Due: 11:59pm on Monday, September 3, 2012 Note: You will receive no credit for late submissions. To learn more, read your instructor's Grading Policy
Question 1
Part A
Calculate the change in internal energy of the following system: a balloon is cooled by removing 0.656 heat. It shrinks on cooling, and the atmosphere does 383 of work on the balloon. ANSWER: = -0.273 of
Correct
Part B
Determine whether the process above is endothermic or exothermic. ANSWER: The process is endothermic. The process is exothermic. The process is neither endothermic nor exothermic.
Correct
Part C
Calculate the change in internal energy of the following system: a 100.0- bar of gold is heated from 25 50 during which it absorbs 322 of heat. Assume the volume of the gold bar remains constant. to
ANSWER: = 322
Correct
Part D
Determine whether the process above is endothermic or exothermic. ANSWER: The process is endothermic. The process is exothermic. The process is neither endothermic nor exothermic.
Correct
Part E
Calculate the change in internal energy of the following system: the surroundings do 1.41 compressing gas in a perfectly insulated cylinder. ANSWER: = 1.41 of work
Correct
Part F
Determine whether the process above is endothermic or exothermic. ANSWER: The process is endothermic. The process is exothermic. The process is neither endothermic nor exothermic.
Correct
Question 2
Consider the following reaction:
Part A
Is this reaction exothermic or endothermic? ANSWER: exothermic endothermic
Correct
Part B
Calculate the amount of heat transferred when 3.51 of ANSWER: = -86.9 reacts at constant pressure.
Correct
Part C
How many grams of ANSWER: = 15.5 are produced during an enthalpy change of -232 ?
Correct
Part D
How many kilojoules of heat are absorbed when 40.9 of constant pressure? ANSWER: = 611 is decomposed into and at
Correct
Question 3
The joule ( ) is a unit of energy. Recall that energy may be converted between many different forms such as mechanical energy, thermal energy (heat), chemical energy, electrical energy, and light. The mechanical energy produced by a system is called work. When work is accomplished through the changing volume of a gas, it is called PV work and is given by the formula , where is the work, is the external pressure, and is the change in volume. If the volume change and pressure are in liters and atmospheres respecitvely, then the work will have units of liter-atmospheres, which can be converted to joules using the conversion factor . Work can also be expressed as force multiplied by distance: force in newtons, and is the distance in meters. Note that , where . is the work in joules, is the
Part A
A piston has an external pressure of 9.00 volume of 0.150 liters to 0.650 liters. Express your answer with the appropriate units. . How much work has been done if the cylinder goes from a
One way to remember this is to divide the two common values of the gas constant
ANSWER: = -456
Correct
Question 4
Learning Goal: To understand the concepts of heat capacity, specific heat, and molar heat capacity. Heat capacity, , is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by exactly 1 degree
Celsius. The energy needed to warm an object increases as the mass of that object increases. We see this in our everyday life. For example, we know that it takes much more energy to heat a large tank of water than a small cup. Because of this dependence on mass, experimentally determined heat capacities are always reported in terms of the amount of the substance that is heated. One method is to report how much energy it takes to raise the temperature of one mole of a substance by exactly 1 degree Celsuis. This value is the molar heat capacity, which has the symbol .The molar heat capacity is given in the units . A second method is to report how much energy it takes to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by exactly 1 degree Celsius. This value is the specific heat, which has been given the symbol . The units for specific heat are . The heat capacity of a substance is therefore related to the energy needed to raise its temperature by an amount . That is, , where denotes the number of moles of the substance, or , where denotes the number of grams of the substance.
Part A
It takes 49.0 to raise the temperature of an 10.6 piece of unknown metal from 13.0 specific heat for the metal? Express your answer with the appropriate units.
to 24.0
. What is the
ANSWER: = 0.420
Correct
Parts B and C
The next two questions pertain to silver. They have nothing to do with unknown metal described in Part A.
Part B
Correct
ANSWER: 9.81!10"2
Answer Requested
ANSWER: = 33.8
Answer Requested
Part C
What is the specific heat of silver? Express your answer with the appropriate units.
ANSWER: 0.235
Correct
Question 5
A gas is confined to a cylinder under constant atmospheric pressure, as illustrated in the following figure. When 0.450 of heat is added to the gas, it expands and does 212 of work on the surroundings.
Part A
What is the value of for this process?
Correct
Part B
What is the value of for this process?
Correct
Question 6
Calorimetry is a method used to measure enthalpy, or heat, changes that occur during chemical processes. Two common calorimeters are constant-pressure calorimeters and constant-volume (or "bomb") calorimeters. Bomb calorimeters are used to measure combustion and other gas-producing reactions, where the reaction is observed in a strong, sealed vessel. A simple constant-pressure calorimeter can be made from a foam coffee cup and a thermometer; energy changes in a reaction are observed via a temperature change of the solution in the cup. The idea behind calorimeters is that if they are sufficiently insulated from the outside environment, any energy gained or lost in the chemical reaction will be directly observable as a temperature and/or pressure change in the calorimeter.
Part A
A total of 2.00 of a compound is allowed to react with water in a foam coffee cup and the reaction produces . What is the 125 of solution. The reaction caused the temperature of the solution to rise from 21.0 to 24.7
enthalpy of this reaction? Assume that no heat is lost to the surroundings or to the coffee cup itself and that the specific heat of the solution is the same as that of pure water. Enter your answer in kilojoules per mole of compound to three significant figures.
ANSWER: = -0.968
Correct
Question 7
A 2.250 sample of quinone is burned in a bomb calorimeter whose total heat capacity is 7.854 to 31.49 . . The temperature of the calorimeter increases from 24.20
Part A
What is the heat of combustion per gram of quinone? ANSWER: = -25.5
Correct
Part B
What is the heat of combustion per mole of quinone? ANSWER: = -2750
Correct
Question 8
The heat of combustion of fructose, , is -2812 .
Part A
If a fresh golden delicious apple weighing 4.31 the fructose contribute to the apple? ANSWER: 67.1 (120 ) contains 18.0 of fructose, what caloric content does
Correct
Question 9
Calorimetry is a method used to measure changes in enthalpy, or heat, that occur during chemical processes. Two common calorimeters are constant-pressure calorimeters and constant-volume (or "bomb") calorimeters. Bomb calorimeters are used to measure combustion and other gas-producing reactions, in which the reaction is observed in a strong, sealed vessel. A simple constant-pressure calorimeter can be made from a foam coffee cup and a thermometer, in which energy changes in a reaction are observed via the change in temperature of the solution in the cup. The idea behind calorimeters is that if they are sufficiently insulated from the outside environment, any energy gained or lost in the chemical reaction will be directly observable as a temperature and/or pressure change in the calorimeter.
Part A
In the following experiment, a coffee-cup calorimeter containing 100 temperature of the calorimeter is 23.0 . If 4.90 of temperature of the solution in the calorimeter? The heat of solution Express your answer with the appropriate units. of of is used. The initial is . is added to the calorimeter, what will be the final
But you don't have exactly one mole of calcium chloride. Therefore, you should find how many moles of calcium chloride you actually have. Then multiply that by the expressed in joules per mole. The units cancel to give you joules, a unit of heat: heat released). (the amount of
111
ANSWER: 4.41!10"2
ANSWER: 3660
where,
is the total mass of solution in the calorimeter. Assume that the specific heat of this solution is .
total mass of the solution in the calorimeter, be sure to add to this the mass 4.90 of . What is the total mass of the solution in the calorimeter after the
105
ANSWER: 8.33
ANSWER: 31.3
Correct
Question 10
A 1.800- sample of solid phenol ( 11.66 ) was burned in a bomb calorimeter whose total heat capacity is to 26.37 . . The temperature of the calorimeter plus contents increased from 21.36
Part A
Write a balanced chemical equation for the bomb calorimeter reaction. Express your answer as a chemical equation. Identify all of the phases in your answer. ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
What is the heat of combustion per gram of phenol? ANSWER: = -32.5
Correct
Part C
Per mole of phenol? ANSWER: = -3060
Correct
Question 11
A coffee-cup calorimeter contains 150.0 of water at 25.3 . A 124.0 block of copper metal is heated to 100.4 is 0.385 . The . is added to the by putting it in a beaker of boiling water. The specific heat of
calorimeter, and after a time the contents of the cup reach a constant temperature of 30.1
Part A
Determine the amount of heat, in , lost by the copper block. ANSWER: = 3360
Correct
Part B
Determine the amount of heat gained by the water. The specific heat of water is 4.18 ANSWER: = 3010 .
Correct
Part C
The difference between your answers for (a) and (b) is due to heat loss through the Styrofoam cups and the heat necessary to raise the temperature of the inner wall of the apparatus. The heat capacity of the calorimeter is the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of the apparatus (the cups and the stopper) by 1 . Calculate the heat capacity of the calorimeter in .
Correct
Part D
What would be the final temperature of the system if all the heat lost by the copper block were absorbed by the water in the calorimeter? ANSWER: = 30.7
Correct
Question 12
The heat capacity of an object indicates how much energy that object can absorb for a given increase in that object's temperature. In a system in which two objects of different temperatures come into contact with one another, the warmer object will cool and the cooler object will warm up until the system is at a single equilibrium temperature. Note the difference between the terms molar heat capacity, which has units of , and specific heat, which has units of .
Part A
A volume of 80.0 of is initially at room temperature (22.0 ). A chilled steel rod at 2.00 is placed in the water. If the final temperature of the system is 21.5 Use the following values: specific heat of water = 4.18 specific heat of steel = 0.452 Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units. , what is the mass of the steel bar?
where
and
temperature changes for water and steel, respectively. Also recall that the density of water is 1.00
Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units. ANSWER: = -0.500
Answer Requested
Thus the temperature change is
Correct
Thus the temperature change is
Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units. ANSWER: mass of the water ( ) = 80.0
Correct
Correct
Correct
Part B
The specific heat of water is 4.18 . Calculate the molar heat capacity of water.
Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units.
Express your answer as an integer and include the appropriate units. ANSWER:
MM = 18
Answer Requested
Correct
Correct
Question 13
Chemical energy is released or absorbed from reactions in various forms. The most easily measurable form of energy comes in the form of heat, or enthalpy. The enthalpy of a reaction can be calculated from the heats of formation of the substances involved in the reaction: where represents the stoichiometric coefficients.
Part A
Calculate the standard enthalpy change for the reaction
Substance
Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units.
Answer Requested
Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units. ANSWER: = -644
Answer Requested
ANSWER: = 237
Part B
For the reaction given in Part A, how much heat is absorbed when 3.70 of reacts?
Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units.
When less
just as you would a conversion factor; that is, use the factor
Express your answer to four significant figures and include the appropriate units. ANSWER: 118.5
Answer Requested
Thus the conversion factor becomes .
ANSWER: 438
Answer Requested
Question 14
Learning Goal: To understand how to use Hess's law to find the enthalpy of an overall reaction. The change in enthalpy, law states that , is the heat absorbed or produced during any reaction at constant pressure. Hess's values for the individual reactions. For example, if
we could calculate it using the enthalpy values for the following individual steps: Step 1: Step 2: Overall: If the enthalpy change is overall reaction is calculated as follows: for step 1 and for step 2, then the enthalpy change for the
It is also important to note that the change in enthalpy is a state function, meaning it is independent of path. In other words, the sum of the values for any set of reactions that produce the desired product from the starting materials gives the same overall .
1. 2.
Part A
The equations given in the problem introduction can be added together to give the following reaction: overall: However, one of them must be reversed. Which one?
After the cancellations are made, we are left with the following overall equation:
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
What is the enthalpy for reaction 1 reversed? reaction 1 reversed: Express your answer numerically in kilojoules per mole. ANSWER:
= 283
Correct
Part C
What is the enthalpy for the following reaction? overall: Express your answer numerically in kilojoules per mole.
ANSWER: = -110
Correct
By adding these two reaction, you get the overall reaction. Therefore by adding the enthalpy values, you get the overall enthalpy. Thus
+ gives
Question 15
Learning Goal: To understand how standard enthalpy of reaction is related to the standard heats of formation of the reactants and products.
The standard enthalpy of reaction is the enthalpy change that occurs in a reaction when all the reactants and products are in their standard states. The symbol for the standard enthalpy of reaction is , where the subscript "rxn" stands for "reaction." The standard enthalpy of a reaction is calculated from the standard heats of formation ( ) (subscript "f" for formation) of its reactants and products. Therefore, the standard enthalpy of any reaction can be mathematically determined, as long as the standard heats of formation ( reactants and products are known. In a generic chemical reaction involving reactants A and B and products C and D, standard enthalpy of the reaction is given by , the ) of its
generalized as follows, where the first sum on the right-hand side of the equation is a sum over the products and the second sum is over the reactants:
where
and
Part A
What is for the following chemical reaction?
You can use the following table of standard heats of formation reaction. Element/ Compound Standard Heat of Formation (kJ/mol)
Element/ Compound
Express the standard enthalpy of reaction to three significant figures and include the appropriate units.
find the standard heats of formation for each of the reactants and products in the chemical reaction. Then, add together the values for all the products, taking care to multiply each value by the stoichiometric coefficient if necessary. Next, add together the values for all the reactants, again taking care to multiply each value by the stoichiometric coefficient if necessary. Finally, subtract the sum of the values for the reactants from the sum of the values for the products, according to the formula
where
and
where
and
represent the appropriate stoichiometric coefficients for each reactant in the given
reaction. What is the sum of the heats of formation of the reactants? Express the heat of formation to five significant figures and include the appropriate units.
Express the standard heat of formation to four significant figures and include the appropriate units. ANSWER: -139.5
Express the standard heat of formation to four significant figures and include the appropriate units. ANSWER: -285.8
ANSWER:
-425.30
where
and
represent the appropriate stoichiometric coefficients for each product in the given
reaction. What is the sum of the heats of formation of the products? Express the heat of formation to five significant figures and include the appropriate units.
Express the standard heat of formation to four significant figures and include the appropriate units. ANSWER: -92.3
ANSWER: -403.40
ANSWER:
21.9
Correct
Although we generally write the units for reaction. For a reaction that involves 1 change per mol reaction, the is simply as , the units for of A, but are in kilojoules per mole of of enthalpy of B. of reactant A, 2 of reactant B, and
Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 88.1%. You received 13.21 out of a possible total of 15 points.