Framework for Communication

Who Says what, To whom, Through which channel, With what effects, and How can this be measured?

Models of Communication
Mathematical Model Shannon & Weaver Field of Experience Model Schramm Feedback de Saussure Process and Fidelity Berlo Communication as Ritual Carey

Schramms Model (1954)

Derived from Shannon and Weaver Encoding and decoding together with interpretation Feedback

Schramms Model (1954)

field of experience

Message

field of experience

Source

encodes

decodes

Receiver

feedback

noise
Source: adapted from W. Schramm (1971) How communication works, in Schramm & Roberts (eds), The process and elements of mass communication

Schramms Model (1954)

Message Encode r Feedba ck Interpre ter Feedba ck Decode r Message Encode r Interpre ter Decode r

Schramms Model (1954)

We can accurately think of communication as passing through us changed, to be sure, by our interpretations, our habits, our abilities and capabilities, but the input still being reflected in the output.
Wilbur Schramm (1954)

Schramms Model (1954

Sign systems such as language are abstractions from an object A word is a referent to something else Schramm contended that no two people have exactly the same meanings for particular symbols Field of experience

Schramms Model (1954)

Feedback from self Feedback from the recipient Feedback is immediate and simultaneous in face-to-face communication Feedback is delayed and indirect in mass communication