1.

Background

In close collaboration with local partners, Earthquake Damage Analysis Center (EDAC) of
BauhausUniversitt Weimar initiated a TurkishGerman joint research project on Seismic Risk
AssessmentandMitigationintheAntakyaMaraRegion(SERAMAR).

In this context, the instrumental investigation of buildings being representative for the study
area becomes an essential part of the project to calibrate the models and to predict reliable
capacity curves as well as scenariodependent damage pattern or failure modes. Based on
differentdecisioncriteria,threemultistoryRCframestructureshavebeenchosenandequipped
withmodernSeismicBuildingMonitoringSystems(BMS)eachofwhichconsistsoffourtriaxial
strongmotionaccelerometersoftypeMR2002+.Aftera2yeartestperiod,firstresultsfromthe
permanent instrumentation are available and provide a preliminary basis to reinterpret the
structuralresponseunderseismicaction.

Intotheprojectoneofthesebuildings(seeFig.1and2)willbeinvestigatedandmeasureddata
willbeanalyzedindetail.

Themainpurposeofthisprojectwillbetoapplyasmuchofthetheoreticalbackgroundtaught
duringthelessonsonEarthquakeEngineeringandStructuralDesignandSeismicMonitoring.

2. ObjectivesofProject

Theinterpretationofthestructuralsysteminviewofearthquakeresistance(ERD).

ThedesignandanalysisofthestructuralsystemusingthesoftwareETABSNonlinearfor
thegivenbuildinglayoutwith(a)andwithout(b)masonryinfillwalls.

Theanalysisoftheinstrumentalvibrationdatainordertoidentifydynamicstructural
parameters.

Thecomparisonoftheexperimentallygainedresultswithoutcomesofthestructural
analysis.

Theproposalofstrengtheningandretrofittingmeasures.

Page 1 of 29

3. LayoutandGeometry

Figure1.5storeybuilding

Figure2.Siteplan

Page 2 of 29

storyheight(ofeachstory)

thicknessofslabs

thicknessofstairandstairplatform
outermasonryinfillwalls

innermasonryinfillwalls

:3,00m
:0,12m
:0,15m
:0,20m
:0,20m

GridCoordinate

Ydirection
Axes
[m]
1
0.8
2
0
3
0.7
4
2.7
5
4.05
6
4.6
7
5.35
8
6.1
9
6.75
10
7.35
11
7.75
12
8.325
13
9.025
14
9.625
15
10.375
16
10.825
17
11.275
18
11.925
19
12.625
20
13.325
21
13.875
22
15.125
23
16.525
24
17.225
25
17.925
26
18.725

XDirection
Axes
[m]
A
0.8
B
0
C
0.9
D
2.2
E
3.65
F
4.375
G
5.1
H
5.8
I
7
J
7.7
K
11
L
14.3
M
15
N
15.95
O
16.9
P
17.625
Q
18.35
R
19.8
S
21.1
T
22

Table1.Gridcoordinateofstructure

Page 3 of 29


Crosssectionofstructureelements

Figure3.Crosssectionofelements

Page 4 of 29

4. MaterialProperties

ReinforcedConcrete:
Youngsmodulus
Poissonratio
Massdensity
Weight

ConcreteStrength
SteelStrength

Masonry:
Youngsmodulus
Poissonratio
Massdensity
Weight

MasonryStrength

:2,80e+07kN/m
:0,2
:2,55t/m
:25kN/m
:25.000kN/m
:420.000kN/m

:2.1e+6kN/m
:0,15
:0,918t/m
:9,0kN/m
:0.60MN/m

5. Loads

5.1 DeadLoadandLiveLoad

Basedonthepurposeoftheprojectthefollowingloadswillbeapplied:

2,0kN/montheroofasloadfortheroofconstruction
1,0kN/monthefloorslabsasloadforinterioretc.

Forthepurposeofstrengtheningandretrofittingitsnecessarytoapplyloadsaccordingto
therequirementsfromEC1andtheapplicationoftheloadcombinationsaccordingtoEC8.

Figure4.EARTHQUAKEZONESACCORDINGTOTHETURKISHNATIONALSPECIFICATIONSFROM
1998

Page 5 of 29

5.2 Designspectra(acc.toEC8)forZone1,Turkishearthquakezoningmap

TodesignabuildingtowithstandearthquakeloadingaccordingtoEC8intheinitialstagea
designordemandspectrummustbeestablishedinordertocalculatethehorizontalforces
thebuildingwillbesubjectedto.ThedesignspectrumasspecifiedinEC8dependson:the
soil type the structure is built on, the order of earthquake magnitude (Surface wave
magnitudeMS>or<=5.5),themaximumgroundaccelerationtobeexpectedatthesite.

According to the Turkish Earthquake Zoning Map in the National Specifications from 1998
(Fig. 6), the town of Antakya is located in zone 1, which poses the highest demands
regardingearthquakesafety.Thepeakgroundaccelerationgivenforthiszoneis40%g,or
3.924m/s2(4m/s2).ForthedesignshallbeusedgroundtypeB.

Ground
S
TB(s)
Tc(s)
TD(s)
Type
A
1.00
0.15
0.40
2.00
B
1.20
0.15
0.50
2.00
C
1.15
0.20
0.60
2.00
D
1.35
0.20
0.80
2.00
E
1.40
0.15
0.50
2.00
Table2.Valuefortheresponsespectratype1(acctoEC.8)

Figure5.ElasticdesignspectrumEuroCode

5.3TimeHistoryData

The time history data are taken from seismograph measurement which was placed on
basement.Inthiscalculation,thechannel3onbasementandchannel1onthetopareused
tohaveresponsespectrawhichisdisplayedasfollowinggraphsbelow:

Page 6 of 29

figure6.ResponseSpectrumrecordedfromTopandBottomChannel

Page 7 of 29

Figure7.ResponseSpectrafromMatlab

Page 8 of 29

6. CalibrationofResponseSpectra

According to the Time History data above, before doing Pushover with ETABS software, we
shouldcalibratetheresponsespectrawhichareproducedbyMATLABandETABS.Iftheresultis
relativelysimilar,itmeans,thematerialpropertiesanddimensionofstructurearenearlyreality.

Figure8.CalibrationofresponsespectrabetweenMatlabandEtabs

Page 9 of 29

7. Wallasstructuralelements

Reliable predictions of the seismic response of building structures with infilled frames are not
possiblewithouttakingintoaccounttheeffectsofinfills.Unfortunately,modernseismiccodes,
includingEurocode8,neglecttheseeffectsortakethemintoaccounttoaverylimitedextent.
Themainreasonforthissituationisthelackofasimpleandrobustnumericalmethodologyfor
analysisanddesignofframestructureswithinfills.

AccordingtoFEMA306,thediagonalbracesforinfilliscalculatedasfollowingbelow:
Effectivewidthofdiagonal(a)

0.4

1 col
inf

14
Where:

h
me inf
= tan 1 inf

Linf
fe col inf

tinf
=Thicknessofinfillpanelandequivalentstrut
Eme
=Expectedmodulusofelasticityofinfillmaterial(2.10e+6)
Efe
=Expectedmodulusofelasticityofframematerial
Icol
=Momentofinertialofcolumn

a = 0.175 ( .h

.r

E .t .sin 2
=

4.E I h

Bracing
1
2
3
4

a
[m]
0.563
0.485
0.475
0.798
0.693

0.4335
0.6449
0.6462
0.3629
0.3224

hcol

rinf

[m]
3
3
3
3
3

[m]
3.57
3.61
3.54
4.72
3.91

Eme

tinf
2

[kN/m ]
2.10E+06
2.10E+06
2.10E+06
2.10E+06
2.10E+06

[m]
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1

Efe

Icol
2

[kN/m ]
2.80E+07
2.80E+07
2.80E+07
2.80E+07
2.80E+07

[m ]
0.0425
0.0087
0.0086
0.0778
0.0683

hinf

Linf

[m]
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5

[m]
2.55
2.60
2.50
4.00
3.00

Table3.Infillcalculation

8. Period

XDirection YDirection XDirection YDirection

withinfill withinfill withoutinfill withoutinfill
Mode Period
Period
Period
Period
1
0.518
0.518
0.521
0.521
2
0.335
0.335
0.390
0.390
3
0.326
0.326
0.377
0.377
4
0.151
0.151
0.151
0.151
5
0.096
0.096
0.107
0.107
6
0.095
0.095
0.103
0.103

Page 10 of 29

0.775
0.766
0.785
0.559
0.695

sin 2
1.000
0.999
1.000
0.899
0.984

9. PushoverDesign

9.1 CapacitySpectrumMethod

Tousethecapacityspectrummethoditisnecessarytoconvertthecapacitycurve,whichis
intermsofbaseshearandroofdisplacementtowhatiscalledacapacityspectrum,whichis
a representation of the capacity curve in AccelerationDisplacement Response Spectra
(ADRS)format.Therequiredequationstomakethetransformationare:

mii
i1
= N
N
wi
2
g mii1

i =1 i =1
2

Sa Vb 1
=
g
w

Sd =

1 = MPF1 =

m
m

i i1
2
i i1

roof
MPF1 roof 1

Where:
MPF1 =ModalParticipationFactorforthefirstnaturalmode.
=modalmasscoefficientforthefirstnaturalmode
1
Wi/g =massassignedtoleveli
=amplitudeofmode1atleveli
i1
N
=LevelN,thelevelwhichistheuppermostinthemainportionofthestructure.
V
=baseshear
W
=Buildingloadweightpluslikelyliveloads
roof =roofdisplacement(Vandtheassociatedroofmakeuppointsonthecapacity
curve
Sa
=Spectralacceleration
Sd
= Spectral displacement (Sa and the associated Sd make up points on the
capacityspectrum

9.2 DemandSpectrum
The general process for converting the capacity curve to the capacity spectrum, that is,
converting the capacity curve into the ADRS format, is to first calculate the modal
participationfactor(MPF1)andthemodalmasscoefficienta1usingequationabove.Then
foreachpointonthecapacitycurve,V,droof,calculatetheassociatedpointSa,Sdonthe
capacityspectrumusingequationsabovetoo.
IntheADRSformat,linesradiatingfromtheoriginhaveconstantperiod.Foranypointon
theADRSspectrum,theperiod,T,canbecomputedusing

Page 11 of 29

T = 2

Sd
S
T 2 = 4 2 d
Sa
Sa

Thenthespectraldisplacementis S d =

T 2 Sa

4 2

Whenperiodintheinelasticdisplacement,therelationbetweenspectralaccelerationand
displacementis

Sa Cv
=
=
g
T

Cv
2

Sd
Sa

Cv 2
Sa Cv 2 x9,81 0.248Cv 2
Sa 2
=

=
=

g 2 4 2 Sd
g
4 2 * S d
Sd
Sa

AccordingtoEuroCode8

Cv = ag * S * * 2.5* Tc

Figure9.IllustrationofDemandSpectrum

9.3 ConstructionofBilinearRepresentationofCapacitySpectrum

Abilinearrepresentationofthecapacityspectrumisneededtoestimatetheeffectivedamping
and appropriate reduction of spectral demand. Construction of the bilinear representation
requires definition of the point api and dpi. This point is the trial performance point which is
estimatedbytheengineertodevelopareduceddemandresponsespectrum.

Page 12 of 29

Ifthereducedresponsespectrumisfoundtointersectthecapacityspectrumattheestimated
api, dpi point, then that point is the performance point. The first estimate of point api, dpi is
designatedap1,dp1,thesecondpointap2,dp2,andsoon.

figure10.Illustrationofbilinearcalculation

Tocalculate theeffectivedampingatseveralpointaroundpointd.Gradient pascaelastic

frombilinearcurveiscomputedbyequation:
Postyieldslope=

a' ay
d' dy

Atpointapi,dpi,thenthegradientofpascaelasticiscomputedby:
Postyieldslope=

a pi a y
d pi d y

Becauseofgradientisconstant,then:

(a a )(d
'

api=

y
'

pi

d dy

dy )

+ ay

Page 13 of 29


Figure11.Derivationofdampingforspectralreduction

Figure12.DerivationofenergydissipatedbyDamping,ED
ED=4*(api.dpi2A12A22A3)

=4*(apidpiaydy(dpidy)(apiay)2dy(apiay))

=4*(aydpidyapi)

Accordingtothegraphabove,
Eso=apidpi/2
o=

63.7 ( a y d pi d y a pi )
1 4 ( a y d pi d y a pi )
=

4
a pi d pi 2
a pi d pi

Effectiveviscousdampingis:
eff=5+k0= 5 +

63.7 (a y d pi d y a pi )
a pi d pi

Page 14 of 29

Performance point
Capacity spectrum
5% Damped response spectrum

a'
ay

dy

d'
Spectral displacements, inches

Figure13.Performancepoint

Valuefordampingmodificationfactor()
StructuralBehaviorFactor

16.25

1.0

>16.25

TypeA

1.13

0.51( a y d pi d y d pi )

25
>25

TypeB

TypeC

a pi d pi

0.67

0.845

Anyvalue

0.446 ( a y d pi d y d pi )
a pi d pi
0.33

Table4.Valuefordampingmodificationfactor()

9.4 NumericalDerivationofSpectralReductions

Theequationsforthereductionfactorsofacceleration(SRA)andvelocity(SRV)aregivenby:

SRA =
SRV =

3, 21 0, 68ln ( eff
2,12

2,31 0, 41ln ( eff )

1, 65

Page 15 of 29

StructuralBehaviorType

SRA

SRv

TypeA

0.33

0.5

TypeB

0.44

0.56

TypeC

0.56

0.67

Table5.Structuralbehaviorvalue

Figure14.illustrationofPerformancepointdetermination

WhenPeriodof5%dampedspectrumisinaccelerationrange,then

Sa
= 2,5SRA C A
g

Whenperiod(Ts)of5%dampedspectrumstartschangingfromconstantaccelerationrangeto
constantvelocityrange,then

Ts =

SRv * Cv
Sa

Sd =

T
= Sa s
2

2
Sa

Ts = 2

Sd
Sa

SR
*C
.g 1
SR
*C
SR
*C
Sa
v v
v v =
v v =
=

2
g
Ts
Sd

Sd
4
2

Sa

Page 16 of 29

9.5 PushoverMethods

In the general case, determination of the performance point requires a trial and error search.
Therearethreedifferentproceduresthatstandardizeandsimplifythisiterativeprocess.These
alternate procedures are all based on the same concepts and mathematical relationships but
vary in their dependence on analytical versus graphical techniques. These procedures are
followingbelow:
1. ProcedureA
ProcedureAistrulyiterative,butisformulabasedandeasilycanbeprogrammedintoa
spreadsheet. It is more an analytical method than a graphical method. It may be the
bestmethodforbeginnersbecauseitisthemostdirectapplicationofthemethodology,
andconsequentlyistheeasiestproceduretounderstand.
2. ProcedureB
Simplificationisintroducedinthebilinearmodelingofthecapacitycurvethatenablesa
relativelydirectsolutionfortheperformancepointwithlittleiteration.Likeprocedure
A,procedureBismoreananalyticalmethodthanagraphicalmethod.ProcedureBmay
bealesstransparentapplicationofthemethodologythanprocedureA.
3. ProcedureC
Procedure C is a pure graphical method to find the performance point, similar to the
originallyconceivedcapacityspectrummethod,andisconsistentwiththeconceptsand
mathematicalrelationships.Itisthemostconvenientmethodforhandanalysis.Itisnot
particularly convenient for spreadsheet programming. It is the least transparent
applicationofthemethodology.

10 PushOverResults
10.1

StructurewithInfill

10.1.1 XDirection
10.1.1.1 ProcedureA

Page 17 of 29

CapacitySpectrum
Point

0
1
2
3
4
5
6

0.00E+00
3.78E+00
7.64E+03
1.47E+04
2.15E+04
2.82E+04
3.44E+04

V/W

2.21E-05
3.58E-05
3.06E-02
6.19E-02
9.43E-02
1.27E-01
1.58E-01

MPF1

0
0.0003
0.5474
1.057
1.5443
2.0239
2.4685

1
0.312
1.322
1.319
1.317
1.313
1.311

1
0.12
0.753
0.757
0.756
0.755
0.754

Sa

Sd

0
0.002255
0.726943
1.39636
2.042777
2.680603
3.273854

2.21E-05
0.000115
0.023147
0.046929
0.071602
0.096497
0.120366

#DIV/0!
0.0721
0.0571
0.0586
0.0599
0.0607
0.0613

DemandSpectrum
T
[sec]
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00

Sa/g
[m/s 2]
0.432
0.648
0.865
1.081
1.081
1.081
1.081
1.081
1.081
1.081
1.081
1.009
0.925
0.854
0.793
0.740
0.694
0.653
0.616
0.584
0.555

Sd
[m]
0.000
0.000
0.002
0.006
0.011
0.017
0.025
0.034
0.044
0.055
0.068
0.077
0.084
0.091
0.098
0.105
0.112
0.119
0.126
0.134
0.141

1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
1.25
1.30
1.35
1.40
1.45
1.50
1.55
1.60
1.65
1.70
1.75
1.80
1.85
1.90
1.95
2.00
2.05
2.10
2.15
2.20
2.25
2.30
2.35
2.40
2.45
2.50

0.528
0.504
0.482
0.462
0.444
0.427
0.411
0.396
0.383
0.370
0.358
0.347
0.336
0.326
0.317
0.308
0.300
0.292
0.285
0.277
0.264
0.252
0.240
0.229
0.219
0.210
0.201
0.193
0.185
0.178

0.148
0.155
0.162
0.169
0.176
0.183
0.190
0.197
0.204
0.211
0.218
0.225
0.232
0.239
0.246
0.253
0.260
0.267
0.274
0.281
0.295
0.310
0.325
0.340
0.356
0.372
0.388
0.405
0.422
0.439

2.55
2.60
2.65
2.70
2.75
2.80
2.85
2.90
2.95
3.00
3.05
3.10
3.15
3.20
3.25
3.30
3.35
3.40
3.45
3.50
3.55
3.60
3.65
3.70
3.75
3.80
3.85
3.90
3.95
4.00

0.171
0.164
0.158
0.152
0.147
0.142
0.137
0.132
0.128
0.123
0.119
0.115
0.112
0.108
0.105
0.102
0.099
0.096
0.093
0.091
0.088
0.086
0.083
0.081
0.079
0.077
0.075
0.073
0.071
0.069

0.457
0.475
0.493
0.512
0.531
0.551
0.571
0.591
0.612
0.632
0.654
0.675
0.697
0.720
0.742
0.765
0.789
0.812
0.836
0.861
0.886
0.911
0.936
0.962
0.988
1.015
1.042
1.069
1.096
1.124

Page 18 of 29

ay
dy
api
dpi
o

eff
SRA
SRV

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

0.59
0.018517
1.117852
0.037035
1.770721
1
6.770721
0.900673
0.924746

Accordingtographabove,performancepointisatintersectionpointwhichis:

api=1.1178m/s2
dpi=0.037m

Page 19 of 29

10.1.1.2

ProcedureB
ef f
5.4642
6.7683
6.5442
6.2988
6.1075
5.9613

Sa/g
1.1633
1.0809
1.0939
0.9269
0.8044
0.7103

5
10
15
20
5.4642
6.7683
6.5442
6.2988
6.1075

SRA
0.9979
0.7756
0.6455
0.5533
0.9694
0.9008
0.9116
0.9238
0.9337

SRV
1.0001
0.8278
0.7271
0.6556
0.9780
0.9248
0.9332
0.9427
0.9504

Sa
1.1975
0.9307
0.7746
0.6639
1.1633
1.0809
1.0939
1.1086
1.1205

Ts
0.5011
0.5337
0.5632
0.5925
0.5044
0.5133
0.5119
0.5102
0.5089

Sd
0.0762
0.0671
0.0622
0.0590
0.0750
0.0722
0.0726
0.0731
0.0735

5.9613

0.9415

0.9564

1.1298

0.5079

0.0738

b eff

5%
T
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

o
0.464154
1.768279
1.54417
1.298755
1.107466
0.961262

api
0.6323
1.2024
1.7725
2.3426
2.9127
3.4828

dpi
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12

Sd
0
0.5011
0.6011
0.7011
0.8011
0.9011
1.0011
1.1011
1.2011
1.3011
1.4011
1.5011
1.6011
1.7011
1.8011
1.9011
2.0011
2.1011
2.2011
2.3011
2.4011
2.5011
2.6011
2.7011
2.8011

0
0.0762
0.0914
0.1066
0.1218
0.1370
0.1522
0.1674
0.1826
0.1978
0.2130
0.2282
0.2434
0.2586
0.2738
0.2890
0.3042
0.3194
0.3346
0.3498
0.3649
0.3801
0.3953
0.4105
0.4257

10%
15%
20%
Sa/g
T
Sd
Sa/g
T
Sd
Sa/g
T
Sd
Sa/g
1.1975
0
0.9307
0
0.7746
0
0.6639
1.1975
0.5337
0.0671
0.9307
0.5632
0.0622
0.7746
0.5925
0.0590
0.6639
0.9983
0.6337
0.0797
0.7838
0.6632
0.0733
0.6578
0.6925
0.0690
0.5680
0.8559
0.7337
0.0923
0.6770
0.7632
0.0843
0.5716
0.7925
0.0790
0.4964
0.7490
0.8337
0.1049
0.5958
0.8632
0.0954
0.5054
0.8925
0.0889
0.4407
0.6659
0.9337
0.1175
0.5320
0.9632
0.1064
0.4529
0.9925
0.0989
0.3963
0.5994
1.0337
0.1301
0.4805
1.0632
0.1175
0.4103
1.0925
0.1089
0.3601
0.5450
1.1337
0.1426
0.4381
1.1632
0.1285
0.3751
1.1925
0.1188
0.3299
0.4996
1.2337
0.1552
0.4026
1.2632
0.1396
0.3454
1.2925
0.1288
0.3043
0.4612
1.3337
0.1678
0.3724
1.3632
0.1506
0.3200
1.3925
0.1387
0.2825
0.4283
1.4337
0.1804
0.3465
1.4632
0.1617
0.2982
1.4925
0.1487
0.2636
0.3997
1.5337
0.1930
0.3239
1.5632
0.1727
0.2791
1.5925
0.1587
0.2470
0.3748
1.6337
0.2055
0.3040
1.6632
0.1838
0.2623
1.6925
0.1686
0.2324
0.3527
1.7337
0.2181
0.2865
1.7632
0.1948
0.2474
1.7925
0.1786
0.2194
0.3332
1.8337
0.2307
0.2709
1.8632
0.2059
0.2341
1.8925
0.1886
0.2079
0.3156
1.9337
0.2433
0.2569
1.9632
0.2169
0.2222
1.9925
0.1985
0.1974
0.2999
2.0337
0.2559
0.2442
2.0632
0.2280
0.2114
2.0925
0.2085
0.1880
0.2856
2.1337
0.2685
0.2328
2.1632
0.2390
0.2017
2.1925
0.2185
0.1794
0.2726
2.2337
0.2810
0.2224
2.2632
0.2501
0.1928
2.2925
0.2284
0.1716
0.2608
2.3337
0.2936
0.2128
2.3632
0.2611
0.1846
2.3925
0.2384
0.1644
0.2499
2.4337
0.3062
0.2041
2.4632
0.2722
0.1771
2.4925
0.2484
0.1578
0.2399
2.5337
0.3188
0.1960
2.5632
0.2832
0.1702
2.5925
0.2583
0.1517
0.2307
2.6337
0.3314
0.1886
2.6632
0.2943
0.1638
2.6925
0.2683
0.1461
0.2222
2.7337
0.3439
0.1817
2.7632
0.3053
0.1579
2.7925
0.2782
0.1409
0.2142
2.8337
0.3565
0.1753
2.8632
0.3164
0.1524
2.8925
0.2882
0.1360

Page 20 of 29

T
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

0
0.5044
0.6044
0.7044
0.8044
0.9044
1.0044
1.1044
1.2044
1.3044
1.4044
1.5044
1.6044
1.7044
1.8044
1.9044
2.0044
2.1044
2.2044
2.3044
2.4044
2.5044
2.6044
2.7044
2.8044

5.46
Sd
0
0.0750
0.0898
0.1047
0.1196
0.1344
0.1493
0.1642
0.1790
0.1939
0.2088
0.2236
0.2385
0.2533
0.2682
0.2831
0.2979
0.3128
0.3277
0.3425
0.3574
0.3723
0.3871
0.4020
0.4169

Sa/g
1.1633
1.1633
0.9709
0.8330
0.7295
0.6488
0.5842
0.5313
0.4872
0.4499
0.4178
0.3901
0.3657
0.3443
0.3252
0.3081
0.2928
0.2788
0.2662
0.2546
0.2441
0.2343
0.2253
0.2170
0.2092

T
0
0.5133
0.6133
0.7133
0.8133
0.9133
1.0133
1.1133
1.2133
1.3133
1.4133
1.5133
1.6133
1.7133
1.8133
1.9133
2.0133
2.1133
2.2133
2.3133
2.4133
2.5133
2.6133
2.7133
2.8133

6.77
Sd
0
0.0722
0.0862
0.1003
0.1143
0.1284
0.1424
0.1565
0.1705
0.1846
0.1987
0.2127
0.2268
0.2408
0.2549
0.2689
0.2830
0.2970
0.3111
0.3252
0.3392
0.3533
0.3673
0.3814
0.3954

Sa/g
1.0809
1.0809
0.9047
0.7779
0.6822
0.6075
0.5476
0.4984
0.4573
0.4225
0.3926
0.3667
0.3439
0.3239
0.3060
0.2900
0.2756
0.2626
0.2507
0.2399
0.2299
0.2208
0.2123
0.2045
0.1972

T
0
0.5119
0.6119
0.7119
0.8119
0.9119
1.0119
1.1119
1.2119
1.3119
1.4119
1.5119
1.6119
1.7119
1.8119
1.9119
2.0119
2.1119
2.2119
2.3119
2.4119
2.5119
2.6119
2.7119
2.8119

6.54
Sd
0
0.0726
0.0868
0.1010
0.1151
0.1293
0.1435
0.1577
0.1719
0.1861
0.2002
0.2144
0.2286
0.2428
0.2570
0.2712
0.2853
0.2995
0.3137
0.3279
0.3421
0.3563
0.3704
0.3846
0.3988

T
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

0
0.5102
0.6102
0.7102
0.8102
0.9102
1.0102
1.1102
1.2102
1.3102
1.4102
1.5102
1.6102
1.7102
1.8102
1.9102
2.0102
2.1102
2.2102
2.3102
2.4102
2.5102
2.6102
2.7102
2.8102

6.30
Sd
0
0.0731
0.0874
0.1018
0.1161
0.1304
0.1447
0.1591
0.1734
0.1877
0.2020
0.2164
0.2307
0.2450
0.2594
0.2737
0.2880
0.3023
0.3167
0.3310
0.3453
0.3596
0.3740
0.3883
0.4026

Sa/g
1.1086
1.1086
0.9269
0.7964
0.6981
0.6214
0.5599
0.5095
0.4674
0.4317
0.4011
0.3745
0.3513
0.3307
0.3125
0.2961
0.2814
0.2680
0.2559
0.2448
0.2347
0.2253
0.2167
0.2087
0.2013

T
0
0.5089
0.6089
0.7089
0.8089
0.9089
1.0089
1.1089
1.2089
1.3089
1.4089
1.5089
1.6089
1.7089
1.8089
1.9089
2.0089
2.1089
2.2089
2.3089
2.4089
2.5089
2.6089
2.7089
2.8089

6.11
Sd
0
0.0735
0.0879
0.1024
0.1168
0.1313
0.1457
0.1602
0.1746
0.1891
0.2035
0.2179
0.2324
0.2468
0.2613
0.2757
0.2902
0.3046
0.3190
0.3335
0.3479
0.3624
0.3768
0.3913
0.4057

Sa/g
1.1205
1.1205
0.9365
0.8044
0.7049
0.6274
0.5652
0.5142
0.4717
0.4356
0.4047
0.3779
0.3544
0.3337
0.3152
0.2987
0.2838
0.2704
0.2581
0.2470
0.2367
0.2273
0.2186
0.2105
0.2030

T
0
0.5079
0.6079
0.7079
0.8079
0.9079
1.0079
1.1079
1.2079
1.3079
1.4079
1.5079
1.6079
1.7079
1.8079
1.9079
2.0079
2.1079
2.2079
2.3079
2.4079
2.5079
2.6079
2.7079
2.8079

5.96
Sd
0
0.0738
0.0884
0.1029
0.1174
0.1320
0.1465
0.1610
0.1756
0.1901
0.2046
0.2192
0.2337
0.2482
0.2628
0.2773
0.2919
0.3064
0.3209
0.3355
0.3500
0.3645
0.3791
0.3936
0.4081

Sa/g
1.0939
1.0939
0.9151
0.7866
0.6897
0.6140
0.5534
0.5036
0.4620
0.4268
0.3966
0.3704
0.3474
0.3271
0.3090
0.2929
0.2783
0.2651
0.2531
0.2422
0.2322
0.2229
0.2144
0.2065
0.1991

Sa/g
1.1298
1.1298
0.9440
0.8106
0.7103
0.6320
0.5693
0.5179
0.4751
0.4387
0.4076
0.3806
0.3569
0.3360
0.3174
0.3008
0.2858
0.2722
0.2599
0.2486
0.2383
0.2288
0.2200
0.2119
0.2044

Page 21 of 29

Accordingtographabove,performancepointisatintersectionpointwhichis:

api=1.096m/s2
dpi=0.036m

Page 22 of 29

10.1.2 YDirection
10.1.2.1
ProcedureA

ay
dy
api
dpi

ef f

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

0.6
0.026996
1.19318
0.053992
0.182048
1
5.182048

SRA

0.986445

SRV

0.991193

Page 23 of 29


10.1.2.2

ProcedureB

Accordingtographabove,performancepointisatintersectionpointwhichis:

api=1.161m/s2
dpi=0.052m

Page 24 of 29

10.2
StructurewithoutInfill
10.2.1 XDirection
10.2.1.1
ProcedureA

ay
dy
api
dpi

ef f

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

0.57
0.022248
1.087105
0.044496
1.549721
1
6.549721

SRA

0.911317

SRV

0.932992

Page 25 of 29


10.2.1.2 ProcedureB

Accordingtographabove,performancepointisatintersectionpointwhichis:

api=1.066m/s2
dpi=0.044m

Page 26 of 29

10.2.2 YDirection

10.2.2.1
ProcedureA

ay
dy
api
dpi

ef f

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

0.58
0.029311
1.112116
0.058622
1.371347
1
6.371347

SRA

0.920174

SRV

0.939853

Page 27 of 29

10.2.2.2ProcedureB

Accordingtographabove,performancepointisatintersectionpointwhichis:

api=0.932m/s2
dpi=0.047m

Page 28 of 29

11. Conclusions

1. Accordingtotheallpushoverresultsabove,wecouldconcludeandcompareallthe
performancepointsforeachconditionasfollowingbelow:

PerformancePointForAllPossibilities
Etabs

ProcedureB

ExpectedError
EtabsandProcA
api
dpi

EtabsandProcB
api
dpi

1.1180 0.0370 1.1179 0.0370 1.0960 0.0360

0.01%

0.00%

2.20%

0.10%

1.1930 0.0550 1.1930 0.0539 1.1610 0.0520

0.00%

0.11%

3.20%

0.30%

1.1200 0.0460 1.0870 0.0440 1.0660 0.0440

3.30%

0.20%

5.40%

0.20%

1.06%

0.70%

0.10%

api
2

[m/s ]
XDirection
withinfill
YDirection
withinfill
XDirection
withoutinfill
YDirection
withoutinfill

ProcedureA

dpi
[m]

api
2

[m/s ]

dpi
[m]

api
2

[m/s ]

dpi
[m]

0.9390 0.0480 1.1120 0.0586 0.9320 0.0470 17.30%

2.

3.

4.

5.

ItcanbeclearlyseenthattheerrormarginbetweenEtabsandmanualcalculationare
nearlysimilarwhichisinterpretedbyerrorestimationvalue.
Accordingtotheregulation,thetolerancecriterionismoreless5%thantheexact
result.

BeforeworkingthepushoverbyETABS,weshouldcalibratetheresponsespectrawhich
aregeneratedbyMATLABandETABS.Theresponsespectragraphsshouldbenearly
similarbetweeneachothers.Itcanbedonebymodifyingthematerialpropertiesor
stiffnessofthestructuresintheETABS.

ProcedureBisrelativelymoreaccuratethantheprocedureAeventhoughitwillspeeda
lotoftimethantheprocedureA.

ProcedureCisrecommendedtobecalculatedasanadditionalcomparisonofthe
performancepointresults.

Accordingtotheperiodtableabove,thestructurewithinfillismuchrigidthanthe
structurewithoutinfill.

Page 29 of 29