect
d\sbkpage













The requirement depends not on energy expenditure and glycogen}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {metabolism, but on the intake of pro
tein. The average requirement is}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {13 g/g dietary protein.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pgh
lsr-0\colno3\colw3826\pard\li400\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Infants}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Children}
\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Adults}\par\pard\
li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pregnant and}\par\pard\li40
0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lactating women}\par\column\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0.3 mg / day}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0.6 - 1.2 mg / day}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.6 - 2 mg/day}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.5 mg/day}\pa
r\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Absorption and storage}\b0 \p
ar\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pyridoxine is readi
ly absorbed from the small intestine. The excess}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult
0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {amount if ingested is not stored in the body but i
s excreted in urine.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\b {Deficiency}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Deficiency of vitamin B}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 { is extremely rare. Nervous disturbances}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slm
ult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {such as irritability, insomnia, muscular weakne
ss, fatigue and convulsion}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {have been recorded in infants. The cause of the convulsions severe}\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {impairment of the activi
ty of the enzyme glutamate decarboxylase, which}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {is dependent on pyridoxal phosphate. The product of
glutamate}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {decarbox
ylase is GABA}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {(}\b0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{\uc1\u61543X\uc1\u8722X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {amino butyric acid)}\b0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { which is a regulatory}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {v.}\b0 \ta
b \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Folic acid}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult
0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Folic acid contains a pteridine group linked to pa
ra amino benzoic}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ac
id and}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {l}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-gluta
mic acid (Fig. 8.9). It is slightly soluble in water and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-29
3\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {stable to heat.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkno
ne\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols6\colno1\colw720\colsr-0\c
harscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{N}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slm
-200\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\par\
cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\p

2\charscalex100 {N}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
i0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {N}\par\column\pard\li573\ri0\sl-21
calex100 {H}\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CH}{\
sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {-N}\par\pard\li0\
li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Folic acid}\par\column\pard\l
0\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {COOH}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {CO - NH - CH}\par\pard\li853
rscalex100 {(CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{)}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li893\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {COOH}\par\par
d\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li1133\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 8.9 Structure of Folic ac
id}\b0 \par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {161}\par\
xn93\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Functions}\b0 \pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i.}\tab \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Folic acid serve as coenzymes in reactions involving the t
ransfer of}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {one ca
rbon units like formyl and methyl groups.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx
400\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ii.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It participa
tes in the reactions concerned with the synthesis of}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293
\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {purine, pyrimidine and nucleic acids.}\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iii. It is }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {essential for maturation of red blood cells.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iv. Folic acid is required for the met
abolism of amino acids like histidine.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \*\tx400
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {v.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Along with vitam
in B}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, folic a
cid helps in the trans methylation}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {reactions. eg: uracil to thymine.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Sources}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult
0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Folic acid is particularly present in green leafy
vegetables, cauliflower}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {and dried yeast. Egg, liver and kidneys are rich animal sources.}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Requirements}\b0 \par\pard\
li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {There is no definite requir
ement for normal human being. However,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {an increased amount is required during pregnancy and lactati
on.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\
cols3\colno1\colw2280\colsr-0\colno2\colw573\colsr-0\colno3\colw3813\pard\li400\
ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Infants}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-34
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Children}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-360\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Adults}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs
lex100 {-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\co
lumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {50 g / day}\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {100 - 300 g / day}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {400 g/day}\par\pard\sect\sectd\
sr-0\colno2\colw3813\pard\li400\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2280\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {Pregnant women}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl
-360\slmult0 \*\tx2280\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Lactating women}\tab \fs22\cf0

\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\b {Absorption and storage}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {800 g / day}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {600 g/day}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn
560\margrsxn133\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Absorp
tion of folic acid takes place along the whole length of the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mucosa of the small intestine. Folic a
cid about (5-15 mg/g) is in the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {liver and folate is also incorporated into the erythrocytes during}
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {erythropoiesis (Red
blood cells production).}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\b {Deficiency}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Deficiency of vitamin B}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12}}\fs20\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 { also leads to functional folic acid deficiency.}\par\pard\li28
\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {162}\par\pard\sect\s
ectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkp
age\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\margtsxn586\margbsxn93\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Folic acid deficiency leads to megaloblastic anemia characterised}
\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {by the release of
large sized immature red blood cells into the}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-293\slmult
0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {circulation.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\t
x400\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ii.}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sprue and s
ymptoms like glossitis and gastro intestinal disturbances}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {have also been reported.}\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iii. }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Macrocytic anemia of pregnancy responds to treatment with folic}\par\pard\li400
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {acid.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-466\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {vi. Vitamin B}\b0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\b {12}\b0 }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
{Structure of vitamin B}\b0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {12}\b0 }\par\pa
rd\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Structurally, vitamin B}
{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { consists of a
corrin nucleus attached with}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {5,6 dimethyl benzimidazole moitey, an isopropanol unit, a ribose unit
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and a phosphate gr
oup. A cobalt atom (Co) is present at the centre of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the corrin ring structure. One of the valencie
s of cobalt is filled by}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx5760\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {either CN}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}}\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 { (cyano cobalamin)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { or H}{\sub \f
s12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O (aqua cobalamin) or}\
tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O H}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(hydroxo cobalamin)
or CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(methyl c
yano cobalamin).}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {
Functions}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Of
all vitamins, vitamin B}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12}}\fs20\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 { is the most complex. The trace mineral}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cobalt is an essential part of the molecule. Vita
min B}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { is requ
ired for}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the matura
tion of red blood cells in the bone marrow and for the synthesis}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of proteins.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Sources}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Milk, eggs, cheese, meet, fish and poultry
supply ample amounts}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx1186\*\tx4093\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {of vitamin B}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Plant foods
supply no vitamin B}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { and use of an exclusively}

2\colno1\colw3973\colsr-0\colno2\colw2693\pard\li1066\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs14\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {12}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {12}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\m
argrsxn133\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {vegetarian di
et for a long period of time will lead to symptoms of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {deficiency.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Requirements}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-453\slmult
0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Early estimates of vitamin B}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {12}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { requirements were based on the}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {amounts required to ma
intain normal RBC maturation in patients with}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pernicious anemia due to lack of intrinsic factor sec
retion. There is a}\par\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2960
\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {163}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn73
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {considerable enterohepatic circulation of
vitamin B}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. It
is secreted in}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the
bile and re-absorbed in the small intestine. However, in patients}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {with defective secretion of intr
insic factor, the vitamin cannot be}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {re-absorbed, but is excreted in the feces. This means that pati
ents with}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {impaired
secretion of intrinsic factor have much higher requirement for}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {vitamin B}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {12}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { than normal.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The average requirement of vitamin B}{\sub
\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { is 3 g/day.}\par\par
\colw2280\colsr-0\colno2\colw613\colsr-0\colno3\colw3773\pard\li400\ri0\sl-346\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Infants}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Children}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {Adults}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {Pregnant and}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {lactating women}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213
-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0.3 g / day}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 - 2 g / day}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {3 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {g/day}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\s
73\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4 g / day}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgw
sxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\b {Absorption and Storage}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-453\slmu
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {For the absorption of vitamin B}{\sub \fs14\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {12}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { from the intestines, a factor
called}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220X
Intrinsic Factor\uc1\u8221X (IF) secreted by the stomach is essential. Vitamin B
}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {is stored in fair amounts in the liver.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Deficiency}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl
-453\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pernicious anemia is the disease result
ing from vitamin B}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-24
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {deficiency. It is a genetic defect with t
he absence of intrinsic factor,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx1906\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hence the vitamin B}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { in t

he diet cannot be absorbed. Since vitamin B}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn
lw560\pard\li1773\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12}\par\column\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12}\par\pard\sect\sectd\
sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {is important for the maturation of red blood cell
s the deficiency of this}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {vitamin leads to the formation of macrocytic red blood cells.}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {vii. Pantothenic acid (B}\b0
{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {5}\b0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {)}\b0
\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The structure of
pantothenic acid consists of an alanine chain in}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {peptide linkage with dihydroxy, dimethyl butyric a
cid (Fig. 8.10).}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Pantothenic acid is highly soluble in water.}\par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
3\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {164}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknon
e\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage




no3\colw360\colsr-0\colno4\colw3466\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\li933\ri0\sl-38
6\slmult0 \*\tx1960\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {HO }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H
}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs20\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
charscalex100 {CH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0

calex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx493\fs20\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {NH}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs2
0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {COOH}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040
\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw2826\colsr-0\colno2\colw3840\pard\li19
33\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {3}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn110
x100 {Pantothenic acid}\par\pard\li546\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5
46\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 8.10 Structure of (Vit
amin B}\b0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {5}\b0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\b {) Pantothenic acid}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\b {Functions}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Pantothenic acid exists in the free form and in combination with}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X\uc1\u8722X}{ }\f
s20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mercapto ethylamine, adenine ribose and phosphoric aci
d. The later}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {form i
s called as co-enzyme A (CoA).}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {The metabolic functions of pantothenic acid are due to its coenzy
me}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {derivative CoA,
which participates in several metabolic reactions.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmu
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CoA gains further importance after its conversio
n to form acetyl}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Co
A.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx853\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i.}\ta
b \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Acetyl - Co A plays a key role in carbohydrate, pr
otein and}\par\pard\li853\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lipid m
etabolism.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx853\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ii.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Acetyl - Co A is the precursor of cholest
erol. It is the main}\par\pard\li853\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {source for the synthesis of cholesterol as well as steroid}\par\pard\li853\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hormones.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-4
13\slmult0 \*\tx853\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iii.}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Acetyl - Co A combines with choline to form acetyl choline.}\par\pard\li400
\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx853\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iv.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 { Some of the amino acids require Co A for their activation.}\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Sources}\b0 \par\pard\li
400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dried yeast, liver, royal gel
ly are the rich sources of pantothenic}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {acid. Egg yolk, meat, fish, milk are good sources.}\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Requirements}\b0 \par\pard
\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The recommended daily allo
wance of pantothenic acid as follows:}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pg
olsr-0\colno3\colw3826\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Infants}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\
par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.5 - 2.5 mg/
day}\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmul
sect\sectd\sbkpage





no3\colw3826\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Children}
\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Adults}\par\pard\
li400\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pregnant and}\par\column\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5 - 8 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mg/day}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5-12 mg/day}\par\pard\sect\sec
colsr-0\colno2\colw3840\pard\li400\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx2266\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {lactating women}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Absorption and sotrage}\b0 \par\col
umn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10-15 mg/day.}\par\p
\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pantothenic acid and its salts a
re readily absorbed from the small}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {intestine through the portal vein into the general circulation.
If ingested}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in exce
ss of the requirements, it is not stored in the body; but is excreted}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in urine or metabolised by th
e tissues.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Defici
ency}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Deficien
cy of this vitamin results in nausea, vomitting, certain gastro}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {intestinal tract disorders, inadeq
uate growth, anemia, fatty liver and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {failure in gaining weights.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {viii. Biotin}\b0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-400\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Biotin is a heterocyclic, sulphur containing monoca
rboxylic acid}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(Fig.
8.11). Biotin is sparingly soluble in cold water and is freely soluble}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in hot water.}\par\pard\li2
626\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2626\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li2600\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{C}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pghsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\
cols4\colno1\colw2186\colsr-0\colno2\colw893\colsr-0\colno3\colw400\colsr-0\coln
o4\colw3186\pard\li1733\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1733\ri0\sl-240\
slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\pard\li1720\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs14\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\column\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {N}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-3
46\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {N}\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li53\
calex100 {H}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\par\
86\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\f
s14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-146\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\par\column\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CH (CH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {2}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {

4}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-C OOH}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn7360\pg
hsxn11040\marglsxn560\margrsxn133\pard\li1560\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig. 8.11 Structure of Biotin}\b0 \par\pard\li2893\ri0\
7;32768}}
}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
{\sp{\sn g

11 TH Bio Chem

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

11 TH Bio Chem

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

{\rtf\ansi\deff0\ansicpg1252

\par\pard\li2026\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Dr.D. Sakthise

t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6.}\par

volving thousands of different reactions occurring}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmu

b \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Identification of disease mechanisms.}\par\pard\li

h as}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mitochondria a

{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}

d\li40\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {which consists of a single

l-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {molecules tend to contact with other;

number of important functions}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char

slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100

concerned with protein synthesis while SER is concerned}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2

l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li853\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8

{\sp{\sn rotation}{\sv 0}}

{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 27}}

{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}

{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}

{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;20;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45

{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 40}}

{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}}

{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}

{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}

{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}

{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}

{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 26}}

{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}

{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}

{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;20;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45

{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 40}}

{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}}

{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}

{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}

{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}

{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}

{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 27}}

{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}

{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}

{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;20;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45

{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 27}}

{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}}

{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}

{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}

{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}

{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}

{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 26}}

{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}

{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}

{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;20;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45

{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 40}}

{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}}

{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}

{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}

{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}

{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}

{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 27}}

{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}

{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}

{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;20;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45

{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 26}}

{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}}

{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}

{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}

{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}