Jansen Mitchell 4/5/13 ENC 1102-1:30 Literary Review The idea of alternative fuels for the future is a heavily

debated topic. This is especially true with the new theory of global warming being introduced. There are multitudes of research being done to find a renewable clean energy source but this literary review will be focusing specifically on hydrogen gas in spark ignition engines. The reason for this is because hydrogen gas is environmentally friendly and it endlessly recyclable. Though hydrogen gas has all the means to become the fuel of the future it still seems to be far in the distance. People speculate that the reason for this is because of the massive amounts of energy need to separate hydrogen atoms from water molecules, because you need to break the hydrogen bonds between them which is the strongest type of bond for atoms. Another reason that is often contemplated is that technology isn't advanced enough to handle the hydrogen gas in storage as well as during combustion. So are these the reason why hydrogen gas hasn't taken off or is there another reason entirely? Creating Hydrogen Gas The idea that the massive amount of energy needed is currently holding back the implementation of hydrogen gas a few years ago was a valid reason. However with new forms of producing electricity developing the idea is becoming feasible. With new forms of biogas production as well as solar energy the electricity needed to produce hydrogen gas is readily

available and cost efficient(Martin et al, 2012; Wald, 1989; Biswas et al, 2013). The use of solar energy was previously thought to be way too expensive to be usable in a large scale production but with new breakthroughs in the field the cost of a solar panel have seen a massive drop which means large scale energy from solar is very possible(Wald, 1989). The second form of energy production, biogas, is also moving forward because it is a part of filtration in water plants already (Martin et al, 2012). This means that the biogas will always be available and is not taking anything away from their prior uses since biogas is merely a byproduct. This type of production has already seen success in operation for China's massive public transport services as well as in the form of a fueling station in Santa Monica, California(Yao et al, 2010; Martin et al, 2012). Technological Advances for Combustion Current internal combustion engines that are used by millions of people everyday are built to run off of only petrol which as we know is slowly being depleted. So this means that to completely substitute vehicles from normal petrol powered internal combustion engines to hydrogen powered engines like in the new BMW Hydrogen 7 would not be economically plausible(Korn et al, 2008). However there has already been massive amounts of research done on converting your current automobile to run off of hydrogen gas in a simple and fairly inexpensive way. The projected cost is around 1.5k depending on the size of car and engine (Ganda et al, 2010; Schlapbach, 2013). This research has been done by multiple notable universities and they all come to the conclusion that these conversions are reliable and can be implemented in any petrol internal combustion engines(Assad et al, 2010; Ganda et al, 2010; Lee et al, 2010; Maesschalck et al, 2009). The reason for this is because prior problems like backfires and loss of performance at points in the rpm range have been corrected. These problems have both been solved with the use of stoichiometric operation which is a key

component in not only the conversion kits but in new production hydrogen cars that were talked about above(Assad et al, 2010; Ganda et al, 2010; Lee et al, 2010; Maesschalck et al, 2009). This means that in the short term consumers would be able to convert their existing cars while in the long term purpose built hydrogen fueled vehicles could be slowly circulated. Another way that producers are planning to bridge the gap is shown in Mazda's Dual-Fuel RX-8. This prototype was introduced in 2003 as a way to allow a consumer to have the best of both worlds, while actually improving the Wankel Rotary engine with the addition of hydrogen(N/A, 2003). This means that the idea that the technology doesn't exist or that it couldn't be properly implemented must not be the reason for hydrogen gas not making an appearance on the roads of today. Technological Advances for Storage and Transportation Since the fuel that is currently fueling cars all around the world is a liquid the ways to transport and store hydrogen gas are significantly different. Since liquids have a set volume they do not need to be compressed, however gases expand to the size of the container so the only way to transport a noteworthy amount is through compression. As of now the most cost efficient way to do that in the short term is by using compression tankers to transport the hydrogen gas from the production plant to the fueling depot's compressed tanks(Martin et al, 2012; Schlapbach, 2013). This provides a stepping stone for hydrogen gas so that large scale transportation can slowly be implemented when the demand for hydrogen gas increases. The beginnings of large scale productions for transportation of hydrogen gas can already be spotted across the globe in the Netherlands. The researchers there are trying to convince Dutch investors to invest in long term hydrogen gas pipelines which could cement hydrogen gas as the future of fuel(Smit et al, 2007).

Conclusion With all of this research above completed it is hard to find a concrete reason for hydrogen gas not being out today. The research for producing and implementing small and large scale hydrogen gas systems has been clarified with many tests and all of them suggest that we should move forward with the idea. Therefore I propose that the problem does not lie with the research done on hydrogen gas but with the lack of research done on pitching the idea to possible investors. To completely switch the economy from oil to hydrogen will be expensive, however with proper investing the switch can be profitable in the long term as well as demolish fossil fuel dependency.

Project Proposal When looking at the research completed in the field of hydrogen gas for a fuel source in internal combustion engines there is no shortage in information. The field seems to have covered every possible question and even delve into outside problems like electrical energy advancements. This is present in how they have everything from how the electricity can be produced to converting current engines to work on hydrogen gas. Since this part of the field is so well covered there really isn't any gaps in the technical research. However, I believe there is a large gap in marketing the information to possible investors, especially large oil companies. My project proposal is to create a committee of marketers that would go to large oil companies and show how profitable investing in hydrogen gas can be for them. The way that they can become profitable in a switch away from their own product is by converting some of their pipelines to hydrogen gas. This means that they would be a part of two major businesses and if they started with that big of an investment they would become barons of the industry as well as greatly advance the world of hydrogen gas fuel. After presenting these aspects they would be shown the experimental proof that hydrogen gas is ready for large scale production, as well as shown statistics on how much people want renewable fuel sources. With this information presented to large oil companies properly I believe that gaining the investments from them is possible. This would be a massive step forward for hydrogen gas because as the literary review shows , the technical proof is already in. This is why the focus needs to shift from proving through science to marketing the facts to large investors like the oil companies.

Work Cited Assad, M., and O. Penyazkov. "Distinctive Features Of Operation Of An Internal Combustion Engine Running On Hydrogen-Containing Fuels." Journal Of Engineering Physics & Thermophysics 83.4 (2010): 869-875. Academic Search Premier. Web. 20 Feb. 2013. Biswas, Wahidul K., Brett C. Thompson, and Mohammad N. Islam. "Environmental Life Cycle Feasibility Assessment Of Hydrogen As An Automotive Fuel In Western Australia." International Journal Of Hydrogen Energy 38.1 (2013): 246-254. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. Ganda, L.M. et al. "Conversion Of A Commercial Spark Ignition Engine To Run On Hydrogen: Performance Comparison Using Hydrogen And Gasoline." International Journal Of Hydrogen Energy 35.3 (2010): 1420-1429. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 Mar. 2013. Korn, Thomas et al. "Fuel Economy And Emissions Evaluation Of BMW Hydrogen 7 MonoFuel Demonstration Vehicles." International Journal Of Hydrogen Energy 33.24 (2008): 7607-7618. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 Mar. 2013. Lee, Kwang-Ju, Thanh Cong Huynh, and Jong-Tai Lee. "A Study On Realization Of High Performance Without Backfire In A Hydrogen-Fueled Engine With External Mixture." International Journal Of Hydrogen Energy 35.23 (2010): 13078-13087. Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. Maesschalck, P, Rombaut, N, Sierens, R, and Verhelst, S. "Efficiency Comparison Between Hydrogen And Gasoline, On A Bi-Fuel Hydrogen/Gasoline Engine." International

Journal Of Hydrogen Energy 34.5 (2009): 2504-2510. Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. Martin, Kevin B. et al. "Design Of A Hydrogen Community." International Journal Of Hydrogen Energy 37.2 (2012): 1214-1219. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. N/A. "Mazda's Renosed Renesis Makes Case For Dual-Fuel." Professional Engineering 16.19 (2003): 8. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 Mar. 2013. Schlapbach, Louis. "Technology: Hydrogen-Fuelled Vehicles." Nature 460.7257 (2009): 809811. Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. Smit, Ruben, Marcel Weeda, and Arend de Groot. "Hydrogen Infrastructure Development In The Netherlands." International Journal Of Hydrogen Energy 32.10/11 (2007): 1387-1395. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 Mar. 2013. Wald, M.L. "Hydrogen pushed as motor fuel." New York Times 28 Sept. 1989: D5. Academic Search Premier. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. Yao, Fei, Yuan Jia, and Zongqiang Mao. "The Cost Analysis Of Hydrogen Life Cycle In China." International Journal Of Hydrogen Energy 35.7 (2010): 2727-2731. Academic Search Premier. Web. 11 Mar. 2013.