Kuliah #1 MSP 314 Pencemaran Perairan dan Pengolahan Air Limbah

Sigid Hariyadi
Departemen Manajemen Sumberdaya Perairan Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan - IPB

KUALITAS AIR ?
Kualitas air adalah karakter (sifat) air yang digambarkan oleh nilai-nilai dari berbagai macam faktor / karakteristik / komponen kualitas air (yang sering disebut sebagai parameter kualitas air)

Parameter Fisik: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Warna Kecerahan (kedalaman Secchi) Kekeruhan Padatan tersuspensi (TSS) Padatan terlarut (TDS) Daya Hantar Listrik (conductivity) Temperatur Bau Rasa

Parameter Kimia:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Salinitas Alkalinitas Kesadahan pH Oksigen terlarut (DO) BOD COD N (Amonia, Nitrat, Nitrit) P (total, Orthophosphate) Si Deterjen (surfactant) Minyak & lemak, hidrokarbon CN (sianida) H2S (sulfida) 15. Phenols 16. Fe (besi) 17. Pestisida (organochlorine, organophosphate) 18. Logam/logam berat: Hg Pb Cu Cd Cr+6 Zn As Ni Se dll.

Parameter Mikrobiologi: 1. 2. 3. Coliform Fecal coliform (E. coli) Bakteri pathogen:

Salmonella Shigella dysenteriae Vibrio cholerae

Parameter Fisik: 1. Warna 2. Kecerahan (kedalaman Secchi) 3. Kekeruhan 4. Padatan tersuspensi (TSS) 5. Padatan terlarut (TDS) 6. Daya Hantar Listrik (conductivity) 7. Temperatur 8. Bau 9. Rasa

Parameter Mikrobiologi: 1. Coliform 2. Fecal coliform (E. coli) 3. Bakteri pathogen lainnya.. (Salmonella, Shigella dysenteriae, Vibrio cholerae)

Parameter Kimia: 1. Salinitas 2. Alkalinitas 3. Kesadahan 4. pH 5. Oksigen terlarut (D.O.) 6. BOD 7. COD 8. Ammonia Nitrat, Nitrit (N) 9. P (total, orthophosphate) 10. Si 11. Deterjen (surfaktan) 12. Minyak & Lemak, Hydrocarbon 13. CN (sianida) 14. H2S (sulfida) 15. Phenol 16. Fe (Besi) 17. Logam berat: Hg, Pb, Cu, Cd, Cr6+, Zn, As, Se, Ni, dll. 18. Pestisida (organokhlorin, organofosfat)

Bagi biota Ket. air

Kenyamanan

Kenyamanan Nutrien

Nutrien, Nuiss. Nutrien Nutrien Nuissance Nuissance Toxic Toxic Nuissance Toxic Toxic

PARAMETER KUNCI Kualitas Air: fungsi perairan potensi pencemaran (jenis kegiatan, limbah)
sesuai jenis industri/ kegiatan

Baku mutu air limbah Baku mutu perairan

sungai, danau, waduk

laut

Sebagai acuan penentuan Parameter kunci :

KEP-51/MENLH/10/1995

Baku Mutu Limbah Cair Kegiatan Industri

KEP-52/MENLH/10/1995

Baku Mutu Limbah Cair Kegiatan Perhotelan

KEP-58/MENLH/12/1995

Baku Mutu Limbah Cair Kegiatan Rumah Sakit.

Industri soda kostik pelapisan logam penyamakan kulit minyak sawit pulp dan kertas karet gula tapioka tekstil pupuk urea ethanol MSG kayu lapis susu & mds minuman ringan sabun, deterjen & prod. minyak nabati industri bir baterai kering industri cat industri farmasi industri pestisida

 KEP-51/MENLH/10/1995 Baku Mutu Limbah Cair Kegiatan

Industri,

KEP-52/MENLH/10/1995 Baku Mutu Limbah Cair Kegiatan

Perhotelan,

KEP-58/MENLH/12/1995 Baku Mutu Limbah Cair Kegiatan

Rumah Sakit,

KEP-42/MENLH/10/1996 - Baku Mutu Limbah Cair kegiatan

minyak dan gas serta panas bumi,

Kep. MENLH No. 112 Tahun 2003 - Baku Mutu Air Limbah
Domestik,

Kep. MENLH No. 113 Tahun 2003 - Baku mutu air limbah
kegiatan pertambangan batu bara.

Kep. MENLH No. 112 Tahun 2003: Baku Mutu Air Limbah Domestik

PERATURAN PEMERINTAH (PP) RI No. 82 Th. 2001

TENTANG

PENGELOLAAN KUALITAS AIR DAN PENGENDALIAN PENCEMARAN

KLASIFIKASI MUTU AIR (PASAL 8 ayat 1): a. KELAS I : air peruntukan air baku air minum b. KELAS II: air peruntukan prasarana/sarana rekreasi air, budidaya ikan air tawar, peternakan, pengairan tanaman (pertanian) c. KELAS III: air peruntukan budidaya ikan air tawar, peternakan, pengairan tanaman (pertanian)

d. KELAS IV: air untuk pengairan tanaman (pertanian)

 Keputusan MENLH No. 51 Tahun 2004 ttg BAKU MUTU AIR LAUT

Baku Mutu Air Laut untuk PERAIRAN PELABUHAN Baku Mutu Air Laut untuk WISATA BAHARI

Baku Mutu Air Laut untuk BIOTA LAUT

BAKU MUTU AIR :

KADAR / KONSENTRASI (mg/L)

BEBAN (kg/ton produk ; g/m3) x debit/ton produk

Beban pencemaran = kadar

Beban BOD = 100 mg/L x 20 m3/ton BOD = 100 mg/L = 100 mg/L x 20.000 L/ton Vol limbah maks= 20 m3/ton produk = 2000.000 mg/ton = 2 kg/ton produk BOD = 20 mg/L Debit aliran = 10 L/dt Beban BOD = 20 mg/L x 10 L/dt = 200 mg/dt = 200 x 60 x 60 x 24 = 17.280.000 mg/hari = 17,28 kg/hari

What is Water pollution ?

Marine (Water) Pollution is the introduction by man,
directly or indirectly, of substances or energy, to the marine environment resulting in such deleterious effects as harm to living resources; hazard to human health; hindrance of marine activities including fishing; impairment of the quality for use of seawater; and reduction of ammenities.
Contamination is the presence of elevated concentrations of substances in the water, sediments or organisms, i.e. concentrations that are above the natural background level for the area and for the organism. (United Nations Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Polution GESAMP)

http://jammer5spolyrant.wordpress.com/2009/12/29/

Point Source : discharge of pollutants from single point. (i.e. from: factories, power plants, sewage treatment plants, oil wells).

Non-point Source : sources of water pollution that are scattered or diffuse, not having a specific location. (i.e. from: farm fields, golf courses, cities, residentials, roads, clearcut forests, plantations, mines).

Clark, 1986. Marine Pollution

http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/water/water-pollution/figures-and-maps/sources-of-pollution/view

assimilative capacity:
the ability of a body of water to cleanse itself; its capacity to receive waste waters or toxic materials without deleterious effects and without damage to aquatic life or humans who consume the water.

Klasifikasi limbah (Clark, 1986) :

1. Limbah mudah urai (degradable wastes) 2. Limbah mudah luruh (dissipating wastes) 3. Partikel (particulate) 4. Limbah konservatif/awet (conservative wastes)

1 . Limbah mudah urai (degradable wastes) limbah organik dekomposisi (CO2, NH3)
limbah domestik, perkotaan limbah pertanian, pabrik gula, kertas (pulp) limbah pengolahan makanan, minuman minyak, dll.

 dgn cepat kehilangan daya rusak/racun begitu masuk ke perairan panas: faktor debit, arus

2. Limbah mudah luruh (dissipating wastes)

asam-basa: laut punya kapasitas buffer yang besar Cyanide: terdissosiasi dgn cepat di air laut, dampak kecil

3. Partikel (particulate)
debu/partikel lumpur/tanah, penambangan pasir abu sisa pembakaran (batubara)

plastik

4. Limbah konservatif/awet (conservative wastes)

tidak dapat terdekomposisi & tidak hilang/luruh
logam berat halogenated hydrocarbons (pestisida, PCB, POPs)

radioaktifitas

Pollution Types:

Infectious Agents (pathogens, parasites, bacteria, virus, etc.) Oxygen-Demanding Wastes (BOD, sampah) Inorganic Chemicals (acids, salts, toxic metals, nutrients) Organic Chemicals (pesticides, PCB, dioxin, oil, detergents,
plastics)

Sediment (Particulates) Thermal Pollution

Radioactive Pollution
(Oil Pollution, Detergents)

Prinsip Pengelolaan:

PREVENTIVE (PENCEGAHAN)
lebih baik TIDAK MENCEMARI daripada menanggulangi setelah terjadi pencemaran Penanggulangan/pembersihan mahal Pembersihan tidak pernah tuntas IPAL (Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah)

- Sewage treatment - Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP)

- Proses fisika, kimia, biologi

Referensi:

1. APHA. 2005. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 21st ed. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Pollution Control Federation. Washington D.C. 2. CLARK, R.B. 1986. Marine Pollution. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 215 p. 3. LAWS, E.A. 1993. Aquatic Pollution : An introductory text. Wiley Interscience, New York. 611p. 4. MASON, C.F. 1991. Biology of freshwater pollution. 2nd ed. Longman Scientific & Technical, Essex, U.K. 351 p. 5. MUKHTASOR. 2007. Pencemaran Pesisir dan Laut. PT Pradnya Paramita. Jakarta. 322 p. 6. http://homepage.mac.com/wsscott/Planbook/Environmental%20Studies/Nov132007/4-24-2003.ppt

Referensi

Water Pollution
7. http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~apennima/ENVS/Water-Pollution.ppt Water Pollution & Cleanup
Updated Agt 2010 - SGH

Thank you