1.

What type of performer would predominantly use an anaerobic energy system? State one fitness component that would be beneficial to this performer and identify one test that could be used to evaluate this component.
[3]

2.

Performers usually rely on all three energy systems for ATP resynthesis. However, at any one time one system may be predominant. Sketch a graph to show how the predominant energy system depends on duration of exercise.
[4]

3.

ATP is a most important compound. Explain why ATP plays such a major role during physical activity.
[4]

4.

Define aerobic capacity and describe the factors that affect a performers VO2 max.
[4]

5.

Describe the ATP/PC (alactic) energy system and give one reason why this system is used during high intensity physical activity such as sprinting.
[5]

Clayesmore School

6.

Aerobic capacity is important for endurance athletes such as triathletes to enable them to work at a higher percentage of their VO2 max before they reach OBLA (The Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation). The table below compares VO2 max and OBLA values for two 18 year old students. One is a top club triathlete and the other a reasonable school team tennis player. VO2 max (ml.min .kg ) Triathlete Tennis player 57 34
1 1

OBLA (as a % of VO2 max) 80% 50%

With reference to the efficiency of the vascular system, explain why the triathlete is able to achieve these higher values.
[5]

7.

The recovery process returns the body to its pre-exercise state. Describe the main processes involved in the alactacid component of recovery.
[5]

8.

Making reference to the physiological adaptations that occurs in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, explain why a trained performer can work at a higher intensity before reaching their VO2 max.
[5]

9.

A trained athlete can perform at a higher percentage of their VO2 max before reaching OBLA than an untrained person. (i) Explain OBLA.
[3]

(i)

Describe how an athlete would make use of the principles of training when designing a training programme aimed at delaying OBLA.
[3]

10.

A cool down helps to return the body to its resting state by oxidising lactic acid and lowering heart rate. (i) Describe the energy system that causes a build up of lactic acid in the body.
[5]

(ii)

Identify and explain the physiological adaptations that enable a trained performer to recover faster than a non-athlete.
[6]

11.

The table below describes the predominant energy system being used in a 100 m sprint. Identify the missing information X and Y. Type of reaction Anaerobic Fuel used PC Site of reaction X Controlling enzyme Y

At the end of the race, the performers body enters EPOC (excess post exercise oxygen consumption). Describe the a lactacid component of EPOC.
[5]

Identify and define the type of strength most relevant to a 100 m sprinter. Design a weight training programme to improve this type of strength.
[6]

Clayesmore School

12.

The graphic below shows the levels of lactic acid and glycogen stores in the muscles during a 30 minute interval training session. A m a x i m u m m la l e v e l m u s c l e g ly c o g e 3 0 m in u s c l e c t ic a c id B

in

i m 0

m A B t im e i n

t e

(a) Use the graph to explain the physiological processes occurring between points A and B.
[4]

(b)

If the workload was increased during the training session, the performer would reach the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA). (i) (ii) Define OBLA and describe its effect on skeletal muscle. Explain when and how lactic acid is fully removed from the muscles.
[6]

(c)

Explain the principle of a coupled reaction using the ATP/PC system as your example.
[4]

13.

During a match, a games player will work at different intensities and produce energy from both aerobic and anaerobic pathways. This will affect the energy system and the fuel used. For example, when a basketball player slam-dunks the ball into the basket, they are using the ATP/PC system and the chemical fuel, phosphocreatine. Using examples from a sport of your choice, explain when and why a performer uses the lactic acid and the aerobic energy systems and fuels during a competitive match. Discuss the effects of level of aerobic fitness, availability of oxygen and food fuels on the efficiency of the aerobic energy system.
[20]

14.

The figure below represents the energy systems used by high-level performers in their specialist events. A T L A A E P C R / P T O C I C B A I C C I D

0 m 0s p

r i n

t( ea r) ( b M )

a r ra u t h n o n n e r ( c F ) o

o gt bo aa l l l k e e p

e r

Sketch a similar model to show the energy systems used by a team player, other than a goalkeeper, in a team game of your choice. Using examples from the game situation, explain when and why your performer uses each of the three energy systems. A high anaerobic capacity is important to any team player. Outline the physiological processes that will happen during a 5 minute recovery phase following an intense period of anaerobic exercise.
[20]

Clayesmore School

15.

Examine the information in the figure below and explain the changes in the contribution of each of the energy systems for the three different athletic events. Explain why the percentage contribution of each energy system would probably change for a recreational runner performing the same distances. Time (recorded by male elite athletes)

Distance (m)

Contribution of each energy system (%)

Alactic 100 800 5,000 9.8 secs 1 min 42 secs 12 mins 40 secs 59 9 1

Lactic Acid 39 33 6

Aerobic 5 58 93
[20]

1.

3 marks: 1. Example (1 mark) Any performer that is obviously an anaerobic athlete, i.e. one whose activity is mainly of high intensity and short duration exercise 2. Fitness component (1 mark) NB must link with example given (Maximum) strength/ explosive/elastic strength/flexibility/body composition/ balance/ co-ordination/agility/reaction time/speed/strength endurance/power 3. Test (1 mark) must link with relevant component Maximum strength Explosive/elastic strength/power test/Wingate test/standing broad jump Flexibility sit and reach test Body composition Balance Agility balance board test/stork stand alternate hand wall toss test ruler drop test/computer generated Illinois agility run Co-ordination Reaction time test Speed up to 100m sprint test abdominal curl test (not bleep)
[3]

dynamometer test/1RM vertical/sergeant jump

skin fold calliper test/hydrostatic weighing

Strength endurance

2.

4 marks: 1. 2. 3. 4. Axes correctly labelled (% energy contribution/ATP usage on y axis, duration/time on x axis) Correct order of peaks: (ATP/PC, LA, O2) All systems to start at or around zero LA peak lower than ATP/PC peak

% C

E n

n 1 e 0 r 0g y A T t r i b u t i o n

P L

/ P

s y

s t e m a c i d s y s t e m A e r o b i c s y s t e m

a c t i c

( 1

s e c ) T i m e / D u

( 3

i n n

r a t i o

Clayesmore School

1 0 0 %

_ A T P s t o r e

A ATP R e s y n th e s is

/ P

i m

e
[4]

3.

4 marks from; 1. 2. 3. The only usable form of energy in the human body/energy currency that powers all forms of biological work/immediate A high energy phosphate compound/the outer two phosphate bonds are high energy bonds/a store of potential energy When the terminal phosphate bond is broken energy is released/ATP is broken down to release energy/ ATP ADP + P + ENERGY An exothermic reaction Facilitating enzyme is ATPase Can be resynthesised (via the energy systems/with or without oxygen) The breakdown and resynthesis of ATP is a reversible reaction/ A D P + P + E N E R G Y A T P
[4]

4. 5. 6. 7.

4.

4 marks Definition (1 mark) The maximum amount of oxygen that can be (taken in and) used by the body in one minute/per unit time. Factors that affect VO2 max (2 marks) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 age gender physiological make up/genetic factors/muscle fibre type. training respiratory factors/size of lungs/asthma/or eq. cardiac factors/size of heart/stroke volume/or eq. vascular/circulatory factors/number of red blood cells/number of capillaries or eq. cellular factors/number of mitochondria/amount of myoglobin or eq.
[4]

Clayesmore School

5.

Description of system 1 mark per point max 4: an anaerobic reaction; takes place in the sarcoplasm; breakdown of phosphocreatine (high energy phosphate compound); exothermic reaction/energy released; energy used to resynthesize approximately one ADP to ATP (endothermic reaction); controlling enzyme, creatine kinase; speed of reaction.

1 mark per point max 1: short metabolic pathway/small compound; PC readily available in the cell; reaction does not require oxygen.
[5]

6.

Aerobic adaptations (VASCULAR SYSTEM) (due to aerobic training, the triathlete has:) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. better oxygen carrying capacity in the blood/more oxygen transported (due to) increased number of red blood cells/more haemoglobin decrease in blood viscosity/enhanced ease of blood flow (due to) an increase in blood plasma/the water component of the blood enhanced vascular shunt mechanism (due to) improved elasticity/stronger arteriole/artery walls improved gaseous exchange at the alveolar capillary membrane

8. 9.

(due to) capillarisation on the alveoli wall/lungs improved gaseous exchange at the tissue-capillary membrane

10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

(due to) capillarisation in the muscle (cell) increased tolerance to Lactic Acid (due to) an increased efficiency of the blood buffering system raised anaerobic threshold (due to) improved removal of lactic acid Note: 1 mark only for capillarisation, 1 mark only for gaseous exchange.
[5]

Clayesmore School

11

7.

5 marks in total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 The alactacid component occurs first using some of the excess post exercise oxygen consumption process restores the ATP (and) PC stores depleted during exercise The energy for these (reversible) endothermic reactions; is made available by the aerobic breakdown of fats and carbohydrate/uses aerobic system the alactacid component takes between two and three minutes for full recovery and uses up to 4 litres of oxygen/O2 consumption remains high It takes approximately 30 seconds to resynthesise 50% of PC stores During this component the myoglobin oxygen stores are replenished
[5]

8.

5 marks (NB Answers MUST be explained, if adaptations/explanations only are given max 2) (cardiovascular system sub max 4) trained performer has 1 2 3 4 a bigger/stronger heart/myocardial hypertrophy therefore they have a higher stroke volume/maximal cardiac output a lower resting heart rate/bradycardia needs fewer beats for the same cardiac output increased elasticity of the arterial walls/strength of smooth muscle therefore arteries withstand greater fluctuations in blood pressure increased capillarisation in skeletal muscle/lungs therefore increased rate of gaseous exchange/increased efficiency of internal respiration/more oxygen diffused into blood/muscles

5 6 7

increased blood volume therefore increased stroke volume/decreased blood viscosity allowing for greater blood flow more red blood cells/haemoglobin therefore increased oxygen carrying capacity/more O2 to working muscles improved buffering system in the blood therefore greater tolerance to lactic acid

(respiratory system sub max 3) trained performer 8 9 10 increased maximal pulmonary/minute ventilation/tidal volume/lung size therefore more oxygen can be inhaled per breath stronger respiratory muscles therefore increased efficiency of external respiration more alveoli available/larger surface area therefore increased gaseous exchange due to greater surface area of alveoli
[5]

9.

6 marks in total (i) Explain OBLA. Sub max 3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Onset of blood lactate accumulation The point at which the aerobic energy system can no longer reach the bodys demand for ATP/not enough oxygen Occurs when the body converts to anaerobic energy supply/anaerobic threshold Causing a large accumulation/rapid increase of lactic acid in the blood/blood lactate reaches 4mmol/l Therefore exercise above OBLA can only be maintained for a short while/approximately 1 minute/fatigue/pain occurs

(ii)

Sub max 3 NB: Principle must be explained for mark and applied to aerobic training where possible. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. (overload:) body must be put under stress/made to work harder/longer/more frequently than usual (F = frequency): at least 3 times a week (I = intensity): 50% - 75% of VO2 max/low/moderate intensity (T = time): at least 20 minutes (T = type): aerobic (and anaerobic) training/continuous/interval/fartlek/circuit (progression:) as the body adapts further increases in frequency/intensity/time must follow to ensure continued improvements

Clayesmore School

13

7.

(specificity:) training should be relevant/specific to the sport and the individual

8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

athlete must train the aerobic system/SO/FOG muscle fibres (reversibility:) athlete must train consistently to avoid a deterioration in performance (moderation:) need for realistic targets that do not put too much stress on the body too soon/ avoid overtraining/risking injury (variance:) include a number of different training methods to maintain interest/ enthusiasm/avoid boredom (warms ups/cool downs:) avoid injury and minimise the risk of muscle soreness/DOMS
[6]

10.

(i) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

5 marks in total occurs in the sarcoplasm (of the muscle cell) is anaerobic/absence of oxygen involves glycolysis/the partial breakdown of glycogen to pyruvic acid/ pyruvate an exothermic reaction/releases energy Activated by increase ADP/decrease PC enzyme responsible is glycogen phosphorylase/PFK/LDH 2 molecules of ATP are regenerated an endothermic reaction/absorbs energy whole process involves a coupled reaction used for high intensity exercise between 10 seconds and 2 minutes/or eq.

Clayesmore School

15

(ii)

6 marks in total Adaptation 1. Hypertrophy of myocardium/ increased contractility of myocardium/increased stroke volume 3. Improved capillarisation in lungs / muscles 5. Increased lung volume/alveoli/ stronger respiratory muscles 7. Increased elasticity of arterial walls/ strength of smooth muscle 9. Increased blood volume/red blood cells/haemoglobin/plasma 11. Increased number/size of mitochondria 13. Improved capacity to mobilise fats/ quicker fat utilisation 15. Improved buffering system 17. Increased myoglobin levels 19. Increased enzyme activity Link to faster recovery 2. More O2 pumped to muscles (to oxidise lactic acid)/heart rate decreases at a quicker rate 4. Greater O2 diffused into blood/ muscles/to replenish muscle phosphogens/glycogen stores/ (oxidise lactic acid)/improve gaseous exchange. 6. More O2 inhaled per breath (that can be used during recovery) 8. More efficient blood flow to working muscles/enhanced vascular shunt http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=2kQfBalK6kkmechanism 10. Enhanced O2 carrying capacity of the blood (to oxidise lactic acid) 12. Enhanced ability of skeletal muscle to use O2 (and therefore oxidise lactic acid) 14. Reduced level of glycogen needs to be replenished during recovery 16. Reduced level of lactic acid will have built up (therefore less to oxidise)/increase tolerance to LA 18. Enhanced O2 carrying capacity within the muscle cell 20. Improves the efficiency of the aerobic energy systems (used during the recovery process)
[11]

11.

2 marks 1: 2: X = sarcoplasm/cytoplasm of the muscle cell Y = creatine kinase

3 marks 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 involves restoration of muscle phosphagens/ATP/PC oxygen consumption remains high to allow elevated rates of aerobic respiration energy released continues production of ATP (this ATP) enables PC stores to reform uses up to 4 litres of oxygen takes 2/3 minutes for complete phosphogen restoration 50% of stores are replaced in 30 seconds restoration of myoglobin with oxygen/stores

6 marks Identification (1 mark) 1 dynamic/elastic/explosive strength/power

Definition (1 mark) 2 the ability of neuromuscular system to overcome resistance with high speed of contraction/a combination of strength and speed/rate at which energy is produced

Weight training programme 4 marks 3 (specificity) exercise the muscle groups relevant to a 100 m sprinter/use leg press/leg curl/leg extensions/biceps curl/bench press/movement patterns/ FT fibres/ATP-PC system (overload/progression) increase number of sets/reps/decrease rest time/increase intensity/weight/frequency (moderation) do not do too much too soon

4 5

6 7 8

(frequency) 3-7 times week (but ensure muscle groups are not exercised on consecutive days) (intensity) 75% - 85% of 1RM (sets) 3-6

Clayesmore School

17

9 10

(reps) 5-10 (rest) 3-5 minutes between sets/work : relief ratio 1 : 3+

[11]

12.

(a)

2 marks for lactic acid

(the levels of lactic acid increase during the work interval because) 1 2 3 Using the lactic acid system/anaerobic glycolysis. (lactic acid is the by-product) without the use of oxygen. pyruvic acid is being converted to lactic acid by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase/LDH.

(the levels of lactic acid decrease during the rest interval because) 4 some of the lactic acid is removed into the blood/flushed out/oxidised/converted to pyruvic acid/water/carbon dioxide.

2 marks for glycogen (the levels of glycogen are decreasing because) 5 6 7 (the lactic acid system) uses glycogen/glucose as its fuel glycogen/glucose is being broken down by the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase/PFK/phosphofructokinase to produce energy for the resynthesis of ATP/2 ATP produced.

(b)

1 mark for definition (Onset of blood lactate accumulation is) 1 the point at which lactic acid in the blood/blood lactate concentration suddenly increases/anaerobic threshold.

2 marks for explanation 2 3 4 muscle fibres become more acidic/pH levels drop this affects enzyme action/denatures enzymes/inhibits further breakdown of glycogen makes muscle contractions difficult/causing muscle fatigue/pain.

1 mark for when 1 removed at the end of exercise/recovery period/cool down/low intensity exercise during/EPOC/excess post exercise oxygen consumption/oxygen debt

Clayesmore School

19

during the lactacid/slow component.

2 marks for how 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 using oxygen/aerobic respiration/oxidation through elevated respiratory rates lactic acid is converted to pyruvic acid and metabolised to carbon dioxide and water (and energy) lactic acid is converted to protein lactic acid is converted to glycogen/glucose/Cori cycle lost in sweat/urine

(c)

4 in total (principle of a coupled reaction) 1 2 linked reactions take place/the products of one reaction are used in another reaction the first reaction (a compound is broken down) produces energy/ AB 3 4 PC A + B + ENERGY/exothermic P + C + ENERGY

in the second reaction the energy created in the first is used to form a compound/ C + D + ENERGY CD/endothermic ATP
[14]

ADP + P + ENERGY

13.

Physiological demands on performer during competitive match Indicative Content (ATP production/energy continuum) 1 2 3 4 during match performer will be using a mix of all three energy systems at any one point, one system will be predominant/one system takes over from another depending on the intensity and duration of the exercise at that point for high intensity (short duration) (10 seconds 2 minutes) activity, lactic acid system is predominant e.g. in a game of hockey: sprinting down the wing with the ball/defender running after a fast break from attack to defence

Clayesmore School

21

for medium/low intensity (long duration) (over 2/3 minutes) activity, aerobic system is predominant e.g. in a game of hockey: a midfield player who is constantly following play around the pitch this is the energy continuum/the relative contribution of each energy system to ATP resynthesis determined by the intensity and duration of the exercise relevant graph
1 0 0 D S 1 r c e n 9 a e r o r c e 1n r o b u r a t i o n 03 5 5 59 59 o i n f m a x i m a l 1 e x 9 8 0 0 A e r o b i c

6 7

P e rc e n ta g e o f to ta l e n e rg y y ie ld

0 P e a n P e a e

e c o 0 3 t a g 0 8 b i c t a 0 2g i c

n d sM 0 2 6 40 1 e 0 5 7 03 0 51 0e 5 3 06 0 58

u t e s 06 10 2 0 2 89 1 9 r o b b i b b

0 e r c i s e s 0 0 t a g e t0 y o f s0 0

a c t i c

a c i d

7 P e r c e n i n t e n s6i p r o c e 5s i c l i s m 4

a n a e m e t a a e r o m e t a

o 3 0 c R e s t i n g o l i sl e m v e l 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 T 2 i m 3 e ( m

/ P

0 M

0 a x

3 i m

0 a l

4 w

0 o

5 r k

0 t i m e ( m i n

4 i n . )

. )

(Fuels used) 8 9 duration and intensity also play a major role in the type of fuel used for high intensity/short duration/LA/anaerobic activity carbohydrates are broken down for energy/glycogen is used e.g. in the game of hockey: player will use carbohydrates/glycogen when sprinting for low intensity/long duration/aerobic activity fats/carbohydrates are broken down for energy e.g. in a game of hockey: player will use fats to last the duration of the game

10

(level of aerobic fitness) the higher the aerobic fitness of the performer 11 12 13 the higher the intensity of exercise they can perform using the aerobic system this means they can exercise (harder) for longer periods of time because they can perform at a higher percentage of their VO2 max before reaching OBLA/onset of blood lactate accumulation

(availability of oxygen) the higher the aerobic fitness of the performer 14 15 16 the greater the efficiency of the respiratory system/larger lungs or equivalent the greater the efficiency of the cardiovascular system/larger heart or equivalent therefore the greater the supply of oxygen to the working muscles

17 18

and the more efficient the removal of waste products from the body therefore the more efficient their aerobic energy system

(availability of food fuels) 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 glycogen is the major fuel for the first 20 minutes of exercise because oxygen supplies are limited fats are a major fuel after 20 minutes of exercise the greater stores of glycogen in the muscle/liver (the longer) the performer can work aerobically when glycogen stores are depleted fats can be used for aerobic energy production the fitter the performer the earlier they can start to use fats during submaximal exercise fat is a more efficient fuel than glycogen/fats produce more energy/ATP fat requires 15% more oxygen for its breakdown and means the athlete can only work at lower intensities once OBLA has been reached the body has insufficient oxygen available to burn fats only carbohydrates can be broken down anaerobically
[20]

14.

SEE SAMS FOR G454 FOR LEVELS MARK SCHEME METHODOLOGY Indicative content 1. Accurate model showing correct proportions of ATP/PC, lactic acid and aerobic energy systems

NB sport MUST be named *Aerobic value to be between goalkeeper and marathon runner (ATP/PC)

When 2. used in moments requiring high intensity / very short duration / up to 10 second (e.g. tackling / shooting / jumping) (or eq.)

Why

Clayesmore School

23

3. 4. 5. 6.

energy can be generated/ATP resynthesised quickly in the absence of oxygen PC is readily available / stored in the mucle cell increase in ADP

(lactic acid) When 7. used for high intensity activity / short duration / 10 seconds 2 minutes (e.g. sprinting down the wing / fast breaks attack or defence) (or eq.)

Why 8. 9. 10. 11. a fast supply of energy / fast resynthesis of ATP in the absence of oxygen / when oxygen supply is limited glycogen is broken down (anaerobically) decrease in PC

(aerobic) When 12. used for low / moderate intensity / long duration / > 2/3 minutes (e.g. jogging around pitch / lasting the duration of the game / during stoppages for recovery) (or eq.)

Why 13. 14. 15. (used when respiratory system and cardiovascular system are) delivering sufficient oxygen to working muscles an efficient source of energy / ATP resynthesis / large amounts of energy / no fatiguing by products oxygen supply is such that fats can also be mobilised (producing an abundance of energy)

Recovery 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. (processes will occur that) return the body to its pre-exercise state this happens during EPOC / excess post exercise oxygen consumption oxygen used to repay the oxygen debt to resaturate myoglobin with oxygen to maintain elevated heart / respiratory rates
25

Clayesmore School

21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

to maintain a high body temperature during alactacid debt / fast component muscle phosphogen stores / A TP/PC are restored takes 2-3 minutes for full recovery / 50% in 30 seconds using up to 4 litres of oxygen (over and above resting levels)

26. 27. 28. 29.

during the lactacid debt / slow component lactic acid is removed / oxidised in the mitochondria (via the aerobic system)/ cori cycle converted to C02 / H20/glycogen / glucose /protein / pyruvic acid / sweat / urine
[20]

15.

20 marks in total Level 4: a comprehensive answer (18 20 marks) detailed knowledge & excellent understanding; detailed analysis/critical evaluation and excellent critical evaluation; well-argued, independent opinion and judgements which are well supported by relevant practical examples; very accurate use of technical and specialist vocabulary; high standard of written communication throughout.

Discriminators from L3 are likely to include: effective application of the concept of the energy continuum to different events with regard to individual differences a sound knowledge of energy system thresholds in relation to duration and intensity thorough knowledge of physiological adaptations and their impact on energy system use thorough balanced discussion of all three energy systems.

Clayesmore School

27

Level 3: a competent answer (13 17 marks) good knowledge & clear understanding; good analysis and critical evaluation; Independent opinions and judgements will be present but may not always be supported by relevant practical examples; generally accurate use of technical and specialist vocabulary; written communication is generally fluent with few errors.

Discriminators from L2 are likely to include: good application of the concept of the energy continuum to different events; sound examination of the table and explanation of trends; awareness of a range of adaptations and their impact on energy system use.

Level 2: a limited answer (8 12 marks) limited knowledge & understanding; some evidence of analysis and critical evaluation; opinion and judgement given but often unsupported by relevant practical examples; technical and specialist vocabulary used with limited success; written communication lacks fluency and contains errors.

Discriminators from L1 are likely to include: an awareness of the concept of the energy continuum in relation to different events a basic examination of the table and description trends provide a limited number of adaptations and their impact on at least one energy system.

Level 1: a basic answer (0 7 marks) basic knowledge & little understanding; little relevant analysis or critical evaluation; little or no attempt to give opinion or judgement; little or no attempt to use technical and specialist vocabulary; errors in written communication will be intrusive. Indicative content: Changes in energy systems 1. Energy continuum. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. Contribution of each energy system depends on intensity and duration of exercise. As distance/duration increases aerobic system contributes more. Because intensity decreases. As distance/duration decreases anaerobic systems contribute more. Because intensity increases. 100m relies heavily on PC/LA/anaerobic systems. Intensity is very high/energy required quickly No oxygen is required. Few reactions/takes place in sarcoplasm. 800m relies less on anaerobic/PC/LA systems / more on aerobic system Ltd PC stores / PC threshold is up to 10 secs. Over-reliance on LA would cause fatigue / intensity to be lowered. LA system yield only 2ATP so inefficient.

5000m relies mainly on aerobic system. More energy required over a prolonged period of time. Aerobic breakdown of CHO / fats provide a lot more energy/34-36 ATP Anaerobic systems only come into play at start/end of race.

Clayesmore School

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Reasons for changes for recreational runner; 7. Recreation runner not as fit. 8. Not performed same amount of training. Not experienced same physiological adaptions. Will have lower VO2max / aerobic capacity / endurance.

Recreation runner cannot work at same intensity for as long/lower alactacid/PC threshold Smaller PC stores.

9.

Recreation runners OBLA / anaerobic threshold will occur at a lower intensity/ be lower/LA system used earlier Less oxygen supply to / uptake by muscles Lower tolerance to LA accumulation. Slower removal of LA.

10.

Recreation runner will have less efficient muscular system/less efficient aerobic energy production Less myoglobin Less mitochondria Less aerobic enzymes

11.

Recreational runner will have less efficient cardiac system/smaller/weaker heart Lower SV / COmax/Qmax Higher HRrest.

12.

Recreation runner will have smaller O2 carrying capacity. Less RBC / Hb. Smaller blood volume.

13.

Recreation runner will have less efficient vascular system. Weaker / less elastic arterial walls. Less efficient vascular shunt mechanism. Less efficient buffering system decreased tolerance to LA Less capillarisation reduced gaseous exchange at muscles/internal respiration

14.

Recreation runner will have less efficient respiratory system / lungs/reduced gaseous exchange in lungs/external respiration Smaller lung volumes. Weaker respiratory muscles. Lower density of capillaries at alveoli.

15.

Recreation runner will have less muscular endurance. Lower glycogen stores. Lower triglyceride stores.

16.

Recreation runner will have less muscle mass. Weaker force of contraction. Slower running speed.
[20]

Clayesmore School

31