DATABASE

MYSQL Tutorial
Database
 Coherent collection of data
 Designed, built and populated with data for a
specific purpose
 Stores useful data for us

 Collection of files
Database
 Structured Query Language
 Query refers to “ asking question”
 Structured refers to tables ,views or schemas
 Language is any type (MYSQL, SQL+ etc)
 Structured query language refers to querying
data from the databases.
Database
 Types of query languages

 Data Retrieval Language (DRL)

 Retrieve data from database
 Data Definition Language (DDL)
 To define the structures
 Data Manipulation Language (DML)
 To change data internally
 Data Control language (DCL)
 To control the access of user
Database
 Data Types
 Integer (integer values)
 Decimal (number with fraction)
 Char ( fixed length string)
 Varchar (variable length string)
 Date (display date)
DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE
To define or describe the structures of database.

 CREATE (to create table)

 ALTER (to modify table )
 DROP (to delete table with data)
 RENAME (to change the name of table)
 TRUNCATE (to remove data from table)
DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE
 CREATE

CREATE TABLE table name

(
column_name1 datatype ,
column_name2 datatype ,.......
)
CREATE TABLE emp
(
empid int,
Name varchar(20),
Fname varchar(20),
Age int
)
 ALTER (To add or modify the table)

ALTER TABLE table name

ADD
(
column_name1 datatype ,
column_name2 datatype ,.......
)
=> ALTER TABLE emp
ADD
(
sal int
);
 DROP (To drop table with its data )

=> DROP TABLE table name;

=> DROP TABLE emp;

 RENAME (To rename the existing table )

=> RENAME TABLE ( old name ) TO (new

name);

=> RENAME TABLE emp TO person;

 TRUNCATE (To remove data from table)

=> TRUNCATE TABLE (table name);

=> TRUNCATE TABLE emp;

DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE

Use to change data or records the internally.

 INSERT (to insert data in table)

 UPDATE (to modify data in table )
 DELETE (to delete data in table)
INSERT (To insert data in table)

=> INSERT INTO TABLE emp

SET
empid=101,
Name =‘Ali’,
Fname=‘Khalid’,
Age = 25;
UPDATE (to modify the record)

=> UPDATE emp

SET
Name =‘waseem’,
WHERE
empid= 101;
DELETE

DELETE FROM (table_name);

DELETE FROM emp;

DATA RETRIEVEL LANGUAGE

Use to retrieve data from

database.

 SELECT (to insert data in table)

(only one command in DRL)
SELECT

There are many faces of select

command.

1)- Global data extraction

SELECT * FROM emp;

2)- Specific data extraction

SELECT
empid,name
FROM emp;
DATA CONSTRAINTS
 Rules or checks define by users
 Strictly applied on database

 It restrict user from particular activities

 Placed either at table or column level

Primary Key

 Uniquely identify each row (record) in

a table.

 Consist of one or more column

 Must not be null

 Unique across the column

 Multicolumn
primary key is called
composite key

 Ex : NIC number
Example:

=> CREATE TABLE emp

(
empid int primary key,
Name varchar(20),
Fname varchar(20),
Age int
);
DEFAULT KEY

 Definea default value for a

particular column

 When user leave empty then this

default value is placed
Example:
=> CREATE TABLE emp
(
empid int,
Name varchar(20),
Fname varchar(20),
gender varchar(5) default ‘M’;
)
 NULL KEY

 To prevent from lack of data for a

particular column

 NULL placed in place of value

 NOT NULL is used to prevent null value

Example:
=> CREATE TABLE emp
(
empid int not null primary key,
Name varchar(20),
Fname varchar(20),
Age int
)
CLAUSES
 WHERE

 Extract or filter specific data from table

=> SELECT name,age

FROM emp
WHERE emid=12;
 DISTINCT CLAUSE

 To remove duplication of data in output.

Example:
=> SELECT DISTINCT name
FROM emp;
 ORDER BY CLAUSE

 To sort data in ascending order

Example:
=> SELECT name FROM emp
ORDER BY name;

=> SELECT * FROM emp

ORDER BY name;
AGREGATE FUNCTIONS
 Functions use to manipulate data
 Result in a single value
 Avg
 Min
 Max
 Sum
 Count
Example:
=> SELECT AVG(sal) FROM emp

=> SELECT MIN(sal) FROM emp

=> SELECT MAX(sal) FROM emp

=> SELECT SUM(sal) FROM emp

=> SELECT COUNT(sal) FROM emp

LOGICAL OPERATORS
 AND (all of must be included)

SELECT empid,name
FROM emp
WHERE empcity=‘karachi’
AND empgender=‘male’;
 OR (any of may be included)

=> SELECT empid,name

FROM emp
WHERE empcity=‘karachi’
OR empgender=‘male’;

=> SELECT empid,name

FROM emp
WHERE empcity=‘karachi’
AND
(empgender=‘male’ OR empdsg=‘manager’);
RANGE SEARECHING
Use when find record from specific range
- BETWEEN
SELECT empid,name
FROM emp
WHERE empsal
BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000
- NOT BETWEEN
SELECT empid,name
FROM emp
WHERE empsal
NOT BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000
- IN
SELECT empid,name
FROM emp
WHERE empsal
IN(10000,20000,30000)
NOT IN
SELECT empid,name
FROM emp
WHERE empsal
NOT IN(10000,20000,30000);
PATTERN MATCHING
 To match characters or string

 % match any string

 ( _ underscore) match single character

 LIKE predicate use for matching

 Example:

=> SELECT * FROM emp

WHERE name LIKE ‘_a%’;

=> SELECT * FROM emp

WHERE name LIKE ‘ka_s%’;

=> SELECT * FROM emp

WHERE name LIKE ‘ka_ _ _ _’;
ALIAS
 Temporary name or tag assign to column
or table
 AS operator use to assign alias

=> SELECT sal*10

AS increment
FROM salary;
INDEXES
 An ordered list of a column or group of
column
 Use for fast searching

 User cannot see indexes

 Used to speed up queries

 Single column is called “ simple index ”

 Multi column is called “composite index”

 Example :

=> CREATE INDEX emp_ndx

ON emp(name);

=> CREATE INDEX emp_ndx

ON emp(name,age);
End
 Questions?