1 9

216

NUMBER DATA

Probability dropshadow Probability

In this chapter you will:
text commonly-used chance words on a number line > order > between 0 (impossible) and 1 (certain)

> list all possible outcomes of a simple event and use the term
sample space

> express the probability of an event A as

P(A) = number of outcomes matching the event total number of outcomes possible

> express the probability of a particular outcome as a fraction

between 0 and 1

> interpret and use probabilities expressed as percentages or

decimals

> recognise that the sum of the probabilities of all possible

outcomes of a simple event is 1

> identify the complement of an event and find its probability > estimate the probability of an event from experimental
data, using relative frequencies

> recognise that probability estimates become more

stable as the number of trials increases.

Whats in Chapter 9?
text

Contents and syllabus references

9-01 The language of chance NS3.5 (p. 73), NS4.4 (p. 74) 9-02 Probability of a simple event NS4.4 (p. 74) 9-03 Complementary events NS4.4 (p. 74)

Examples
Use one of the following words to rate the probability of getting tails when you toss a coin: impossible, unlikely, even chance, likely, certain. Tom rolls a die. List the outcomes in the sample space. Find the probability of rolling a number greater than 4. 1 The probability of spinning yellow on a spinner is . 5 What is the probability of spinning a colour that is not yellow? Emily surveyed families with 4 children and counted the number of girls in each family.
Number of girls Frequency

9-04 Experimental probability NS5.1.3 (p. 75)

0 5

1 17

2 42

3 20

4 16

If a 4-child family is selected at random, find: P(1 girl), P(more than 2 girls), P(1 boy) 9-05 Theoretical probability NS5.1.3 (p. 75) Find the experimental and theoretical probabilities of drawing one card that is: diamonds, clubs, a black card. Why is there a difference between the experimental and theoretical probabilities? What should happen to the experimental probability if we drew one card 500times?

Wordbank Wordbank

complementary event event probability ascending order one or more difference all the outcomes that are not the a result involving the chance of an event occurring, going up, from smallest to largest the answeras toa afraction, subtraction event; the opposite event. For outcomes. For example, the event measured decimal or (1-2-3) estimate between 0 and 1 example, the complementary event of rolling an even number on a percentage decimal places to make an educated guess to rolling 1 on a die is rolling a die contains the three outcomes random Contents and Examples the places after the decimal point of an answer number that is not 1. syllabus references {2,4,6}. describing a situation where in a decimal probability evaluate experimental die each possible outcome has equal 1-01 Mental addition 23 + 9 orderon find the value probability based experiment the singular of(p.52) dice (one die, 2 dice) descending chance NS3.2 18an + 14 + 32 + 6 + 9to going down, from largest to mental over repeated trials, based on even chance sample space 1-02 Mental subtraction 232 8 smallest (3-2-1) an estimate of using the relative frequency; equally likely to happen or not the set of mind all possible outcomes of NS3.2 (p.52) 220 135 theoretical probability happen, fifty-fifty chance, a situation or experiment 1 probability of 2

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9-

NS3.5, 4.4

The The language language of of chance chance

Probability means chance. The chance of an event happening can be written as a fraction. 1 For example, the probability of flipping a coin and having it land heads is . This table shows 2 some common terms for describing the chances of something occurring.
Term Meaning Example

impossible unlikely even chance

Will not happen, probability of 0 Probably wont happen; a low chance of happening Equally likely to happen or not happen; fifty-fifty chance; 1 probability of 2 Probably will happen; a good chance of happening Will happen; will definitely occur; probability of 1

It will snow on Bondi Beach. Winning a prize in a competition. Flipping heads on a coin.

likely certain

A family chosen at random has one or two children. It will get dark tonight.

EXAMPLE 1 Use one of the words in the above table to rate the chance of each of the following events. a A new-born baby being a boy. b Living on the moon next week. c A chicken came from an egg. d A person who bets on a horse in a race wins. e An adult person knows how to drive a car. SOLUTION a Even chance d Unlikely EXAMPLE 2 Place the following terms in an appropriate position on the probability scale below. a Probably b Rarely c Sure bet d Fifty-fifty
0 impossible 1 2 1 certain

b Impossible e Likely

c Certain

SOLUTION
rarely 0 impossible fifty-fifty 1 2 probably sure bet 1 certain

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Exercise 9-01

worksheet

Chance cards

9- 01

1 Rate each of these events as impossible, certain, unlikely, likely, or even chance. a You will see a live dinosaur. die is the singular of b A die is rolled and an odd number comes up. dice. Two dice, one die. c You pick a red lolly from a bag of red lollies. d The next baby born is a girl. e The next car to go past the school is green. f You will finish Year 10. 2 Draw a probability scale like the one below. Make it 15 cm long and mark the position of each of the following terms in an appropriate position. not likely fair chance no way definitely probably unusual always quite often even chance likely never hardly
0 impossible 1 2 1 certain

3 Draw another probability scale and place the following letters (A, B, etc.) to show the likelihood of each event. A An Ace is chosen from a pack of playing cards. B From a box of dark chocolates, you choose a white chocolate. C There will be a hail storm tomorrow. D A person selected at random has a birthday on a weekday, not on the weekend. E A double six is rolled on a pair of dice. F There will be no car accidents in Sydney tomorrow. G You play Lotto and win first prize. H You will eat pizza next month. I Somebodys house has a computer. 4 Buckleys chance is an Australian expression meaning little or no chance. a Write a probability value for Buckleys chance. b Give an example of an event that could have Buckleys chance.

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9-

NS4.4

Probability Probability of of a a simple simple event event

In probability situations, the set of all possible outcomes is called the sample space. For example, when a coin is flipped, the sample space is {heads, tails}. If each outcome has equal chance, then numerical values can be assigned to probabilities.

Probability
The probability of an event E is: number of outcomes matching the event P(E) = total number of outcomes possible

An event can consist of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event can be written as a fraction, decimal or percentage. For example, the probability of flipping heads on a coin can 1 be written as , 0.5 or 50%. 2

EXAMPLE 3 Tom rolls a die and notes the number that comes up. a List the outcomes in the sample space. b Find the probability of rolling a number greater than 4. SOLUTION a The sample space is: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} b The numbers greater than 4 are: {5, 6} 2 1 P(number 4) = = 6 3 EXAMPLE 4 6 possible outcomes 2 outcomes

A card is chosen at random from a set of cards numbered 0 to 9. a List the outcomes in the sample space. b Write as a decimal the probability of choosing an odd number. c Write as a percentage the probability of choosing a number less than 3. SOLUTION a The sample space is: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} b The odd numbers are: {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} 5 P(odd number) = = 0.5 10 c The numbers less than 3 are {0, 1, 2}. 3 3 P(number 3) = = 100% = 30% 10 10 10 possible outcomes 5 outcomes 3 outcomes

At random means that each card has an equal chance of being chosen.

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Exercise 9-02

worksheet

Probability problems

9- 02

worksheet

Games of chance

9- 03

1 For each spinner: i write the sample space of possible outcomes ii find the probability that the arrow will land on blue. a b c

2 A packet of jelly beans contains 5 yellow, 4 red, 8 green and 3 black jellybeans. Anna picks one jelly bean at random. a List the sample space. b Which colour is Anna most likely to pick? c What is P(yellow) as a decimal? d What is P(red or green) as a percentage? e What is P(not green) as a simple fraction? 3 A die is rolled. Find (as a fraction) the probability of: a rolling a 5 b rolling a 3 or 4

c not rolling a 3 or 4.

4 A piggy bank contains four 10-cent coins, five 20-cent coins, one 50-cent coin, three $1 coins and three $2 coins. A coin is chosen at random. Find as a percentage the probability that the coin is: a 10 cents b 50 cents c a gold coin d not 20 cents. 5 Match each probability value (a to d) with the best description (A to D). a 0.01 b 70% c 100% A probable B sure C not likely

d 0.3 D rare chance

6 All of the letters of the alphabet are placed in a box. Tyrone picks out one letter. Find: b P(Y or Z) c P(a vowel) d P(letter before E) a P(K) 7 Paul says that because there are 12 teams in the rugby competition, the probability that the 1 Waratahs will win is . Why is Paul incorrect in saying this? 12 8 A normal deck of cards has 52 cards divided into 4 suits (hearts, diamonds, clubs, spades) of 13 cards (Ace, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, Jack, Queen, King). If one card is chosen from a deck, find the probability that it is: a a King b a heart c red d a black 10 e a picture card (Jack, Queen, King) f a black card or a 2 g not a 7.

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9-

NS4.4

Complementary Complementary events events

Probability is measured on a scale from 0 (impossible) to 1 (certain). In any situation, the probabilities of all possible outcomes must add up to 1. For example, if the probability of 1 5 1 5 rolling 4 on a die is , then the probability of not rolling 4 is , because + = 1. 6 6 6 6 The word complement means something that completes or goes with something. In relation to probability, the complement of an event E means all those outcomes that are not E, or the opposite of E. For example, the complement of rolling 4 is not rolling 4 (that is, rolling 1, 2, 3, 5 or 6).

Complementary events
P(E) + P(not E) = 1 P(complementary event) = 1 P(event) P(event not occurring) = 1 P(event occurring)

EXAMPLE 5 This spinner is spun. a Find P(yellow). b What is the complementary event to spinning yellow? c What is the probability of not spinning yellow? SOLUTION 1 5 b  The complementary event to spinning yellow is not spinning yellow, that is, spinning red, blue, green or orange. c P(not yellow) = 1 P(yellow) 1 =1 5 4 = 5 a P(yellow) = EXAMPLE 6 A bag contains 3 blue, 2 white and 4 red marbles. One marble is drawn at random. Find: a P(red) b P(not red) c P(green) d P(not blue). SOLUTION 4 a P(red) = 9 0 =0 9 The total number of marbles is 3 + 2 + 4 = 9. 4 5 = 9 9 3 2 = 9 3

VIDEO 17

b P(not red) = 1 P(red) = 1 c P(green) =

d P(not blue) = 1 P(blue) = 1

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Exercise 9-03
1 What is the complementary event for each of these events? Write the answer in words. a Tossing a coin and getting tails b Picking a clubs card at random from a deck of cards c Rolling a number greater than 2 on a die d Picking a red ball at random from a bag of white, red and blue balls e Coming first in a race f Winning a soccer match 2 Copy and complete the following complementary probabilities. a When rolling a die: b When choosing from a deck of cards: P(greater than 2) = 1 P(__________) P(not a Jack) = 1 P(__________) 2 = 1 ___ = 1 6 = ___ = ___ 2 3 The probability that a netball team will win a game is . Find the probability that the team will 3 not win. 4 An archer has a 60% chance of hitting the bullseye. What is the probability that he misses the bullseye? 5 The probability of dying in a plane crash is 0.00005. What is the probability of not dying in a plane crash? 6 A jar contains 7 yellow, 2 green and 3 purple lollies. If a lolly is selected at random, find: a P(yellow) b P(not yellow) c P(green) d P(not green) e P(red) f P(not red) g P(not purple) h P(not white). 7 The probability that it will not rain this weekend is 78%. Find the probability that it will rain this weekend. 8 What is the probability that a student selected at random from your school was born in a month not beginning with J? 9 Janelle bought 4 tickets in a raffle where 500 tickets were sold. What is the probability that Janelle: a wins first prize? b does not win first prize? 10 A packet contains seeds for yellow, white and mauve flowers. P(yellow flower) = 0.3 and P(mauve flower) = 0.1. If a seed is planted find: a P(yellow or mauve flower) b P(white flower) c P(not a yellow flower) d P(not a pink flower).

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9-

NS5.1.3

Experimental Experimental probability probability

Experimental probability is based on the results of an experiment or trial that has been repeated many times. For example, a trial could involve testing a light globe to see whether it works, or measuring a persons heartbeat rate. The trial is repeated for many light globes or many people. The experimental probability of an event is the relative frequency of the event during the total number of trials.

Experimental probability
P(E) = number of times the event happened total number of trials frequency of the event = total frequency

The relative frequency is how many times an event occurred, written as a fraction of the total number of trials.

EXAMPLE 7 Emily surveyed families with 4 children and counted the number of girls in each family. The results are shown in this table.
Number of girls Frequency

0 5

1 17

2 42

3 20

4 16

VIDEO 18

Based on these results, if a 4-child family is selected at random, find: a P(1 girl) b P(more than 2 girls) c P(1 boy) d P(at least 1 girl). Solution Total number of families surveyed = 5 + 17 + 42 + 20 + 16 = 100 17 a P(1 girl) = b P(more than 2 girls) = P(3 or 4 girls) 100 20 + 16 = 100 36 = 100 9 = 25 In a 4-child family, if there is 1 boy, there must be 3 girls. c P(1 boy) = P(3 girls) 20 = 100 1 = 5 d P(at least 1 girl) = P(1, 2, 3 or 4 girls) At least one means not none. = P(not 0 girls) = 1 P(0 girls) 5 =1 100 19 = 20

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Exercise 9-04

worksheet

A page of spinners

9- 04

worksheet

Spinner game

9- 05

worksheet

Dice probability

9- 06

worksheet

Greedy pig game

9- 07

1 Evie tossed a coin many times and got 140 heads and 110 tails. Based on these results, what is the experimental probability of tossing tails with this coin? 2 Khalil surveyed students in all Year 10 classes to find out their favourite type of music for the school dance. The results were rock 24, rap 21, R&B 25 and pop 50. Find the probability that a Year 10 student selected at random: a likes pop best b likes rock or rap best c does not like pop best. 3 The table below shows the number of babies born per day at a maternity hospital during the month of January.
Number of babies Frequency

0 1

1 4

2 7

3 10

4 5

5 4

Find the probability that on a day in January selected at random: a 2 babies were delivered b 4 or 5 babies were delivered c fewer than 3 babies were delivered d at least one baby was delivered. 4 A coloured spinner was spun 600 times. The results are shown in the table.
Colour Frequency

Green White Black

99 201 198

Orange 102 a Find the experimental probability of spinning: i green ii black or orange iii not white. b Copy the spinner and colour the sectors to match the experimental probabilities shown in the table.

5 Toss two coins together 120 times. Copy the table below and record your results:
Event Frequency

2 heads A head and a tail 2 tails Total 120

a Use your results to find each of these experimental probabilities. i P(2 heads) ii P(2 tails) iii P(a head and a tail) iv P(at least one head) b Why does tossing a head and a tail have about double the chance of tossing 2 heads?

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9-
EXAMPLE 8

NS5.1.3

Theoretical Theoretical probability probability

Experimental probability is only an estimate of the actual or theoretical probability of an event. The formula for theoretical probability is: number of outcomes matching the event P(E) = total number of outcomes possible This formula works only if all possible outcomes in the sample space have an equal chance of happening. If the trials of an experiment are repeated often, the value of the experimental probability will get closer to the theoretical probability. In the long run, the more trials there are, the more accurate the experimental probability. This is sometimes called the law of averages.

Alice picked one card at random from a normal deck. She recorded the suit of the card, and then returned it to the deck. Alice did this 160 times. Her results were: hearts 35 times, diamonds 32 times, clubs 44 times, spades 49 times. a Find (as a decimal) the experimental and theoretical probabilities of drawing: i diamonds ii clubs iii a black card. b Why is there a difference between the experimental and theoretical probabilities? c  What should happen to the experimental probabilities if Alice drew a card from the deck 500 times? SOLUTION
Experimental probability Theoretical probability

i ii iii

P(diamonds) P(clubs) P(black card)

32 = 0.2 160 44 = 0.275 160 44 + 49 = 0.58125 160

13 1 = = 0.25 52 4 13 1 = = 0.25 52 4 26 1 = = 0.5 52 2

b  Experimental probability is only an estimate or approximation of theoretical probability. c  With a greater number of trials, the experimental probabilities will get closer to the theoretical probabilities. For example, the chance of drawing a diamonds card will get closer to 0.25. EXAMPLE 9 a Why is the following statement incorrect? This spinner has 5 possible outcomes so the probability 1 of spinning an 8 is . 5 b What is the probability of spinning 8 on this spinner? SOLUTION a  Not all outcomes have equal chance. Spinning 9 is twice as likely as spinning any other number. b  There are 6 equal regions on the spinner. 1 P(spinning 8) = 6
9 2 4 5 8 9 2 4 5 8

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Exercise 9-05

worksheet

Matching probabilities

9- 08

worksheet

Probability review

9- 09

1 The numbers from 1 to 10 are each written on a card and put into a barrel. Luis selects one card at random. Find the probability that he selects: a 9 b an even number c a multiple of 3 d 5 or below e a number less than 5 f neither 1 nor 10. 2 What is wrong with the following statement? 1 The probability of a traffic light being amber (orange) is because there are 3 outcomes in the 3 sample space for a traffic light: red, amber and green. 3 Samir tossed a coin 120 times and it came up heads 54 times. a What is Samirs experimental probability of tossing heads, as a percentage? b What is the theoretical probability of tossing heads? c How can Samir improve his experimental probability to be closer to 50%? 4 If a die is rolled 300 times, how many times would you expect a 2 to come up? 5 Becky and Sarah play a game where a card is picked at random from a standard deck. If the card is an Ace, Becky wins. If it is a heart, Sarah wins. a Find the probability that: i Becky wins ii Sarah wins iii neither girl wins. b Is a draw possible; that is, could both girls win? Give a reason for your answer. c Is this game fair? Give reasons. 6 Copy this spinner. Write a different number in each of its five sections so that the probability of spinning a number greater than 10 is 0.8.

1 7 Simone thought that, because there were 6 candidates for school captain, each candidate had a 6 chance of being elected captain. Why is this incorrect? 8 Using H for heads and T for tails, the sample space when 3 coins are tossed together is {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}. Find the probability of tossing: a all heads b 2 tails c 2 heads d all tails e at least one head. 9 The letters of the words NEW CENTURY are written on separate cards and placed in a bag. Kai draws one out at random and wins $10 if it shows a vowel (A, E, I, O or U). 1 a Kai says that the probability of winning must be because there are 2 vowels and 6 consonants 4 in NEW CENTURY. Comment on this statement. b What is the theoretical probability that Kai wins? 10 A die is loaded so that the chance of rolling a 6 is double the chance of rolling each of the other numbers. What is the probability of rolling: a a 6? b a 5? c an even number? d an odd number?

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Skillbank 1 1 Skillbank9 9
Dividing a quantity in a given ratio
skilltest
Dividing decimals a quantity in a given ratio

1 9

1 Examine this example: Divide $450 between Jennie and Tim in the ratio 4 : 5. Total number of parts = 4 + 5 = 9 1 part = $450 9 = $50 Jennies share = 4 $50 = $200 Tims share = 5 $50 = $250 Check: $200 + $250 = $450 (original amount) 2 Now divide each of these quantities in the given ratio: a Divide $7000 between Callum and Sophia in the ratio 4 : 3 b Divide $660 between Jai and Loretta in the ratio 1 : 5 c Divide $1800 between Daniel and Sabina in the ratio 2 : 1 d Divide $3200 between Sara and Dave in the ratio 3 : 5 e Divide $400 between Tan and Jess in the ratio 4 : 1 f Divide $2700 between Aaron and Jude in the ratio 7 : 2 To practise dividing a quantity in a given ratio, click on the Skilltest 9 icon.

Using Usingtechnology technology

Coin-tossing simulation
spreadsheet
Coin-tossing ordering decimals simulation

1 9

A simulation is an experiment that models a real thing. You can generate random numbers on a spreadsheet to model tossing a coin.

A 1 2

Tossing a coin =INT(RAND( )*2+1)

Step 1:  Click on the icon. Type the formula in cell A2

and the spreadsheet will randomly show either the number 1 (heads) or the number 2 (tails).
A 1 2 3 4

Step 2:  Fill down the formula from A2 to A11. This

will simulate tossing a coin 10 times. Copy the table below, count the number of heads (1) and tails (2) on your spreadsheet, and write the totals in the Trial 1 column.
Trial Heads Tails

Tossing a coin 1 2 2

9 10 Total

Step 3:  Press the F9 key or select the Recalculate function to generate another
set of 10 random numbers. Repeat until you have generated 100 random numbers, writing the totals for each trial in the table.

Step 4:  How many heads and tails did you expect from 100 tosses? Step 5:  Are your results what you expected? Explain the differences.

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Chapter Chaptersummary: summary

See also Wordbank at the front of this chapter.
worksheet
Probability crossword

Probability
9-04 Experimental probability The experimental probability of an event is based on the number of times an event occurred during a number of trials. number of times the event happened P(E) = total number of trials frequency of the event = total frequency A coin was tossed 120 times and heads came up 57 times. The experimental probability of tossing 57 19 = heads is: 120 40 9-05 Theoretical probability number of outcomes matching the event P(E) = total number of outcomes possible This formula works only if all possible outcomes in the sample space have an equal chance of happening. Experimental probability is an estimate of the theoretical probability. The greater the number of trials, the closer the experimental probability is to the theoretical probability.

9- 10

9-01 The language of chance Probability can be measured on a scale between 0 (impossible) and 1 (certain). Unlikely: low chance, probably wont happen Even chance: equally likely to happen or not happen, 1 fifty-fifty chance, probability of 2 Likely: good chance, probably will happen 9-02 Probability of a simple event Sample space: the set of all possible outcomes Event: a result involving one or more outcomes The probability of an event E is: number of outcomes matching the event P(E) = total number of outcomes possible The sample space for rolling a die is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and the odd outcomes are {1, 3, 5}. 3 1 \ P(odd number) = = 6 2 Probabilities can be expressed as fractions, decimals or percentages. 9-03 Complementary events The probabilities of all possible outcomes (in the sample space) must add up to 1. The complement of an event is all those outcomes not in the event or the opposite of the event. The complementary event to rolling an even number on a die is rolling an odd number. P(E) + P(not E) = 1 P(complementary event) = 1 P(event) P(event not occurring) = 1 P(event occurring) If P(rain today) = 0.64, P(no rain today) = 1 0.64 = 0.36

1 Non-calculator 9 Probability maths

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Practice test 9
SECTION 1
Calculators are not allowed.
1 Evaluate: 0.2 0.4 3 Evaluate: 32 + 42 5 Find: 1% of $340 7 What part of a circle is indicated by the arrow? 2 Find the median of: 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 10 4 Simplify: m2 + m2 6 Simplify 3 cm : 6 m 8 Write the value of tan q in this triangle.
5 Q 13 12

9 Solve: 4 2m = 12 10 How long does it take a truck to travel 240 km at a speed of 80 km/h?

SECTION 2 Part A
Calculators are allowed. Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
11 A term that describes an event with a fifty-fifty chance is: A impossible B probable C likely D even chance.

12 What is the complementary event of choosing a diamond from a deck of playing cards? B Choosing a heart A Choosing a black card C Choosing a picture card D Choosing a card that is not a diamond 13 The probability that it will rain tomorrow is 44%. What is the probability that it wont rain? B 88% C 45% D 6% A 56% 14 The probability of rolling a number greater than 3 on a die is: 1 1 2 3 B C D A 2 3 3 4 15 Which one of these probabilities describes an event that is unlikely to happen? A 0.2 B 0.5 C 0 D 0.55 16 A coin is tossed 60 times and heads comes up 36 times. The experimental probability of tails coming up is: 3 34 B 0.4 C D A 60% 5 60

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17 On which spinner are P(red) and P(blue) not equally likely? A B C

test 9
D

18 Jasmine tosses a coin and a die together. The sample space (using H for heads and T for tails) is {H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6}. What is the probability that Jasmine tosses a tail and an odd number? 1 1 1 1 A B C D 6 4 3 2 19 The probability of an event that is certain to happen is: B 1 C 0 A 100 20 This spinner has a missing number. Which of the following could be the missing number if P(a number greater than 8) = 40%? B 9 C 11 D 12 A 6 D 0.5
7 5 10 9 ?

Questions 2122 may have more than one answer. Select all correct answers.
21 Which of the following terms could describe a probability greater than 0.5? A A slim chance B A fifty-fifty chance C Certain D Highly likely 22 A ball is drawn out of a bag containing 5 red, 1 white and 4 green balls. Which of the following statements are true? B P(not white) = 10% A P(red) = 50% C P(red or white) = 60% D P(blue) = 0%

SECTION 2 Part B
Calculators are allowed.
23 Sixty families with 2 children were surveyed Number of boys 0 1 2 on the number of boys in the family. Frequency 12 30 18 The results are shown in the table. Based on these results, find the probability that a family of 2 children will have: a 2 boys b 1 boy c 2 girls d at least 1 boy. 24 The letters of the word ESSENTIALS are written on cards and placed in a hat. One card is chosen at random. a How many possible outcomes are there in the sample space? b Find the probability of choosing the letter E. c Find the probability of choosing a letter that is not a vowel. 7 d Jack says that the probability of choosing a vowel or a repeated letter is . 10 Is he correct? Give a reason for your answer.
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