ArcGIS 9 Geostatistical Analyst Руководство пользователя

Geostatistical Analyst
Copyright 2001 ESRI

All Rights Reserved.
Russian Translation by DATA+, Ltd.

The information contained in this document is the exclusive property of ESRI. This work is protected under United States copyright law and the
copyright laws of the given countries of origin and applicable international laws, treaties, and/or conventions. No part of this work may be reproduced or
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The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.
DATA CREDITS
Carpathian Mountains data supplied by USDA Forest Service, Riverside, California, and is used here with permission.
Radioceasium data supplied by International Sakharov Environmental University, Minsk, Belarus, and is used here with permission. Copyright 1996.
Air quality data for California supplied by California Environmental Protection Agency, Air Resource Board, and is used here with permission. Copyright
1997.
Radioceasium contamination in forest berries data supplied by the Institute of Radiation Safety BELRAD, Minsk, Belarus, and is used here with
permission. Copyright 1996.
DATA DISCLAIMER
THE DATA VENDOR(S) INCLUDED IN THIS WORK IS AN INDEPENDENT COMPANY AND, AS SUCH, ESRI MAKES NO GUARANTEES AS TO
THE QUALITY, COMPLETENESS, AND/OR ACCURACY OF THE DATA. EVERY EFFORT HAS BEEN MADE TO ENSURE THE ACCURACY OF
THE DATA INCLUDED IN THIS WORK, BUT THE INFORMATION IS DYNAMIC IN NATURE AND IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT
NOTICE. ESRI AND THE DATA VENDOR(S) ARE NOT INVITING RELIANCE ON THE DATA, AND ONE SHOULD ALWAYS VERIFY ACTUAL
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INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
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EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF.
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ESRI and the ESRI globe logo are trademarks of ESRI, registered in the United States and certain other countries; registration is pending in the European
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1 ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst

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Geostatistical Analyst 8
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42
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%

( ca_outline). , %
(. ., %
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ca_outline,

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1.
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: %400000
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2. .
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7. OK.
8. OK, %
.
43
, .
2
3
4
+
6
1. %
.
2. , %
(, %
C:\ArcGIS\ArcTutor\Geostatistics), ca_cities.
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.
4. ca_hillshade %
.
5.
, %
.
6
7

1. %
, .
6. .
7. 30 ().
8. OK.

.

2. , %
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C:\ArcGIS\ArcTutor\Geostatistics),
ca_hillshade.
3. .
1. , .
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53

,
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(X,Y).
5
4
(1,5) =
100
(3,4)
3
2
(4,5)
(1,5)
(3,4) =
105
(1,3)
(5,1)
(1,3) =
105
(4,5) =
X 100
(5,1) =
115

(1,4) (X =
1 Y = 4), (
), .

Z(s) = m + e(s)
s = (X,Y) ; ,
s = (1,5), Z(s)
; ,
Z(1,5) = 100. m
( ) e(s)
. , e(s)
.
.
54
Z(s0 ) = i Z (si )
i =1
Z(s i ) i , ,
Z(1,5) = 100;
li i ;
s0 , , (1,4);
N = 5 .

(IDW). , IDW, li,
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Z (s0 ) i Z (si )
i =1
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11
N1
1
or
1N 1
10
1

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NN 1
N0
N
1 0
1
m
,
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li (),
SiliZ(si).
,
.
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G
, gij
,
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Locations
Distance Cal.
Difference2
Distances
Semivariance
(1,5), (3, 4) sqrt[(1-3)2 + (5-4)2]
2.236
25
12.5
(1,5),(1,3)
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25
12.5
(1,5), (4, 5)
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(1,5),(5,1)
sqrt[42 + 42]
5.657
225
112.5
(3, 4), (1,3)
sqrt[22 + 12]
2.236
(3, 4), (4,
sqrt[12 + 12]
1.414
25
12.5
(3, 4), (5,1)
sqrt[22 + 32]
3.606
100
50
(1,3), (4, 5)
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3.606
25
12.5
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4.472
100
50
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4.123
225
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4,167
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30.19
0
30.19
19.09
48.67
1
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60.37
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l, ,
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5
4
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G1 G. G ,
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-0.02575 0.00704 0.0151
0.00704 -0.04584 0.01085
0.0151
0.01085 -0.02646
0.00664
0.02275 -0.00471
-0.00303 0.0052
0.00522
0.3424
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0.00664
0.02275
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-0.02902
0.00433
0.28471
-0.00303
0.0052
0.00522
0.00433
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0.42189
0.3424
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0.17869
0.28471
0.42189
-41.701
, g. ,
(1,4). (1,4)
(1,5), (3,4), (1,3),
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= 13.5* h,
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.
g (1,4)
(1,5)
1
13.5
(3,4)
2
27.0
(1,3)
1
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0.46757
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0.46982
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100
105
105
100
115
46.757
10.3257
49.3311
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102.6218
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57
(0.46757)
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102.50
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100
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3
2
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(0.46982)
105
(1,3) =
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1
105
5
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100
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115
, ,
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g ,
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:
1,2
2.000
2,4
3.000
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3.605
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2
36.091
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52.221
81.855
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40.065
40.065
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25.881
60.920
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1
2
3
4
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(2.75, 2.75).
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x = 2.75, y = 2.75
1
2
3
4
5
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1
0.000
36.091
40.065
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71.564
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1.768
2.850
1.275
2.574
2.850
g ,
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= 0.355 * 105 0.073 * 100 + 0.529 * 105

0.022 * 100 + 0.211 * 115
= 107.59
x = 2.75, y = 2.75
,
1
32.097
2
49.936
3
23.390
4
45.584
5
49.936
6
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g (
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1
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0.355
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105
100
105
100
115

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l.
1:
l 1 = (0.019*32.097 + 0.01005*49.936 + 0.00776*23.390
0.0021*45.584 + 0.00336*49.936 + 0.2114*1.000)
= 0.355
( 6) :
li
1
0.355
2
0.073
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5
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6
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0.6
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Data Value
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12
Normal Distribution
1.0
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0.6
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10
12
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1.0
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0.6
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10
12
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94
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BoxCox ( % %
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0. ,
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0.4
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. %
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ln% .
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,
.
, %

.
:
Probability Density
Probability
Density
, %
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:
0.2
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106
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107

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y).
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y).

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108

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( . 110).
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(. . 110).
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109
110

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4
3.

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4.
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5.
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15
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111
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12
9.
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10.
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11.

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).
12.
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112
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).
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113

(IDW) %
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% , IDW %
, .
%
, , %
. , IDW ,
,
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Z(s0 ) = i Z (si )
i =1
Z(s 0 ) % s0.
N ,
.
li % , , , %
. %
.
Z(si) si.
:
N
i = d i0 p / d i0 p
i =1
i =1
= 1,
so, i% , si.
p %
; , , %
, (
), ,
.
,
, 1.

p %
(RMSPE). %

(. 7, %
%
).
%
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RMSPE % %
, %
%
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.
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:
:
%
p.
di0 % ,
114
(p)
. RMSPE %
,
. (%
),
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.
, %
p. , , %
. ,
p. p = 0,
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, %
. %
p, , %
, . p %
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, .

,
, , %

. %
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(inverse
distance squared weighted).
115
%
, .
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.
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116
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117

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%
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118
1.
ArcMap
,

(IDW).
2.
3.

,

.
4.
.
5. .
6.

.
7.

.
8.

OK.

:
.

,

.

.

1,
. .

,

, 9,

.

,

.
,
()

.
.

7,

.
1. ArcMap
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,

.
4.
.
5.

,
.
6.

,

.
7.
.
8. .
9.

.
10.

.
11.

OK.
119

%
, %
(). , %
,
.
,
, , %
, , %
.
( ), % %
( ), ,
10, Geostatistical
Analyst . ,
.
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%
%
.
1.
ArcMap
,

.
2.
3.

,

.
4.

.
5.

.
6.

.
7.

OK.
122

%
. %
,
(
). %
(.

7, %
).
, %
. %
, %
, , ,
, %
. , %
, %
.

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123
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.

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.
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%
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124
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%
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.

7,

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1.
ArcMap
,

.
2.
3.

,

.
4.

.
5. .
6.
,

.
7.

.
8.

OK.
125

(Radial basis functions % RBF) %
; , %
, , %
.
: , , %
, ,
.

. RBF % %
.
RBF %
, ,
. %
,
. ,
, %
RBF, .
, %
.
, RBF
, %
, %

( %
). %
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,
(.
).

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126
, RBF
%
(.
.126).
,
%
(. %
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. % ,
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,
.

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,
%
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, .
6
4
z
2
1
0
1
5
x
127
, % %
, %
. %
x,z y = 5 (
), .
,
y = 5, x = 7. %
RBF ,
, ( f1, f2
f3) .
w1f1 + w2 f2
+ w3f3 +. , ?
! w1, w2,
w3, , :
%
, .
N N %
, .
, ,
. RBF, %
, .
, ,
, , %
. ,
,
, %
.
,
.
128
, ,
, %
; %
.

% %
, %
.

. %
%
, %
%
() %
.
.

7,

.
RBF
1.
ArcMap
,

.
2.
3.

,

.
4.
.
5. .
6.

.
7.

.
8.

.
9.

OK.
129

.
( )
,
(
).
. ,

. ,
,
,
.
,
, , , ,
, .
,
.
:
.
, ,
.
,
, ()
, .
. ,
, .
131
?
, , %
, .
%
. , %
, %
, %
.
,
, , %
5, %
. Geostatistical Analyst % %
.
,
( %
) , , %
, ..
. ,
%
. ,
% %
. si, %
% i.
s0 ,
s0 % %
. ,
s1, ..., s7, s0
% , , %
. , , %
,
, %
.
, %
:
; , , %1.4789, 10965.6891,
. .
, , %2, %1, 0, 1, 2,
; , ,
,
; , ,
,
; , 0 1
%
.

, %
, , %
. , ,
, %
, % %
, .
, s1 s7,
s0, .
. , %
132
. %
%
. ,

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, ,
. %
, , %
, , .
, , %
.
%
. .
, %
; %
. ,
%
%
.
%
. %
,
5, %
. %
; , %
%
.
. ,
,
% , %
. ,
,
.
, ,
, . %
, ,
%
,
Z(s) = (s) + (s),
Z(s) % , %
m(s), , %
e (s). s ;
x% () y% ().

, , %
.
,
, % m(s)
. , %
e (s); , %
, 0 %
e (s) e (s+h)
s,
, h.
133
. ,
, ,
, , %
.
s1+h
s1
s2+h
s2
, . ;
, m(s) = m , m ,
, .
%
, ,
m(s) = b0 + b1x + b2y + b3x2 + b4y2 + b5xy,
%
%
x y. , , %
, %
. (..,
), ,
, .
, Z(s) =m (s) +e
(s). Z(s). %
, %
, Z(s) 0,
(, 0.12 ppm
) 1, % . ,
, Z(s)
% , %
. %
Z(s),
134
fi(Z(si)) i% . %
; ,
s0, %
g(Z(s0))
f i(Z(s i)).
Geostatistical Analyst, g % %
, .
, ,
, Zj(s) = mj (s) + ej (s)
j% . %
, ,
ej (s); %
ej (s) ek (s) . %
, %
,
,
. , %
, . %
Z(s) ,
%
Z(s) ,
.
, %
, , %
, , %
, ,
,
.

% , % %
()
. :
?
, %
. %
, ,
; %
. %
. , %
.
. %
.
%
, x.
, %
. , %
,
.
%
. %
, %
, .

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
+
,
, %
. %
. , %
, , 1,
. %
%
. , ,

135

%

, %
.
,
%
,

;
, %

; ,
%
,
, %

.
%
, %
%
.
2.
.
1.
ArcMap
,
.
3.
,

.
4.
.
3
5. .
6.
.
7.
.
8.

OK.

,

,
.
,

.
136

, , %
. ,
, %
%
, .
,
, % , %
, ,
. , %
, %
, ,
%
. ,
,
, %
, , %
, , %
, . %

.
, %
BoxCox ,
.
% BoxCox, %

( ) .
, %
. ,
: %
, . %
7, %
.
:
OK
SK
UK
IK
PK*
DK
BAL
NST
yes (1st if TR)

yes
yes (1st if T)
no
no
yes (1st if TR)
no
yes
no
no
no
yes (2nd
if TR)
TR (2nd if BAL)
no
T (2nd if BAL)
no
no
TR (1st if NST,
2nd if BAL)
():
OK
SK
UK
IK
PK
DK
BAL
NST
yes (1st if TR)

yes
yes (1st if T)
no
yes (1st if TR)
yes (1st if TR)
no
yes
no
no
no
yes (2nd
if TR)
TR (2nd if BAL)
no
T (2nd if BAL)
no
TR (2nd if BAL)
TR (1st if NST,
2nd if BAL)
: , %
,
() : , %

() : ( %
)
BAL BoxCox, %
NST
TR ,
T,
SV , %
*: PK ( ), %
%
.
137
?
,
Z(s) = + (s),
m % . ,
, % %
.
, %
. , ,
. % %
.
m ) ( m(s) %
s).
.
,
( %
),
, %
; . 7,
,
.
,
, , %
. ,
. ,
%
m. , %
. , %
, %
, , . , %
, %
( e (s) %
138
%
%
, %
, %
. %
.
,
, %
.

,
,
/
.

ArcMap

.

.
.

,
,

/ ,

,
7,

.
1.
ArcMap
,

.
2.
3.
,

.
4.
.
5. .
6.

.
7. .
8.
/

.
9.

.
10.

.
11.

OK.
139

,

:
.

,

.

.

1,

. .

,
9

.

,

.
,

.
140
1. ArcMap

,

,

.
+

1. ArcMap
,

.
2. Geostatistical
Analyst.
3.
,

.
4.
.
5.

,
.
6. .
7. 6 10

,

.

ESDA

(ESDA)
,

(
)
/.

.
.

/
,

,
7,

.
1.
ArcMap
,

.
2.
3. ,

.
4.
.
5. .
6.

.
7.

.
8. .
9. 9 12

,

.
141

,

,

.
.

,
,

/
,

,
7,

.
142

1. ArcMap
,

.
2. Geostatistical
Analyst.
3. ,

.
4.
.
5. .
6.

.
7.
.
8. .
9.

.
10.

/ .
11.

.
12.

.
13.
OK.
?
,
Z(s) = m + e(s)
m % . , ,
,

, ,
,
, .
,
( %
),
,
; . 7, %
,
.
,
. %
m. ( %
.) , %
, m,
e (s) .
m, ,
e (s). e (s), %
,
e (s). ,
m , .
, , , %
, .

143

%
, %
, %
. %
.
,
,
.
.

/
,

,
7,

.
1. ArcMap
,

.
2.
3. ,

.
4.
.
5. .
6.

.
7. .
8. .
9.

/
.
10.

.
11.

.
12.

OK.
144

. .
7,

.
.

/
,

,
7,

.
1. ,

, 6,
,

.
2.

.
3. 7 12,

.
1. ,

,
, 6,
,

.
2.

...
3.
.
4. .
5. 7 12,

.
145

,
:

.

,
.

.

1,

. .

,
9,

.
1.
ArcMap

.

,

.
,

.
146

ESDA

(ESDA)
,

/.

.
.

/
,

,
7,

.
1.
ArcMap
,

.
2.
3. ,

.
4.
.
5. .
6.

.
7.

.
8. .
9. 9 12

,

.
147

,

,

. . 7,

.
.

/
,

,
7,

.
148
1. ArcMap
,

.
2. Geostatistical
Analyst.
3. ,

.
4.
.
5. .
6.

.
7.

.
8.

.
9. .
10.

.
11.

.
12. 9 12

,
.
7
8

. .
7,

.
.

,
/
,

,
7,

.
1. ArcMap
,

.
2. Geostatistical
Analyst.
3. ,

.
4.
.
5. .
6.

.
7.
.
8.
.
9. .
10.

/
.
11.

.
12. 10 12

,
.
7
8
149
?
,
Z(s) = m(s) + e(s),
m(s) % . , %
, %
,
.
:
%
, .
%
, ( %
), %
,
,
. . 7, %
, %
.
( %
) % m(s). %
, , e (s), %
. e (s)
0. e (s).
%
. ,
, .
,
. , , %
e (s) ,
. , %
150

%
,
,
%
.
. ,
, %
, %
.
.

,
,

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,
,
7,

.
1. ArcMap
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2. Geostatistical
Analyst.
3. ,

.
4.
.
5.

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6.

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8.

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10.

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OK.
151

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152
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153
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12.

OK.
155
?
,
I(s) = I(Z(s) > ct) = m1 + e1(s)
Z(s) = m2 + e2(s),
m1 m2 % , I (s) % %
,
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%
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156

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.
157
12.

.
13.

OK.
158
?
,
f(Z(s)) = m1 + e(s)
m1 % f(Z(s)) %
Z(s). ,
f(Z(s)) = I(Z(s) > ct), %
.
%
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%
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Z (s ),
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i =1
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%
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.
5. .
6.

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7.
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9.

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10.

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11.

OK.

.

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,

95
.
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,

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,

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7,

.
1.

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m1 m2 % . ,
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,
{Z2(s)}. , , %
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167
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var % .
si sj ,
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cov % .
% . %
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C(si,sj)
0
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168
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%
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169
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171

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C21(s2,s3)
Z1(s1)
Z1(s2)
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Z1(s4)
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Z2(s3)
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Ckm(si,sj) = cov(Zk(si), Zm(sj)).
172
, , , C12(s2,s3) %
( %
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Ckm(si,sj) Cmk(si,sj). Z1,
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zp % %
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: p = 0.975, zp = 1.96; p = 0.5, zp = 0; p = 0.025,
zp = %1.96. , , %
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Prob[Z(s) zp, Z(s + h) zp]
Prob[Z(s) zp] = p. , , h
. , Prob[Z(s) zp, Z(s + h) zp]
Prob[Z(s) zp]Prob[Z(s + h) zp] =
p2 ( Z(s) Z(s + h) ).
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f(p,h) p p2.
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h,
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%
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Prob[Z(s) zp, Z(s + h) zp] = E[I(Z(s) zp)I(Z(s + h) zp)],
I() % , 1,
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%
p :
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p:
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207
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( )
208
, %

.
%

, %
%
.

, %
,
%
. %
%

%

,
%
%
%
.

,
/
/
.
1.
ArcMap

,

.
2.
.
3.
.
4.

.
5.
/
/
.
6.

.
7.
,
(
).
8.
.
9. .
10.
, ,

.
. f
6
7
8
209
11.

/
.
12.

. .
210
,
. ,
, . ,
, ( )
.
,
. , .
15
10
-5
value
-10
10
20
30
40
50
x
60
70
80
90 100
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
value
15
value
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
value
10
-5
-10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
x
60
70
80
90 100
, 100 .

. % , , . %
: % , % .
211
,
%
, %
. .211
: 34% ,
70% , % %
.
.
, %
, , , ,

%3 1. ,
.
,
, ; %
, %
, (
%3 1
, ,
), , ,
(
).
, , %
). , %
, ,
, %
, .
.
1/4
212
1/2
, , % .
, ,
, %
. Geostatistical Analyst %
,
. %
,
,
, , ,
,
, %
.
,
, %
, ,
, (. ).
, %
, .
, ,
, .
, %
.
, %
. Geostatistical
Analyst, % , ,
.
()
213
%

: %
%
.
%
,

. , %

%
,
%
.
%
%
%
, %
%
.

,

.

,
,

/.
214

1.

.
2.
:
, ,
.
3.

.
4.
.
5. .
6.
,

( ).
7.
.
8.
,
,

,
.
9. ,
,
,
.
10.
,
,

.
11. . f
3
2
4
10
9
8
11
12.
,
,

.
.
13.
/

.
14.

.
15.

.
16.

OK.
215
216
Value

%
, .
,
Z(s) = m(s) + e(s)
m(s) % (
) e (s) %
. , , ,
, %
. ,
, %
. %
, . %

( )
. ,
,
, %
, , .. %
, , %
.
, %
.
.
, %
. % , Z(s) = m + e (s)
e (s) . m = 0 %
. %
: m(s) = b0 +
b1x(s) + b2x2(s) ( );
, , 0, , %
1.
, , %
( ,
, % %
). %
%
, ,
-2
0
10
15
x
20
25
30
,
. , %
,
. ,
. %
, , %
, . %
,
. ,
. ,
%
. ,

, , ,
, , .. , %
. %
, ( %
), . Geostatistical Analyst
%
.
%
,
%
. , , %

.
( )
,
217
%
%
, %
ESDA, %
(.
4,
%
).
,
%
% ,
%
. %
,
.

, %

.
1.

,

.
2.

.
3. .
:

( , ),

.
4. ,

,
,

.

,

.
5. .

,

.
218

?

ArcCatalog

,

ArcMap Geostatistical Analyst

, .
,
, , ,
.
Geostatistical
Analyst,
.


.
,
ArcMap,
. ,
,
Geostatistical Analyst, ,
. , ,
ArcMap.
, ,
.
,

219
?
ArcMap .

. ArcMap %
, , , %
, %
, ,
, , . %
. %
% TIN ,
CAD CAD
, ,
%
ArcMap.
ArcMap, , . ,
%
.
Geostatistical Analyst. %
ArcMap %
, .
, %
( %
), ,
. %
220

.

,
,
, %
, %

.
%
: , ,
. %

. %
.

221
ArcMap
. %
%
,
,
.
1.
ArcMap
.
2. ...
,
.
3. .
4. .

,
%
,
, ,

, %

.

.
%
, %
, %

, %
,
%
. , %
,
.
, ,
.
,
,

.
222
2
3
4
1. ArcMap

.
2.

,

.
3.
.
4. :
.
5. :
,

.
6. :
.
7.
.
8.
,

.
9. .
10.
,
8, 9.
11. OK.
11

ArcMap %
, %

. %
%
%
,
Geostatistical Analyst, % %
%
, %
, %
%
. %

%

.
%
%

,
,

.
%
, %
%
.
.
. %
ArcMap

,
.
1. ,

,
, ,
.
1.
, ,
.
,
.
2.
,
.

1.
ArcMap,

.
2.

.
223
ArcMap %
%
. %
%
,

.
Geostatistical
Analyst : %
, , %
%
.
%
, %
%
,
,

(%
, _2).
,
%

, %
, %
.
%
,
%

.
%

,

.
224
22
1.
.
2.
.
,
.
3. .
1.
, ,
,
.
2.
.
3. ().

1.
, ,

.

ArcCatalog
ArcCatalog %
%

.
ArcCatalog

%
, %
, %
.
ArcCatalog %
%
%
,
.

.
ArcCatalog
Geostatistical
Analyst
44
1.
Windows.
2.
.
3. ArcGIS.
4. ArcCatalog.
ArcCatalog.
ArcCatalog,

.

1. ArcCatalog.
2.

3. .
ArcCatalog
ArcCatalog
,

ArcMap.
225
.
Using
ArcCatalog (
ArcCatalog)

.
1. ArcCatalog.
2.

.
3.
.
4.
,
.
5.
,

,

.
6. ,

.
7.
.
226

%
.
% %
%
. %

, ,
,
.
% %
.
, %
,

,
.
%
%
. %
%
(
).

()
%
.
%
%
.

,

,

.

1.
ArcMap
,

.
2. .
3. :

.
5
4.
.
5. OK.
2

1.
ArcMap
,

.
2. .
3. :

.
4.
.
5. OK.
227

Z (),

Z

z
x y. z
, x y
,

Z,
.

,

.

.

ArcMap.
1. ArcMap

,

.
2. .
3. :

.
4.
.
5. OK.
1. ArcMap

,

.
2. .
3. :

.
4.
.
5. OK.
228
ArcMap %
, %
%
. %
, %
%
, , ,

.
ArcMap %
, %
%
. , %
, %
,
. %

%
, %
.

,

.
,
,

.

.
1.
,
,
.
4
3
2. .
3. :

,
.
4.
.
5. OK.
5

1.

.
2. .

,
,
.
229

, %
%
,
.
. %
, %
,
. ,
,
%.
%
.

%
.
, %
, % %
, %
% , %
. ,
.
%
, %
, , ()
.
,
, %
, .

.
,
0.0465 0.1736, ,
, 0.15 ,
, 0.15 .
, ,
, %
.
: , %
, %
.
. ,
, .

:
230

( )
,
.

.
, . %
, . , %
, .
.
0.0465
0.0719
0.0973
0.1227
0.1481
%
%
%
%
%
0.0719
0.0973
0.1227
0.1481
0.1736
+
,
. , , , . , ,
,
.
0.0465
0.0807
0.0923
0.1035
0.1164
%
%
%
%
%
0.0807
0.0923
0.1035
0.1164
0.1736
231

, .
( ) , .
, , , %
, .
. , , ,
, . %
. ,
, , , .
0.0465
0.0869
0.1056
0.1144
0.1331
232
%
%
%
%
%
0.0869
0.1056
0.1144
0.1331
0.1736
%
, %

,
%
, %
, %
.
1.

,
,
.
%
%
,

.

, %

%
, %
.
2. .
3.
.
2
3
4.
.
5.

.
6. OK
.
7. OK
.
233

1.

,
,
.
2. .
3.
.
4.
.
5.

.
6.
(
).
10
7.
.
8.
Min Max,

,
.
9. OK
.
10. OK
.
234
ArcMap %
, %
;
, %

%
.

.
% (
),

.

1.

.
2. .
3.
:
4.
,
.
5. OK.
%
, %
.
, ,

. %
,

.
3
4
,

, %

%
.
235
, Geostatistical
Analyst
,

.

,

. ,

.

,
,
.
,

, ,
.
,

,
.
,

(,
),

.
1. ArcMap

,
,

.
2. .
3.
:
,
.
4.
.

.
5. OK.

,
,

,
.
236
ArcMap
,
,
,
,
,
.
ArcMap ,

%
%
.mxd. ,
%

ArcMap %
,
.lyr.
.lyr %
,
.
%
,

( %
)
ArcInfo, %.

,
,
,
.

1.
.
1
2
2. ,

.
3. ,
.
4. .
3

1.
ArcMap
,
,

....
2. ,

.
3. ,
.
4. .
237

1. ArcMap

,
,
.
2.

,
,
,

,

.
3. OK.

1. ArcMap

,
,
.
2. (
, ,
,
SDE).
3.
.
4. OK.
238

:

,

ArcMap Geostatistical Analyst

, .
,
, ,
,
, .
,
.
,
.
, Geostatistical Analyst ArcMap,
,
. , ArcMap
,
.
239

%
ArcMap. %
%
%
,
, %
%

%
. %
%
, %
, %
, %
.
%
, %
%

.

,

.
240

1. ArcMap

.
, ,

.

.
2.
.
3.

.
4. :

/
.
5. :

.
6.
.
? ,
2 5. ,

.
7.

OK.

%
, %
%
. ,
%

%
%
.
%

,
% %
%
. , %
%
%

, %

,
.
1.

,
5 6.
2.

.
3.
.
4.
.
5. OK.
5
6
6.
,
.

.

,

(

ArcMap

).
241

ArcCatalog.
242

1.
ArcMap
,

,

.
2.
,
,

.
3. ,

,

,

.
4.
,

,
.
5. OK.
6.

ArcMap.
7.
,

,
.

.
4
5
,

%
% %
%
%
. %
(, , ..),
%
%

.
% %
. %
%
, %
%
, %

.

,

,

.

.
,

,

.
1.
.
2. ,

.
3. .
4.
,

.
,

:
+
_sets.mdb, ,
inputpoints_sets.mdb,
inputpoints
,
.
5. .

.
243

. ,

,

,

.

ArcMap, ArcCatalog.
.
. 7,

,
,
,

.

1.
ArcMap
.
,

(
ArcMap).
2.
(
Shift).
3. .
4.

.
5.
.
6.
.
7.
,
.
8.
,
,
.
9.
.
10.
,

.
11.
()

.
12. OK. f
9
10
11
244
12

: ,

,
,

,

(.
7,

).
13.

ArcMap.
14
14. ,
,

.

,
.
245
A
.
. ,
.

,
,
Geostatistical Analyst. ,
, .
247
- ,
5,
.

, , ,
. , ,
0(x,y), .
,

.
x y, . , :
Z ( xi , yi ) = 0 + 1 xi + 2 yi + ( xi , yi ),
Z(xi,yi) - (xi,yi), j - , (xi,yi) - . ,
:
, :
Z ( xi , yi ) = 0 + 1xi + 2 yi + 3 xi2 + 4 yi2 + 5 xi yi + ( xi , yi ).

Z ( xi , yi ) = 0 + 1xi + 2 yi + 3 xi2 + 4 yi2 + 5 xi yi + 6 xi3 +
7 yi3 + 8 xi2 yi + 9 xi yi2 + ( xi , yi ),
, 10- (
Geostatistical Analyst). {i}
, ,
Snedecor Cochran (1989).
248
w (Z ( x , y ) ( x , y ))
i =1
n - , . ,
wi - ,
wi = exp(3di 0 / a) ,
di0 - , a - , . , 0(xi,yi) - .
:
0 ( xi , yi ) = 0 + 1 xi + 2 yi ,
:
0 ( xi , yi ) = 0 + 1 xi + 2 yi + 3 xi2 + 4 yi2 + 5 xi yi ,
. {i}.
,
, , (Gandin, 1963).

Geostatistical Analyst n
, . ,
Z(s0 ) = i ( si s0 ) + n +1
n
i =1
(r) % , r = ||si % s0|| - s0

si, {i: i = 1, 2, , n + 1} %
.
w = (1, 2, , n),
,
1 w z
=
1' 0 n +1 0
- i,j% (||si % sj||)
i,j, 1 - , , z
- , . - , (||si % s0||), ,
Z(s 0 ) = w' + n +1.

n +1 - .
,
Z(s ) = ' z,
0
= ,
1' 0 m 1
, . .
1. ,
(1)n ( r ) 2 n
2
2
= ln( r / 2) + E1 ( r / 2 ) + CE ,
n
!
n
n =1
( r ) =
ln - , E1(x) - (Abramowitz and Stegun, 1965, . 227), CE -

(Abramowitz and Stegun, 1965, . 255),
2. ,
(r ) = ln( r / 2) + K 0 ( r ) + CE ,
K0(x) - (Abramowitz and
Stegun, 1965, . 374),
3. ,
(r ) = (r 2 + 2 ) ,
1/ 2
4. ,
(r ) = (r 2 + 2 )
1 / 2
5. ,
(r ) = ( r )2 ln( r ).

.
249
(Bishop, 1995,
. 164).
Cressie (1993, . 180) Chiles Delfiner (1999, . 272).
r
0 cos( ) sin( )
s
s + =
0 1/ r sin( ) cos( )
- r -
. s i+ s +0 .
250

Declustering ()

, . , , , , . , , ,
.
Journel (1983), Isaaks Srivastava (1989, . 421), Cressie
(1993, . 352), Goovaerts (1998, . 76).
(Morisitas
index)
(Morisitas index) (Morisita, 1959; . Cressie, 1993, . 590),
- .

, ,
. ,
, . , .
. Isaaks Srivastava
(1989, . 238), Goovaerts (1998, . 79). Geostatistical
Analyst ,
( ) , .

x- y- 1 / 2 * S / N , S -
, N - .
x y
.
.

, . - .
Journel and Huijbregts (1978, . 478), Isaaks
Srivastava (1989, . 469), Cressie (1993, . 281), Rivoirard (1994,
. 46), Goovaerts (1998, . 266), Chiles and Delfiner (1999,
. 380).
, , . . : Z(s(1)),
Z(s(2)), Z(s(n)), Z(s(1)) - , Z(s(n)) -
. ,
(n = 4);
:

1
3/4
1/2
1/4
Z(s(1))
Z(s(2)) Z(s(3))
Z(s(4))
. , y - (1/n), .
251
,
.
.

. :
0
Z(s(1))
0
Z(s(2)) Z(s(3))
Z(s(4))
i i
2
i )
p ( z; ,
i =1
-3
p( z ) =

.
, :
=1
i =1
pi ( z; i , i2 ) =
( z i )2
exp
2 i2
2 i
i, i, i
,
. ,
z
0
Z(s(1))
Z(s(4))
0
Z(s(2)) Z(s(3))
252
P( z ) =
-3
p( x)dx
P(z) ,
, .
/

%
(, Journel Huijbregts, 1978,
. 31; Cressie, 1993, . 58; Goovaerts, 1997, . 68;
Armstrong, 1998, . 19; Chiles and Delfiner, 1999, . 31; Stein,
1999, . 39). , %
2g(h), g(h). , 2g(h) %
, g(h) % .

%
%
(, Journel Huijbregts, 1978, .
31; Isaaks Srivistava, 1989, . 221; Cressie, 1993, . 53;
Goovaerts, 1997, . 68; Armstrong, 1998, . 19; Chiles
Delfiner, 1999, . 30; Stein, 1999, . 15).

, .
%
(, Journel Huijbregts, 1978,
. 192; Isaaks Srivastava, 1989, . 59; Cressie, 1993, .
70; Goovaerts, 1997, . 86; Chiles Delfiner, 1999, . 31;
Stein, 1999, . 39).
()

%
, h =
(hx, hy)1, , %
.
, ; %
.
, , %
, GSLIB

%
, . %

(, Journel
Huijbregts, 1978, . 194; Isaaks Srivastava, 1989, . 60;
Cressie, 1993, . 69; Goovaerts, 1997, . 82; Armstrong, 1998,
. 47; Chiles Delfiner, 1999, . 36; Stein, 1999, . 39).

253
h y
h y
h x
(Deutsch Journel, 1992, . 45), Splus (Splus Spatial Stats

User Manual ), SAS (Technical
Report ). ,
Geostatistical Analyst ;
.
254
h x
, ,
.
,

( ,
).
, ,
,
. 255. .
,
, .
h y
0
0
) , C(0;
)
( ;
.
, ;

,) = (||h||;
),
a(h;
, ,
, ,
() . ,
. .
22, (h; )
, . h = (hx,hy)
,
,
.
,
,
, 95
,
.
: Journel Huijbregts (1978, . 175), Isaaks
Srivastava (1989, . 377), Cressie (1993, . 64), Goovaerts
(1997, . 90), Armstrong (1998, . 28), Chiles Delfiner
(1999, . 93).

.
,
,
. :
) (h;
),
C(h;
) = ( ;

:
(h;
) = 1(h;1) + 2(h;2) +
, , .
) C(h;
),
(h;
) = C(0;
A
255
(h; ) =
s
for h = 0
for h 0
s 0.

:
2 s
(h; ) =
(h; ) =
2 s
h
arcsin
h
+

r
h
1
r
2 h
+
3 r
h
1
r

h
+ arcsin for 0 h r
s
for
r < h
for 0 h r
h
1
r
for
r < h
s 0 % , r 0 %
.
s 0 % , r 0 %
.
3 h 1 h 3

for 0 h r
(h; ) = s 2 r 2 r

s
for
r < h
s 0 % , r 0 %
.
256

15 h 5 h
(h; ) = s 8 r 4 r

s
3 h
+
8
r
for 0 h r
for
r < h
s 0 % , r 0 %
.
3h
(h; ) = s 1 exp
r
h,
s 0 - , r 0 -
.

:
h
(h; ) = s 1 exp 3
h,
s 0 - , r 0 -
. , , Geostatistical
Analyst , 1/
1000 .
s 0 - , r 0 -
.

:
0
for h = 0
1 sin (2 h / )
r
(h; ) =
for h 0
s sin (2 h / r )
s 0.
K
:
k h / r k
(h; ) = s 1 k 1
K k k h / r
2 ( k )
(h; ) = s
h
19
r
h
1 + 19
r
h,
h,
s 0, r 0, k 0,
- ,
k
, (r) = 0.95 s k, (k) - -,
( y ) =
x y 1 exp( x)dx
K k ()-
k (Abramowitz Stegun, 1965, . 374).
257
J
, , %
,
, . %
(%)
(Matheron, 1965) %
(Journel Huijbregts, 1978, . 236; Cressie,
1993, . 67; Ver Hoef Cressie, 1993),
. %
,
(Journel Huijbregts, 1978, . 41; Ver Hoef Cressie, 1993),
%
.
( h ; ) = s 1
2 d ( d + 1)
h / r
J d d h / r
h
d ,
s 0, r 0, d 0,
min
B > 0, ( B )= s , ( B )< 0
B = r
(k) - -,
( y ) =
x y 1 exp( x)dx
J d () - J- (Abramowitz Stegun, 1965, .

358).

:
h
( h ; ) = s 1 exp 3
h,
( %
,
)
Journel Huijbregts (1978, . 40), Isaaks Srivastava (1989,
. 390), Goovaerts, (1997, . 107), Chiles Delfiner (1999,
. 339). Geostatistical Analyst ,
%
(Ver Hoef Cressie, 1993).
, x y.
s 0 0 e 2. ,
, Geostatistical
Analyst ,
1/1000 .
258

, %
. Z kj (si ) j
k i% si.
N ij (h k )
~
~
C ii ( 0; )C jj ( 0; (jj1) ) + C ij2 (h k ; ij(1) )
ij (h k ; ij(1) ) = ~
1
~
, Z jk (si ) = Z kj (si ) / sk sk %
. 1 ,
; %
~
( ) Z jk (si )
( %
() %
) , %
. %
d k 1 / 2 , d k +1 / 2 , d = 1.25, k
.

d k cosh(12 log d k ) . , %
, Geostatistical Analyst ,
. (%
Cij ( hk )
)
, i i%
, j j% , k
k% . %
,
~
wij (hk ) Cij (hk ;ij ) Cij ( hk )
T
Nij(hk) % () %
i j k.
(1). Geostatistical Analyst %
(1985)
(1), ,
(3)
nij
i =1 j =1 k =1
(1)
, ij
i,j , ,
nij
wij (hk ) = Nij (hk ) / Nij (hm )

m=1
(2)
(1)
ii
,
() ,
nij
wij (h k ) = ij (h k ; ij(1) ) /
(1)
ij (h m ; ij )
(4)
m =1
(2). ,
( 2)
, ii
nij
2
(5)
arg min wii (h k ) ~ii ( h k ; ii ) ii ( h k )
ii
k =1
( 2)
wii(hk) (2), ii
(5) (4),
ij (h k ; ii(1) ) =
N ij (h k )
ii2 (h; ii(1) )
- , .
(2) , ,
. , , 12, ,
2*/12.
(1)
(2)
259
2
2 1,
()
~
Z jk (si ) (
()
), , ,
(2) .

, () , ,
~
C ij (h; ) =
(i, j ) u (h; u ).
u =1
, Bu(i,j) - ,
i,j - Bu, T T -
, T - , S - () , , u(h; u) %
; u(0; u) = 1, u - ,
(/ ) . , .
, (3)
(1) (2) , (4)
(1) , (4) (3) ,
. , , 1. . () :
ii(h) = si2~ii (h; ii( 4 ) ).

- (,
), , .

, . . Geostatistical
Analyst , .
, , . (. Deutsch Journel, 1992, .
139 Goovaerts, 1998, . 265). . ,
, , , . ,
, , .
Cij(h) = si sj Cij (h; (ij4) ),
260

. (best linear unbiased
prediction - BLUP); , , Wold
(1938), (1941), Wiener (1949), (1959),
Goldberger (1962), Henderson (1963). (1959, 1963) Matheron (1962, 1969). Journel (1983) ,
Sullivan (1984) , Matheron (1976)
. Cressie (1990) .
Geostatistical Analyst , . (1959, 1960, 1963) Cressie (1986,
1988, 1993, . 127135).
. , ,
, , ,
. ,

. ,
. ,
. .
. , , A
( ) ( ). j- k i- si k
Z j (si ) .

() , Geostatistical Analyst
. ,
ni
2
ME
(Z (s ) Z (s ))
s i D j =1
N nD
D - ,
2
, Zj(si) - j- si, ME
si, ni - si
D, N = i ni si D, nD % D.
,
; ,
2
100 ( ME
/ ) .
2
ME
; ,
2
, ME
;
, 2
ME .
261
E(dt(s)) = 0, s t.
Cressie
(1993, . 127135) ;
, Geostatistical Analyst. 6, ,
- :
Cov(dt(s), du(s+h)) = s2 h = 0 t = u, 0.
Zt(s) = (s) + t(s),

,
t(s) = Y(s) + (s) + t(s),

Zt(s) t- si, ni -
si. ni = 1, ni > 1,
. , :
m(s) = m - .
Y(s) - ,

.
E(Y(s)) = 0.
Y(), h (), d() .

, ,
v, :
. , v = C(0) +2.
,
C y (h) + C (h)
Cov ( Z t (s), Z u (s + h)) = C y (0) + C (0)

C (0) + C (0) + 2
if
h0
if
h = 0 and t u
if
h = 0 and t = u .
, ( ) S(s0) + Y(s0) +
(s0) s0; , . , S(s0) = Z(s0).
,
S (s0) = z,
Cov(Y(s), Y(s+h)) = Cy(h),

Y(s).
h(s) ,

0, , .
z - , -
. ,
E(h(s)) = 0.
Cov(h(s), h (s+h)) = Ch(h) with Ch() = 0.
dt(s) () ,
.
262
E(S(s0) z)2,
E(S(s0) z) = 0,
, 1 = 1,

. , ,
z
1 c
=
0 m 1
m - , z -
, c Cov(z, S(s0)) = Cov(z, Y(s0) + (s0)). , () 0,
, Cov(z, (s0)) = 0 , , s0 = si, si -
; Cov(Z(si), (si)) = C(0), . , , , v = 2 + C(0).
2, C(0) = v 2.
,
, ,
; 0 < 1,
2 = v C(0) = (1 )v.
,
, .
, C(0),
. - () (.., ),
,
. ,
2
= z%1(c % 1m) m = (1 z%1 c % 1)/1 z%11,

. , ,
E(S(s0) z)2
= Cy(0) + C(0) c % m,
= Cy(0) + (1 )v c % m,
, :
S (s0 ) =
C y (0) + (1 )v ' c m

, S(s0), , Zu(s0), , ,
, .
Z (s ) = z,
u
,
E(Zu(s0)
z)2.
, s0 = si D, u > ni. , ,
z
1 c
=
0 m 1 ,
m - , z -
c Cov(z, Zu(s0)) = Cov(z, Y(s0) + (s0) +u(s0)).
,
= z%1(c % 1m) , m = (1 z%1 c 1)/1 z%11.
, s0 = si D,
Zu(si) zt(si); t n. , ,
,
E(Zu(s0) z)2
= Cy(0) + C(0) + 2 c % m,
= Cy(0) + v c % m,
,
Z (s 0 ) = C y (0) + v ' c m .
263
S (s 0 ) .

, s0 = si si D,
0.
, Krivoruchko, Gribov, Ver Hoef,
2000.

( , ), S(s0) - S(s0)
,
, s2 (s 0 ) .
.
264

Geostatistical Analyst. ,
,
, .
:
(s) , .
,
( ) S(s0) (s0) + Y(s0) +
(s0) s0.

,
S (s0 ) = C y (0) + (1 )v 'c

,
,

,
.
,
u
,
E(Zu(s0) z k )2.
(s0) = z + k
,
E (S(s0)
z k) =Var[Y(s0) + (s0) z] + [(s0)
k]2,
2
-
. k = (s0)
= z1c, z , c
Cov(z, Y(s0) + (s0)).
,
z (z ) + (s0).
(s0) = z + k = c
1
,
,
E(S(s0) z k)2
z1c
= Cy(0) + C(0) c
= Cy(0) + (1 )v cz1c ,
(s0) = z + k,
, s0 = si D, u > ni.
, ,
u
z1(z ) + (s0) ,
(s0) =
z + k = c
,
E(Zu(s0) z k )2
z1c
= Cy(0) + C(0) + 2 c
z1c ,
= Cy(0) + v + c
, :
Z (s 0 ) =
C y (0) + v 'c .

.
, s0 = si si D,
0.
265

,
(s 0 ) C y (0) + C (0) c
S (s 0 )
~ N
,
c'
z
z

S(s0) - , E(S(s0)|z),
S (s0)
,
z%1(z % ) + (s0), Cy(0) +C(0) % c
z%1c).
S(s0)|z) ~ N(c
,
, . ,
E(S(s0)|z) % ,
, .
266

, :
+ t(s),
Zt(s) = [x(s)]
:
t(s) = Y(s) + (s) + t(s),

X - - ,
, ,
, ,
, x(s) - b
(s) = [x(s)]
.

,
+ Y(s0) + (s0)
( ) S(s0) [x(s0)]
s0. X ,

s.
,
(s0) = z,
, S
E(S(s0) z)2 ,
z , .
:
E(S(s0)
z) = 0 ,
X = x(s0).
, ,
z
X'
X c
=
0 m x(s 0 )
m , z
c Cov(z, S(s0)). ,
,
= z1(c Xm) , m = (X z1X) 1(X z1 c x(so)).
,
,
E(S(s0)
z)2
= Cy(0) + C(0) (c+Xm),
= Cy(0) + (1 )v (c+Xm),
:
S (s 0 ) = C y (0) + (1 )v ' (c Xm)

S(s0), ; ,
Zu(s0) ,

,
.
,
Z u (s0) = z,
,
E(Zu (s0) z)2.
, s0 = si D, u > ni.
, ,
z
X'
X c
=
0 m x(s 0 )
, ,
= z1(c Xm), m = (X z1X) 1(X z1 c x(s0)).
267
, s0 = s D,
Z u(s0), , zt(s); t n. ,
,
E(Zu(s0)
z)2 =
= Cy(0) + C(0) + 2 (c +Xm),
= Cy(0) + v (c +Xm),
, :
C
( 0 ) + v ' ( c Xm ) .

. , s0 = si si D,
0.

( , ), (s0) -SS(s0)
,
, S (s 0 ) .
.
268
,
,
(
), ,
(Cressie, 1993).
:
3.2.40, . 135 (Cressie, 1993)
. 136 (Cressie, 1993)
Cressie (1993) 3.2.40
,
pz (Z; s 0 ) = exp{ pY (Z; s 0 ) + Y2 (s 0 ) / 2 mY '[x(s 0 )]}
m
, x(s0) s0,
,
.
(Cressie, 1993) 3.2.41, :
- Y :
Y = 1' Y1 Y /(1' Y1 1) ,
Y ,

,
(..,
) .
,
,
Z(s) = + (s),
(0 1)
,
Z1(s) = I(Z(s) > c1),
I() , 1,
, 0, . ,

( ),
Z1(s) = 1 + 1(s).
(
) Z1(s), ,
, Z(s)
.
,
Y :
Y (s 0 ) = [x(s 0 )]' (X' Y1 X) 1 X' Y1 Y

Y = log(Z), ,
Y .

BoxCox
, ,
,
,
(Cressie, 1993, . 137).
A
Z2(s) = I(Z(s) > c2),

Z2(s) = 2 + 2(s).

Z1(s0).
Journel (1983), Isaaks Srivastava (1989),
Cressie (1993, . 281), Goovaerts (1997, . 293), Chiles
Delfiner (1999, . 381).
269

, (Sullivan,
1984; Cressie, 1993, . 283; Goovaerts, 1997, . 301; Chiles
Delfiner, 1999, . 385) ,

. ,

, ,
Z(s) = + (s),
(0 1)
,
Z1(s) = I(Z(s) > c),
Hk (Y (s 0 )) = ki H k (Y (si )),
i =1
fi ki - , Hk(Y(si)) -
(Hermite), Y(si) Y(sj)
. Y(s)
(..,
)
.
; Geostatistical Analyst
, (Rivoirard,
1994).
I() , 1,
, 0, . ,

( ),
Z1(s) = 1 + 1 (s).
Z1(s0)
{Z1(s)}
{Z(s)}
.
, .

(Matheron, 1976),
:
Z(s 0 ) = g s ( Z (s)),
sD
g s(Z(s)) - Z(s).
Z(s 0 ) = f 0 + f k Hk (Y (s 0 )),
k >0
270
kj (s) , .
. : Journel
Huijbregts (1978, . 324), Isaaks Srivastava (1989, . 400), Cressie
(1991, . 138), Goovaerts (1997, . 224), Chiles Delfiner (1999,
. 298). , ,
, .
, ,
(.., ).
E ( kj (s) ) = 0, k j.
,
,
,
k + Yk(s) + k(s) + kj (s),
Z kj (s)= [xk(s)]
Xk - , k -
k- , :
Yk(s) - ,
, .
E(Yk(s)) = 0.
Cov(Yk(s), Ym(s+h)) = C ykm (h) , C ykm () = 0 (..,

Yk(s)).
k(s) - ,
0,

, .
E(k(s)) = 0.
Cov(k(s), m(s+h)) = Ckm() , k m,
Ckm (h) = 0.
Cov(k(s), m(s+h)) = 0, k m.
A
Cov( kj (s ), kj (s + h))= sk2 h = 0; ,

0.
Cov( kj (s ), dtk(s+h)) = 0 i, t.
Yk(), l(), and m() k, l,
m. , vi
:
; , vk = Ckk(0) + k2. , k() m() ,
, 0. ,
Cov( Z kj (s), Z tm (s + h )) =
C ykm (h)
kk
kk
C y (h) + C (h)
kk
kk
C y (0) + C (0)
kk
kk
C (0) + C (0) + 2
k
y
km
if
if
k = m and h 0
if
k = m and h = 0 and j t
if
k = m and h = 0 and j = t
, ; . ( ) S1(s0)
1 + Y1(s0) + 1(s0) s0.
[x1(s0)]
S1 (s 0 ) =
1z1 + 2 z 2
,
E(Z(s0) % [ 1z1 + 2 z 2 ])2 .
, ,
:
z X c
=
X' 0 m x1 (s 0 ) ,
271
11 12
X
, X = 1
z=
22
21
0
1
c1
m1
0
, c = , = , m =
X2
2
c2
m2
m1 m2 - , km -
zk zm, ck Cov(zk, S1(s0)).
, ,
= z%1(c % Xm) , m = (X z%1X) %1(X z%1c % x1(s0)).
, ,
E(S1(s0) z)2
= C 11 (0) + C11 (0) (c +Xm),
y
= C 11
y ( 0) + (1 1)v1 (c +Xm),
, :
S1 (s 0 ) =
C11
y (0) + (1 1 ) 1 ' (c + Xm) .
, , (..,
) . - ; : Cressie (1993, . 283), Goovaerts (1997, . 297),
Chiles Delfiner (1999, . 386). ,
, , . -

(Muge Cabecadas, 1989; Chiles
Delfiner, 1999, . 419).
1 0
,
X =
0 1
. ,
S1 (s 0 ) = z + k = c
z%1(z % ) + 1(s0),
,
11
S1 (s 0 ) = C y (0) + (1 1 ) 1 c' z c .
, ,
.
272

,
. ,
( ) , . , ,
, ,
. Isaaks Srivastava (1989, . 351), Cressie (1993,
. 101), Goovaerts (1997, . 105), Armstrong (1998, . 115),
Chiles Delfiner (1999, . 111), Stein (1999, . 215).

.
Z(si ) - ,
, z(si) - , , (s i ) -
si. ,
(Z(s ) z(s ))
i =1
5. ,
[(Z(s ) z (s ))/ (s )]
n
i =1
(Z(s ) z (s ))/ (s )
n
1. ,
i =1
4. ,
n
2. ,
(Z(s ) z(s ))
n
i =1
n
3. ,
.
n
(s )
i
i =1
273
B
,
,
,
. , ,
.
275
2
F
/

;

(bulls eyes)

;

;

;
;
% /
;
;
;
%
;

;

, ,
,

;
,
;
%
;

;
; %
%

;

, ,
,

;
,
1. ( , . ,
.
2. , , .
276

IDW ( ): IDW % %
, %
. %
. %
. %
, %
. ,
(bulls eyes)
. .
: %
, %
( ) .
.
, %
. , %
.
. , %
, %
.
.
: %
, %
( ) . %
, , %
. %
.

, ,
.
%
, %
, . %
.
B
:
% %
, . %
, %
, %
. %
. %
, %
, %
. %
,
, . %

.
: % %
, ,
, ,
. %
. %
, %
, ,
, %
.
, %
, , ,
, . %
,
, , %
.
: % %
, , %
, , %
. %
. % %
277
,
.
, %
,
, ,
.
%
, , %
, . %
,
, , %
.
278

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Geostatistical Analyst

Copyright 2001 ESRI

Russian Translation by DATA+, Ltd.

1 ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

20. Geostatistical Analyst

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

(1,5), (3, 4) sqrt[(1-3)2 + (5-4)2]

(3, 4), (1,3)

(3, 4), (4,

(3, 4), (5,1)

(4, 5), (5,1)

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

g(h) = 86.1, >6.96

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

= 0.355 * 105 0.073 * 100 + 0.529 * 105

Emin = %[1 * log2 (1)] = 0

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST

ArcMap Geostatistical Analyst

ArcMap Geostatistical Analyst