Are you revising for the right exam? Paper One is Medicine and the American West Paper Two is a source-based paper on a Medicine Topic on:Fighting Disease in the Nineteenth (1800s) and Twentieth (1900s) Centuries
Medicine Questions
Question One on Medicine is compulsory you have to do it! Question One is usually based upon three or four sources but it is not about source evaluation thats in Paper Two! It is important that when you use the sources that you think of ideas from the sources and back them up with examples. Do not just copy out the sources. The questions are always based upon change through time and are based upon a particular theme. The changes could show how medicine has progressed (got better), stood still or regressed (got worse) for example:a) What can you learn from this source about Greek (supernatural) Medicine? b) How do these sources (about religion) show that Medicine had made no progress between 400BC and 1060AD? c) Are you surprised that people believed in these (natural and supernatural) ways during the plague of the fourteenth century? (2005) a) Why was this treatment (blood-letting) used in the Middle Ages?(2004) b) How far would the Romans have understood the message in this cartoon (pictures of tiny creatures in a drop of water)? c) Why was this cartoon (about dirt and disease in the Thames) published at this time? a) Does this source prove Jenner did not advance Medicine very much?(2003) b) Why was this source (about cowpox vaccination) published in the early nineteenth century? c) How far was Pasteurs work on vaccination more important than Jenners? a) Are you surprised that a picture of Galen and Hippocrates was painted in the Middle Ages? b) Why was Vesalius able to make advances in Medicine? c) How far does Source C prove that Harvey is more important than Vesalius in the history of medicines?(2002) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. For each year, identify the medical theme the question is based upon How would you answer a question that says What can you learn..? How would you answer a question that begins with Why.? How would you answer a question that says How far .? How would you answer a question that says Are you surprised.? Have a go at the questions using the sources and your knowledge. 1
What two or three periods or individuals will you pick for you three-part question PRE-HISTORIC ROMAN RENAISSANCE 20th CENTURY (1900s) EGYPTIAN DARK AGES 18th CENTURY (1700s) Galen, Hippocrates, Vesalius, Pare, Harvey GREEK MIDDLE AGES 19th CENTURY (1800s) Jenner, Pasteur, Simpson, Lister
What key phrases will you use for parts a) b) and c)? What extra advice will you give to make sure the questions are answered properly?
Now try to learn your information to answer the following:1. What advances did the Ancient Egyptians make in medicine? 5 marks 2. Did the Ancient Greeks only use natural approaches to medicine? 7 marks 3. The Romans only copied Greek ideas. How far do you agree with this statement? 8 marks (2002) 5
How much did Medicine change during the Middle Ages? Eliot has been making some notes but someone has shuffled them all up! You need to put Eliots information under the following headings:Greek Natural ideas that continued Roman Natural ideas that continued Got worse in Dark Ages/Middle Ages New Supernatural ideas - Middle Ages Here is Eliots information:WAR Tribes and countries fought each other FOUR HUMOURS LIFE EXPECTANCY Most dead before 45 CHRISTIAN CHURCH Supported Galen for 1200 years BLOOD-LETTING To rebalance humours LIFE EXPECTANCY Bishops lived longer than Kings PUBLIC HEALTH ENDS Not enough taxes, slaves or engineers HOUSING One dirty, draughty room with cesspit outside GOD Disease was a punishment for sins CHRISTIAN CHURCH Banned dissection USE OF OPPOSITES KINGS EVIL King close to God so could cure by touch GOD Use of miracles and prayers to cure MUSLIMS Religious duty to care for sick large hospitals MIASMA (BAD AIR) Caused Plague GALEN Admired and ideas supported by Christian Church soul found URINE CHARTS To identify disease MUSLIMS Preserved Greek & Roman books in libraries 6 HIPPOCRATES Still admired Father of Medicine BLACK DEATH ASTROLOGY To predict heath CHRISTIAN CHURCH Set up Universities where doctors could be trained ASCLEPIOS/ASCLEPIONS No longer used but similar to Monasteries MONASTERIES Had hospitals, toilets, sewers nuns (nurses), herbs CHRISTIAN CHURCH Controlled education and libraries. Sometimes banned books LIFE EXPECTANCY Most dead before 40 FLAGELLANTS Whipped themselves for forgiveness Supernatural ideas continued Roman natural ideas that ended Improvements in the Middle Ages New Natural ideas Middle Ages
1. Explain what problems faced surgeons in the early 19th century. 5 marks 2. Was Listers work more important than Simpsons? 7 marks 3. After the work of Lister and Simpson there was little left to do How far do you agree with this statement? 8 marks (2002) 4. Why was there opposition to surgery advances in 19th century? 7 mks (2005) 5. How far were problems in surgery overcome by the end of the 19th century? 8 marks (1998)
Which of these were reasons why Pasteur was able to discover new vaccines? a) Pasteur used Vesaliuss book The Fabric of the Human Body b) Robert Koch had built on Pasteurs germ theory and proved that germs cause particular diseases. c) Pasteur wanted to stop wine and beer going bad as he was a big drinker. d) In 1860 Pasteur had discovered that germs caused disease. e) Pasteur was lucky! By chance Chamberland made a mistake and used a weak form of chicken cholera. f) People believed in Miasma and Spontaneous Generation. g) Pasteur had help from the Government because farming was an important industry. What problems still remained in the 20th Century? a) Poor people could not afford to pay to visit, or get treatment from, a doctor. b) People were dying from Cholera because there was no Public Health System. c) People in Third World countries like Africa could not afford new medicines. d) Vaccines prevented disease new drugs (like penicillin) to kill germs inside the body still needed to be discovered. e) Nurses were thought of as drunken, thieving prostitutes. Now try to learn your information to answer the following:1. Explain how Edward Jenner was able to discover vaccination 5 marks 2. Did people oppose Jenners ideas only because he was a country doctor? 7 marks 3. Louis Pasteur was more important than Jenner in getting vaccination accepted. How far do you agree with this statement? 8 marks (2002) 4. Explain how Jenner discovered a vaccine for smallpox. 5 marks 5. Explain how jealousy, suspicion and hostility held back Jenners discovery. 7 marks 6. Explain how and why Jenners new ideas and methods were eventually accepted. 8 marks (1997)
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Reasons for Pasteurs discovery Koch 1870s Reasons for Kochs discovery Importance of Pasteur 1928: Fleming (Chance) & Penicillin Fleming never followed it up 1937: Florey & Chain
1. Explain the Germ Theory 5 marks 2. Why was the Germ Theory accepted? 7 marks 3. Which is more important the theory of the Four Humours or the Germ Theory? 8 marks (2001) 4. Briefly describe how Fleming discovered penicillin. 5 marks 5. Explain how factors other than Flemings work contributed to the discovery of penicillin. 7 marks 6. Who is more important, Pasteur or Fleming? 8 marks (2004) 7. How have governments helped progress in medicine? 5 marks 8. Explain how war has helped and hindered medicine. 7 marks (2001) 11
Problems remain
Now try to remember as much as you can to answer the following:1. Briefly describe the advances the Romans made in Public Health. 5 marks 2. Why were advances in Public Health made in 19th Century Britain. 7 marks 3. Were the advances in Roman Public Health more important than those made in 19th Century Britain? 8 marks (2005) 4. Why was the Black Death able to spread so quickly? 5 marks 5. How far did people in the 17th Century deal with plague more successfully than people in the 14th Century? 8 marks (2003) 6. Briefly describe Public Health at the start of the 19th Century. 5 marks 7. Why were there improvements in Public Health after 1848? 7 marks 8. Did these improvements mean there was little more to do to improve Public Health in the 20th Century? 8 marks (1999) 12
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Women hindered by
1. Briefly describe the ways in which religion has affected medicine. 5 marks 2. Explain how war has helped progress in medicine. 3. Chance by itself has never helped progress in medicine. Explain how far you agree with this statement. 8 marks (2004) 4. Briefly describe one example of chance helping medicine. 5 marks 5. Explain how war combined with other factors to bring about progress in medicine. 7 marks 6. Explain whether or not religion helped more than hindered progress in medicine. 8 marks (1999)
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Land
Reasons why there was a conflict between the Americans and the Indians Idea Manifest Destiny Key Words Gods Will v Great Spirit Americans own & farm land Indians believe it is sacred Americans civilise Indian life go to Church and School Children taken to schools Ghost Dance banned Custer led survey party in Black Hills & discovered gold Hundreds of gold miners in Black Hills Fort Laramie Treaty broken Indians hated being farmers Crooked Indian Agents Sitting. Bull, Crazy. Horse left reservation to join Indians in the Black Hills Three army groups under Crook, Gibbon and Terry/Custer sent to force tribes onto reservations
Reservations
Army
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Army mistakes
Reasons why Indian way of life ended / Americans defeated the Indians Destruction of Buffalo 13 million down to 200 Indians depended on buffalo for food, tipis, blankets Kill buffalo Ended nomadic life, Indians became Reservation farmers Attack Indians in winter Custers victory at Washita Bigger population and more volunteers Artillery and Gatling guns Small numbers, few guns Crazy Horses 200 had 114 guns
Sheridans policy
1. Explain why Americans thought the Plains Indians were savages. 5 marks 2. Explain why the Battle of the Little Big Horn took place when it did. 7 marks 3. Custer lost the Battle of the Little Big Horn only because of his mistakes. How far do you agree with this statement? 8 marks (2004) 4. Explain why Indians did not like homesteaders settling on the Plains. (5) 5. Why did the Plains Indians live in tepees? 5 marks (2000)
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In what ways did the Americans pick on the Mormons? They did not speak to the Mormons. Attacked Mormon houses and drove the Mormons out of Kirtland & Missouri. America was so big Americans moved away from where the Mormons lived. Many Mormons were murdered and Smith was put in prison. A mob attacked the jail where Smith was a prisoner and shot him dead. In what ways was it Smiths own fault that he was picked on? He was the one that started the Mormon religion. He came from New York State. He attacked a newspaper that criticised his belief in Polygamy. He was too successful. It looked like the Mormons were going to outnumber the Americans in Nauvoo. Smith was planning to run for President of the USA.
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The Mormons at the Great Salt Lake The Mormons at Nauvoo The Mormons in Winter Quarters The great ditch bringing water from the mountains
The Mormons made such a success at living at Salt Lake that they said they were able to make the desert bloom. Why were the Mormons successful? Brigham Young was a brilliant leader. He said he was inspired by God so all the Mormons obeyed him. He had 27 wives The Great Salt Lake contained lots of water. The Mormons used this for drinking, washing and growing crops The Mormons got supplies from the Americans who lived in California Young decided that no-one should own the land. The Mormon Church would divide the land fairly. Large families got 80 acres, small families got 10 acres
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In what ways were the Mormons at Salt Lake unsuccessful? Gold was discovered near to the Salt lake and 1,000s of miners moved there The Mormons had to set up The Perpetual Emigration Fund to lend money to poor people so they could move from Europe to the Great Salt Lake In 1848 the USA defeated Mexico in a war. The Great Salt Lake now belonged to the USA The Mormons had to call their land Utah and not Deseret. The USA made Brigham Young the first governor of Utah The Mormons were not able to produce iron or grow cotton. Why was there a war between the Mormons and the Americans? The Mormons had trouble with American wagon trains. Americans said the Mormons were charging too much for food and ferry crossings In 1857 the Americans sent an army of 2,500 soldiers to make sure the Mormons did what they were told by the US Government The Mormons got Indians to massacre a wagon train of 140 Americans. The Mormons told the Americans they were safe. When the Americans moved out the Indians killed them. This was called The Mountain Meadow Massacre What was the result of the war between the Mormons and the Americans? The American army marched into Salt Lake City and killed lots of Mormons Thousands of Mormon families loaded their belongings and fled from their homes because they were scared the Americans would kill them Americans in the East thought that the American Government was picking on the Mormons and started to support the Mormons. Brigham Young was put in prison. While Brigham Young was in prison, a mob attacked the jail and Young was murdered The Mormons and the US Government did a deal. The Mormons accepted an American governor of Utah but Brigham Young was still there real leader In 1896 Utah was allowed to become a State because the Mormons agreed to give up polygamy 1) Briefly describe the beliefs of the Mormons 5 marks 1995 2) Why did Americans dislike the Mormons? 5 marks 3) What was the attitude of most Americans towards Polygamy? 5 marks (1997) 4) Did the leadership of Joseph Smith help or harm the Mormons? (7) (2000) 5) Brigham Young became the new Mormon leader. Why do you think he decided to move west to the Great Salt Lake Region? 5 marks (2000) 6) Why did Brigham Young decide to move to the Great Salt Lake? 5 marks (2000)
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How similar was a cowboys life to that of an Indian? Idea Indian Life similar Key Words Nomadic hunters of Buffalo Life depended on buffalo for tipis, food, hair brushes, tools Nomadic Cattle drives to Cow Towns eg. Abilene Life depended on healthy cattle
Differences
Buffalo were for survival, cattle were for business Cowboys were Christians, Indians worshipped spirits eg. Wakan Tanka (Great Spirit).
Reasons why Cattle Ranching spread to the Plains Idea Started in Texas (not on Plains) Key Words Mexican vaqueros were first cowboys Texans took over Mexican ranches First cattle Drives to Eastern cities stopped by Kansas ranchers End of American Civil War 1,000s of unbranded cattle in Texas Charles Goodnights herd had grown from 180 to 5,000 cattle Goodnight Loving Cattle Trail to sell to army & Indian Reservation in New Mexico
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Cow Towns
Abilene built on the railway Cattle driven to cattle Towns and then transported by rail to eastern cities Cattle were sold to buyers at the Cow Towns
John Iliff and others set up big ranches on Plains selling to railway workers and Indian reservations US government bought 50,000 cattle a year Book How to get rich on the Plains sold in East and Europe so more people set up ranches
Cowboys Problems and why Open Range ended Overcrowded range & bad weather Cattle prices rose so ranchers bred more cattle 1883 Dry summer droughts 1886-7 severe winter 1,000s of cattle died
Homesteaders barbed wire fences People stealing cattle (rustling) Cattle Barons sent gunfighters to drive farmers out of Johnson County Jim Averill (saloon owner) and Ella Watson (prostitute) hanged Gunfighters attack KC Ranch but held off by Nate Champion Gunfighters besieged by 300 farmers until saved by cavalry No cattle baron or cowboy tried Farmers stay in Johnson County so victory for Farmers
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Ranching solutions
Ranches became smaller Open Range was ended and barbed wire used to fence in cattle ranches. Some ranchers went bankrupt and sold land to farmers.
1) Design two mind-maps to show why cattle ranching spread to the Plains and why the Cattle Boom (or Open Range) came to an end. 2) Explain the main features/dangers of the work of a cowboy 5 marks (2003/5) 3) Explain why cattle ranching spread to the Plains 7 marks (2005)
4) What was the most important reason why the cowboys traditional way of life declined? 8 marks (2005) 5) Explain why cattlemen and homesteaders came into conflict. 7 mks (2003) 6) How successful were the cattlemen in coping with the problems facing cattleranching on the Plains? 8 marks (2000) Reasons why Homesteaders moved to the Plains A Push factor is a reason forcing people to leave home. A Pull factor is a reason why people were attracted to life on the Plains. Write Push or Pull by the reasons below. Push or Pull Idea To avoid persecution Key Words Freed slaves after Civil War Religious groups from Europe
Land became more expensive Gods Will for Americans to own and farm the Plains Exaggerated Plains conditions Offered cheap credit Railroads needed to sell land
Railroad adverts
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Homesteaders Problems Try to learn two problems from each box and then test yourself Living problems Little dinking or cleaning water No timber for cooking fires No timber for houses Dirt & disease in sod houses Little water to grow crops Hot, dry summers & cold winters crops did not survive Hard land for ploughing No wood for fences or buildings Cowboys there first accused homesteaders of rustling Indian attacks e.g. Little Crows War
Farming problems
Conflict problems
Homesteaders Solutions Draw lines connecting each problem with its solution Highlight the reasons why some homesteaders failed and moved back East Little dinking or cleaning water Sod-buster plough Ploughed hard ground
Dry Farming cover wet soil Windmill & water pumps for wells
Homesteaders win Johnson County War Cattle ranchers go bust after bad winters
Cowboy problems
Failed homesteaders
Natural Hazards
1) Explain why many white Americans at first thought the Great Plains was a desert. 5 marks (2004) 2) Explain why people travelled west to become homesteaders 7 marks 3) Who were more successful in the west, the Mormons or the Homesteaders? Explain your answer. 8 marks 4) Indians and Homesteaders did not like sharing the Plains. Explain why Indians did not like the homesteaders settling on the Plains. 5 marks 5) Were the Indians the only problem the homesteaders faced on the Plains? Explain your answer. 7 marks (2002) 6) Briefly describe the problems faced by the homesteaders in their journey westwards. 5 marks (2005) 7) Explain why the Homestead Act of 1862 was passed. 7 marks 8) How successful were the homesteaders in overcoming the problems of living and working on a homestead? 8 marks What impact did Railways have on the American West? Idea Helped Manifest Destiny Key Words Central Pacific RR and Union Pacific RR linked USA together To feed railway workers Shipped furs etc back East
Killed buffalo
Cow Towns like Abilene were on the Rail Road Cattle were bought there and shipped back East
Government gave railway companies land as part payment for building the railroads Advertised land Told lies about the quality of the land Sold land
Encouraged Homesteaders
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Women helped civilise the Plains Often became school teachers Set better standards decorated houses, brought books eg. bibles
1) 2) 3) 4) 1) 2) 3) 4)
Why did railway companies advertise cheap land? (2003) How far do railway adverts explain why settlers travelled West? 6 marks Why did some families head back East? 6 marks How useful is this advertisement for a windmill as evidence of why some homesteaders were successful? 8 marks Describe the lives of women in the West 5 marks (1990) Why do sources give different impressions of women? 5 marks How important were women in the settlement of the West? 4 marks Do you agree with the author that the women in the west were the seeds of Americas wealth? 6 marks
Law and Order problems and solutions Idea Mining Towns Solution: Vigilantes Key Words Claim jumping stealing someones gold mine Robbing gold shipments Arrested and hanged people Some people were innocent Groups of miners put people on trial These courts were not legal Homesteaders barbed wire fences People stealing cattle (rustling) Cattle Barons sent gunfighters to drive farmers out of Johnson County
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1) Explain why cattlemen and homesteaders came into conflict. (7) (2003) 2) What was the importance of the Johnson County War in the development of the West? 8 marks (1999) 3) The 1890s saw the end of the Old West ruled by the cattlemen and the beginning of the New West ruled by the homesteader. Why was it that the homesteaders, and not the cattlemen, were successful? 8 marks (1996) 4) Why did mining towns suffer from problems of law and order? 7 marks 5) How useful is a picture of Billy the Kid as evidence about law and order in the West? 6 marks 6) How far did vigilantes improve law and order in the West? (7) (2004) Revision for Paper Two Paper Two involves a different method for answering questions. It is very important that you revise this method after you have done Paper One Before you start writing Before you start writing Check the number of questions that are on the paper. Give your self at least 10 minutes per question.
Read through the background information, the questions and the sources before you start writing. Draw arrows connecting sources that support each other. Remember to think about the writers of the sources. Highlight dates of sources Answer the question set Do not copy out (or write about) what the source says
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Newspaper Reliable its editor wants backed up to sell by papers Statement is not true because
It is vital you find time to do this question Draw a rough grid of 12 boxes in 2 columns (see example opposite) In one column list 4 sources to support the argument In the other column 4 sources that oppose the argument In the 5th row of boxes comment on how accurate (truthful) the sources are likely to be In the 6th row of make a judgement about the argument Write up your answer based on this plan remember to use examples from all the sources.
Magic Words for Fight against Infectious Disease in the 1800s and 1900s Learn this information about Fighting Disease. Try drawing pictures or a mind map. Theme Key Words
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Reasons for Pasteurs discovery Koch 1870s Problems remain Fleming (Chance) & Penicillin Fleming never followed it up Florey & Chain
Flemings supporters
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