Kuliah 3, Depre & Impairement
Kuliah 3, Depre & Impairement
Kuliah 3
Nurzi Sebrina
Depresiasi
Cost Model Revaluation Model Penyusutan
Penyusutan adalah alokasi sistematis jumlah yang dapat disusutkan (depreciable amount) dari suatu aset selama umur manfaatnya (useful life).
Pengakuan Depresiasi
Setiap bagian aset tetap yang memiliki biaya perolehan cukup signifikan terhadap total biaya perolehan seluruh aset harus disusutkan secara terpisah.
Contoh : pesawat rangka dan mesin
Penyusutan
Beban penyusutan untuk setiap periode harus diakui dalam laporan laba rugi kecuali jika beban tersebut dimasukkan dalam jumlah tercatat aset lain.
Pengakuan Depresiasi
Penyusutan aset dimulai pada saat aset tersebut siap digunakan
Pada saat aset berada di lokasi dan kondisi yang diinginkan agar aset siap digunakan sesuai dengan keinginan dan maksud manajemen.
Penyusutan
Tanah dan bangunan diperlakukan sebagai aset terpisah walaupun diperoleh sekaligus.
Implikasinya, penyusutan tidak dihentikan sekalipun aset: sedang tidak digunakan atau dihentikan penggunaannya
Depresiasi
Nilai residu dan umur manfaat suatu aset harus di-review minimum setiap akhir tahun buku
Jika hasil review berbeda dengan estimasi sebelumnya maka perbedaan tersebut harus diperlakukan sebagai perubahan estimasi akuntansi.
Depresiasi
Same laser machine example as before
At 1 Jan. 2006, Celia bought a laser printing machine of $50 million The machine will be used for 5 years (maximum useful life) and then dispose of at zero value The machines laser head can operate 500 hours, after that replacement of a new laser head is needed The cost of a new laser head was $10 million at that time and its residual value is zero.
Example
At 31 Dec. 2006, the price of a new laser machine increases to $75 million No change in cost of a new laser head and estimated maximum useful life Can Celia revise the residual value at 31 Dec. 2006?
No! Celia has not changed its usage plan and the residual value after the estimated useful live would still be zero
Depresiasi
Umur Manfaat
Depresiasi
Metode penyusutan yang digunakan:
Harus mencerminkan ekspektasi pola konsumsi manfaat ekonomis masa depan atas aset oleh entitas.
Metode Penyusutan
Metode Depresiasi
straight-line, decreasing-charge methods of depreciation (double-declining balance and sum-of-years digits) unit of production Other depreciation methods (tidak diatur dalam PSAK):
Retirement method Replacement method Group (or composite) method)
Penyusutan
Metode Penyusutan
Garis Lurus
Menghasilkan pembebanan yang tetap sepanjang umur manfaat selagi nilai residu tidak berubah Menghasilkan pembebanan yang menurun sepanjang umur manfaat Menghasilkan pembebanan berdasarkan penggunaan
Saldo Menurun
Jumlah Unit
Replacement method
Beban depresiasi = Kos bagian aset yg dipasang penjualan bagian aset tetap yang diganti
Retirement method
Beban depresiasi = Rp5juta-Rp2juta=Rp3Juta
Replacement method
Beban depresiasi = Rp12juta-Rp2juta=Rp10Juta
Penurunan Nilai
Lihat PSAK 48 tentang Penurunan Nilai Aset, yang menmbahas:
1. Bagaimana entitas melakukan review atas nilai tercatat aset, 2. Bagaimana menentukan recoverable amount suatu aset, dan 3. Kapan mengakui atau membalik rugi penurunan nilai.
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Carrying Amount
Nilai Aset
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1. based on reasonable and supportable assumptions that represent managements best estimate of the range of economic conditions that will exist over the remaining useful life of the asset. Greater weight given to external evidence. 2. based on most recent financial budgets/forecasts approved by management.
3. Not include future cash flows expected to arise from future restructurings
4. based on these budgets/forecasts can only cover a maximum period of five years, unless a longer period can be justified. 5. beyond the period covered by the most recent budgets/forecasts can only use a steady or declining growth rate for subsequent years, unless an increasing rate can be justified.
6. The growth rate used for the extrapolated projections cannot exceed the long-term average growth rate for the products, industries, or country or countries in which the entity operates, or for the market in which the asset is used, unless a higher rate can be justified.
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In calculating the present value of estimated future cash flows, a pre-tax discount rate should be used and it should reflect current market assessments of: 1. the time value of money; and 2. the risks specific to the asset for which the future cash flow estimates have not been adjusted. The return that investors would require if they were to choose an investment that would generate cash flows of amounts, timing and risk profile equivalent to those that the entity expects to derive from the asset.
Discount Rates This rate is estimated from either: the rate implicit in current market transactions for similar assets or the WACC of a listed entity that has a similar asset
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the carrying amount of the asset must be reduced to its recoverable amount. That reduction is an impairment loss.
An impairment loss is recognised immediately in profit or loss,
unless the asset is carried at revalued amount in accordance with accounting standard, for example, in accordance with the revaluation model in PSAK 16 Property, Plant and Equipment.
Any impairment loss of a revalued asset is treated as a revaluation decrease in accordance with that accounting standard.
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Pengungkapan Revaluasi
Dasar yang digunakan untuk menilai kembali aktiva Tanggal efektif penilaian Nama penilai independen, bila ada Hakekat setiap petunjuk yang digunakan untuk menentukan biaya pengganti Jumlah tercatat setiap jenis aktiva tetap Surplus penilaian kembali neraca