ANALISIS FREKUENSI SINYAL DAN SISTEM

Analisis frekuensi sinyal waktu kontinu

Analisis frekuensi sinyal waktu diskrit
Sifat-sifat transformasi Fourier
Domain frekuensi sistem LTI
Sistem LTI sebagai filter

Peristiwa Dispersi
Newton (1672)
Fraunhofer (1787)
Kirchoff & Bunsen (1800)
Cahaya tampak
Cahaya bintang dan matahari
Bahan kimia
Analisis Frekuensi
Prisma
Cahaya
Warna
Matematical
Tools
Sinyal
Sinyal sinusoidal
Instrument
Software program
Speech
ECG
EEG
Pitch
Denyut jantung
o, |, o
Transformasi Fourier
Analisis frekuensi sinyal waktu kontinu
Deret Fourier untuk sinyal waktu kontinu
periodik
Power spektral density (psd) sinyal periodik
Transformasi Fourier untuk sinyal kontinu
aperiodik
Energy spectral density (esd) sinyal
aperiodik
perioda T
T
1
F e c ) t ( x
p
p
o
k
t kF 2 j
k
o
= = =

=
t
Deret Fourier untuk sinyal periodik
kompleks c dt e ) t ( x
T
1
c
k
T
0
t kF 2 j
p
k
p
o
= =
}
t
*
k k
c c nyata ) t ( x = =

k k
j
k k
j
k k
e c c e c c
u

u
= =

=
u + t + =
1 k
k o k o
) t kF 2 cos( c 2 c ) t ( x
k o k o k o
sin ) t kF 2 sin( cos ) t kF 2 cos( ) t kF 2 cos( u t u t = u + t
) t kF 2 sin( b ) t kF 2 cos( a a ) t ( x
o k
1 k
o k o
t t + =

=
k k k k k k o o
sin c 2 b cos c 2 a c a u = u = =

=
t
=
k
t kF 2 j
k
o
e c ) t ( x
Power spectral density (psd) dari sinyal periodik

}

=
= =
k
2
k
T
0
2
p
x
c dt ) t ( x
T
1
P
p
Energinya tak terbatas, dayanya terbatas
) b a (
2
1
a c 2 c P
2
k
1 k
2
k
2
o
1 k
2
k
2
o x
+ + = + =


=

=
2
k
c
sebagai fungsi dari frekuensi F
psd
Relasi Parseval
F
Power spectral density dari sinyal periodik
2
k
c
-4F
o
-3F
o
- 3F
o
-F
o
0 F
o
2F
o
3F
o
4F
o
2
1
c
2
3
c
2
2
c

2
4
c

Contoh Soal 7.1

Tentukan deret Fourier dan power spectral density dari
sinyal pulsa persegi panjang di bawah ini.
) t ( x
t
0
2
t
2
t

p
T p
T
A
Jawab :
p
2
2
p
2
T
2
T p
o
T
A
Adt
T
1
dt ) t ( x
T
1
c
p
p
t
= = =
} }
t
t

2
2
t kF 2 j
o p
2
T
2
T
t kF 2 j
p
k
o
p
p
o
e
kF 2 j
1
T
A
dt Ae
T
1
c
t
t

t
t
= =
}
t t
t t t
=

t
=
t t t t
o
o
p
kF j kF j
p o
k
kF
) kF sin(
T
A
2 j
e e
T kF
A
c
o o
T
P
tetap t berubah t tetap T
P
berubah
Power spectral density :

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
t t
t t
|
|
.
|

\
|
t
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
t
=
, 2 , 1 k ,
kF
) kF sin(
T
A
0 k ,
T
A
c
2
o
o
2
p
2
p
2
k
}

t
= dF e ) F ( X ) t ( x
Ft 2 j
Transformasi Fourier untuk sinyal aperiodik
}

t
= dt e ) t ( x ) F ( X
Ft 2 j
Energy spectral density (esd) dari sinyal periodik
Energinya terbatas :
} }

= = dF ) F ( X dt ) t ( x E
2 2
x
2
xx
) F ( X ) F ( S = esd
Relasi Parseval
Contoh Soal 7.2
Tentukan transformasi Fourier dan energy spectral density
dari sinyal yang didefinisikan sebagai :
) t ( x
t
0
2
t
2
t

t
>
t
s
=
2
t , 0
2
t , A
) t ( x
Jawab :
t t
t t
t = =
}
t
t

t
F
F sin
A dt Ae ) F ( X
2
2
Ft 2 j
( )
2
2
xx
F
F sin
A ) F ( S
|
.
|

\
|
t t
t t
t =
X(F)
x(t)
t
t
1
Analisis frekuensi sinyal waktu diskrit
Deret Fourier untuk sinyal waktu diskrit
periodik
Power spektral density (psd) sinyal diskrit
periodik
Transformasi Fourier untuk sinyal diskrit
aperiodik
Energy spectral density (esd) sinyal diskrit
aperiodik
Deret Fourier untuk sinyal diskrit periodik
2
1
f
2
1
N
k
f
N
k 2
e s
s c e c ) n ( x
k k
k k
n j
k
1 N
0 k
k k
1 N
0 k
N / kn 2 j
k
k
s s =
t s e s t
t
= e =
= =
e

=
t

dasar perioda N ) n ( x ) N n ( x = = +
k N k
1 N
0 n
N / kn 2 j
c c e ) n ( x
N
1
) k ( c = =
+

=
t

Contoh Soal 7.3

Tentukan spektrum dari sinyal-sinyal di bawah ini.
{ } 4 N 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 ). b
3
n
cos ) n ( x ). a =
t
=
Jawab :
6 N
6
1
f
n
6
1
2 cos
3
n
cos ) n ( x ). a
o
= =
t =
t
=

=
t

=
t
= =
5
0 n
6 / kn 2 j
1 N
0 n
N / kn 2 j
e ) n ( x e ) n ( x ) k ( c
6 / n 2 j 6 / n 2 j
e
2
1
e
2
1
n
6
1
2 cos ) n ( x
t t
+ = t =


=
t

=
t
= =
1 N
0 k
6 / kn 2 j
k
1 N
0 k
N / kn 2 j
k
e c e c ) n ( x
2
1
c c c
0 c c c c
2
1
c
2
1
c
1 6 1 5
4 3 2 o 1 1
= = =
= = = = = =
+

2
1
c c c
0 c c c c
2
1
c
2
1
c
1 6 1 5
4 3 2 o 1 1
= = =
= = = = = =
+

( )
2 / k j
3
0 n
4 / kn 2 j
e 1
4
1
e ) n ( x
4
1
) k ( c
t
=
t
+ = =

{ } 4 N 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 ). b =

=
t
=
1 N
0 n
N / kn 2 j
e ) n ( x
N
1
) k ( c
) j 1 (
4
1
c 0 c ) j 1 (
4
1
c
2
1
c
3 2 1 o
+ = = = =
) j 1 (
4
1
c 0 c ) j 1 (
4
1
c
2
1
c
3 2 1 o
+ = = = =
Contoh Soal 7.4
Tentukan spektrum dari sinyal di bawah ini.
n
5
2
sin n
3
2
cos ) n ( x
t
+
t
=
Jawab :
n
15
3
2 sin n
15
5
2 cos n
5
2
sin n
3
2
cos ) n ( x t + t =
t
+
t
=
j 2
e e
2
e e
) n ( x
n ) 15 / 3 ( 2 j n ) 15 / 3 ( 2 j n ) 15 / 5 ( 2 j n ) 15 / 5 ( 2 j t t t t

+
+
=
n ) 15 / 5 ( 2 j n ) 15 / 5 ( 2 j n ) 15 / 3 ( 2 j n ) 15 / 3 ( 2 j
e
2
1
e
2
1
e
2
j
e
2
j
) n ( x
t t t t
+ + + =
n ) 15 / 5 ( 2 j n ) 15 / 5 ( 2 j n ) 15 / 3 ( 2 j n ) 15 / 3 ( 2 j
e
2
1
e
2
1
e
2
j
e
2
j
) n ( x
t t t t
+ + + =

=
t

=
t
= =
14
0 k
15 / kn 2 j
k
1 N
0 k
N / kn 2 j
k
e c e c ) n ( x
2
1
c
2
j
c
2
j
c
2
1
c
5 3 3 5
= = = =

1/2
k
c
90
o

k
c Z
- 90
o

Power Spectral Density (psd) sinyal diskrit periodik


=

=
= =
1 N
0 k
2
k
2
1 N
0 k
x
c ) n ( x
N
1
P
Relasi Parseval
psd
Energi satu perioda
Bila x(n) nyata :


=

=
= =
1 N
0 k
2
k
1 N
0 k
2
N
c N ) n ( x E
k
*
k
c c

=
k k k k
c c c c

Z = Z =
k N k k N k
k N k N k k
c c c c
c c c c

+
Z = Z =
= =
0 c c c c
N 0 N 0
= Z = Z =
1 N 1 1 N 1
c c c c

Z = Z =
0 c c c
2 / N 2 / N 2 / N
= Z =
2 / ) 1 N ( 2 / ) 1 N ( 2 / ) 1 N ( 2 / ) 1 N (
c c c c
+ +
Z = Z =
Bila N genap
Bila N ganjil
k N k k N k
k N k N k k
c c c c
c c c c

+
Z = Z =
= =
2 / ) 1 N ( , 2 , 1 , 0 k , c ganjil N
2 / N , 2 , 1 , 0 k , c genap N
k
k
=
=

Contoh Soal 7.5

Tentukan koefisien deret Fourier dan power spectral
density dari sinyal diskrit periodik di bawah ini.
Jawab :


=
t

=
t
= =
1 L
0 n
N / kn 2 j
1 N
0 n
N / kn 2 j
k
Ae
N
1
e ) n ( x
N
1
c

= =
t
t

=
t

N / kn 2 j
N / kL 2 j
1 L
0 n
N / kn 2 j
k
e 1
e 1
N
A
N
AL
e
N
A
c
) N / k sin(
) N / kL sin(
e
e e
e e
e
e
e 1
e 1
N / ) 1 L ( k j
N / k j N / k j
N / kL j N / kL j
N / k j
N / kL j
N / kn 2 j
N / kL 2 j
t
t
=

t
t t
t t
t
t
t
t

=
t
t
=
= =
t

=
t

lainnya k ,
) N / k sin(
) N / kL sin(
e
N
A
, N 2 , N , 0 k ,
N
AL
e
N
A
c
N / ) 1 L ( k j
1 L
0 n
N / kn 2 j
k

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
t
t
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
= =
lainnya k ,
) N / k sin(
) N / kL sin(
N
A
, N 2 , N , 0 k ,
N
AL
c psd
2
2
2
2
k

Transformasi Fourier dari sinyal diskrit aperiodik

=
e
= e
n
n j
e ) n ( x ) ( X
}
t
t
e
e e
t
= d e ) ( X
2
1
) n ( x
n j

=
e

=
t e

=
t + e
e = = =
= t + e
n
n j
n
kn 2 j n j
n
n ) k 2 ( j
) ( X e ) n ( x e e ) n ( x
e ) n ( x ) k 2 ( X
Bentuk Deret Fourier
Contoh Soal 7.6
Tentukan sinyal diskrit yang transformasi Fouriernya
adalah :
Jawab :

t < e < e
e s e
= e
c
c
, 0
, 1
) ( X
}
t
t
e
e e
t
= d e ) ( X
2
1
) n ( x
n j
t
e
= e
t
= =
}
e
e
c
c
c
d
2
1
) 0 ( x 0 n
n
n sin
n
n sin
j 2
e e
n
1
) n ( x
e
jn
1
2
1
d e
2
1
) n ( x 0 n
c
c c c
n j n j
n j n j
c c
c
c
c
c
e
e
t
e
=
t
e
=

t
=
t
= e
t
= =
e e
e
e
e
e
e
e
}

=
e
= e
n
n j
e ) n ( x ) ( X

=
e
t
e
= e
N
N n
n j
c
N
e
n
n sin
) ( X
Energy spectral density (esd) sinyal diskrit aperiodik
Relasi Parseval e e
t
= =
}

t
t

=
d ) ( X
2
1
) n ( x E
2
n
2
x
2
xx
) ( X ) ( S e = e
Spektrum
magnituda
) ( X ) ( ) ( X e ) ( X ) ( X
) ( j
e Z = e O e e = e
e u
Spektrum fasa
x(n) nyata
) ( X ) ( X
*
e = e
) ( X ) ( X ) ( X ) ( X e Z = e Z e = e
Contoh Soal 7.7
Tentukan energy spectral density dari sinyal diskrit :
Jawab :
1 a 1 ) n ( u a ) n ( x
n
< < =


=
e

=
e

=
e
= = = e
0 n
n j
0 n
n j n
n
n j
) ae ( e a e ) n ( x ) ( X
) ( X ) ( X ) ( x ) ( S
ae 1
1
) ( X
*
2
xx
j
e = e = e

= e
e
2 j j
xx
a cos a 2 1
1
ae 1
1
ae 1
1
) ( S
+ e
=

= e
e e
Contoh Soal 7.8
Tentukan transformasi Fourier dari sinyal diskrit :

s s
=
lainnya n , 0
1 L n 0 , A
) n ( x
Jawab :
) 2 / sin(
) 2 / L sin(
Ae
e 1
e 1
A Ae ) ( X
) 1 L )( 2 / ( j
j
L j
1 L
0 n
n j
e
e
=

= = e
e
e
e

=
e

) ( j ) 1 L )( 2 / ( j
e ) ( X
) 2 / sin(
) 2 / L sin(
Ae ) ( X
e O e
e =
e
e
= e

e
e
e
= e
= e
lainnya ,
) 2 / sin(
) 2 / L sin(
A
0 , AL
) ( X
) 2 / sin(
) 2 / L sin(
) 1 L (
2
A ) ( X ) (
e
e
Z +
e
Z = e Z = e O
Spektrum fasa
Spektrum
magnituda
A = 1
L = 5
Hubungan transformasi Z dengan transformasi Fourier


=
e

=
e

= = =
n
n j n
n
n j
n
z
e ] r ) n ( x [ ) re )( n ( x e ) n ( x ) z ( X
Transformasi Fourier :

=
e
e = = = =
n
n j
) ( X e ) n ( x ) z ( X 1 r 1 z
Transformasi Z
z z r re z
j
Z = e = =
e
Transformasi Fourier pada lingkaran satu =
Contoh Soal 7.9
Tentukan transformasi Fourier dari : ) n ( u ) 1 ( ) n ( x =
Jawab :
1 z
z
z 1
1
) z ( X
1
+
=
+
=

) 2 / 1 k ( 2
) 2 / cos( 2
e
) e e )( e (
) e )( e (
1 re
re
1 z
z
z 1
1
) ( X
2 / j
2 / j 2 / j 2 / j
2 / j 2 / j
j
j
1
+ t = e
e
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
= e
e
e e e
e e
e
e

Klasifikasi sinyal dalam domain frekuensi

Sinyal frekuensi rendah :
Sinyal frekuensi tinggi :
Sinyal frekuensi menengah (bandpass signal) :
Daerah frekuensi pada beberapa sinyal asli
Sinyal-sinyal biologi :
Tipe sinyal Daerah frekuensi (Hz)
Electroretinogram 0 - 20
Electronystagmogram 0 - 20
Pneumogram 0 - 40
Electrocardiogram (ECG) 0 - 100
Electroencephalogram (EEG) 0 - 100
Electromyogram 10 - 200
Aphygmomanogram 0 - 200
Speech 100 - 4000
Sinyal-sinyal seismik :
Tipe sinyal Daerah frekuensi (Hz)
Wind noise 100 - 1000
Seismic exploration signals 10 - 100
Earthquake and nuclear
explosion signsld
0.01 - 10
Seismic noise 0,1 - 1
Sinyal-sinyal elektromagnetik :
Tipe sinyal Daerah frekuensi (Hz)
Radio broadcast 3x10
4
3x10
6
Shortwave radio signals 3x10
6
3x10
10
Radar, sattellite comunications 3x10
8
3x10
10
Infrared 3x10
11
3x10
14
Visible light 3,7x10
14
7,7x10
14
Ultraviolet 3x10
15
3x10
16
Gamma rays and x-rays 3x10
17
3x10
18
Sifat-sifat transformasi Fourier
Sifat-sifat simetri dari transformasi Fourier
Linieritas
Pergeseran waktu
Pembalikan waktu
Teorema konvolusi
Pergeseran frekuensi
Diferensiasi frekuensi
Sifat-sifat simetri dari transformasi Fourier
n j 1
n
n j
e ) ( X
2
1
)} ( X { F ) n ( x
e ) n ( x )} n ( x { F ) ( X
e
t
t = e

=
e
}

e
t
= e =
= = e
) ( X ) n ( x
F
e
n sin j n cos e sin j n cos e
n j n j
e e = e + e =
e e
] n sin ) n ( x n cos ) n ( x [ ) ( X
] n sin ) n ( x n cos ) n ( x [ ) ( X
R
n
I I
n
I R R
e e = e
e + e = e

=
) ( jX ) ( X ) ( X
) n ( jx ) n ( x ) n ( x
R
I R
e + e = e
+ =
x(n) dan X (e) kompleks
e e e + e e
t
=
e e e e e
t
=
}
}
t
t
d ] n cos ) ( X n sin ) ( X [
2
1
) n ( x
d ] n sin ) ( X n cos ) ( X [
2
1
) n ( x
I
2
0
R I
I
2
0
R R
x(n) nyata
0 ) n ( x ) n ( x ) n ( x
I R
= =
) ( X ) ( X n sin ) n ( x ) ( X
) ( X ) ( X n cos ) n ( x ) ( X
I I
n
I
R
n
R R
e = e e = e
e = e e = e

=
n sin ) n sin( n cos ) n cos( e = e e = e
) ( X ) ( X ) ( X ) ( X
I I R R
e = e e = e
) ( X ) ( X
*
e = e
) ( X
) ( X
tg ) ( X
) ( X ) ( X ) ( X
I
I
1
2
I
2
R
e
e
= e Z
e + e = e
) ( X ) ( X
) ( X ) ( X
e Z = e Z
e = e
e e e e e
t
=
e e e e
e e e e e
t
=
}
}
t
t
d ] n sin ) ( X n cos ) ( X [
1
) n ( x
ganjil n sin dan ) ( X genap n cos dan ) ( X
d ] n sin ) ( X n cos ) ( X [
2
1
) n ( x
I
0
R
I R
I
2
0
R
x(n) nyata dan fungsi genap
e e e
t
=
= e e + = e
=
}

t

=
d n cos ) ( X
1
) n ( x
0 ) ( X n cos ) n ( x 2 ) 0 ( x ) ( X
) n ( x ) n ( x
0
R
I
1 n
R
x(n) nyata dan fungsi ganjil
e e e
t
=
= e e = e
=
}

=
d n sin ) ( X
1
) n ( x
0 ) ( X n sin ) n ( x 2 ) ( X
) n ( x ) n ( x
0
I
R
1 n
I
x(n) imajiner murni
e e e + e e
t
=
e = e
e = e
= =
}

=
d ] n cos ) ( X n sin ) ( X [
1
) n ( x
n cos ) n ( x ) ( X
n sin ) n ( x ) ( X
) n ( jx ) n ( x 0 ) n ( x
0
I R I
n
I I
n
I R
I R
x(n) imajiner murni dan genap
e e e
t
=
= e e = e
=
}

=
d n sin ) ( X
1
) n ( x
0 ) ( X n sin ) n ( x 2 ) ( X
) n ( x ) n ( x
0
R I
I
1 n
I R
I I
x(n) imajiner murni dan ganjil
e e e
t
=
= e e + = e
=
}

t

=
d n cos ) ( X
1
) n ( x
0 ) ( X n cos ) n ( x 2 ) 0 ( X ) ( X
) n ( x ) n ( x
0
I I
R
1 n
I I I
I I
Contoh Soal 7.10
Tentukan dan buat sketsa X
R
(e), X
I
(e), ,X(e), dan Z X(e
dari transformasi Fourier :
Jawab :
1 a 1
e a 1
1
) ( X
j
< <

= e
e
2 2 j j
j
j
j
j
a cos a 2 1
sin ja cos a 1
a ) e e ( a 1
e a 1
e a 1
e a 1
e a 1
1
) ( X
+ e
e e
=
+ +

=

= e
e e
e
e
e
e
2
R
a cos a 2 1
cos a 1
) ( X
+ e
e
= e
2
I
a cos a 2 1
sin a
) ( X
+ e
e
= e
2
2
2
2 2 2 2
2
I
2
R
a ) cos( a 2 1
cos a 2 a 1
a ) cos( a 2 1
) ( sin a cos a 2 ) ( cos a 1
) ( X ) ( X ) ( X
+ e
e +
=
+ e
e + e e +
=
e + e = e
e
e
= e Z

cos a 1
sin a
tg ) ( X
1
Linieritas
) ( X a ) ( X a ) ( X )} n ( x { F
) n ( x a ) n ( x a ) n ( x
) ( X )} n ( x { F ) ( X )} n ( x { F
2 2 1 1
2 2 1 1
2 2 1 1
e + e = e =
+ =
e = e =
Contoh Soal 7.11
Tentukan transformasi Fourier dari : 1 a 1 a ) n ( x
n
< < =

>
<
=

<
>
=
+ =

0 n , 0
0 n , a
) n ( x
0 n , 0
0 n , a
) n ( x
) n ( x ) n ( x ) n ( x
n
2
n
1
2 1
Jawab :
e

=
e

=
e

=
e

=
= = = e

j
0 n
n j
0 n
n j n
n
n j
1 1
ae 1
1
) ae ( e a e ) n ( x ) ( X
e
e

=
e

=
e

=
e

=
e

= =
= = = e

j
j
1 k
k j
1
n
n j
1
n
n j n
n
n j
2 2
ae 1
ae
) ae (
) ae ( e a e ) n ( x ) ( X
2
2
2 j j
2 j j
j
j
j
2 1
a cos a 2 1
a 1
a ) ae ae ( 1
a ae ae 1
ae 1
ae
ae 1
1
) ( X ) ( X ) ( X
+ e

=
+ +
+
=

= e + e = e
e e
e e
e
e
e
Pergeseran waktu
) ( X e )} n ( x { F ) k n ( x ) n ( x
) ( X )} n ( x { F
1
k j
1
1 1
e = =
e =
e
Pembalikan waktu
) ( X )} n ( x { F ) n ( x ) n ( x
) ( X )} n ( x { F
1 1
1 1
e = =
e =
Teorema konvolusi
) ( X ) ( X )} n ( x { F ) n ( x * ) n ( x ) n ( x
) ( X )} n ( x { F ) ( X )} n ( x { F
2 1 1 1
2 2 1 1
e e = =
e = e =
Jawab :
Contoh Soal 7.12
Tentukan konvolusi antara x
1
(n) dan x
2
(n), dengan :
x
1
(n) = x
2
(n) ={1, 1, 1}
e + = + + =
= = e
e e

= =
e e

cos 2 1 e e 1
e e ) n ( x ) ( X
j j
n
1
1 n
n j n j
1 1
) e e ( ) e e ( 2 3
2 cos 2 cos 4 3
2
2 cos 1
4 cos 4 1
cos 4 cos 4 1
) cos 2 1 ( ) ( X ) ( X ) ( X
cos 2 1 ) ( X ) ( X
2 j 2 j j j
2
2
2 1
2 1
e e e e
+ + + + =
e + e + =
|
.
|

\
|
e +
+ e + =
e + e + =
e + = e e = e
e + = e = e
e e e e

=
e
+ + + + = = e

2 j j j 2 j
n
n j
e e 2 3 e 2 e e ) n ( x ) ( X
} 1 2 3 2 1 { ) n ( x =
Pergeseran frekuensi
) ( X )} n ( x { F ) n ( x e ) n ( x
) ( X )} n ( x { F
o 1 1
n j
1 1
o
e e = =
e =
e
Teorema modulasi
n cos ) n ( x ) n ( x ) ( X )} n ( x { F
o 1 1 1
e = e =
) n ( x e
2
1
) n ( x e
2
1
) n ( x ) e e (
2
1
) n ( x
1
n j
1
n j
1
n j n j
o o o o
e e e e
+ = + =
) ( X
2
1
) ( X
2
1
) ( X )} n ( x { F
o 1 o 1
e e + e + e = e =
Diferensiasi frekuensi
) n ( nx ) n ( x ) ( X )} n ( x { F
1 1 1
= e =
e
e
=
d
) ( dX
j )} n ( x { F
1
)} n ( nx { jF e ) n ( nx j
e
d
d
) n ( x e ) n ( x
d
d
d
) ( dX
e ) n ( x ) ( X
1
n
n j
1
n
n j
1
n
n j
1
1
n
n j
1 1
= =
e
=
e
=
e
e
= e

=
e

=
e

=
e

=
e
Domain frekuensi sistem LTI
Fungsi respon frekuensi
Respon steady-state dan respon transien
Respon terhadap sinyal input periodik
Respon terhadap sinyal input aperiodik
Hubungan antara fungsi sistem dan fungsi
respon frekuensi
Komputasi dari fungsi respon frekuensi
Fungsi respon frekuensi

=
e e

=
e
e

=
= =
=
=
k
n j k j
k
) k n ( j
n j
k
e ] Ae ) k ( h [ A Ae ) k ( h ) n ( y
Ae ) n ( x kompleks Input
) k n ( x ) k ( h ) n ( y
n j
k
k j
e ) ( AH ) n ( y e ) k ( h ) ( H
e

=
e
e = = e

Eigen function
Eigen value
Contoh Soal 7.12
Respon impuls dari suatu sistem LTI adalah :
) n ( u
2
1
) n ( h
n
|
.
|

\
|
=
Jawab :
Tentukan outputnya bila mendapat input :
2 / n j
Ae ) n ( x
t
=
{ }
2
1
j 1
1
e
2
1
1
1
) ( H
e
2
1
1
1
) ( H
e
2
1
e
2
1
) ( H ) n ( h F
2 / j j
n
n
j
n
n j
n
+
=

= e

= e
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
= e =
t e

=
e

=
e

) 6 , 26 2 / n ( 2 / n j 6 , 26 j
n j
6 , 26 j
o o
o
e
5
A 2
e e
5
2
A
e ) ( AH ) n ( y
e
5
2
2
1
j 1
1
) ( H
t t
e

= =
e =
=
+
= e
Amplituda
Frekuensi
Fasa
3
2
2
1
1
1
e
2
1
1
1
) ( H Ae ) n ( x
j
n j
=
+
=

= t =
t
t
n j
Ae
3
2
) n ( y
t
=
) sin )(cos ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
k j k k h e k h
jH H H
k k
k j
I R
e e
e e e
e
= =
+ =


=

) ( ) ( sin ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( cos ) ( ) (
e e e e
e e e e
I I
k
I
R R
k
R
H H k k h H
H H k k h H
= =
= =

=
) (
) (
) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
1
2 2
e
e
e e
e e e
I
I
I R
H
H
tg H
H H H

= O = Z
+ =
n j j
n j j n j
n j j n j
e e H A
e e H A n y Ae n x
e e H A n y Ae n x
e e
e e e
e e e
e
e
e
O
O
O
=
= =
= =
) (
) (
2 2
) (
1 1
) (
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
)] ( cos[ ) ( )] ( ) ( [
2
1
) (
cos ] [
2
1
)] ( ) ( [
2
1
) (
2 1
2 1
e e e
e
e e
O + = + =
= + = + =

n H A n y n y n y
n A Ae Ae n x n x n x
n j n j
)] ( sin[ ) ( )] ( ) ( [
2
1
) (
sin ] [
2
1
)] ( ) ( [
2
1
) (
2 1
2 1
e e e
e
e e
O + = =
= = =

n H A n y n y
j
n y
n A Ae Ae
j
n x n x
j
n x
n j n j
Contoh Soal 7.13
Respon impuls dari suatu sistem LTI adalah :
) n ( u
2
1
) n ( h
n
|
.
|

\
|
=
Jawab :
Tentukan outputnya bila mendapat input :
n n n x t
t
cos 20
2
sin 5 10 ) ( + =
e
e
j
e
H

=
2
1
1
1
) (
3
2
) (
5
2
) 2 / (
2
2
1
1
1
) 0 (
2
1
1
1
) (
6 , 26
=
=
=

t
t
e
e
H
e H
H
e
H
o
j
n n n x t
t
cos
3
40
2
sin
5
10
20 ) ( + =
Contoh Soal 7.14
Suatu sistem LTI dinyatakan dengan persamaan beda :
1 0 ) ( ) 1 ( ) ( < < + = a n bx n ay n y
)
4
cos( 20
2
sin 12 5 ) (
t
t
t
+ + = n n n x
9 , 0 1 ) ( ).
) ( ).
= = a dan H Untuk b
H Tentukan a
maks
e
e
Tentukan y(n) bila inputnya :
Jawab :
) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) ( n u ba n h n bx n ay n y
n
= + =
e
e
e
j
n
n j
ae
b
e n h H

= =

1
) ( ) (
e
e
e
e e
e
e
e
cos 1
sin
1
cos 2 1 1
sin ) cos 1 ( 1
1
2
a
a
tg ae
a a ae
ja a ae
j
j
j

= Z
+ =
+ =

e
e
e
e
e
cos 1
sin
) (
cos 2 1
) (
1
2
a
a
tg b
a a
b
H

Z = O
+
=

a b
a
b
H H
maks
= =

= = 1 1
1
) 0 ( ) (e
e
e
e
e
e
cos 1
sin
) (
cos 2 1
1
) (
1
2
a
a
tg
a a
a
H

= O
+

=

0 ) ( 1 ) 0 ( = O = e H
o
tg H 42 9 , 0 ) ( 074 , 0
9 , 0 1
1 , 0
) 2 / (
1
2
= = O =
+
=

e t
0 ) ( 053 , 0
9 , 1
1 , 0
1
1
) ( = O = =
+

= e t
a
a
H
)
4
cos( 20
2
sin 12 5 ) (
t
t
t
+ + = n n n x
)] (
4
cos[ ) ( 20
)] 2 / (
2
sin[ ) 2 / ( 12 ) 0 ( 5 ) (
t
t
t t
t
t
t
O + +
O + + =
n H
n H H n y
]
4
cos[ 06 , 1 ] 42
2
sin[ 888 , 0 5 ) (
t
t
t
+ + = n n n y
o
Respon steady-state dan respon transien
) n ( x ) 1 n ( ay ) n ( y + =

=
+
+ =
n
0 k
k 1 n
) k n ( x a ) 1 ( y a ) n ( y ) n ( x

=
e +
e
+ =
> =
n
0 k
) k n ( j k 1 n
n j
e a A ) 1 ( y a ) n ( y
0 n Ae ) n ( x
n j k
n
0 n
j 1 n
n j
e ) ae ( A ) 1 ( y a ) n ( y
0 n Ae ) n ( x
e
=
e +
e

+ =
> =
n j k
n
0 n
j 1 n
n j
e ) ae ( A ) 1 ( y a ) n ( y
0 n Ae ) n ( x
e
=
e +
e

+ =
> =
n j
j
) 1 n ( j 1 n
1 n
n j
e
ae 1
e a 1
A ) 1 ( y a ) n ( y
0 n Ae ) n ( x
e
e
+ e +
+
e

+ =
> =
n j
j
n j
j
) 1 n ( j 1 n
1 n
e
ae 1
A
e
ae 1
e a
A ) 1 ( y a ) n ( y
e
e
e
e
+ e +
+

=
Respon transien
Respon steady state
n j
j
n j
j
) 1 n ( j 1 n
1 n
e
ae 1
A
e
ae 1
e a
A ) 1 ( y a ) n ( y
e
e
e
e
+ e +
+

=
1 a Stabil <
n j n j
j
n
ss
e ) ( AH e
ae 1
A
) n ( y ) n ( y
lim
e e
e

e =

= =
n j
j
) 1 n ( j 1 n
1 n
tr
e
ae 1
e a
A ) 1 ( y a ) n ( y
e
e
+ e +
+

=
Respon steady state terhadap sinyal input periodik

=
t
=
1 N
0 k
N / kn 2 j
k
e c ) n ( x Fourier Deret
N / kn 2 j
k k
N / kn 2 j
k k
e
N
k 2
H c ) n ( y e c x
t t
|
.
|

\
|
t
= =
N
k 2 ) ( H
N
k 2
H t
= e
e =
|
.
|

\
|
t

+
=
t
+
=
|
.
|

\
|
t
= =
1 N
0 k
N / kn 2 j
k
1 N
0 k
k
e
N
k 2
H c ) n ( y ) n ( y
|
.
|

\
|
t
= =

+
=
t
N
k 2
H c d e d ) n ( y
k k
1 N
0 k
N / kn 2 j
k
Respon steady state terhadap sinyal input aperiodik
( ) ) ( X H ) ( Y konvolusi Teori e e = e
( ) ) ( X ) ( H ) ( Y ) ( X H ) ( Y e Z + e Z = e Z e e = e
( ) ( ) ) ( S H ) ( S ) ( X H ) ( Y
xx
2
yy
2 2 2
e e = e e e = e
( )
}
t
t = e
e e e
t
= d ) ( S H
2
1
E : Energi
xx
2
y
Contoh Soal 7.15
Suatu sistem LTI mempunyai respon impuls :
) n ( u
2
1
) n ( h
n
|
.
|

\
|
=
Tentukan spektrum dan esd-nya bila mendapat input :
) n ( u
4
1
) n ( x
n
|
.
|

\
|
=
Jawab :
e

=
e

=
|
.
|

\
|
= e

j
0 n
n j
n
e
2
1
1
1
e
2
1
) ( H
e

= e
j
e
4
1
1
1
) ( X
( )
e e

= e e = e
j j
e
4
1
1
1
e
2
1
1
1
) ( X H ) ( Y
) e
16
1
e
4
1
1 (
1
) e
4
1
e 1 (
1
) ( S
j 2 j j 2 j
y
e e e e
+ +
= e
( )
2 2
yy
) ( X H ) ( S e e = e
|
.
|

\
|
e
|
.
|

\
|
e
= e
cos
2
1
16
17
1
cos
4
5
1
) ( S
y
Hubungan antara fungsi sistem dan fungsi respon
frekuensi
( )

=
e
=
e
= = e =
e
n
n j
e z
j
e ) n ( h z H ) ( H e z
j
( ) ) ( H ) ( H ) ( H ) ( H H
*
2
e e = e e = e
( )
e
=

= e
j
e z
1
2
) z ( H ) z ( H H
Contoh Soal 7.16
Suatu sistem LTI dinyatakan dengan :
) 1 n ( x ) n ( x ) 2 n ( y 2 , 0 ) 1 n ( y 1 , 0 ) n ( y + + + =
Tentukan
2
) ( H e
Jawab :
2 1
1
z 2 , 0 z 5 , 0 1
z 1
) z ( H

+
+
=
2 2 1
1
1
z 2 , 0 z 5 , 0 1
z 1
z 2 , 0 z 5 , 0 1
z 1
) z ( H ) z ( H
+
+
+
+
=

2 2 1
1
1
z 2 , 0 z 5 , 0 1
z 1
z 2 , 0 z 5 , 0 1
z 1
) z ( H ) z ( H
+
+
+
+
=

) z z ( 2 , 0 ) z z ( 08 , 0 05 . 1
z z 2
) z ( H ) z ( H
2 2 1
1
1

+ + +
+ +
=
) e e ( 2 , 0 ) e e ( 08 , 0 05 . 1
e e 2
) ( H e z
2 j 2 j j j
j j
2
j
e e e e
e e
e
+ + +
+ +
= e =
e e +
e +
= e
2 cos 4 , 0 cos 16 , 0 05 . 1
cos 2 2
) ( H
2
e e +
e +
= e e = e
2
2
2
cos 8 , 0 cos 16 , 0 45 . 1
) cos 1 ( 2
) ( H 1 cos 2 2 cos