Routing
Networks: Routing
Network Layer
Concerned with getting packets from source to destination. The network layer must know the topology of the subnet and choose appropriate paths through it. When source and destination are in different networks, the network layer (IP) must deal with these differences. * Key issue: what service does the network layer provide to the transport layer (connectionoriented or connectionless).
Networks: Routing 2
Networks: Routing
Messages
Transport layer Network service Network layer Network layer Data link layer Physical layer Network layer Data link layer Physical layer
Messages Segments
Transport layer Network service Network layer Data link End system layer b
Physical layer
Figure 7.2
Networks: Routing
Transport Internet
Network Interface
Network 1
Network 2
Networks: Routing
5
Figure 8.3
Organization Servers
s Backbone
R S R
s
R
Departmental Server s
S R
S R
s s
s s s
Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Figure 7.6
Networks: Routing
Interdomain level
Border routers
Border routers
LAN level
Intradomain level
Networks: Routing
Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Figure 7.7
(a)
National ISPs
NAP
National service provider C
Network Access Point
NAP
(b)
RA RB
LAN
RC
Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies
Networks: Routing
Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks
8
Figure 7.8
Packet 1
Packet 1
Figure 7.15
Networks: Routing
Output port
7
1345
12
1566
2458
Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies
12
Figure 7.16
Networks: Routing
10
Packet Packet
Figure 7.17
Networks: Routing
11
Next identifier
44
15 27
15 13
23 16
58
Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies
34
Figure 7.21
Networks: Routing
12
Routing
Routing algorithm:: that part of the Network Layer responsible for deciding on which output line to transmit an incoming packet. Remember: For virtual circuit subnets the routing decision is made ONLY at set up. Algorithm properties:: correctness, simplicity, robustness, stability, fairness, optimality, and scalability.
Networks: Routing 13
Routing Classification
Adaptive Routing
based on current measurements of traffic and/or topology.
Non-Adaptive Routing
1.
flooding
1. 2. 3.
Networks: Routing
14
3. Examine all tentative nodes (not just adjacent nodes) and mark the node with the smallest labeled value as permanent. This node becomes the new working node. Reconstruct the path backwards from sink to source.
Networks: Routing 16
Figure 5-9.(a) A subnet. (b) Input from A, I, H, K, and the new routing table for J.
Networks: Routing 21
OSPF Areas
To another AS N1 R1 N2 R2 N3 R3 R6 N4 N5 R7 N6 R5
R4
Area 0.0.0.1
R8
N7
Area 0.0.0.3
Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks
R = router N = network
Figure 8.33
Networks: Routing
25
OSPF
Networks: Routing
27