BioSciLab

Valdez, Dennis Bryan A.

Experiment 3: Metaplasmic Materials in Cells Metaplasmic Materials - non-living - not a natural part of function of a cell - aid in cell defense, structural maintenance, and storage 3 Categories 1. Reserved Material - carbohydrates, fats, oils, nitrogenous substances (e.g. protein) 2. Secretory Material - enzymes (catalyzes reactions)
o AST Aspartate Aminotransferase

Found in RBC, Lymphocytes nectar, pigment

3. Waste Material - nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous substances - e.g. Ammonia, creatinine - others: alkaloids, glucosides, tannins, gums, mucilages, resins, latex, organic acids, essential oils, mineral crystals, raphides, sphaerophides.
Sliced Section Potato Stain / Reagent Iodine Positive Result Violet, Blue Blue-violet, Black Reactive Material Starch - amylopectin (80% - 90%) - amylose (10% - 20%) Additional Remarks Iodine slides into starch coil to give a positive result.

Banana

Benedict Solution

Yellow, orange, yellow orange

Sugar - reducing sugar

Also used to test presence of sugar in urine

Peanut

Sudan III

Red

Triglycerides

Sudan III is a Lysochrome (lipid soluble dye) Also used to detect fat in stool DZ: Streotorrhea

White Bean

10% HNO3 - heat NH3

Orange Yellow green

Tryptophan Tyrosine

a.k.a. Xanthoproteic test - nitration of aromatic compounds

BioSciLab

Valdez, Dennis Bryan A.

Experiment 4: HOMEOSTASIS AND THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CELLS HOMEOSTASIS balance or equilibrium - State of equilibrium in the body with respect to functions, composition of fluids and tissues. 1. OSMOSIS - movement of water across the selectively permeable membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. a. In a liquid o Water + KMnO4 b. In a colloidal medium o Eosin dye on solidified gelatin c. Through a membrane o Sugar solution (osmometer) 3. ACTIVE TRANSPORT - carrier-mediated process that requires ATP and can move substances against a concentration gradient. - movement of solute from lower concentration to higher concentration. - needs ATP (energy) Ex: Sodium-Potassium Pump 4. FILTRATION - movement, due to a pressure difference, of a liquid through a filter that prevents some or all of the substances in the liquid from passing through. - the fluid movement results from the pressure or weight of the fluid, pushing against the partition. - the fluid or substance small enough to pass through the holes move to the substances larger than the holes do not pass through. Ex: kidney (glomerular filtration) 5. ADSORPTION - bring substances near each other thus, promoting chemical reaction; molecules continually pass into and away from it. - Adhesion stick on the surface 6. IMBIBING ACTION - To drink, suck, receive Ex: sponge 7. SURFACE TENSION - molecules in the interior of the homogenous liquid are attracted in all directions by surrounding molecules to move freely in all directions. 8. VISCOSITY - resistance of fluid to flow Research: 5% NaCl Hypertonic Not same concentration of NaCl in blood 5% Glucose Isotonic Same glucose concentration in the blood

a. Osmotic Pressure - force required to prevent the movement of water across a selectively semi-permeable membrane. b. Osmotic potential - Minimum pressure required to prevent fluid from moving as a result of osmosis. HYPOTONIC ISOTONIC HYPERTONIC (0.5% NaCl) (0.9% NaCl NSS) (5% NaCl)

HEMOLYSIS - swell, burst (lysis)

NORMAL - equilibrium - no net movement

CRENATION - shrink, crenate

NSS - Normal Saline Solution - wash RBC to make RCS - RCS Red Cell Suspension o Blood transfusion for cross matching. 2. DIFFUSION - tendency for solute molecules to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in solution - the product of the constant random motion of all atoms, molecules, or ions in a solution.

EXPERIMENT 5: BUFFER - chemical that resists change of pH by either an acid or a base is added to a solution containing a buffer. - when an acid is added to a buffered solution, the buffer binds to the [H+] from causing a decrease in pH of the solution. - any substance that can reversibly bind H+. Example: 1. Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid Buffer System H+ + HCO3- H2CO3 CO2 + H2O