RADIATION

SCIENCE

Tutorial 2

1. The uranium nuclide 23896 u has an activity 30 μCi with half life T12 =
4.7 x 103 years. Find

A ) Decay constant ( λ )
 T12 = 0.693λ

4.7 x 103 = 0.693λ

0.693λ = 4.7 x 103

λ = 1.474 x 10-4 years-1

B ) Activity at 3.0 x 103 years, 7.0 x 103 years, 1.2 x 104 and 1.5 x 104
years

( i ) N = No e-λt

3.0 x 103 years 1.9278 x 10-5 Ci

( ii ) 7.0 x 103 years 1.059 x 10-5 Ci

( iii ) 12.0 x 103 years 0.5116 x 10-5 Ci

( iv ) 15.0 x 103 years 0.3288 x 10-5 Ci

C ) Complete the following table

Time Activity Percentag

e
3.0 x 103 years 1.9278 x 10-5 Ci 41 %
7.0 x 103 years 1.059 x 10-5 Ci 23 %
12.0 x 103 years 0.5116 x 10-5 Ci 11 %
15.0 x 103 years 0.3288 x 10-5 Ci 7%

D ) Draw the graph the log graph and normal graph

2. Explain how the x-ray are produce from the x-ray tube

When an electron passed near or bombared a charged nucleus target

as an electron
passes closer to a positive ( +ve ) charge nucleus contained in the targed
material, it is deflected from its path because of it electrical attraction to
the nucleus and hence experience an acceleration of electromagnetic
radiation. This radiation must appear in the form of photon carries
energy, the electron must lose kinetic energy because of its encounter
with the targed nucleus.

Scatted
electron

Incident photon
Target θ

Scatted
Photons

Figure above shows that when high speed electron is accelerated trough
a thousand volt of potential difference bombared on a metal targed such
as tungsten, so x-ray are produced.
3. Calculate the x-ray wave length and frequency if the potential difference
is 120 kV

e∆v = hfmax

( 1.602 x 10-19) ( 120000 ) = hfmax

fmax = ( 1.602 x 10-19 ) ( 120000 )

h

= 2.9 x 1019

λ = ef
 = e2.9 x 1019

= 1.034 x 10-4

4. Calculate the energy of x-ray are produce from tungsten material at Ekα
line an Ekβ line

Tungsten 18474 W

( i ) E ( kα) = ( z - 1 ) x 13.6 eV

= ( 74 - 1 ) x 13.6 eV

= 992.8 eV

( ii ) E ( kβ) = ( 74 - 9 ) x 13.6 eV

= 884.0 eV