Multiple Access Techniques In Wireless Communication

SOHAIL(3774) SALMAN MAYED HUSSAIN AYAZ AHMAD(3792)

MEANING OF MULTIPLE ACCESS

Enable many mobile users to share simultaneously

radio spectrum.
Provide for the sharing of channel capacity between

a number of transmitters at different locations.

Aim to share a channel between two or more

signals in such way that each signal can be received without interference from another

MULTIPLE VS RANDOM ACCESS

Multiple Access Techniques
Used to create a dedicated channel for each user Orthogonal (TD/FD with no interference) or semi-orthogonal

(CD with interference reduced by the code spreading gain) techniques may be used
Random Access
No dedicated channel assigned to each user Users contend for channel when they have data to send Very efficient when users rarely active; very inefficient when

users have continuous data to send Scheduling and hybrid scheduling used to combine benefits of multiple and random access

BEFORE ACCESS TECHNIQUES..

In conventional telephone systems, it is possible to talk and listen simultaneously, called duplexing.

Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)

Provides two distinct bands of frequencies for every user

FDD Scheme Reverse channel for uplink Forward for downlink Frequency split is to avoid self interference

TIME DIVISION DUPLEX (TDD)

To use one frequency band a bidirectional flow of

information is achieved Using the simplex-type scheme Automatically alternating in time the direction of transmission on a single frequency A high enough transmission rate on the channel for a very short delay.

TDD Scheme

NOTE
Both FDD and TDD uses same spectrum

difference lies in the use of two bands

For FDD both spectrums are used for uplink and

downlink communication. For TDD a single frequency channel both the downstream and upstream directions means more user.

WHY WE USE FDD and TDD

These are the two basic types of systems

whereby a fixed spectrum resource is partitioned and shared among different users FDD creates channels by dividing total system bandwidth into frequency channels TDD further divide each frequency channel into time channels

Frequency Division Multiple Access

Simplest scheme provide multiple access(mostly

used by analog systems) It separates users by assigning a different carrier frequency Multiple users are isolated by bandpass filters Frequency guard bands between adjacent signal are used to avoid cross talking

FDMA SCHEME

Allocation of carrier frequency

Frequency characteristic of FDMA

Number of channels in a FDMA system Bt - Bguard N= Bc

N number of channels Bt total spectrum allocation Bguard guard band Bc channel bandwidth

ADVANTAGES
Capacity can be increased by reducing the

information bit rate by using efficient speech coding method Capacity can be increased by reducing the information bit rate Transmit simultaneously and continuously Hardware simplicity

DISADVANTAGES
Used for narrowband systems due to which not

suitable for large data rates e.g.; computer file transfer Inefficient use of spectrum I.e.; FDMA if a channel is not in use, it remains idle and cannot be used Crosstalk arising from adjacent channel interference by non linear effects

NON LINEARITY MEANS

The system have to operate on saturation to

transmit more power on single antenna Causes inter modulation (signals are not integral multiples of each other) Occupies more bandwidth Definitely interference occurs RF filters needed - higher costs

TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS

Each user uses the whole channel bandwidth for

a fraction of time. Time is divided into equal time intervals, called slots. Several slots make up a frame. Guard times are used to minimize interference.

TDMA (continue)
Data is transmitted via a radio-carrier in downlink

Time-sequenced and synchronized on a common

frequency for TDMA in uplink TDMA has TDD and FDD modes TDM mode for downlink and a TDMA mode for the uplink direction

TDMA SCHEME

Allocation of slots in TDMA

Time-frequency characteristic of TDMA

Number of channels in a TDMA system m*(Btot - 2*Bguard) N= Bc

N number of channels
m number of TDMA users per radio channel Btot total spectrum allocation

Bguard Guard Band

Bc channel bandwidth

ADVANTAGES OF TDMDA
TDMA permits a flexible bit rate

Frame-by-frame monitoring of signal/rates to

enable either mobiles or base stations to initiate and execute handoffs. used exclusively i.e.; not with FDMA, utilizes bandwidth more efficiently because no frequency guard band is required between channels. Transmits each signal with sufficient guard time between time slots to accommodate time inaccuracies because of clock instability and transmission delay due to propagation distance

DISADVANTAGES
TDMA on the uplink demands required high peak

power in transmit mode, that shortens battery life Requires synchronization. For a TDMA system propagation time for a signal from a mobile station to a base station varies with its distance

Transmission for any user is not

continuous.

CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS

CDMA is a spread spectrum technology of

channel access used in 3G communication networks. Each user in CDMA technique uses the same spectrum at the same time A unique code is assigned to each communication by Pseudorandom Generator to isolate one communication from other.

CDMA (Continue)
Spread signal means each signal is spread by

adding more bits to it. Each bit in this case is called chip and is greater than a conventional bit. Wider bandwidths are required for CDMA techniques.

CDMA scheme

ADVANTAGES
Superior voice quality

High speed Broadband Connectivity

Call security Increased voice and Data Transfer capacity Increased talk time and bandwidth

DISADVANTAGES
Problem occurs at a CDMA Receiver if an undesired

user has a high detected power as compared to the desired user.

Bandwidth wastage for less users.

Spread Spectrum Multiple Access

A transmission technique in which a PN code

(Pseudorandom noise actually a code ), independent of information data, is employed as a modulation waveform to spread the signal energy over a bandwidth much greater than the signal information bandwidth.
At the receiver the signal is despread using a

synchronized replica of the PN code.

SSMA TYPES
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)

KNOWN as CDMA. Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum (FHSS) is the repeated switching of carrier frequency fc from one band to another during radio transmission according to some specified algorithm uses wideband, not occur naturally.

References:
[1] WIRELESS COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING by Vijay Garg [2] https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:zw4CJgjNR7gJ:www.netkrom.com/support/whitepapers/TDD_vs_ FDD_in_wireless_backhaul_white_paper.pdf+tdd+vs+fdd&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESindWZTDz5KGE7MdE mmFpl02Ca4UWw2EElFYvbqEaESFMe2tL_CtKr4CUmNq2g52gz1ApdcqgWzCYuvUG1MGBSeHJcrZmrJ84v4ilQ-aKeaT6L7XKpfZeQd2DtwB_QSR4Zl_V&sig=AHIEtbThIzdRqKT-IjOPufzhxYUmCCp4GA [3] https:///~wl/ofdm/class/class%2520ppt/Multiple%2520Access%2520Techniques%2520for%2520Wireless%2520 Communications940706.pps+MULTIPLE+ACCESS+TECHNIQUES+PPT+SLIDES&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESg2dpnBauNvtpRrDU60HGCShwxYB40gIfn9HJwc3FH05YSALyStA5_Yf3JjlH5lC9zxUlOAoZDpBoWBwiI1VxJXU3RA82EyE 7pcN58cBbnxnw5P_EVvx0A_fmOBP3TXVbPVq6i&sig=AHIEtbQolvjI6JdodrBUhnw2tTof63c6Dw [4] https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:v9E7EVbUif4J:www2.spsc.tugraz.at/wwwarchive/AdvancedSignalProcessing/WS03WirelessCommunication/schaeffner.ppt+MULTIPLE+ACCESS+TECHNIQUES+PPT+SLIDES&hl=en&pid=bl&src id=ADGEESjs5PbEKYEwvz46OJiSyxvC3Dsx_87HID3WyQ4DGDwzP0xxwLC4XqWJhCNuVcPkxkJnnrhDCJEE 0Z0DCty6UhPI541Dl_3dvXQ8dwr5zXL30lcUVmWD9Ajl1JWGo8qDV9HBYb7&sig=AHIEtbS7YZdH1A8hGIi9fonH6Rxk QcQFmQ [5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermodulation