MITOSIS
Istilah mitosis : proses yg menghasilkan dua sel anak yg identik. Mitosis memegang peranan dalam pertumbuhan dan perkembangan organisme. Pada tanaman mitosis terjadi pd sel-sel meristematis, misalnya ujung-ujung akar, dan ujung batang, kambium.
Mitosis
Prophase
In prophase, the cell begins the process of division. 1. The chromosomes condense. The proteins attached to the DNA cause the chromosomes to go from long thin structures to short fat one, which makes them easier to pull apart. 2. The nuclear envelope disappears. The double membrane that surround the nucleus dissolves into a collection of small vesicles, freeing the chromosomes to use the whole cell for division 3. The centrosomes move to opposite poles. During interphase, the pair of centrosomes were together just outside the nucleus. In prophase they separate and move to opposite ends of the cell. 4. The spindle starts to form, growing out of the centrosomes towards the chromosomes.
Metaphase
Metaphase is a short resting period where the chromosomes are lined up on the equator of the cell, with the centrosomes at opposite ends and the spindle fibers attached to the centromeres. Everything is aligned for the rest of the division process to occur.
Anaphase
In anaphase, the centromeres divide. At this point, each individual chromosome goes from:
1 chromosome with 2 chromatids to: 2 chromosomes with one chromatid each.
Then the spindle fibers contract, and the chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles, towards the centrosomes.
Telophase
In telophase the cell actually divides. The chromosomes are at the poles of the spindle. The spindle disintegrates The nuclear envelope reforms around the two sets of chromosomes. The cytoplasm is divided into 2 separate cells, the process of cytokinesis.
Cytokinesis
The organelles (other than the chromosomes) get divided up into the 2 daughter cells passively: they go with whichever cell they find themselves in. Plant and animal cells divide the cytoplasm in different ways. In plant cells, a new cell wall made of cellulose forms between the 2 new nuclei, about where the chromosomes lined up in metaphase. Cell membranes form along the surfaces of this wall. When the new wall joins with the existing side wall, the 2 cells have become separate. In animal cells, a ring of actin fibers (microfilaments are composed of actin) forms around the cell equator and contacts, pinching the cell in half.
Meiosis
Reduces the number of chromosomes in new cells to half the number in the original cell Produces gametes (sperm and egg cells)
Gamete Formation
Gametes are sex cells (sperm, eggs) Arise from germ cells
ovaries
testes
anther
ovary
Stages of Meiosis
Meiosis I
Prophase I
Meiosis II
Prophase II
Metaphase I
Anaphase I Telophase I
Metaphase II
Anaphase II Telophase II
DNA Replication
Meiosis
Meiosis
Meiosis I
Each homologue in the cell pairs with its partner, then the partners separate
Meiosis I - Stages
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Prophase I
Each duplicated, condensed chromosome pairs with its homologue (synapsis) Homologues swap segments (crossing over)
Homologous Chromosomes
Homologous Chromosomes
Synapsis
Crossing Over
Metaphase I
Chromosomes are pushed and pulled into the middle of cell Sister chromatids of one homologue orient toward one pole, and those of other homologue toward opposite pole
Anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes segregate from each other randomly (independent assortment) Independent assortment results in genetic variation
Independent Assortment
Meiosis II
The two sister chromatids of each duplicated chromosome are separated from each other
Meiosis II - Stages
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Prophase II
Microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the duplicated chromosomes Chromosomes move toward the spindles equator
Metaphase II
All of the duplicated chromosomes are lined up at the spindle equator, midway between the poles
Anaphase II
Sister chromatids separate to become independent chromosomes and move to opposite poles
Meiosis
Four haploid cells produced
A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R.
Tassel Microsporocyte Megasporocyte (2n) Meiosis Microspore (n) Germinated pollen grain Sperm nuclei (n) Fertilization Ear shoot Mature spotophyte (2n) Endosperm (3n) Embryo (2n) Mature kernel (2n) 4 megaspores (n) Degenerating megaspores Surviving megaspores Mature embryo sac Polar nuclei (n)
Gametogenesis Tumbuhan
Mikrosporogenesis (pada anther) Megasporogenesis (pada bunga betina/ovarium)
Canna
Hibiscus
Microsporogenesis
Megasporogenesis