History
CO2 utilized as refrigerant in sub- and supercritical refrigeration systems
The peak of utilizing CO2 as refrigerant Proposal to use CO2 as a refrigerant (Alexander Twining ,British patent) Reinvention of CO2refrigeration technology (G. Lorentzen)
1850
1920 ----------1930
1960
1993
March 13 / 2
History
Marine refrigerant systems registered at Lloyds in London
CO2
CO2
(Carbon Dioxide / R744)
Natural substance
March 13 / 4
March 13 / 5
March 13 / 6
Pressure
[psi] [bar]
Pressure - Temperature
14500
1000 1000
100
CO2
R717 R134a
145
Pressure [bar]
10 10
1
1.45
0.1 0,1
0,01
Temperature
REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING March 13 / 7
R134a
NO 0 1300 40.7 [590] 101.2 [214]
R404A
NO 0 3260
NH3
YES 0 -
CO2
YES 0 1
37.3 [541] 113 [1640] 73.6 [1067] 72 [162] 132.4 [270] 31.1 [87.9]
0.004 [0.06] 0.028 [0.41] 0.06 [0.87] 5.18 [75.1] -103 [-153] -100 [-148] -77.7 [-108] -56.6 [-69.9] NO NO NO NO (YES) YES NO NO
March 13 / 8
Pressure
[psi]
14500
Pressure (bar-a)
Supercritical
100 100
Liquid
1450
Solid 145
10 10
Triple point:
-56.6 oC [-69.9 oF] 5.2 bar [75.1 psi]
Critical point:
+31 oC [87,9 oF] 73.6 bar [1067 psi]
Vapour
14.5
11 -80 -80
-60
-112
-20
20
32 Temperature
Pressure
[psi] [bar]
Pressure (bar-a)
1450 100
100
Liquid
Critical point:
Vapour
145
Liquid - vapour
Triple point (line):
Solid - Vapour
14.5 1
1
-200
500
Entalpi (J)
REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING March 13 / 10
Pressure
[psi] [bar]
Pressure (bar-a)
1450 100
100
Liquid
Critical point:
Vapour
145
Liquid - vapour
Triple point (line):
Solid - Vapour
14.5 1
1
-200
500
Entalpi (J)
REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING March 13 / 11
Density
[Lb/ft3] [kg/m3]
Density
liquid
Critical point:
+31 oC [87.9 oF] 73.6 bar [1067 psi]
31.2
500 500
vapour 0
00 -40 -40 -40
-40 -40
Saturated temperature
March 13 / 12
Pressure
bar psi
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 25 20 1450 1305 1160 1015 870 725 580 435 363
0
35 oC [95 oF]
Transcritical
95 oC [203 oF]
290
Subcritical
10 145
73
Enthalpy
REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING March 13 / 13