Chemistry101

Chapter10

MOLECULARGEOMETRY (SHAPE)
Moleculargeometryofamoleculeindicatestherelativepositionsofitsnuclei andcanbe determinedexperimentally. Somemoleculeshaveverysimpleshapes: 1.Alldiatomicmoleculesarelinear

H H

Cl Cl

H Cl

N N

Moleculescontainingmorethan2atomsmayhypotheticallyhaveseveraldifferentshapes. 2.Triatomicmoleculesmayhavethefollowingshapes:

BAB
Linear

or
Bent(orangular)

3.Tetraatomicmoleculesmayhavethefollowingshapes:

B
Trigonalplanar

Trigonalpyramidal

Actualshapesofactualmoleculesaredeterminedexperimentally.Someexamplesofsuchshapes andtheirrespectivebondanglesaregivenbelow:

linearbenttrigonaltetrahedraltrigonal (angular)planar pyramidal

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Chapter10

MOLECULARPOLARITY
Whenamoleculecontainsmore thantwoatomsbondedtogetheritispossibletohaveanonpolar moleculeeventhoughtherearepolarbondspresent. Inthesemoleculesonemustconsiderthemoleculargeometry(molecularshape)inordertodecideif itispolarornot.

d 2d+ d O==C==O
polarbonds Thecentersofpositiveandnegativecharges overlap:

d+ 2d HO
polarbonds

d+ H

Thecentersofpositiveandnegativecharges donotoverlap:

O==C==O

HO H
dipole=equalpositiveandnegativecharges separatedbyadistance

Electricalchargescancel Themoleculeasawholeisnonpolar

Electricalchargesdonotcancel Themoleculeasawholeispolar (isadipole)

CONCLUSIONS MolecularPolarity(polarityofthemoleculeasawhole)dependson thepolarityofthebondsand themoleculargeometry(molecularshape) 1.Moleculescontaininglikeatoms(nonpolarbonds)arenonpolar. 2.Moleculescontainingunlikeatoms(polarbonds) areNONPOLARifthemolecularshapeisSYMMETRICAL arePOLARifthemolecularshapeisASYMMETRICAL

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Chapter10

I.NONPOLARMOLECULES
1.Contain likeatoms 2.Contain unlikeatomsinsymmetrical arrangement

II. POLARMOLECULES
Contain unlikeatomsin asymmetrical arrangement

d 2d+ d d 2d+ d H H O==C==O F Be F d d Cl Cl FCl 3d+ N NB C4d+ d d d d d FFClClCl

Centersofpositiveandnegative chargesoverlap. Electricalchargescancel Nonpolar Bonds PolarBonds

d+ d H Cl

d+ H

2d O d+ H

3d N d+ d+ d+ HHH
Centersofpositiveandnegative chargesdonotoverlap. Electricalchargesdonotcancel PolarBonds

Nonpolar Molecules

NonpolarMolecules

PolarMolecules (Dipoles)

Chemistry101

Chapter10

VSEPRMODEL
Chemistsuseseveralmodelstodetermineshapesofmolecules. ThesimplestmodeliscalledVSEPR(ValenceShell ElectronPair RepulsionTheory) Basedonthismodel,theelectronpairs(bothbondingandnonbonding)surroundingacentral atomarepositionedasfaraspossibleformeachother,thusminimizingelectronpairrepulsions. Numberof ElectronPairs 2 ArrangementofElectronPairs Geometryof Molecule Linerar

Trigonal Planar

Tetrahedral

Trigonal Bipyramidal

Octahedral