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GCSE History Revision Activity Pack

Are you revising for the right exam? Paper One is Medicine and the American West Paper Two is a source-based paper on a Medicine Topic on:Fighting Disease in the Nineteenth (1800s) and Twentieth (1900s) Centuries

Paper One: Medicine and American West Activities


Pick the questions you can do. Read the questions carefully and keep to the question.

Medicine Questions
Question One on Medicine is compulsory you have to do it! Question One is usually based upon three or four sources but it is not about source evaluation thats in Paper Two! It is important that when you use the sources that you think of ideas from the sources and back them up with examples. Do not just copy out the sources. The questions are always based upon change through time and are based upon a particular theme. The changes could show how medicine has progressed (got better), stood still or regressed (got worse) for example:a) What can you learn from this source about Greek (supernatural) Medicine? b) How do these sources (about religion) show that Medicine had made no progress between 400BC and 1060AD? c) Are you surprised that people believed in these (natural and supernatural) ways during the plague of the fourteenth century? (2005) a) Why was this treatment (blood-letting) used in the Middle Ages?(2004) b) How far would the Romans have understood the message in this cartoon (pictures of tiny creatures in a drop of water)? c) Why was this cartoon (about dirt and disease in the Thames) published at this time? a) Does this source prove Jenner did not advance Medicine very much?(2003) b) Why was this source (about cowpox vaccination) published in the early nineteenth century? c) How far was Pasteurs work on vaccination more important than Jenners? a) Are you surprised that a picture of Galen and Hippocrates was painted in the Middle Ages? b) Why was Vesalius able to make advances in Medicine? c) How far does Source C prove that Harvey is more important than Vesalius in the history of medicines?(2002) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. For each year, identify the medical theme the question is based upon How would you answer a question that says What can you learn..? How would you answer a question that begins with Why.? How would you answer a question that says How far .? How would you answer a question that says Are you surprised.? Have a go at the questions using the sources and your knowledge. 1

GCSE History Revision Activity Pack


You are spoilt for choice Question Two or Three or Four (not all of them!) You then pick one question out of questions Two, Three and Four. You must do all three parts of the question you have picked. Make sure you can do all three parts and not just the first part! All the questions are based on Medical developments through time. This means you can expect the question to cover a theme based upon two or three historical periods e.g. Greek ideas about the cause of disease, ideas about cause of disease in the Middle Ages and the new ideas of the Renaissance. Part a) Usually asks you to describe or write about Medicine from a particular time or about a particular individual or discovery eg. Describe the Roman Public Health system. This question is always worth five marks and you either get one mark for each point you make or 2-3 marks for each point you explain or develop. Think of it as a mark for each relevant sentence you write. Part b) Usually asks why something happened at a particular time eg. Why was it possible to make advance in Public Health in nineteenth century Britain? This question is usually worth 7 marks always use knowledge to explain two reasons why the development happened. Part c) usually gets you to compare two historical periods or individuals. Sometimes one of the periods or individuals is the one you have written about in part a), Do not be afraid to write about this again but you must make sure you write about the other period or individual in the question. This question is usually worth 8 marks. Make sure you write about both periods or individuals. Keep to the question and try to reach a conclusion about who was the most important. Now try and make up your own three-part question on Medicine. What theme will you pick? RELIGION PUBLIC HEALTH FIGHTING DISEASE ANATOMY WOMEN WAR CAUSES OF DISEASE SURGERY CHANCE

What two or three periods or individuals will you pick for you three-part question PRE-HISTORIC ROMAN RENAISSANCE 20th CENTURY (1900s) EGYPTIAN DARK AGES 18th CENTURY (1700s) Galen, Hippocrates, Vesalius, Pare, Harvey GREEK MIDDLE AGES 19th CENTURY (1800s) Jenner, Pasteur, Simpson, Lister

What key phrases will you use for parts a) b) and c)? What extra advice will you give to make sure the questions are answered properly?

GCSE History Revision Activity Pack


American West questions The study of the American West is a depth study and the questions usually involve two groups of people who lived in the American West between 1840 and 1895. Question one Question one is compulsory you have to do it. Question One is usually based upon three or four sources but it is not about source evaluation thats in Paper Two! It is important that when you use the sources that you think of ideas from the sources and back them up with examples. Do not just copy out the sources. Remember that all the sources in the question are useful in some way. The source may be telling lies or exaggerating things but you can use the source to work out the attitudes of the people who wrote it. Does the source show the attitude of most Americans that the Indians were lazy and that they did not deserve the Plains? Does the source reflect the belief of most Americans in Manifest Destiny (their god-given right to farm the plains, convert the Indians into Christian Americans and unite the whole of North America.? a) Is this a useful source of evidence (about lazy Indians) about the American West? b) Does this source (about exposure) prove that the Indians were cruel? c) Do these sources show that the Indians and white Americans shared the same attitude towards the buffalo(2005) a) Why did towns like these suffer from problems of law and order? b) How useful is this source (Billy the Kid poster) as evidence about law and order in the American West? c) Does this source (about hangings) prove that vigilantes improved law and order in the American West?(2004) a) How far does this advert (about cheap land) explain why settles travelled west? b) Why do you think this family was headed east? c) How useful is this advert (about windmills) as evidence of why some homesteaders were successful?(2003) a) Why do you think this cartoon (about Mormon wives) was published in the early 1840s? b) How far does this source (about winter quarters) tell you why the Mormons were able to complete their journey across the Plains and into the Rockies? c) Were most Mormons disappointed when they reached Salt Lake?(2002) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. For each year, identify the topic the question is based upon How would you answer a question that says Is this a useful source..? How would you answer a question that begins with Does this prove.? How would you answer a question that says How far .? How would you answer a question that says Why.? Have a go at the questions using the sources and your knowledge.

GCSE History Revision Activity Pack


You are still spoilt for choice Question Two or Question Three You then pick one question out of questions Two and Three. You must do all three parts of the question you have picked. Make sure you can do all three parts and not just the first part! The questions are either on one topic or a comparison of two topics on the American West eg. a) Why did homesteaders face problems on the Plains?; b) How did most homesteaders overcome the problems they faced? c) How successful were cattle ranchers in coping with the problems they faced on the Plains? Part a) Usually asks you to describe some features of a topic eg. Describe the events leading up to the Battle of the Little Bighorn. Why did many white Americans think the Great Plains was a desert? Briefly describe the dangers faced by cowboys. This question is always worth five marks and you either get one mark for each point you make or 2-3 marks for each point you explain or develop. Think of it as a mark for each relevant sentence you write do not write much more than five sentences. Part b) usually asks you to explain why something happened eg. Why was the Homestead Act passes? Explain why cattle ranching spread to the Plains. Why was there violence between homesteaders and cattlemen? This question is usually worth 7 marks always use your knowledge to explain two reasons why this happened. If two groups are mentioned explain a reason for each group. If it is homesteaders moving west explain push and pull factors. Part c) usually asks How far or How successful or To what extent eg. How successful were the homesteaders in overcoming their problems? How important was the invention of barbed wire in ending the Open Range? How far were homesteaders the main reason why Indians were moved onto reservations? How far were Indian tactics and weapons responsible for Custers defeat at the Battle of the Little Bighorn? In this type of question you must explain both sides of an argument using examples eg. ways in which homesteaders were successful and unsuccessful; Indians moved onto reservations due to homesteaders, destruction of the buffalo, American Army; Custers defeat due to Crazy Horses tactics; Custers mistakes; Army mistakes. Now try and make up your own three-part questions using some of the following:INDIAN LIFE ATTITUDES TO LAND BRIGHAM YOUNG TEXAS CATTLE OPEN RANGE RAILWAY ADVERTS FARMING SOLUTIONS CAUSES OF CONFLICT CRAZY HORSE INEVITABLE DEFEAT THE BUFFALO JOSEPH SMITH SALT LAKE CITY GOODNIGHT BEEF BONANZA HOMESTEADERS WOMEN INDIAN DEFEAT LITTLE BIGHORN LAW AND ORDER THE PLAINS MORMON BELIEFS CATTLE RANCHING ABILENE END OF OPEN RANGE FARMING PROBLEMS INDIAN CONFLICT CUSTER RESERVATIONS VIGILANTES

GCSE History Revision Activity Pack


Medicine in Ancient Civilisations Key features of Pre-historic, Egyptian, Greek and Roman Medicine Ben has learnt some important pieces of information about medicine in Ancient Civilisations but has got them all muddled up. Your will need to complete your own table and put the information under the correct headings for each Civilisation. The headings are:Prehistoric Natural Medical ideas Egyptian Natural Medical ideas Greek Natural Medical ideas Roman Natural Medical ideas Middle Ages Natural Medical ideas Bens pieces of information are:ASCLEPIOS & PLAGUE Built temples to Asclepios in their country when faced with Plague FOUR HUMOURS Blood, phlegm, biles HIPPOCRATIC OATH To care for patients Still used today PUBLIC HEALTH Aqueducts, baths, sewers, clean water, toilets ASCLEPIONS Healthy temples GODDESS BES Child birth MUMMIES Needed to preserve bodies for after-life SHAVED PRIESTS Washed and used clean, bronze cups GALENS PIG BRAIN Brain controlled body expt MUMMIES ANATOMY Learnt about anatomy and blocked channels from making mummies TREPHINNING Drilling holes in the skull to release evil spirits OBSERVATION and diagnosis HIPPOCRATES 4 balanced humours NILE THEORY Illness caused by blocked channels like irrigation POINTING STICK To release good spirits from someones body GALENS OPPOSITES To rebalance humours CHRISTIANITY Banned dissection and supported Galen ASCLEPIOS Temples and snakes licking eyelids LEAVES Used as bandages MUD PLASTER CASTS Used to set broken bones GALENS SOUL Backed by Christian Church for 1200 years Prehistoric Supernatural Medical ideas Egyptian Supernatural Medical ideas Greek Supernatural Medical ideas Roman Supernatural Medical ideas Middle Ages Supernatural ideas

Now try to learn your information to answer the following:1. What advances did the Ancient Egyptians make in medicine? 5 marks 2. Did the Ancient Greeks only use natural approaches to medicine? 7 marks 3. The Romans only copied Greek ideas. How far do you agree with this statement? 8 marks (2002) 5

GCSE History Revision Activity Pack


Dark Ages, Middle Ages and the Renaissance Join lines connecting the Historical period with its dates and people DARK AGES MIDDLE AGES RENAISSANCE Normans Vesalius, Harvey, Pare Saxons, Vikings 1400-1750 800-1066 1066-1400

How much did Medicine change during the Middle Ages? Eliot has been making some notes but someone has shuffled them all up! You need to put Eliots information under the following headings:Greek Natural ideas that continued Roman Natural ideas that continued Got worse in Dark Ages/Middle Ages New Supernatural ideas - Middle Ages Here is Eliots information:WAR Tribes and countries fought each other FOUR HUMOURS LIFE EXPECTANCY Most dead before 45 CHRISTIAN CHURCH Supported Galen for 1200 years BLOOD-LETTING To rebalance humours LIFE EXPECTANCY Bishops lived longer than Kings PUBLIC HEALTH ENDS Not enough taxes, slaves or engineers HOUSING One dirty, draughty room with cesspit outside GOD Disease was a punishment for sins CHRISTIAN CHURCH Banned dissection USE OF OPPOSITES KINGS EVIL King close to God so could cure by touch GOD Use of miracles and prayers to cure MUSLIMS Religious duty to care for sick large hospitals MIASMA (BAD AIR) Caused Plague GALEN Admired and ideas supported by Christian Church soul found URINE CHARTS To identify disease MUSLIMS Preserved Greek & Roman books in libraries 6 HIPPOCRATES Still admired Father of Medicine BLACK DEATH ASTROLOGY To predict heath CHRISTIAN CHURCH Set up Universities where doctors could be trained ASCLEPIOS/ASCLEPIONS No longer used but similar to Monasteries MONASTERIES Had hospitals, toilets, sewers nuns (nurses), herbs CHRISTIAN CHURCH Controlled education and libraries. Sometimes banned books LIFE EXPECTANCY Most dead before 40 FLAGELLANTS Whipped themselves for forgiveness Supernatural ideas continued Roman natural ideas that ended Improvements in the Middle Ages New Natural ideas Middle Ages

GCSE History Revision Activity Pack


The impact of the Renaissance Why did Medical developments happen during the Renaissance? Laura wants to use chains to link different causes and medical developments together but her pencil has broken. Copy her information out and draw chains linking it. You may want to do different versions of this for different developments as some of the causes are linked to more than one development. CAUSES CHALLENGES Many old ideas were challenged. Protestants challenged the Pope and the Catholic Church CHURCH AND DISSECTION The Catholic Church allowed the dissection of bodies of some criminals ARTISTS Some artists dissected dead bodies and drew very natural paintings eg. Titian, and Leonardo Da Vinci PRINTING PRESS Was invented and meant more books were produced instead of being copied by hand. Realistic diagrams. MACHINERY Better microscopes and more complex water pumps. RENAISSANCE=REVIVAL There was a revival of interest in Greek and Roman ideas combined with a desire to improve on these. WAR Many wars in Italy and France put pressure on surgeons to discover ideas CHANCE OR LUCK Some discoveries involved a bit of luck Now try and learn Lauras causal chains and answer the following:1. Briefly describe the work of Ambroise Pare. 5 marks (1997) 2. How far were Vesaliuss ideas an advance on what was believed at that time? 7 marks 3. Who made the most important contribution Vesalius or Harvey? 8 marks 4. Briefly describe the medical advances of the Greeks. 5 marks (2005) 5. Why were medical advances made during the Renaissance? 7 marks 6. Were the medical advances made by the Greeks more important than those made during the Renaissance? 8 marks 7 DEVELOPMENT VESALIUS GALEN WRONG! Jawbone is one piece not two Blood cannot move through holes in the hearts septum the holes do not exist VESALIUS AND ANATOMY Carried out dissections and published book called Fabric of the Human Body with detailed anatomical drawings PARE AND SURGERY Healed battle wounds more quickly and successfully by using ointment of egg yolk, turps, oil of roses not boiling oil PARE AND LIGATURES Pare used Ligatures instead of red-hot irons to stop bleeding. He did not know about the infections this caused PARES BOOK Called Works on Surgery was translated into many languages HARVEY & BLOOD CIRCULATION Harvey showed blood flowed round the body via arteries and veins. The heart acted like a pump HARVEYS LIMITATIONS He could not find tiniest blood vessels so some Doctors did not believe him. His work was more important when surgery and blood groups developed

GCSE History Revision Activity Pack


What problems faced surgeons in the early nineteenth century (1800-1840)? Add the correct explanation to each of the problems identified:Problem Explanation PAIN Surgeons operated in their dirtiest clothes. They used the same needle on several patients. Many surgeons did not wash their hands after operations. Infection caused many deaths. INFECTION Patients could die through loss of blood because surgeons had no way of replacing it. Lots of blood transfusions failed because they did not know about blood groups or how to store blood. BLOOD LOSS Surgeons could not control pain. Patients were held down, Surgeons had to operate very quickly and could make mistakes. Hypnotism and alcohol did not really stop the pain. How successfully did surgery improve in the late 19th century (1840-1899)? Place the information Dani has discovered under the correct headings below:Solving PAIN Opposition 2 anaesthetics Overcoming opposition Solving INFECTION Solving BLOOD LOSS Belief that God wanted people to suffer pain Koch proved germs on surgeons hair & hands cause disease Ether at Music Hall drunk but no pain Rubber gloves, gowns and hates were used 1847: Sniffing substances at home Simpson woke up to discover chloroform Surgeons sometimes gave the wrong dose. After this operations were longer, more complicated. Deaths went up It was difficult to work in carbolic spray. Sore hands Opposition to antiseptics Opposing Transfusions Pasteur showed germs caused disease Hannah Greener died when given chloroform to remove her toenail. Blood storage starts after World Wr One (1914-18) Aseptic surgery germ free rooms Lister designed and used a Carbolic Spray. Deaths from operations fell. Lister heard about Pasteurs work. Ether irritated the lungs causing patients to cough. It was also inflammable 1900: Blood groups were identified Overcoming opposition Overcoming opposition Carbolic was used to clean the sewers in Carlisle Transfusions had been used in the 1600s but did not always work 1900 Blood Groups discovered Too fussy and too much cleaning. 1857: Queen Victoria used chloroform when she had her 8th child Chloroform was new and untested 1846: Drs Warren and Morton used ether to remove a tumour in USA Lister knew that sewers smelt like operating theatres

1. Explain what problems faced surgeons in the early 19th century. 5 marks 2. Was Listers work more important than Simpsons? 7 marks 3. After the work of Lister and Simpson there was little left to do How far do you agree with this statement? 8 marks (2002) 4. Why was there opposition to surgery advances in 19th century? 7 mks (2005) 5. How far were problems in surgery overcome by the end of the 19th century? 8 marks (1998)

GCSE History Revision Activity Pack


How important was Edward Jenner in the development of vaccinations? Tick the answer or answers you think are correct. Cross out the incorrect answers Why was smallpox a dangerous and feared disease? a) Smallpox made people sick and gave them lots of spots. b) Smallpox killed lots of people and left survivors with horrible scars. Edward Jenner developed a vaccine for smallpox in 1796. What methods were used to prevent smallpox before Edward Jenners discovery? a) The Chinese had inoculated people against smallpox for centuries. b) Some doctors used bloodletting to re-balance the four humours. c) Old ladies ran smallpox parties in Turkey. d) Doctors charged people 1 to inoculate them with the disease smallpox Edward Jenner discovered a vaccine for smallpox when he: (Put the following points in the correct order). a) Several months later Jenner gave the boy a second dose of smallpox. The boy did not catch the disease. b) Jenner was lucky because Sarah Nelmes, a dairymaid who lived nearby, just happened to catch cowpox. c) On the ninth day James Phipps became a little chilly, lost his appetite and had a headache. d) Edward Jenner took cowpox from the sore on Sarah Nelmess hand. e) James Phipps was inoculated with smallpox matter but no disease followed. f) Edward Jenner inserted cowpox matter into two cuts in the boys arm. g) On the seventh day James Phipps complained of uneasiness. h) Jenner did the same experiment, successfully, on 23 other people. Pick out what you think are the three most important reasons why many people were against Jenners new cowpox vaccination: a) Jenner was not a scientist or a famous doctor. He was just a doctor who lived in the country. No-one thought he was worth listening to. b) Jenner was just lucky. He made the discovery by chance when he bumped into a dairymaid. c) People were worried that they might turn into cows. d) Doctors were going to lose a lot of money. They did not want to lose their income from smallpox inoculations. e) Vaccinations were seen as dangerous. Some patients died when careless doctors mixed up the vaccines and gave patients smallpox instead of cowpox. Why was Edward Jenners cowpox vaccination eventually accepted? a) Edward Jenner called the technique vaccination because vacca is the Latin word for cow. b) Parliament thought Jenners work was very important. He was given a grant of 30,000 to open a vaccination clinic in London. c) In 1805 Napoleon had all his soldiers vaccinated against smallpox. d) In 1860, when Pasteur had discovered that germs caused disease, it was possible to explain why Jenners cowpox vaccine worked.

GCSE History Revision Activity Pack


Which of the following were vaccines discovered by Louis Pasteur? 1879: Chicken Cholera 1881: Anthrax 1882 Rabies 1885: Measles

Which of these were reasons why Pasteur was able to discover new vaccines? a) Pasteur used Vesaliuss book The Fabric of the Human Body b) Robert Koch had built on Pasteurs germ theory and proved that germs cause particular diseases. c) Pasteur wanted to stop wine and beer going bad as he was a big drinker. d) In 1860 Pasteur had discovered that germs caused disease. e) Pasteur was lucky! By chance Chamberland made a mistake and used a weak form of chicken cholera. f) People believed in Miasma and Spontaneous Generation. g) Pasteur had help from the Government because farming was an important industry. What problems still remained in the 20th Century? a) Poor people could not afford to pay to visit, or get treatment from, a doctor. b) People were dying from Cholera because there was no Public Health System. c) People in Third World countries like Africa could not afford new medicines. d) Vaccines prevented disease new drugs (like penicillin) to kill germs inside the body still needed to be discovered. e) Nurses were thought of as drunken, thieving prostitutes. Now try to learn your information to answer the following:1. Explain how Edward Jenner was able to discover vaccination 5 marks 2. Did people oppose Jenners ideas only because he was a country doctor? 7 marks 3. Louis Pasteur was more important than Jenner in getting vaccination accepted. How far do you agree with this statement? 8 marks (2002) 4. Explain how Jenner discovered a vaccine for smallpox. 5 marks 5. Explain how jealousy, suspicion and hostility held back Jenners discovery. 7 marks 6. Explain how and why Jenners new ideas and methods were eventually accepted. 8 marks (1997)

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GCSE History Revision Activity Pack


Magic Words for Fighting Disease Below are examples of the different ideas about the cause and treatment of disease. Try and learn these by imagining them as scenes in different rooms in your house. Theme 1800s (19th Century) Pasteur 1860s & 1870s Key Words Bad Air Miasma Spontaneous generation Germs are invisible Float in the air Cause rottenness / disease Killed by boiling John Snow & Broad Street pump Industry: Pasteur & wine Industry: powerful microscopes & swan-necked flasks Specific germs cause specific diseases Science of Bacteriology Rivalry with French Pasteur Employed by German government Team of scientists Vaccines for rabies & anthrax Listers carbolic spray 1875 Public Health Act Left dish in sink, went on holiday Half filled sink with antiseptic Happened to show a friend & noticed penicillin killing germs. No tests in blood stream Not a dynamic individual Scientific research Tests on mice Dead policeman Need for mass production Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor USA government at war spent millions on developing penicillin. Enough produced for D-Day

Reasons for Pasteurs discovery Koch 1870s Reasons for Kochs discovery Importance of Pasteur 1928: Fleming (Chance) & Penicillin Fleming never followed it up 1937: Florey & Chain

1942: World War Two & Penicillin

1. Explain the Germ Theory 5 marks 2. Why was the Germ Theory accepted? 7 marks 3. Which is more important the theory of the Four Humours or the Germ Theory? 8 marks (2001) 4. Briefly describe how Fleming discovered penicillin. 5 marks 5. Explain how factors other than Flemings work contributed to the discovery of penicillin. 7 marks 6. Who is more important, Pasteur or Fleming? 8 marks (2004) 7. How have governments helped progress in medicine? 5 marks 8. Explain how war has helped and hindered medicine. 7 marks (2001) 11

GCSE History Revision Activity Pack


Magic Words for Public Health Learn this information about Public Health. Try drawing pictures or a mind map. Theme Roman Why the Romans? War ended Roman Health Monasteries in Middle Ages Natural ideas about Black Death 1400s Natural ideas about Great Plague 1665 Supernatural ideas about Black Death & Great Plague Towns in 1800s 19th Century Limited progress 1875 Public Health Act Health Act passed because Key Words Public Baths, Aqueducts Toilets, Great Sewer Healthy army needed Money from taxes Slaves do the work Invasion by Goths & Vandals Toilets & clean water Hospitals for the poor Bad air Miasma Bad air (Miasma) Isolated in houses Punishment from God Whip yourselves to show sorrow Cholera epidemics Broad Street Pump Shared toilets Sewage in water Temporary Boards of Health Quarantine and clean poor houses Towns must have clean water Basiljets Sewers Health Inspectors John Snow & Broad Street Pump Deaths from Cholera Pasteur, dirt & germs 1860s Working men get vote 1867 Parliaments Big Stink Thames polluted Princess Alice sank 1878 600 poisoned by Thames

Problems remain

Now try to remember as much as you can to answer the following:1. Briefly describe the advances the Romans made in Public Health. 5 marks 2. Why were advances in Public Health made in 19th Century Britain. 7 marks 3. Were the advances in Roman Public Health more important than those made in 19th Century Britain? 8 marks (2005) 4. Why was the Black Death able to spread so quickly? 5 marks 5. How far did people in the 17th Century deal with plague more successfully than people in the 14th Century? 8 marks (2003) 6. Briefly describe Public Health at the start of the 19th Century. 5 marks 7. Why were there improvements in Public Health after 1848? 7 marks 8. Did these improvements mean there was little more to do to improve Public Health in the 20th Century? 8 marks (1999) 12

GCSE History Revision Activity Pack


Women and Medicine : Nursing Why did nurses have a bad reputation in the early 1800s? a) They did not dress very well and looked untidy. b) A lot of them were drunks and thieves. c) Only workhouses had hospitals. Workhouse nurses were usually very poor, old women who had no training. d) Most nurses were rich women who just wanted to find a good husband. Why did Florence Nightingale want to become a nurse? a) Her family wanted her to marry a rich husband and run a house with lots of servants. b) She thought she would be paid well. c) She believed it was her religious duty to care for the sick. d) She wanted to rebel against her parents and do something useful with her life. In what ways was Florence Nightingale helped by her family and friends? a) Florences father gave her 500 a year so she could train in Germany. b) When she was young she visited hospitals and saw how bad conditions were. c) When she was young she visited sick people and helped them to get better. d) A friend of the family was Minister of War. He let her take a team of nurses to the Crimean War even though the army did not want her to go. Label the following events in the correct order a) Conditions at Scutari hospital were really bad. Soldiers lay on the dirty floor. The hospital was overcrowded and badly ventilated. b) Florences first job was running a hospital for sick gentlewomen. The patients in the hospital were rich. Florence wanted to help the poor. c) Whenever a new hospital was built its designers asked advice from Florence. She showed them how to layout a hospital so nurses could do their job better. She even improved workhouse hospitals. d) In six months the death rate fell from 42 % to 2%. e) A friend of the family, Sydney Herbert, was Minister of War. He told the army that Florence could take a team of nurses. f) In 1860 Britains first training school for nurses was set up. The new nurses were dedicated professionals who spread Florences ideas to other hospitals in Britain and the rest of the world. g) In 1854 Florence wanted to take nurses to the Crimea to the Crimea where Britain was fighting a war against Russia. The army did not want Florence to go. Generals believed nurses were drunken, thieving prostitutes. h) Florence and her nurses cleaned up Scutari hospital by boiling sheets and towels, cooking good food, moving operations out of the ward and paying for a new ward block to be built. i) The newspapers called Florence The Lady with the Lamp. A collection raised 50,000. Florence used this to start a training school for nurses. 1. How did Florence Nightingale improve the nursing profession? 2. Florence Nightingale was only able to improve nursing because of the help she got from family and friends. How far do you agree? 3. Florences work at Scutari army hospital was the most important thing she ever did. How far do you agree?

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GCSE History Revision Activity Pack


Magic Words for Religion, Government, War, Chance and Women Theme Religion hindered Religion helped Government hindered Government helped War hindered War helped Chance helped Women Docs helped by Key Words Christian, Muslim no dissection Christian Church backed Galens wrong ideas (soul) Egyptian Priests Mummies Anatomy Healthy Asclepions gyms, baths Belief in self help in 1800s so no Public Health GB spent money on WW2 not Penicillin Roman Empire spent taxes on Public Health 1875 Public Health Act 1946 National Health Service Roman Public Health ended by Goths and Vandals attacking Roman Empire Pare ran out of oil used ointment Crimean war helped Nightingale Pearl Harbor led to more penicillin Pare ran out of oil used ointment Fleming accidentally found Pen 1849: Elizabeth Blackwell qualified in USA Blackwell inspired others 1860s: Elizabeth Garrett qualified in GB Garrett inspired by Nightingale Garrett had to take College of Apothecaries to court in order to qualify 1874: Jex-Blake and 6 others competed medical course at Edinburgh 1876: Law allowing women to qualify Male students protested against Garrett Colleges of Surgeons and Physicians would not allow Garrett to qualify Edinburgh University would not give women degrees

Women hindered by

1. Briefly describe the ways in which religion has affected medicine. 5 marks 2. Explain how war has helped progress in medicine. 3. Chance by itself has never helped progress in medicine. Explain how far you agree with this statement. 8 marks (2004) 4. Briefly describe one example of chance helping medicine. 5 marks 5. Explain how war combined with other factors to bring about progress in medicine. 7 marks 6. Explain whether or not religion helped more than hindered progress in medicine. 8 marks (1999)

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GCSE History Revision Activity Pack


The Indian Conflict Reasons why Indians were able to survive on the Plains Design cartoon pictures to show how the Indians were able to survive on the Plains. Idea Buffalo Key Words Buffalo lived on the Plains Indians were nomadic hunters of Buffalo Used buffalo for tipis, food, hair brushes, tools Indians believed the Plains were sacred No-one owned the land, Indians could hunt there Sioux had driven the Crow from the Black Hills Old people considered it to be a honour to be left behind the tribe so that the tribe could carry on hunting Indians worshipped spirits eg. Wakan Tanka (Great Spirit). Indians had more than wife as men were often killed or injured when hunting In warfare Indians hit each other with sticks. This showed great bravery and reduced casualties Indians took scalps in the belief that this stopped their enemies going to the Happy Hunting Ground

Land

Exposure Religion Polygamy Counting Coup Scalping

Reasons why there was a conflict between the Americans and the Indians Idea Manifest Destiny Key Words Gods Will v Great Spirit Americans own & farm land Indians believe it is sacred Americans civilise Indian life go to Church and School Children taken to schools Ghost Dance banned Custer led survey party in Black Hills & discovered gold Hundreds of gold miners in Black Hills Fort Laramie Treaty broken Indians hated being farmers Crooked Indian Agents Sitting. Bull, Crazy. Horse left reservation to join Indians in the Black Hills Three army groups under Crook, Gibbon and Terry/Custer sent to force tribes onto reservations

Reservations end Indian life Gold

Reservations

Army

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GCSE History Revision Activity Pack


Design two mind maps to show why there was a conflict between the Americans and the Indians and why the Battle of the Little Bighorn happened. How far was Custer to blame for losing the Battle of the Little Bighorn? Indian victory at Little Bighorn Custer & 263 men dead 58 Indians dead Ignored plan got there first Wanted promotion to General Aim to be Presidential candidate Marched for most of the night Disobeyed orders to wait Divided his force into three Turned down extra men & guns Ignored warnings from scouts Defeated Crook at Rosebud Led Custer into a trap Indians had repeating rifles Crook retreated at Rosebud Army had single shot rifles

Custers Mistakes (Glory Hunter)

Custers tactical mistakes (1)

Custers tactical mistakes (2)

Crazy Horses brilliance

Army mistakes

Reasons why Indian way of life ended / Americans defeated the Indians Destruction of Buffalo 13 million down to 200 Indians depended on buffalo for food, tipis, blankets Kill buffalo Ended nomadic life, Indians became Reservation farmers Attack Indians in winter Custers victory at Washita Bigger population and more volunteers Artillery and Gatling guns Small numbers, few guns Crazy Horses 200 had 114 guns

Sheridans policy

Winter campaigns American advantages Indian disadvantages

1. Explain why Americans thought the Plains Indians were savages. 5 marks 2. Explain why the Battle of the Little Big Horn took place when it did. 7 marks 3. Custer lost the Battle of the Little Big Horn only because of his mistakes. How far do you agree with this statement? 8 marks (2004) 4. Explain why Indians did not like homesteaders settling on the Plains. (5) 5. Why did the Plains Indians live in tepees? 5 marks (2000)

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GCSE History Revision Activity Pack


6. Why did the Plains Indians and the Americans have different attitudes to the land? 7 marks (2003) 7. Which was more important in the final defeat of the Plains Indians: the slaughter of the buffalo or the setting up of reservations? 8 marks (2003) Why did the Mormons move west to the Salt Lake Region? After each question there are five possible answers. Tick the correct answers. Why was Joseph Smith different from most Americans? He lived in New York State. He worked on a farm. He said he was visited by Angels. He found a book written on gold plates. He found the book buried in Manchester. Why didnt many Americans like the book of Mormon? The book was different from the Bible. The book was hard to read because it was written in strange writing. The book was hard to read because it was 15cm thick. The book was about the lost tribes of Israel who were supposed to have moved to America before Christ was born. The person who found the book was to set up the one true Church of Christ. Why didnt many Americans trust Joseph Smith? He was only 21 when he dug up the book. He would not let anyone else see the book. He was married. He hid behind a blanket when he dictated what was in the book. Only his wife, family and friends had seen the book. How did the Mormons get their name? Americans thought they were morons. An Angel called Moroni told Smith where the book was hidden. Smiths new church was called The Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day Saints. Mormon wrote the story that was in the Golden Plates. Clergymen hated the Mormons and liked to call them names. Why were the Mormons seen as a threat to the Americans? Americans and Mormons lost their savings when the Mormon bank collapsed (went bankrupt) in 1837. By 1831 Smith had 1,000 followers in Kirtland. The Mormons built a store, a mill and a bank in Kirtland. By 1844 there were 35,000 Mormons in Nauvoo. The Mormons had their own army called the Nauvoo Legion. Why did many Americans dislike Mormon religious beliefs? Joseph Smith thought he was better than everyone else. 17

GCSE History Revision Activity Pack


There were too many Mormons. The Mormons wanted freed slaves and Indians to join them. The Mormons did not drink, gamble or have wild parties. The Mormons had more than one wife (Polygamy).

In what ways did the Americans pick on the Mormons? They did not speak to the Mormons. Attacked Mormon houses and drove the Mormons out of Kirtland & Missouri. America was so big Americans moved away from where the Mormons lived. Many Mormons were murdered and Smith was put in prison. A mob attacked the jail where Smith was a prisoner and shot him dead. In what ways was it Smiths own fault that he was picked on? He was the one that started the Mormon religion. He came from New York State. He attacked a newspaper that criticised his belief in Polygamy. He was too successful. It looked like the Mormons were going to outnumber the Americans in Nauvoo. Smith was planning to run for President of the USA.

Were the Mormons completely successful in their move West?


Tick the answer or answers you think are correct. Cross out the incorrect answers. Where is the Great Salt Lake? Just to the west of the Great Lakes In the middle of the Great Plains Between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada Mountains In southern California Why did Brigham Young decide to move the Mormons to the Great Salt Lake? He knew that the Great Salt Lake would have good water for farming He knew the Mormons would never be left in peace in the East The Great Salt Lake was an isolated place where no-one would want to live The Great Salt Lake was part of Mexico, it did not belong to the USA What problems did Brigham Young and the Mormons face on their journey? Brigham Young had to move 16,000 Mormons across the Plains and through the Rocky Mountains They were attacked by Indians The Mormons had to leave early because mobs attacked their homes The |Mormons had to build a camp for the winter 700 Mormons died of disease and the cold in Winter Quarters The journey to the Great Salt Lake was successful because: Many Mormons were able to travel there by boat along the Missouri River The Mormons were always friendly towards the Indians. Indian guides showed the Mormons the way to the Great Salt Lake

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GCSE History Revision Activity Pack


Brigham Young was a brilliant organiser. He made sure the Mormons built wagons and bought oxen, food and farming equipment The Mormons met a Mountain Man called Jim Bridger who showed them the way to the Great Salt Lake Brigham Young sent a pioneer band ahead to find the way and set-up way stations where other Mormon wagon trains could rest and refresh themselves At each way-station some Mormons stayed behind to plant crops and set up workshops to help the wagon trains that followed One thousand cabins were built at Winter Quarters as a base camp What did most Mormons think of the Great Salt Lake when they got there? Sam Brennan, a Mormon, said it is such a nice place they should all go to California Brigham Young said If there is a place on this earth that nobody wants, thats the place I am looking for William Clayton, a Mormon, said there is little timber for building houses but we can make Spanish bricks and dry them in the sun One Mormon said I have no fear that the Saints can live here and well Jim Bridger, a former Mountain Man, said the valley of the Great Salt Lake was too cold at night for growing corn What is this a painting of?

The Mormons at the Great Salt Lake The Mormons at Nauvoo The Mormons in Winter Quarters The great ditch bringing water from the mountains

The Mormons made such a success at living at Salt Lake that they said they were able to make the desert bloom. Why were the Mormons successful? Brigham Young was a brilliant leader. He said he was inspired by God so all the Mormons obeyed him. He had 27 wives The Great Salt Lake contained lots of water. The Mormons used this for drinking, washing and growing crops The Mormons got supplies from the Americans who lived in California Young decided that no-one should own the land. The Mormon Church would divide the land fairly. Large families got 80 acres, small families got 10 acres

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GCSE History Revision Activity Pack


A massive ditch was dug bringing water from the mountains. Side ditches were dug so that all the land could be irrigated. Each person was given an exact time when they were allowed to draw water from the main ditch

In what ways were the Mormons at Salt Lake unsuccessful? Gold was discovered near to the Salt lake and 1,000s of miners moved there The Mormons had to set up The Perpetual Emigration Fund to lend money to poor people so they could move from Europe to the Great Salt Lake In 1848 the USA defeated Mexico in a war. The Great Salt Lake now belonged to the USA The Mormons had to call their land Utah and not Deseret. The USA made Brigham Young the first governor of Utah The Mormons were not able to produce iron or grow cotton. Why was there a war between the Mormons and the Americans? The Mormons had trouble with American wagon trains. Americans said the Mormons were charging too much for food and ferry crossings In 1857 the Americans sent an army of 2,500 soldiers to make sure the Mormons did what they were told by the US Government The Mormons got Indians to massacre a wagon train of 140 Americans. The Mormons told the Americans they were safe. When the Americans moved out the Indians killed them. This was called The Mountain Meadow Massacre What was the result of the war between the Mormons and the Americans? The American army marched into Salt Lake City and killed lots of Mormons Thousands of Mormon families loaded their belongings and fled from their homes because they were scared the Americans would kill them Americans in the East thought that the American Government was picking on the Mormons and started to support the Mormons. Brigham Young was put in prison. While Brigham Young was in prison, a mob attacked the jail and Young was murdered The Mormons and the US Government did a deal. The Mormons accepted an American governor of Utah but Brigham Young was still there real leader In 1896 Utah was allowed to become a State because the Mormons agreed to give up polygamy 1) Briefly describe the beliefs of the Mormons 5 marks 1995 2) Why did Americans dislike the Mormons? 5 marks 3) What was the attitude of most Americans towards Polygamy? 5 marks (1997) 4) Did the leadership of Joseph Smith help or harm the Mormons? (7) (2000) 5) Brigham Young became the new Mormon leader. Why do you think he decided to move west to the Great Salt Lake Region? 5 marks (2000) 6) Why did Brigham Young decide to move to the Great Salt Lake? 5 marks (2000)

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GCSE History Revision Activity Pack


7) Why were the Mormons able to complete their journey to the Great Salt Lake? 6 marks (2002) 8) Were most Mormons disappointed when they reached Salt Lake? 8 marks (2002) 9) Why were the Mormons successful at the Great Salt Lake? 8 marks (2000) 10) Who was the most successful leader of the Mormons, Joseph Smith or Brigham Young? 8 marks (1993)

How similar was a cowboys life to that of an Indian? Idea Indian Life similar Key Words Nomadic hunters of Buffalo Life depended on buffalo for tipis, food, hair brushes, tools Nomadic Cattle drives to Cow Towns eg. Abilene Life depended on healthy cattle

Cowboy Life similar

Differences

Buffalo were for survival, cattle were for business Cowboys were Christians, Indians worshipped spirits eg. Wakan Tanka (Great Spirit).

Reasons why Cattle Ranching spread to the Plains Idea Started in Texas (not on Plains) Key Words Mexican vaqueros were first cowboys Texans took over Mexican ranches First cattle Drives to Eastern cities stopped by Kansas ranchers End of American Civil War 1,000s of unbranded cattle in Texas Charles Goodnights herd had grown from 180 to 5,000 cattle Goodnight Loving Cattle Trail to sell to army & Indian Reservation in New Mexico

To sell Texas Cattle

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GCSE History Revision Activity Pack


To start Cattle Ranches on the Plains

Cow Towns

Abilene built on the railway Cattle driven to cattle Towns and then transported by rail to eastern cities Cattle were sold to buyers at the Cow Towns

John Iliff and others set up big ranches on Plains selling to railway workers and Indian reservations US government bought 50,000 cattle a year Book How to get rich on the Plains sold in East and Europe so more people set up ranches

Cowboys Problems and why Open Range ended Overcrowded range & bad weather Cattle prices rose so ranchers bred more cattle 1883 Dry summer droughts 1886-7 severe winter 1,000s of cattle died

Conflict with farmers Eg. Johnson County War causes

Homesteaders barbed wire fences People stealing cattle (rustling) Cattle Barons sent gunfighters to drive farmers out of Johnson County Jim Averill (saloon owner) and Ella Watson (prostitute) hanged Gunfighters attack KC Ranch but held off by Nate Champion Gunfighters besieged by 300 farmers until saved by cavalry No cattle baron or cowboy tried Farmers stay in Johnson County so victory for Farmers

Johnson County Events

Results of Johnson County War

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GCSE History Revision Activity Pack


Ranching solutions

Ranches became smaller Open Range was ended and barbed wire used to fence in cattle ranches. Some ranchers went bankrupt and sold land to farmers.

1) Design two mind-maps to show why cattle ranching spread to the Plains and why the Cattle Boom (or Open Range) came to an end. 2) Explain the main features/dangers of the work of a cowboy 5 marks (2003/5) 3) Explain why cattle ranching spread to the Plains 7 marks (2005)

4) What was the most important reason why the cowboys traditional way of life declined? 8 marks (2005) 5) Explain why cattlemen and homesteaders came into conflict. 7 mks (2003) 6) How successful were the cattlemen in coping with the problems facing cattleranching on the Plains? 8 marks (2000) Reasons why Homesteaders moved to the Plains A Push factor is a reason forcing people to leave home. A Pull factor is a reason why people were attracted to life on the Plains. Write Push or Pull by the reasons below. Push or Pull Idea To avoid persecution Key Words Freed slaves after Civil War Religious groups from Europe

To escape economic problems

1870s recession Bankruptcies and unemployment

Overcrowding in East Manifest Destiny

Land became more expensive Gods Will for Americans to own and farm the Plains Exaggerated Plains conditions Offered cheap credit Railroads needed to sell land

Railroad adverts

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GCSE History Revision Activity Pack


given them by Government Government offers Homestead Act 160 Free Acres farmed for 5 yrs

Homesteaders Problems Try to learn two problems from each box and then test yourself Living problems Little dinking or cleaning water No timber for cooking fires No timber for houses Dirt & disease in sod houses Little water to grow crops Hot, dry summers & cold winters crops did not survive Hard land for ploughing No wood for fences or buildings Cowboys there first accused homesteaders of rustling Indian attacks e.g. Little Crows War

Farming problems

Conflict problems

Homesteaders Solutions Draw lines connecting each problem with its solution Highlight the reasons why some homesteaders failed and moved back East Little dinking or cleaning water Sod-buster plough Ploughed hard ground

Hard land for ploughing

Dry Farming cover wet soil Windmill & water pumps for wells

No timber for cooking fires

Homesteaders win Johnson County War Cattle ranchers go bust after bad winters

Cowboy problems

Sod houses made of dried earth

No timber for houses

Urine for earache. Kill snakes and mice

Dirt & disease in sod houses

Burn buffalo dung 24

GCSE History Revision Activity Pack

Failed homesteaders

Prairie fires could destroy crops Plagues of grasshoppers

Natural Hazards

Not enough profit to buy new equipment

1) Explain why many white Americans at first thought the Great Plains was a desert. 5 marks (2004) 2) Explain why people travelled west to become homesteaders 7 marks 3) Who were more successful in the west, the Mormons or the Homesteaders? Explain your answer. 8 marks 4) Indians and Homesteaders did not like sharing the Plains. Explain why Indians did not like the homesteaders settling on the Plains. 5 marks 5) Were the Indians the only problem the homesteaders faced on the Plains? Explain your answer. 7 marks (2002) 6) Briefly describe the problems faced by the homesteaders in their journey westwards. 5 marks (2005) 7) Explain why the Homestead Act of 1862 was passed. 7 marks 8) How successful were the homesteaders in overcoming the problems of living and working on a homestead? 8 marks What impact did Railways have on the American West? Idea Helped Manifest Destiny Key Words Central Pacific RR and Union Pacific RR linked USA together To feed railway workers Shipped furs etc back East

Killed buffalo

Helped cattle ranching

Cow Towns like Abilene were on the Rail Road Cattle were bought there and shipped back East

Sold and advertised land

Government gave railway companies land as part payment for building the railroads Advertised land Told lies about the quality of the land Sold land

Encouraged Homesteaders

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GCSE History Revision Activity Pack

Brought Women West

Women helped civilise the Plains Often became school teachers Set better standards decorated houses, brought books eg. bibles

1) 2) 3) 4) 1) 2) 3) 4)

Why did railway companies advertise cheap land? (2003) How far do railway adverts explain why settlers travelled West? 6 marks Why did some families head back East? 6 marks How useful is this advertisement for a windmill as evidence of why some homesteaders were successful? 8 marks Describe the lives of women in the West 5 marks (1990) Why do sources give different impressions of women? 5 marks How important were women in the settlement of the West? 4 marks Do you agree with the author that the women in the west were the seeds of Americas wealth? 6 marks

Law and Order problems and solutions Idea Mining Towns Solution: Vigilantes Key Words Claim jumping stealing someones gold mine Robbing gold shipments Arrested and hanged people Some people were innocent Groups of miners put people on trial These courts were not legal Homesteaders barbed wire fences People stealing cattle (rustling) Cattle Barons sent gunfighters to drive farmers out of Johnson County

Solution: Miners Courts

Conflict with farmers Eg. Johnson County War causes

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GCSE History Revision Activity Pack


Johnson County Events Outlaws Solution to outlaws Jim Averill (saloon owner) and Ella Watson (prostitute) hanged Gunfighters attack KC Ranch but held off by Nate Champion Gunfighters besieged by 300 farmers until saved by cavalry Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid robbed trains and banks Jesse and Frank James robbed trains and banks Billy the Kid murdered people As territories became States they set up sheriffs, marshals, judges, courts and prisons.

1) Explain why cattlemen and homesteaders came into conflict. (7) (2003) 2) What was the importance of the Johnson County War in the development of the West? 8 marks (1999) 3) The 1890s saw the end of the Old West ruled by the cattlemen and the beginning of the New West ruled by the homesteader. Why was it that the homesteaders, and not the cattlemen, were successful? 8 marks (1996) 4) Why did mining towns suffer from problems of law and order? 7 marks 5) How useful is a picture of Billy the Kid as evidence about law and order in the West? 6 marks 6) How far did vigilantes improve law and order in the West? (7) (2004) Revision for Paper Two Paper Two involves a different method for answering questions. It is very important that you revise this method after you have done Paper One Before you start writing Before you start writing Check the number of questions that are on the paper. Give your self at least 10 minutes per question.

Read through the background information, the questions and the sources before you start writing. Draw arrows connecting sources that support each other. Remember to think about the writers of the sources. Highlight dates of sources Answer the question set Do not copy out (or write about) what the source says

For each question

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GCSE History Revision Activity Pack


Get an idea from a source and back it up with examples from a source Always comment on the reliability of a new source by commenting on the background of the person who wrote it is he truthful or a know-all? Show how a source is reliable because it is supported by another source name the other source. Use some of your own knowledge (or background knowledge) when asked Similarity or difference Surprised or not surprised Use background knowledge if asked Big last question Allow 20 mins for this Suppor t B C G Oppose A, B? D E F, H, I Always do both find a similarity and a difference if you can Always do both if you can say a way in which you are surprised and a way in which you are not surprised. This may be different ideas about the cause of disease Or different people involved in discovering the cure

Newspaper Reliable its editor wants backed up to sell by papers Statement is not true because

It is vital you find time to do this question Draw a rough grid of 12 boxes in 2 columns (see example opposite) In one column list 4 sources to support the argument In the other column 4 sources that oppose the argument In the 5th row of boxes comment on how accurate (truthful) the sources are likely to be In the 6th row of make a judgement about the argument Write up your answer based on this plan remember to use examples from all the sources.

Magic Words for Fight against Infectious Disease in the 1800s and 1900s Learn this information about Fighting Disease. Try drawing pictures or a mind map. Theme Key Words

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GCSE History Revision Activity Pack


1875 Health Act passed because John Snow & Broad Street Pump Deaths from Cholera Pasteur, dirt & germs 1860s Working men get vote 1867 Parliaments Big Stink Germs are invisible Float in the air Cause rottenness / disease Killed by boiling John Snow & Broad Street pump Industry: Pasteur & wine and powerful microscopes & swan-necked flasks Specific germs cause specific diseases Science of Bacteriology Thames polluted Princess Alice sank 1878 600 poisoned by Thames Left dish in sink, went on holiday Half filled sink with antiseptic Happened to show a friend & noticed penicillin killing germs. No tests in blood stream Not a dynamic individual Scientific research Tests on mice Dead policeman Need for mass production Sir Almoth Wright (Flemings boss) St Marys Hospital (where Fleming worked) Lord Beaverbrook (owner of Daily Express and sponsor of Saint Marys Hospital) Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor USA government at war spent millions on developing penicillin. Enough produced for D-Day

Pasteur 1860s & 1870s

Reasons for Pasteurs discovery Koch 1870s Problems remain Fleming (Chance) & Penicillin Fleming never followed it up Florey & Chain

Flemings supporters

World War Two & Penicillin

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