jeypi

Chapter I INTRODUCTION Permanent markers play an important role in writing and in artworks in different ways. It was designed to create various permanent writings on objects with enormous creative and practical possibilities. Aside from its use in writing, it is also used in labeling, poster creation and calligraphy. With infinite use of permanent markers, many did not know that markers have limitations. Usually, it is a problem for artists and calligraphers to supply ink for the markers they are using. Typically, the inks used in most markers are made from synthetic materials like the petroleum and chemical solvents. These kinds of materials are hazardous especially to the health of the users and to the environment as well. As been made into dyes, the Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) can be an alternative ingredient for ink instead of petroleum. The Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) is native to Southeastern Asia and found all over in the Philippine archipelago. It is a large deciduous tree which is very easily propagated from seeds or large cuttings. It is known for its ability to take high polish, which is derived from the trees and its alcoholic tincture that produces dark red color dye in wood and can be used for tanning. In todays modern world, almost every product has been commercialized and people sought for products that are more natural and cheaper instead. The creation of ink with alternative ingredient to be commercialized is a demand for the artists, calligraphers as well as for the people. The researcher thinks that Narra has great potentials in having an alternative permanent marker ink due to its strong tanning color. The researcher decided to test its effectiveness as an ingredient for permanent marker ink.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM This study attempted to determine the effectiveness of Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) extract as an ingredient for permanent marker ink. Specifically, it aimed to answer the following questions: 1. Is the Narra ink effective (refers to quality) in terms of the following: a) Absorption b) Stick Consistency c) Color 2. What is the acceptability of the Narra ink in terms of: a. Color b. Odor c. Absorption d. Rate of Evaporation 3. Is there a significant difference between the Narra ink and the standard ink in terms of Color, Odor, Absorption and Rate of Evaporation?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This study is significant to the following: USERS. This study would be very beneficial to the users of permanent markers. This study provides many advantages to them, such as they would have a more natural and cheaper way of having an ink for their markers. AGRICULTURE. This study provides farmers and planters an additional source of income. Also, this will increase the number of Narra trees grown in the Philippines.

ENVIRONMENT. This study will help to replenish the Narra trees that have been cut down. OTHER RESEARCHERS. This will help other researchers as that it will serve as additional information and will add factual concepts for their review of related literature.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION The study aimed to test the effectiveness of Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) bark extract to produce a permanent marker ink. This study limits its coverage on the discussion of permanent marker ink production, chemical testing of the sample ink, plantation of Narra tree and the impact of the permanent marker ink in the environment. The study focused on testing its effectiveness in terms absorption, stick consistency and color; including its acceptability in terms of color, odor, absorption and rate of evaporation. Out of five hundred students (excluding the fourth year students) of Naga City Science High School, thirty of them were chosen as respondents to test the acceptability of Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) extract as an ingredient for permanent marker ink. This study was conducted at Naga City Science High School for the school year 2011-2012.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Figure 1 shows the relationship of the independent and dependent variables of the study. The independent variables, Narra ink and standard ink, were compared to determine its effect on the dependent variables and the effect on them. The dependent variables are the indicators that will show the effectiveness of the ink and its quality.

In order to show the relationship between variables, the researchers tested the following: a) effectiveness of Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) extract as an ingredient for permanent marker ink; b) the acceptability of the Narra ink; and c) the significant difference of the Narra ink and standard ink based on standardized tests and statistical treatment.

Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) Bark Extract as a Permanent Marker Ink

Narra Ink

Standard ink

Effectiveness: Absorption Stick Consistency Color

Acceptability (in terms of): Color Odor Absorption Rate of Evaporation

Quality Ink

Fig.1 Research Paradigm

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DEFINITION OF TERMS The following terms are defined operationally: Absorption. It is the ability of the ink to uptake into the fibers of the paper as rated by the respondents. Benzalkonium Chloride. In the study, it is an additive that prevents the Narra bark ink from solidifying. Effective. This refers to how the ink. Ferrous Sulfate. In the study, it is the compound responsible for the black coloration of the ink and is a disinfectant. Glycerin/Glycerol. It refers to the ingredient responsible for the increase in rate of extraction of the tanning in the pigment. Narra bark. It is the source of extract as the main ingredient of a permanent marker ink. Odor. It is how strong the scent of the ink as rated by the respondents. Rate of Evaporation. The rate of how fast the ink dries up as rated by the respondents. Stick Consistency. It is the consistency of the ink to stick in the paper as rated by the respondents.

Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES The following are the literatures and studies that are related to the conduct of the study.

Related Literature Long before, ink is usually made from natural products such as berries, barks and leaves extract. They have been used for centuries to create numerous colors and when mixed to other substances can be an ink, dye or paint. Tea leaves have been also used for centuries to make ink because of its various shades that create yellow, green, brown or black ink. (Lopierre, Lopi. <http://www.google.com/leaf-extracts-can-used-ink.html>.) Plants that contain tanning color can be reliable for making ink. For centuries, galls nestled from oak trees as primary ingredient to make a black ink. The rich tanning color of dogwood and alder tee also results to natural inks. Galls and barks achieve more intense, lasting inks than most of the flower-based inks. Also, Egyptians achieved quality red ink with poppies. (<http://www.google.com/make-ink-using-petals.html>.) According to

Helmenstine, any acidic fruit juice can be used to make an invisible ink when combined with vinegar to make the ink last longer. (<http://google.com/invisibeinks.html>.) Robbins (2010) described marker pens as pens which have their own ink source and usually has a tip made of absorbent and pressed fiber and was first created by Sidney Rosenthal in 1952. This marker pen had been one of the commonly used writing instruments for about fifty years.

Ink, according to Encyclopedia.com (2011), is a combination of a coloring agent, pigment and a liquid containing oils, resins and chemical solvents. In the past, ink was fashioned from different colored juices, plant and animal extracts. But today, synthetic materials are used in addition to these natural ingredients to improve the quality of ink making; however, ink must have two basic components: the pigment coloring and the vehicle, a liquid which allow the ink to be dispersed. In addition, according to the article found in the Students Encyclopedia, The ink should make a clear permanent mark that when dry does not fade from exposure to light or run from exposure to moisture. It should flow freely and dry quickly when written in a surface and it must contain nothing that might damage either the pen or the paper. Neumanns and Schluttigs definition of ink as cited in Lindquist, clearly stated the properties of ink that would be helpful in having a good quality ink. The ink must be clear, filterable solution but not a suspension, should flow easily from the pen and should not spread on paper. Since the ink is natural, no mold must be seen on the solution and has no pronounced unpleasant odor. Likewise, it must have an intense color which does not become paler nor bleach out entirely as it is used in writing. Furthermore, Lindquist added that every good ink, whether writing, or combined writing and copying, should have qualities that give writing that, after drying for eight days, is not removed by water or alcohol -- even by treatment for days -- to such an extent that it becomes illegible. (Lindquist, Evan. Old Ink.n.d.<http://www.evanlindquist.com/oldink.html>.)

Related Study Caparas (2010) conducted a study to determine if the extract of Narra trees sawdust is effective as a dye. There were 30 randomly selected respondents as the sample size. The result obtained shows that 75% of the respondents said that Narras sawdust can be made into a dye for clothes. However, 25% of the respondents say that it cant be a dye. According to the observations and results obtained, Caparas concluded that Narras sawdust can be a source of natural dye which is very effective, and it produces more dyes that are environmental-friendly. In accordance to the study, Thomson (2006) stated in his article Pterocarpus indicus (Narra) that the heartwood of Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) contains various red compounds, and is used to make a red dye. The bark extract can be used for tanning. Tannin or tannic acid is the brown substance found in the bark and leaves of trees.

State-of-the-Art Based on the articles gathered, the Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) extract had been proven to be effective as a natural dye as what the study of Caparas (2010) showed. Therefore, the Narra bark is capable of being an ingredient for ink making. And use to the need of making new inks; this study is envisioned to determine if the extract of Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) bark is effective as a source of alternative inks.

End Notes Lopierre, Lopi.Leaf Extracts That Can Be Used As Ink.2011<http://www.google.com/leafextracts-can-used-ink.html>. How to Make Inks Using Petals.2011. <http://www.google.com/make-ink-using-

petals.html>. Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph. D., 2010. <http://google.com/invisibleinks.html>. Robbins, Nicholas. "Yahoo! Contributor Network." 2010.

<http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/2269561/all_about_permanent_markers.html>. "Marker." 1998. How Products Are Made. <http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G22896700065.html>. Halsey, William D. and Emanuel Friedman. Merit Students Encyclopedia. Macmillan Educational Company, 1986. 426. Lindquist, Evan. Old Ink. n.d. <http://www.evanlindquist.com/oldink.html>. Caparas. "The Production of Natural Dye Out of Narra." 2010.

<http://www.scribd.com/doc/35811949/The-Production-of-Natural-Dye-Out-of-Narra>. Paul, Werner. "Calligraphy Idea Exchange." n.d. Dragon's Blood and Ashes.

<http://www.evanlindquist.com/oldinkrecipes.html>. Thomson, Lex A.J. Pterocarpus indicus (Narra). Special Profiles for Pacific Island Agro forestry (2006): 12.

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Chapter III METHODOLOGY

The study used the experimental method of research. The method is a highly controlled procedure in which manipulated treatment or actions from a factor or condition, called the experimental variable (the Narra ink) were applied upon another factor or condition, and called the dependent variables (absorption, stick consistency and color) to determine the effect of the former upon the latter. All other factors or variables were kept constant or equal so that any change in the dependent variables is attributable only to the independent variable. This study also focused on how the Narra extract is capable of being utilized as ingredient for the permanent marker ink. Additionally, the Narra extract was tested to determine its effectiveness and through experiments, observations were gathered and utilized as a collective in making conclusions. The experimental set-up consists of three (3) sub set-ups and the controlled set-up. Each set-up had undergone the same process, same environment and same tests in order to avoid alteration and confusion of observation. The set-up with three (3) replications was tested with the use of a standardized test, the Waterproof Test. This study also used another method in data gathering. Thirty respondents were asked to rate the ink in terms of absorption, color and over-all acceptability.

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INSTRUMENTATION The study used the following method of instrumentation in data gathering: Questionnaire. The questionnaire was framed by the researcher in order to gather data in determining a) the effectiveness of Narra ink in terms of the indicators, absorption, stick consistency, color and over-all acceptability of the ink and b) the significant difference between the standard ink and Narra ink. This had two parts, the respondents profile, and question-scale part. Part I was composed of personal information of the respondents such as name, section and sex. It also includes the date of observation. The respondents were identified through random sampling. Part II was divided into two parts: a) the acceptability of the Narra ink and b) significant difference between the Narra ink and standard ink. Respondents rated the Narra ink and standard ink in terms of color, odor, and rate of evaporation and absorption of ink. In order to rate the variables, the Likerts scale was used in which 5 means exceptional, 4 means very good, 3 means good, 2 means fair and 1 means poor. Instructions were given that served as guide for the respondents on how to rate the variables. Waterproof Test. The waterproof test was also used in the study to test the stick consistency of the ink

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LIST OF MATERIALS

Fig. 2 Vials

Fig. 3 Test tubes on the test tube rack

Fig. 4 50mL and 100mL Beakers

Fig. 5 10mL, 20mL, 50mL and 100mL graduated cylinders

Fig. 6 Funnels

Fig. 7 Stirring Rod

Fig. 8 Mortar and Pestle

Fig. 9 Filter Paper

Fig. 10 Double Beam Balance

Fig. 11 Laboratory Gloves

Fig. 12 Bolo

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LIST OF INGREDIENTS

Fig. 13Glycerol/ Glycerin

Fig. 14 Benzalkonium Chloride

Fig. 15 Narra Bark Extract

Fig. 16 Ferrous Sulfate

GENERAL PROCEDURE A. GETTING THE BARK OF NARRA The first step was getting the Narra bark to be used. It can be from an old grown and or a fallen tree. It was removed with the aid of a cutting tool, bolo.

Fig. 17 Getting the Narra Bark

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B. PREPARATION OF NARRA EXTRACT After getting the bark, it was pounded using mortar and pestle. Next, the pounded bark was placed in a container and was mixed with Benzalkonium chloride to get the extract. The extract was then transferred to a container with a filter to remove unwanted small particles and other residue.

Fig. 18 Pounding the Narra Bark

Fig. 19 Narra Bark with Benzalkonium Chloride

Fig. 20 Filtering the Narra Bark Extract

Fig. 21 Narra ink on the container

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C. PREPARATION OF THE INK Other substances known as additives such as glycerol or glycerin and ferrous sulfate were added with three different proportions. The Benzalkonium chloride prevents the ink from solidifying. This helps in reducing the surface tension of the ink solution, allowing the ink to soak more quickly into the paper fibers. It also prevents molds from growing in the ink. The glycerol was also used because of its viscous nature and high absorbency on paper. It increases the rate of extraction of tannin in the pigment. The ferrous sulfate is a disinfectant that aids in the inhibition of growth of microorganisms in the ink in. It is responsible for the black color of Narra ink. The formulized ink from the extract of bark of Narra was transferred into ink bottles and was left undisturbed for 24 hours before undergoing a series of tests. The recycled permanent marker containers were refilled with the Narra ink. The table below shows the proportion of ingredients that was used in making the Narra ink. The proportion of ingredients was based on the old recipes of ink making.

Table 1.Proportions of Narra Ink Ingredients NARRA BENZALKONIUM GLYCEROL Sample BARK CHLORIDE (mL) (gram) (ml) A B C 100 100 100 1.0 2.25 3.5 108 108 108

FERROUS SULFATE (mg) 1500 1500 1500

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EVALUATION OF SAMPLES The researcher evaluated each sample to determine the difference between the Narra ink and standard ink using a waterproof test for quality inks: i. Waterproof Test of Ink Both the Narra and standard ink are subjected to the same test on the same sheet of paper. Samples were written in the paper and the page was left out overnight (about 9 hours) before doing the test. The water test included holding the page under running water for about 30 seconds on each side of the page. To dry, the page was put between two paper towels with a lightweight box placed on top to aid in drying. For the judging factors, the results will be observed carefully for clarity of stroke, retention of original color, and leftover 'halos' of ink around the letters. The paper towels that were used to dry the papers were also examined for ink transfer. The judging factors will determine the score or rating on each ink with 5 as the highest, indicating the inks retention on the paper, and 1 as the lowest, indicating that the words were unreadable after test.

Fig. 22 Marker A (Standard ink)

Fig. 23 Marker B (Narra ink)

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STATISTICAL TOOL The data gathered from the questionnaire were classified, tabulated, computed and analyzed statistically using chi-square and weighted mean to test the hypothesis of the study. The chi-square test of homogeneity shows the significant difference between the Narra ink and the standard ink. The weighted mean tests the acceptability of the Narra ink. The formula to be used for the chi-square test of homogeneity is:

Wherein O is the observed frequency, E is the expected frequency and

is the p-value.

To compute for E, use: column and GT is the grand total.

, where RT is the total in a row, CT is the total in a

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Chapter IV ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA This chapter contains the analysis, and interpretation of data in order to answer the objectives of the study.

Table 2. Ink Content of the Markers SAMPLE MARKER A (standard ink) MARKER B (narra ink)

CONTENT 5 mL 5 mL

The table 2 showed the amount of ink refilled in each marker. The two markers were both filled by a 5mL ink before the test was conducted. Table 3. Weighted mean for acceptability of Narra Ink Odor 3.13 Color 2.83 Absorption 2.33 Rate of Evaporation 2.17

The table 3 showed the weighted mean for the acceptability of the Narra ink. It also showed the result of the survey from the 30 respondents. The first row is the indicators and the second one is the mean. In terms of odor, the Narra ink has a mean of 3.13 (means Satisfactory) as the grade based from the questionnaire. For the color, it has a mean of 2.97 which is also satisfactory. Regarding absorption, it has a mean of 2.33 which is unsatisfactory. While the rate of evaporation that has a mean of 2.1. The results show that the Narra ink has a poor rating and only the color and odor are the average factors of it. Odor has

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mostly not pleasant smell. The color is pale and it has a very slow evaporation and unsatisfactory absorption which causes the paper to stay damp for several minutes.

Table 4. Respondents weighted score for the two inks Samples Marker A (with standard ink) Marker B (with Narra ink) 3.27 4.27 4.13 4.30 Odor Color Absorption Rate of Evaporation

3.13

2.83

2.33

2.17

The odor between the two inks is not significantly different. Table 4 showed that the weighted score for Narra ink is almost at the same level with standard ink having a difference of 0.14. On the other hand, the color, absorption and rate of evaporation of standard ink were much higher than the Narra ink having a difference ranging from 1.34 - 2.17. Therefore, it showed that the standard ink is better than the Narra ink.

Table 5.Rating score of the two inks in the Waterproof Standardized Test NARRA INK STANDARD INK

3.5

4.5

Table 5 showed the rating score of the two inks in the conducted waterproof test. The Narra Ink had some halo, but the letters are still clear and dark. It has a little change in color. One (1) point was taken off for the halo, and a half point for the color loss. The ink soaked through completely to the other side. The standard ink, on the other hand, has some evident,
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but minimal, formation of halo. The excess ink washed away when left under heavy running water, yet the ink bled through the page slightly more after water exposure. The individual strokes were blended together and the stroke detail was lost. A half point was taken off for the loss of stroke detail and minimal haloing. Letters were still clear and the color was intact. It suggests that the ink has a higher score than the Narra ink. Table 6. Significant difference between Narra Ink and Standard Ink Computed Degree of Tabulated Relationship Indicator Value (CV) Freedom (df) Value (TV) of CV and TV Odor Color Absorption Rate of Evaporation 6.688 15.882 26.182 39.108 4 4 4 4 CV < TV CV > TV CV > TV CV > TV

Remarks Not Significant Significant Significant Significant

9.488*

* at 0.05 level of significance

Table 6 shows whether there is a significant difference between the Narra ink and standard ink. The computed value for Odor, Color, Absorption and Rate of Evaporation were 6.688, 15.882, 26.182 and 39.108, respectively. The tabulated value obtained from the degree of freedom of 4 is 9.488 at 0.05 level of significance. It shows that the two inks have a significant difference in terms of Color, Absorption and Rate of Evaporation while no significant difference in Odor. In the first indicator, the odor, having no significant difference implies that both inks have the same odor as for the respondents. For the second indicator, the color, having a significant difference means that the color of the two inks is comparable to each other.
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In the third and last indicator, the absorption and rate of evaporation indicate that there is a significant difference which means that the absorption and rate of evaporation of the two inks is comparable to each other according to the respondents perceptions.

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Chapter V SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION This chapter presents the summary, conclusion and recommendation of the study.

The study attempted to determine the effectiveness of Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) Extract as an ingredient for permanent marker ink with 30 respondents and conducted at Naga City Science High School for school year 2011-2012. Specifically, the study aimed to answer the following: 1) Is the Narra extract ink effective in terms of the absorption, stick consistency and color? Summary of Findings: The Narra ink had a score of 3.5 for the stick consistency which implies that there is a loss of color and the ink marks spread evenly on the paper. Based on the results of the survey, it showed that the Narra ink got a weighted score of 2.93 in color. It clearly shows that the inks color looks to be from bright to pale-black. In terms of absorption, the ink got a weighted score of 2.33 which means that it has low soaking ability in papers. Conclusion: The waterproof test concludes that the Narra ink cannot be advertised as waterproof but very resistant. Based on the results, the ink, therefore, is not effective in terms of color and absorption.

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2) What is the acceptability of the Narra ink in terms of color, odor, absorption and rate of evaporation? Summary of Findings: The odor received a weighted score of 3.13 (Satisfactory) which means that unpleasant odor is still bearable to the respondents. For the color, it has 2.83 (Satisfactory) rating, which is lower than of the standard ink, meaning it has bright to pale-black color. Lastly, the absorption and rate of evaporation parameters, received 2.33 and 2.13 (Unsatisfactory) weighted score respectively, showing that most of the respondents do not accept the ink in terms of these indicators. CONCLUSION: Based on the findings, the ink has low acceptability when it comes to rate of evaporation and absorption in paper but nearly low acceptability in terms of the color. However, the inks odor is acceptable.

3) Is there a significant difference between the Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) bark extract as an ink and the standard ink in terms of Color, Odor, Absorption and Rate of Evaporation? Summary of Findings: Findings showed that the computed value for color, absorption and rate of evaporation, which are 15.882, 26.182 and 39.108, respectively is higher than the tabulated value of 9.488 suggesting that the two inks are comparable but not in odor having a 6.688 computed value which is lower.

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Conclusion: There is a significant difference between the two inks in terms of color, absorption and rate of evaporation but there is no significant difference in terms of odor.

RECOMMENDATION: 1. The researcher recommends finding a solution for the coagulation of ink after several days and also undergoes the additional standardized test. 2. It is advisable to improve the color of the Narra ink and know what ingredient can improve the absorption of the ink, rate of evaporation and odor. 3. The researcher advocates re-associating the difference between the two inks using other tests in order to justify the result of this study. Furthermore, having a good quality ink must be focused on before undergoing a series of test. 4. The researcher also suggests finding a device that will make the extraction of the Narra bark extract to be easier. 5. The researcher advises to conduct other parallel tests based on the components of the standard ink and the Narra ink.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY "Marker." 1998. How Products Are Made. <http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G22896700065.html>. Caparas. "The Production of Natural Dye Out of Narra." 2010.

<http://www.scribd.com/doc/35811949/The-Production-of-Natural-Dye-Out-of-Narra>. Ellie. The Pen Hunter. 6 November 2008. 2011

<http://penhunter.blogspot.com/2008/11/waterproof-tests.html>. Halsey, William and Emanuel Friedman. Merit Students Encyclopedia. Macmillan Educational Company, 1986. 426. Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph. D., 2010. <http://google.com/invisibleinks.html>. How to Make Inks Using Petals.2011. <http://www.google.com/make-ink-using-

petals.html>. Lindquist, Evan. Old Ink. n.d. <http://www.evanlindquist.com/oldink.html>. Lopierre, Lopi.Leaf Extracts That Can Be Used As Ink.2011<http://www.google.com/leafextracts-can-used-ink.html>. Paul, Werner. "Calligraphy Idea Exchange." n.d. Dragon's Blood and Ashes.

<http://www.evanlindquist.com/oldinkrecipes.html>. Robbins, Nicholas. "Yahoo! Contributor Network." 2010.

<http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/2269561/all_about_permanent_markers.html>. Thomson, Lex A.J. Pterocarpus indicus (Narra). Special Profiles for Pacific Island Agro forestry (2006): 12 .

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A TALLY SHEET Computation for the Weighted Mean Scores

Standard Ink Respondents Odor Color Absorption Rate of Evaporation Odor Narra Ink Color Absorption Rate of Evaporation

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 x

4 5 4 2 3 5 4 1 1 3 5 4 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 4 2 2 3 4 4 5 4 4 3 4 98 3.27

5 5 4 4 4 5 5 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 3 5 5 1 4 5 2 3 128 4.27

5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 2 3 4 4 4 4 5 3 3 3 3 5 2 4 4 4 5 124 4.13

5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 3 3 5 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 4 4 2 5 4 4 5 129 4.3

3 3 3 5 5 4 5 1 5 4 3 4 3 3 4 1 4 1 1 3 3 4 2 3 3 5 4 3 1 1 94 3.13

4 2 4 4 4 5 2 5 5 5 1 3 2 1 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 1 2 2 1 5 3 1 2 85 2.83

1 3 2 4 2 3 1 2 2 3 1 1 1 4 4 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 4 5 3 3 4 70 2.33

1 3 2 2 2 3 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 4 2 3 2 65 2.17

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APPENDIX B Computation for the Chi-Square Test of Homogeneity

A. Odor

Marker A Marker B Total

Excellent 4.5 4 4.5 5 9

VSatisfactory 8.5 10 8.5 7 17

Satisfactory 9.5 8 9.5 11 19

Unsatisfactory 3.5 6 3.5 1 7

Poor 2 4.0 6 4.0 8

Total 30 30 60

x2 = 0.056 + 0.056 + 0.265 + 0.265 + 0.237 + 0.237 + 1.786 + 1.786 + 1 + 1 = 0.112 + 0.53 + 0.474 +3.572 + 2 x2 = 6.688

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B. Color

Marker A Marker B Total

Excellent 11.5 18 11.5 5 23

VSatisfactory 5.0 5 5.0 5 10

Satisfactory 6.0 5 6.0 7 12

Unsatisfactory 5.0 1 5.0 9 10

Poor 1 2.5 4 2.5 5

Total 30 30 60

x2 = 3.674 + 3.674 + 0.167 + 0.167 + 3.2 + 3.2 + 0.9 + 0.9 = 7.348 + 0.334 + 6.4 + 1.8 x2 =15.882

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C. Absorption

Marker A Marker B Total

Excellent 7.0 13 7.0 1 14

VSatisfactory 7.5 10 7.5 5 15

Satisfactory 5.0 5 5.0 5 10

Unsatisfactory 6.5 2 6.5 11 13

Poor 0 4.0 8 4.0 8

Total 30 30 60

x2 = 5.143 + 5.143 + 0.833 + 0.833 + 3.115 + 3.115 + 4 + 4 = 10.286 + 1.666 + 6.23 + 8.0 x2 = 26.182

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D. Rate of Evaporation

Marker A Marker B Total

Excellent 8.5 17 8.5 0 17

VSatisfactory 3.5 6 3.5 1 7

Satisfactory 7.0 6 7.0 8 14

Unsatisfactory 8.0 1 8.0 15 16

Poor 0 3.0 6 3.0 6

Total 30 30 60

x2 = 8.5 + 8.5 + 1.786 + 1.786 + 0.143 + 0.143 + 6.125 + 6.125 + 3 + 3 = 17 + 3.572 + 0.286 + 12.25 + 6 x2 = 39.108

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CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: John Paul C. Antioquia Age: 17 Birth date: January 11, 1995 Email address: johnpaul_antioquia@yahoo.com Mobile number: +639489688401 Address: Salvacion, Bula, Camarines Sur Mother: Charito C. Antioquia Father: John H. Antioquia

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