Short-Circuit ANSI Standard

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Short-Circuit Analysis
Types of SC Faults
Three-Phase Ungrounded Fault Three-Phase Grounded Fault Phase to Phase Ungrounded Fault Phase to Phase Grounded Fault Phase to Ground Fault

Fault Current
IL-G can range in utility systems from a few percent to possibly 115 % ( if Xo < X1 ) of I3-phase (85% of all faults).

In industrial systems the situation IL-G > I3-phase is rare. Typically IL-G .87 * I3-phase
In an industrial system, the three-phase fault condition is frequently the only one considered, since this type of fault generally results in Maximum current.
1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 2

Purpose of Short-Circuit Studies

A Short-Circuit Study can be used to determine any or all of the following:
Verify protective device close and latch capability Verify protective device Interrupting capability Protect equipment from large mechanical forces (maximum fault kA) I2t protection for equipment (thermal stress) Selecting ratings or settings for relay coordination
1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 3

System Components Involved in SC Calculations

Power Company Supply
In-Plant Generators

Transformers (using negative tolerance)

Reactors (using negative tolerance) Feeder Cables and Bus Duct Systems (at lower temperature limits)
1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 4

System Components Involved in SC Calculations

Overhead Lines (at lower temperature limit)
Synchronous Motors Induction Motors Protective Devices Y0 from Static Load and Line Cable
1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 5

Elements That Contribute Current to a Short-Circuit

Generator
Power Grid Synchronous Motors Induction Machines Lumped Loads (with some % motor load) Inverters

I0 from Yg-Delta Connected Transformer

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 6

Elements Do Not Contribute Current in PowerStation

Static Loads
Motor Operated Valves

All Shunt Y Connected Branches

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Slide 7

Short-Circuit Phenomenon

v(t)

i(t)
)

v(t) Vm Sin( t

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Slide 8

v(t)

i(t)

di v(t) Ri L Vm Sin( t ) (1) dt Solving equation 1 yields the following expression

R - t Vm Vm i(t) sin( t - ) sin( - ) e L Z Z Steady State Transient (DC Offset)

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Slide 9

AC Current (Symmetrical) with No AC Decay

DC Current

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Slide 10

AC Fault Current Including the DC Offset (No AC Decay)

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Slide 11

Machine Reactance ( = L I )

AC Decay Current

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Slide 12

Fault Current Including AC & DC Decay

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Slide 13

ANSI Calculation Methods

1) The ANSI standards handle the AC Decay by varying machine impedance during a fault.

ANSI

2) The ANSI standards handle the dc offset by applying multiplying factors. The ANSI Terms for this current are: Momentary Current Close and Latch Current First Cycle Asymmetrical Current
1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 14

Sources and Models of Fault Currents in ANSI Standards

Sources
Synchronous Generators Synchronous Motors & Condensers Induction Machines Electric Utility Systems (Power Grids)

Models
All sources are modeled by an internal voltage behind its impedance. E = Prefault Voltage R = Machine Armature Resistance X = Machine Reactance (Xd, Xd, Xd)
1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 15

Synchronous Generators
Synchronous Generators are modeled in three stages.

Synchronous Motors & Condensers

Act as a generator to supply fault current. This current diminishes as the magnetic field in the machine decays.

Induction Machines
Synchronous Reactance Transient Reactance Subtransient Reactance Treated the same as synchronous motors except they do not contribute to the fault after 2 sec.

Electric Utility Systems

The fault current contribution tends to remain constant.

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Slide 16

Cycle Network

This is the network used to calculate momentary short-circuit current and protective device duties at the cycle after the fault.

1 to 4 Cycle Network
This network is used to calculate the interrupting short-circuit current and protective device duties 1.5-4 cycles after the fault.

30-Cycle Network
This is the network used to calculate the steady-state short-circuit current and settings for over current relays after 30 cycles.

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Slide 17

Reactance Representation for Utility and Synchronous Machine

Cycle 1 to 4 Cycle 30 Cycle

Utility

Xd

Xd

Xd

Turbo Generator
Hydro-Gen with Amortisseur winding Hydro-Gen without Amortisseur winding Condenser Synchronous Motor

Xd

Xd

Xd

Xd

Xd

Xd

0.75*Xd

0.75*Xd

Xd

Xd

Xd

Xd

1.5*Xd

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Slide 18

Reactance Representation for Induction Machine

Cycle 1 to 4 Cycle

>1000 hp , <= 1800 rpm

>250, at 3600 rpm All others, >= 50 hp < 50 hp

Xd
Xd 1.2*Xd 1.67*Xd

1.5*Xd
1.5*Xd 3.0*Xd

Note: Xd = 1 / LRCpu

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Slide 19

Device Duty and Usage of Fault Currents from Different Networks

Cycle Currents (Subtransient Network) 1 to 4 Cycle Currents (Transient Network)

HV Circuit Breaker

Closing and Latching Capability

Interrupting Capability ---

LV Circuit Breaker

Interrupting Capability

--Fuse

Interrupting Capability
Bus Bracing Instantaneous Settings ---

SWGR / MCC

Relay

---

30 Cycle currents are used for determining overcurrent settings.

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Slide 20

Momentary Multiplying Factor

MFm is calculated based on:

Fault X/R (Separate R & X Networks) Location of fault (Remote / Local generation)
Comparisons of Momentary capability (1/2 Cycle)
SC Current Duty HV CB Asymmetrical RMS Crest Asymmetrical RMS Crest Symmetrical RMS Asymmetrical RMS Device Rating C&L RMS C&L RMS Asymmetrical RMS

HV Bus

Crest
Symmetrical RMS Asymmetrical RMS
Slide 21

LV Bus

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Interrupting Multiplying Factor

MFi is calculated based on:

Fault X/R (Separate R & X Networks) Location of Fault (Remote / Local generation) Type and Rating of CB

Comparisons of Interrupting Capability (1 to 4 Cycle)

SC Current Duty Adj. Symmetrical RMS* Device Rating Adj. Symmetrical RMS*

HV CB
Adj. Symmetrical RMS*** LV CB & Fuse
1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 22

Symmetrical RMS

HV CB Closing and Latching Duty

Calculate Cycle Current (Imom, rms, sym) using Cycle Network. Calculate X/R ratio and Multiplying factor MFm

Imom, rms, Asym = MFm * Imom, rms, sym

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Slide 23

HV CB Interrupting Duty
Calculate 1 to 4 Cycle Current (Imom, rms, sym) using Cycle Network. Determine Local and Remote contributions (A local contribution is fed predominantly from generators through no more than one transformation or with external reactances in series that is less than 1.5 times generator subtransient reactance. Otherwise the contribution is defined as remote). Calculate no AC Decay ratio (NACD) and multiplying factor MFi NACD = IRemote / ITotal ITotal = ILocal + IRemote (NACD = 0 if all local & NACD = 1 if all remote)

Calculate Iint, rms, adj = MFi * Iint, rms, Symm

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 24

HV CB Interrupting Capability
CB Interrupting kA varies between Max kA and Rated kA as applied kV changes MVAsc capability. ETAPs comparison between CB Duty of Adj. Symmetrical kA and CB capability of Adjusted Int. kA verifies both symmetrical and asymmetrical rating. The Option of C37.010-1999 standard allows user to specify CPT. Generator CB has higher DC rating and is always compared against maximum through SC kA.
1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 25

LV CB Interrupting Duty
LV CB take instantaneous action. Calculate Cycle current Irms, Symm (If) from the cycle network. Calculate X/R ratio and MFi (based on CB type).

Calculate adjusted interrupting current Iadj, rms, symm = MFi * Irms, Symm

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Slide 26

Fuse Interrupting Duty

Calculate Cycle current Iint, rms, symm from Cycle Network. Same procedure to calculate Iint, rms, asymm as for CB.

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Slide 27

L-G Faults

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Slide 28

L-G Faults
Symmetrical Components

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Slide 29

Sequence Networks

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Slide 30

L-G Fault Sequence Network Connections

If If

3 Ia 0 3 VPr efault Z1 Z 2 Z0 0

if Zg

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Slide 31

L-L Fault Sequence Network Connections

Ia 2 If

I a1 3 VPr efault Z1 Z 2

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Slide 32

L-L-G Fault Sequence Network Connections

Ia 2 If I a1 I a 0 0 Ia

VPr efault Z0 Z 2 Z1 Z0 Z 2 0

if Zg

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Slide 33

Transformer Zero Sequence Connections

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Slide 34

Solid Grounded Devices and L-G Faults

Generally a 3 - phase fault is the most severe case. L - G faults can be greater if : Z1 I f3 Z2 & Z0 I f1 Z1 If this conditions are true then : This may be the case if Generators or Y/ Connected transformer are solidly grounded.

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Slide 35

Unbalanced Faults Display & Reports

Complete reports that include individual branch contributions for:

L-G Faults
L-L-G Faults L-L Faults

One-line diagram displayed results that include: L-G/L-L-G/L-L fault current contributions Sequence voltage and currents

Phase Voltages
1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 36

 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Slide 37

 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Slide 38

SC Study Case Info Page

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Slide 39

SC Study Case Standard Page

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Slide 40

SC Study Case Adjustments Page

Tolerance Adjustments

Transformer Impedance
Reactor Resistance Overload Heater Resistance Adjust Fault Impedance L-G fault Impedance

Length Adjustments Cable Length Transmission Line Length

Temperature Corrections Transmission Line Resistance Cable Resistance

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Slide 41

Tolerance Adjustments
Z 'Transforme r Length 'Cable Z Transforme r * (1 Tolerance ) LengthCable * (1 Tolerance ) LengthTransmissi onLine * (1 Tolerance )

Length 'Transmissi onLine

Positive tolerance value is used for IEC Minimum If calculation. Negative tolerance value is used for all other calculations.

Adjustments can be applied Individually or Globally

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Slide 42

Temperature Correction
R 'Copper R ' Alumi (234.5 Tc) ' RBASE * (234.5 Tb) (228.1 Tc) RBASE * (228.1 Tb) Resistance at base tempereatu re

RBASE

R' Resistance at operating temperatur e Tb Conductor base temperatur e in C Tc Conductor temperatur e limit in C

Temperature Correction can be applied Individually or Globally

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 43

System for SC Study

Power Grid U1 X/R = 55 Gen1 Voltage Control Design Setting: %Pf = 85 MW = 4 Max Q = 9 Min Q = -3

Transformers T1 X/R PS =12 PT =12 ST =12 T2 X/R = 12

Lump1
Y open grounded

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Slide 44

System for SC Study

Tmin = 40, Tmax = 90

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Slide 45

System for SC Study

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Slide 46

Short-Circuit Alerts
Bus Alert
Protective Device Alert Marginal Device Limit

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Slide 47

Bus SC Rating
Type of Device
MV Bus (> 1000 Volts) Momentary Asymmetrical. crest kA Momentary Symmetrical. rms kA LV Bus (<1000Volts) Momentary Asymmetrical. rms kA Bracing Crest Bracing Symmetrical Bracing Asymmetrical

Monitored Parameter
Momentary Asymmetrical. rms kA

Condition Reported
Bracing Asymmetrical

Protective Device Rating

Device Type LVCB ANSI Monitored Parameters Interrupting Adjusted Symmetrical. rms kA Momentary C&L HV CB Momentary C&L Crest kA Interrupting Adjusted Symmetrical. rms kA Fuse SPDT SPST Switches Interrupting Adjusted Symmetrical. rms kA Momentary Asymmetrical. rms kA Momentary Asymmetrical. rms kA IEC Monitored Parameters Breaking Making N/A Breaking Breaking Making Making

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Slide 48

3-Phase Duty SC Results

Run a 3-phase Duty SC calculation for a fault on Bus4. The display shows the Initial Symmetrical Short-Circuit Current.

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Slide 49

Unbalance Fault Calculation

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Slide 50