ENDOCRINE & HORMONE

Arba Pramundita R., S.Farm., Apt

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Endocrine system maintains homeostasis

The concept that hormones acting on distant target cells to maintain the stability of the internal milieu was a major advance in physiological understanding. The secretion of the hormone was evoked by a change in the milieu and the resulting action on the target cell restored the milieu to normal. The desired return to the status quo results in the maintenance of homeostasis

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DEFINISI SISTEM ENDOKRIN

SISTEM KELENJAR YANG MELIBATKAN PELEPASAN MOLEKULER YANG MEMBERIKAN SINYAL EKSTRASELULER~HORMON INSTRUMEN UNTUK MENGATUR METABOLISME, PERTUMBUHAN, PUBERTAS, FUNGSI JARINGAN, DAN BERPERAN DALAM MOOD

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Hormone
Greekto set in motion A substance that is secreted by one cell and travel through the circulation, where it exerts action on other cell

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Sensing and signaling

Endocrine glands synthesize and store hormones. These glands have a sensing and signaling system which regulate the duration and magnitude of hormone release via feedback from the target cell.

Endocrine vs. Nervous System

Major communication systems in the body Integrate stimuli and responses to changes in external and internal environment Both are crucial to coordinated functions of highly differentiated cells, tissues and organs Unlike the nervous system, the endocrine system is anatomically discontinuous

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Nervous system has evolved to release regulatory substances from nerve terminals that act across synaptic junction on adjacent cell ~ neurotransmitters Act along the axon e.g. Acetylcholine, encephalin, dopamine

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Principal functions of the endocrine system Maintenance of the internal environment in the body (maintaining the optimum biochemical environment). Integration and regulation of growth and development. Control, maintenance and instigation of sexual reproduction, including gametogenesis, coitus, fertilization, fetal growth and development and nourishment of the newborn.

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Types of cell-to-cell signaling Classic endocrine hormones travel via bloodstream to target cells; neurohormones are released via synapses and travel via the bloostream; paracrine hormones act on adjacent cells and autocrine hormones are released and act on the cell that secreted them. Also, intracrine hormones act within the cell that produces them.
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A cell is a target because is has a specific receptor for the hormone

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Receptor is a molecule to which the hormone binds to elicit its action Functions: Must be able to distinguish the hormone from all the other chemicals present in the circulation and bind it Must be capable binding with great affinity & not bind extraneous substance

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Regulation of hormone secretion Sensing and signaling: a biological need is sensed, the endocrine system sends out a signal to a target cell whose action addresses the biological need. Key features of this stimulus response system are:
receipt of stimulus synthesis and secretion of hormone delivery of hormone to target cell evoking target cell response degradation of hormone

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Feedback control Negative feedback is most common: for example, LH from pituitary stimulates the testis to produce testosterone which in turn feeds back and inhibits LH secretion Positive feedback is less common: examples include LH stimulation of estrogen which stimulates LH surge at ovulation

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Regulation of hormone release

1. hormone-hormone 2. substrate-hormone 3. mineral-hormone

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Substrate-hormone control

glucose and insulin: as glucose increases it stimulates the pancreas to secrete insulin

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Neural control

Neural input to hypothalamus stimulates synthesis and secretion of releasing factors which stimulate pituitary hormone production and release

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Chronotropic control

Endogenous neuronal rhythmicity Diurnal rhythms, circadian rhythms (growth hormone and cortisol), Sleepwake cycle; seasonal rhythm

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Circadian (chronotropic) control

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Inputs to endocrine cells

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MACAM KELENJAR ENDOKRIN DAN HORMON-NYA

KELENJAR
HIPOTALAMUS HIPOFISIS ANTERIOR HIPOFISIS POSTERIOR TIROID

HORMON
GnRH, TRH, CRH, GHRH, ADH, PRH FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, MSH, PRL, GH OKSITOSIN, VASOPRESIN T3, T4, KALSITONIN

PARATIROID
ADRENAL ADIPOSA LAMBUNG DUODENUM

PARATIROID
KORTISOL, ALDOSTERON, ANDROGEN, EPINEFRIN, DOPAMIN, ENKEFALIN LEPTIN, ESTROGEN GASTRIN, GHRELIN, HISTAMIN, ENDOTHELIN, NEUROPEPTID Y SEKRETIN, KOLESISTOKININ

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Classes of hormone

Water soluble e.g. catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and peptide/protein hormones

Lipid soluble thyroid hormone, steroid hormones and Vitamin D3

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Hypothalamus
main releasing controller of pituitary secretions
production of hormones of posterior pituitary many other control centers here - ANS, hunger, thirst, temperature, biological clock General name releasing or inhibiting hormone or factor

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Hypothalamus
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) Gonadotropin (GnRH) Corticotropin (CRH) Growth hormone (GHRH) Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH=somatostatin) Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH=dopamine) Prolactin - releasing hormone (PRH)

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Anterior pituitary
Control of endocrine glands: Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Secretion of thyroid hormone

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Secretion of glucocorticoids, androgens and mineralocorticoids to a lesser extent

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

follicle growth, estrogen secretion stimulates sperm production

Lutenizing hormone (LH)

triggers ovulation and estrogen and progesterone production promotes testosterone production
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Posterior Pituitary
Storage and release of hypothalamic hormones Oxytocin (OT)
Uterine contractions and milk ejection

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

production of concentrated low volume urine

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Pineal
Circadian rhythms Serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, histamine MAIN melatonin

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Thyroid
Metabolic rate and Ca++ and PO4-3 balance Role in growth and development
Thyroid T3 & T4 calcitonin

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Parathyroid

Ca++ and PO4-3 balance

parathyroid hormone

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Thymus

Immune function
thymic hormones

Growth Hormone
Hypothalamus Somatostatin + GHRH

Anterior pituitary gland

GH
Liver IGF-1 Somatomedin Cartilage and bone growth Muscle and other organs: -Protein synthesis and growth Adipose Tissue -lipolysis - release of FFAs Most Tissues glucose utilization - blood glucose

GH levels and effects are most pronounced during puberty

Adrenals
Stress response
cortex - mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and gonadocorticoids medulla - which is of course part of the sympathetic NS but acts in an endocrine function to prolong the sympathetic response

Adrenal hormone
Adrenal Medulla
Situated directly atop each kidney and stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system Secretes the catecholamines Epinephrine: elicits a fight or flight response
Increase H.R. and B.P. Increase respiration Increase metabolic rate Increase glycogenolysis Vasodilation

Norepinephrine
House keeping system

Adrenal Cortex
Secretes over 30 different steroid hormones (corticosteroids)
Mineralocorticoids
Aldosterone: maintains electrolyte balance

Glucocorticoids
Cortisol: Mobilization of free fatty acids Glucose sparing

Gonadocorticoids
testosterone, estrogen, progesterone

Adrenal glucocorticoids
No effect on growth in normal amounts Cortisol, corticosterone levels during stress and / or disease to help adapt
Decreases blood glucose uptake into tissues Antagonizes insulin Increases breakdown from tissues
Liver - gluconeogenesis

Increases glucose substrates Enhances fat breakdown Very CATABOLIC (breaks down everything including bone)

Anti-inflammatory agent

Pancreas

Glucose metabolism energy accessibility

insulin (beta cells) glucagon (alpha cells) somatostatin or GHIH (delta cells) amylin (beta cells)

Gonads
Reproductive function
Female estrogens and progesterone Males testosterone

Other organs which produce hormones GI tract

Stomach - gastrin and serotonin in stomach release of HCl and contraction Duodenum - secretin and cholecyctokinin in pancreas release of bicarbonate and enzymes

Kidney- erythropoetin
production of RBCs in bone marrow

Skin- cholecalciferol
from vitamin D activated in the kidneys to calcitirol promotes Ca++ absorption

Heart - atrial natriuretic factor ( ANF)

in kidneys inhibits Na+ reabsoption and renin release and inhibits secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex

Placenta- a bunch of hormones including progesterone and estrogen ,

human chorionic gonadotropin and others

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