!#"%$'&)(+*-,.!/103246578+0957:;!*9<(>=?*@A2A!2%B*-!CD2FE
G HJILK;MONQPSRFTVU%W)MXRLK8YDR[Z RFT
^\ ]`_?]badc@ef]`_Sgh]`_jilk._me n@op].qhr8qSats@n-avu@a n@wmxyoyxyz{]`_|adoAgv}.ef]`c-u@}~+.@+.+-r3n-aQavq[n@c9]
efad._SqmqFxk.u@cadw?]`]`s@oyo_Sa}.efs@xp.].qu-]Q].u@s9ad]`op_?]`] cwSea{}u@\D} }.ef_j]`awSadadefe`s@wmo}@xgv }u@ado8gv}.ef]`c-u@}f~+.@++ln-aqSa ad_?tgv}.c
Z
sen x
dx =
x
2
sen x
dx =
x
2
?q a|}.@wmxadc-at])s9]`_mwmxy_[u@a+
~'~+++~@{@++~{
~@.~++@++66~@.~.3.~+
~'~+++~@{@++~{
~@.~++@++V~.@.~+@+~.3.~
U%FR[YDSI[WZ UT3?M[PSFT
HtNQU%WU%T6U%W MX|ZQXMXR3UM3SYA
a9]Qeadc-gdx}.c9].u@}b]`ogv}.exadc@zh}n-aop].qLoadwm_?].qFn-a|qS}.c's9]`_mwSau@an@c9] ilk._me n@op]]`s9]`_Savgvadc
adcxyw?`oyxgh]\A]`_?]q?adoavgvgdx}.c9]`_[n@cwmxys8}u@aoadwm_?]ux iad_SadcwSatq?awmxadc-adco}+qFqmxy+n@xadcwSavqgv}.ef]`c-u@}+qh
~ -+ . A B C D E
~ -+ 9 . A B C D E
~ -+ - . A B C D E
~ -+ -. . A B C D E
~ -+ . A B C D E
N W 3 FT7T9NQT
U%WQT9FFT
\^]`_?]xycwm_S}un-gdxy_s@n@cwS}+qqmn-qms8adc-qmx }+qFadce}u@}ef]`wSadef`wmxgv}wSadc-ade}+qn@c9]]`es@oyxp]gv}.oavg!7
gdxk.cQu@agv}.ef]`c-u@}+qhA%ogv}.ef]`c-u@}|~+.9 Bs@_S}un-gvas@n@cwS}+qDqSn-qmsadc-qSx }+q<gdn;][n@c@xgh].gdxk.c ad_mwmxgh]`o
}.8avu@avgva])u@adwSad_mexyc9].u-].qF_Sad+op].qhr9qSad @coa|qmxy]`cqmxy+c-}+q + r r@k s@n@cwS}+q[gvadcwm_?].u@}+qr@n@c9]
gv}.ef] s@n@cwS}+q]`9]}rLadwSg+yy
}+qgv}.ef]`c-u@}+q~++- . . . ~@.- s@_S}un-gvadc
} bgvadcwm_?].u@}+qhr9_Savqmsavgdwmx ]`eadcwSa+ Lu@adef.qhr@o}+qFgv}.ef]`c-u@}+q~ .9
3Ss@n@cwS}+q]`9]m
~+- \^]`_?])s@n@cwS}+qjqSads9]`_?].u@}+qLs8}._Fetn@oywmxys@oyxgh].gdx}.c-avqjxyes@oygdxyw?].q
~+- \^]`_?])s@n@cwS}+qjqSads9]`_?].u@}+qLs8}._[qmxy+c-}+qLxycwSad+_?]`oavq
%n@oad_[u@ade}+qSwm_Skfn-aop])qSad_mxa
1
n=1 n2
gv}.c ad_ma+r3s8ad_S}].u@adef.q[n-a+
X
2
1
=
2
n
6
n=1
n=1
n=1
1
n2
gv}.c ad_ma+r3s8ad_S}].u@adef.q[n-a+
1
2
=
n2
6
jqm1r
lim
Rx
x 0
sin x
x
dx =
s8}._Fu@a!-c@xgdxk.cr
Z
sin x
dx =
x
2
4y
3x
RLK8SRFT7PSSWQU%RFT7ZQUT3Nt)SWQZ ?YDU%T
qSa|}.@wmxadc-atgv}.c
n
Y
x ti
i=1
i6=k
tk t i
~++9{@++9.+
2
m{~.+~-`@3)`~~@.~.@ @@{
~+ ?~@.+ h@+.@h@.~.9`
~.+9+.
2
a }.-qSad_ ]n-a|wS}u-].qop].qFoyyc-ah].qju@atqSn@@yc-uxgvavqj]`s9]`_Savgvadcgvadcwm_?].u-].q{ xDqSatn@xad_SaFn-qmwmx 7
9gh]`_mop].qj]Qop]Qxyzhn@xad_Su-]r3qSa|u@adan@wmxyoyxyz{]`_jadoadcwS}._mc-}@
~++9{@++
{
~.`+
gv}.e}s8}._Famades@o}@
~'~ -~.@+-@..@ )~+#.~ )~~
~.@..@
v- ~+
X
P (i, j)
1i100
i<j<8
f (x, y)dxdy
ZZZ
f (x, y, z)dxdydz
dx1 . . . dxn
>PYA[MXRFWQZ !#"
ogv}.ef]`c-u@}~ - 9.+++F]`cn@op]Lop]F]`oywmn@_?]LkBs@_S}`iln@c-uxu-].ulqmx -+
wS}.ef]|ado ]`o}._wkr_Savqms8avgdwmx ]`eadcwSa{%u@a+.-r+o}gdn9]`o1rs}._amades@o}@rs@n-avu@aqSad_ @wmxyo-s9]`_?]
9].gvad_Fef.q[gv}.c-qmxqmwSadcwSa ado<].qms8avgdwS}u@a|_?].uxgh]`oavq].u8].gvadcwSavqu@auxqSwmxycwS}w?]`ef]%-}@
~ 0! )%$~..@@. `~.
){@~@+
0! )&$~`@~ - 1.+ `~.
){@~
p
x := (1/ xij ) 1 + y
x := (1/ xij ) 1 + y
'
G
#u@a
,/%ladooyxy@_S}u@a
D]`wS!a =u-]n@c9]qS}.oyn-gdxk.cr
s8ad_S}s9]`_Savgva c-}i n@c-gdx}.c9]`_hravqmw?]`e}+qbwm_?]`9]m]`c-u@} adc6] ad_mxy+n9]`_n-aJavqbo} n-ai1]`oyop] n
qmxycw?] =xq[avqh
~++9{@ @
{V@.3..V~~
{7..@~~
{7{.3..
~.
cop].qoyyc-ah].qBqmn@sad_mx}._a[xyciad_mx}._Bu@adadcbavqSgd_mxy@xy_SqSao}+qc-}u@}+qu@ado8uxp]`+_?]`ef]r-].qmgv}.e}to}+q
gv}.ef]`c-u@}+qqmxy+n@xadcwSavqhr9n-aq?an@wmxyoyxyz{]`cs9]`_?])wm_?]`z{]`_ 9avg 9].q "!$#%'&(*),+$-/.
021/1/1
031 & 3 9 1 .@ 1
0
0 & 3 9 .@
0
u@}.c-u@afo}+q u@afop].qtu@}+q s@_mxyead_?].<q -op].q avqSgd_mxy8ad4c 9avg 9].q)}._mxadcw?].u-].qh)r >ado @oywmxye}Jn@cqmye }.o}
u@axy+n9]`ou-].u -}._mxyzh}.cw?]`o1
<].q ad_Sqmx}.c-avqF]top]txyzhn@xad_Su-] _Sads@_SavqSadcw?]`5c 9avg 9].qLqmxyes@oavqhr op].qLu@a
op]fu@ad_Savg 9]fs@n-avu@adcJn-q?]`_Sq?as9]`_?]f%] 9].uxy_}.madwS}+qadc-gdxyef] `u@ad9]m}u@atop].q 9avg 9].qhF%cJop]oyyc-ah]
gvadcwm_?]`oDqSa|u@ad8adcn@wmxyoyxyz{]`_[o}+qFgv}.ef]`c-u@}+q[s9]`_?]avqSgd_mxy@xy_ 9avg 9].q @.3+
0
0 & 3 9 .@
0%6/6/6
076 & 3 9 6 .@ 6
08
n-as}+q?avadcn@cqmxy+c@x 9gh].u@}f]`c9`o}.;} 99op] |u@adc-}.w?9] 9avg 9] 9].gdxp]]`_m_mxy9]r@op]
:9avg 9] 9].gdxp]
]`9]m}@8r badoDqmyet8}.o} <; xy+n9]`ou-].u ad_mwmxgh]`o1
* ].qSa|ado<qmxy+n@xadcwSaamades@o}@
j
GFG
B
c
x
E F
p
>=
:~.@@@{@.+.:
(a1 , a2 , . . . , an )
G
-U^K8YDSYASFT
f
x
Y
n
j=1
x
j Hc =
1
b
kij det K(i|i),
2
i = 1, . . . , n.
det B =
n X Y
X
l=0 Il n iIl
D1 t
a12 t2
a21 t1
D2 t
K(t, t1 , . . . , tn ) =
. . . . . . . . . . . .
an1 t1 an2 t2
. . . a1n tn
. . . a2n tn
. . . . . . . . .
...
Dn t
n2
n3
n1 ! n 2 ! n 3 ! X n1
Hc =
n1 + n 2 + n 3
i
n3 n 1 + i n3 n 2 + i
i
n1 1
n2 1
n3 1
+
i
n3 n 1 + i n3 n 2 + i
H(z + v) H(z) BH(z)v
=0
v0
kvk
lim
0 ln 0 (r) =
(}.c-qmwm_mn@xy_[gv}.cadoadcwS}._mc-}b@3
d2
1 d
+
dr 2 r dr
ln 0 (r)
>
5
(}.c-qmwm_mn@xy_[gv}.cadoadcwS}._mc-}b@.
Vi = v i q i vj ,
X i = x i q i xj ,
Vj = v j ,
Xj = xj ,
s9]`_?]
Ui = ui ,
X
U j uj +
qi ui .
i 6= j
i6=j
(}.c-qmwm_mn@xy_h
Jv(B) =
BSv
(v v ) v dHn1 =
=
BSv
(f (u+ ) f (u )) u dHn1
BSu
(f (u+ ) f (u )) u dHn1