OLERICULTURE

Topi c : Sol anacea cr ops (Chi lie and

toma to)
Crop name : chilli
 Introduction
 Chilli is one of the popular vegetables among
the peoples in Malaysia. It is originated from
Mexico and South of America, but now
cultivated over tropical climate state. Chilli
also known as pepper or chilli, majority chilli
plant is cultivated at lowland.

 In Peninsula Malaysia, main manufacturer of

chilli areas is in Perak, Johor and Kelantan
Proposed cultivar

1. MARDI MC11: spicy

 High yield (17-24 mt/ha)
 Take out yield 10 week after cultivated
 Can pick yield about 30 times for one
season and fruiting continuously
 Tolerant for Anthracnose disease (7%
infection) and Choenophora shoot blight
disease
2. MARDI MC12
 Medium hot , has the simultaneous ripe
property and mature early
 High yield 15-25 mt/ha
 Yield take out about 7 week after
cultivated and very productive, matured
early, disease resistant and interval to
harvest 5 to 6 day once.
Soil Suitability / Weather
 Suitable to cultivated in low plain,
temperature between 22-40 °C
 medium rain amount between 1500 - 2000
mm / year
 The best temperatures is 28-29 °C
 Chilli is suitable in mostly soil type included
bris soil, peat soil and ex-mine soil
 Suitable pH : 5.5 – 6.8
Cultural practices

 Seedling preparation
 Cultivation at the farm
 Fertilization
 Water management
Seedling preparation

 Prepared seedling boxes 60 cm x 30 cm x 10

cm for 100 seed
 Fill in seedling boxes with mixing soil medium
(3:2:1). 3 portion of the topsoil, 1 portion of
decay chicken dung and 1 portion of sand.
 200 g/ha seed (if 50% of germination rate)
 Seed must be treated by herbicide poison eg.
3g thiram / 1000 g seed
 Watering with fine water spray about 2 times
each day
 Seedling boxes must be protected from over
sunshine exposure and over rain amount.
 Transfer seedling to the farm 3 - 4 week after
sowing.
 Exposed seedling for sunlight as long as 3 –
4 day before transfer process ( to harden
seedling)
 Land Preparation
 Plough the soil about 15 to 22 cm
depth.
 Prepared the bed with 1.2 cm wide
and 22 – 30 cm high. Length of the
bed according to the situation of the
area.
 Distance of the bed is 45 cm.
 Mix as much as 25kg for 50 square
meters area with the rotting chicken
dung
 LIMING
 Liming - For the peat soil and full of acid,
liming at the rate 2 tone/hectare per year.
 For very low acid soil (pH 3.5-3.7) liming at
the rate 10-25 tone/hectare per year.
 CULTIVATION
 Seedling 4-7 week years old can change to the
bed.
 Plants distance – 80cm x 80 or 90cm x 120cm
for each row.
 PROTECTING
 Mulching
- Using the dry grass or paddy straw for the
mulching.
 Weed control
- Reduce / prevent weed – reduce competition source of
growth.
- prevent light reaching ground
- black plastic
- Clean the bed from the weed with the soil, hoe or
plough for the plant in the vase, pull the weed to
protection.
 FERTILIZATION
 Fertilizer NPK green (15:15:15) or liquid
fertilizer (15:30:15) using for base fertilizer.
 Fertilizer for the fruits NPKmg blue
(12:12:12:17:2:TE) or liquid fertilizer for adult
tree.
 Total of fertilizer NPK and NPKmg which is using
1.8 – 2.5 tone/hectare and for the 4 timers fertilizer.
 NPK amount of fertilizer and NPKMg which is used
are 1.8 – 2.5 tan / ha and divided into 4 rotation
fertilization.
 Basic fertilize done once before or when crop
converter followed up with 3 rotation top-fertilize.
 A total of 10 g fertilizer are being distributed around
tree each 2 week.
 WATER MANAGEMENT
1.Watering
- Using 2 times per day with ‘sprinkler’ system for
early morning and the evening.
- Also can using manual way.
- Chili needs 3.5 liter water per day.
2.Distance around the bed need the drain with
alternation about 75cm to exceed the water from
stagnant flood.
3.Drainage is required if to face drainage problem
Pest management
 Chilli Disease
• Mosaic disease and leaf curly caused
by virus (Tobacco leaf curl virus).
Effective way to reduce this disease
were having spraying trees with
Malathion every month once to
control insect.

• Sometimes wilt leaf caused by

bacteria Pseudomonas
solanacearum. All tree have been
infected must be extracted and burn
 Anthracnose
Leaf Spot Red Hamama

Bacterial wilt
Leaf mosaic
• Leaf spot which is known as cercospora
leaf spot originate from fungus
Xanthomoas. Symptom: Leaf become hurt
and riddle

• Red hamama - crinkled leaf, curly, leaf

being small and tree stunt. Leaf will curve
down. Leaf colour become silver and fall

• Anthracnose fruit - originate from fungus

attack. spread quickly. Fallen and
damaged fruit
 INSECT AND DISEASE
CONTROL
Disease Control
Leaf spot Spray Benomyl (Fungicide)
Anthracnose fruit Spray mancozeb (Fungicide)

Leaf Flea Spray chlorphyrifos (Insecticide)

Red Hamama Spray dicofol or malathion
Bent leaf and mosaic (a) This disease spread out by leaf flea.
leaf Therefore, must control leaf flea.
(b) Dump and fire diseased tree

Bacterial wilt No effective chemical control.

Dump and fire diseased tree
 HARVERSTING
• Harvesting can be make when the tree achieved
12 to 16 week. Average yield 16-20 tan/ha

• Harvesting can be make each 3 or 4 day once.

• harvesting can be made according to destination

marketing (for eating fresh or to processed as
product side)

• Chilli can be harvesting after 60-75 day after

planting. (depend on variety)
 Production Cost / hectare
Item quantity cost ( RM )
Input material cost 0.5 kg @ RM50 25.00
• Seed 5 ton @ RM120 600.00
• Fertilizer 2.5 ton @ RM100 250.00
- Chicken dung 30 bag @ RM43 1290.00
- Lime 8% from total of material cost 488.40
- NPK 12:12:17:2 40 roll @ RM70 2800.00
• Chemical poison 160 pieces 480.00
• Silver shine plastic 10% from total of material cost 659.34
• Basket
• Contingency
Total amount I 7252.74

Input cost energy per day (p.e)@ RM15.00 contract 400.00

• Soil preparation 25 energy per day 75.00
• Seedling 10 energy per day 150.00
• Transplant 2 energy per day 30.00
• To assemble supporter and wire 10 energy per day 150.00
• Watering 12 energy per day 180.00
• Weed controlling 17 energy per day 255.00
• Fertilization 30 energy per day 450.00
• Controlling pest and disease 180 energy per day 2700.00
• Harvesting
Total amount II 4370.00

Fix cost 8 month @ RM 15/year 10.75

• Soil tax 8 month @ RM 1600/year 1066.75
• Depreciation Watering equipment 120.00
• Other planting material
Total amount III 1196.67

Total production cost ( I+II+III ) 12839.41

 Estimate farmer income and turn over price
( Example : Yield 15000kg / on price RM2.00 / kg )

Use family Use wage

Item energy (RM) energy (RM)
30000.00 30000.00
b.Gross income 8849.41 12839.41
c.Production cost 21150.59 17160.59
d.Net income 3.40 2.34
e.Return for each investment ( RM ) 0.59 0.86
f.Break-even price ( production cost/kg)
Crop name : Tomato
Intr oductio n
 fruit vegetable type
 Short life expectancy
 Originate from America South – tropical
climate
 In Malaysia - Cameron Highland, Johor.
 Market– fresh and processed
Cr op R equir eme nt
 weather
 Suitable to high land >1000m
 Temperature 180 – 320c
 Rain at 460mm

 soil
 Suitable for various type of soil ( sands mixture,
BRIS, peat )
 Good drainage
 pH 5.5 – 8.0
 The proposed of Cultivar
Plant Cultivar
attribute
L 24 MT 1 MT 11 Serdang 2 King Kong ( F1)
Plant habit Straight, Straight, leafly, leafly, half straight, straight, half
leafy dan moderate, half continuous leafly, continuous
continuous continuous (indeterminat half (indeterminate)
(indetermin (semidetermina e) continuous
ate) te) (indetermin
ate)

Weight Big Small Moderate Moderate Big

(> 60 g/seed) (25-30 g/seed) (40-80 g/seed) (40-80 (100-150g/seed)
g/seed)
Colour red Light red Red Red Red
Used fresh Fresh/process fresh fresh fresh
Crops 18-30 tan/ha 15-25 tan/ha 15-28 tan/ha 20-25 tan/ha 25-30 tan/ha
Cultural practices
 Work programmer for tomato / hectare
Activity Input Note
Day material Rate
- 46 Seedling preaparation (for •Seedling box 70 Saiz 60X60cm
>10000 plant) •Plastic bag 10000 Saiz 12X12cm
•beds 5 Saiz 100X15cm
-40 Seed treatmeant Thiram 3g/1000g seed seed cultivation =
deep 0.5cm
-30 spraying foliar fertilizer Leaf fertilizer Based on label spray one time for 1
week until
transplant
-26 Disease, and pest control Chemical poison Based on label Spraying when need
-16 Area Cleaning tractor - -
-14 Liming GML 3-5 tan/ha Rate of mineral soil
-7 Base fertilizer Chiken dung 5 tan/ha Mix in beds
-3 Layout, bed preparation, close Tractor 40 roll -
bed with plastic Plastik silver
shine
0 Transplant seedling sapling 1 plant/ hole 0.6 X 0.6m distance

7 Infill sapling - -
14 NPK 12:12:17:2 300 kg/ha broadcast fertilizer
fertilization
around plant
15 Disease, and pest control Chemical Based on label Need to prevent
poison

27 Disease, and pest control Chemical Based on label Need to prevent

poison

28 Fertilization ii NPK 12:12:17:2 600 kg/ha Sown fertilizer

around plant

30 Weeds control Chemical Based on label Weedicice spraying

poison in between seed
bed.
32 To fix support & wire Wood support 16000 trunk -
40 Disease, and pest control Chemical Based on label Need to prevent
poison

42 To cut off/trim - - Remove sidebud

and leafly.

54 Disease, and pest control Chemical Based on label Need to prevent

poison
55 Weeds control Chemical Based on label Weedicide
poison spraying in
between seed bed.
56 Fertilization ii NPK 12:12:17:2 600 kg/ha Sown fertilizer
surroundings plant

56-60 Crops Basket - Period of time =

crops 30-45 day

68 Disease, and pest control Chemical Based on label Need to prevent

poison

82 Disease, and pest control Chemical Based on label Need to prevent

poison

96 Disease, and pest control Chemical Based on label Need to prevent

poison
 Seedling Preparation
 Using a high quality seeds
 treated seed with fungicide (thiram)
 Plant seed at least 6 week under
insect proof netted
 10% more than the number of crops
 Three way seedling
1. Polibeg seedling
2. Box seedling
3. bed seedling
 Bed seedling
 Medium 7:3:2
 Seed depth 0.5cm with the distance 5cm
 dredge by dry soil to close seed
 Shower bed and construct shading those
made from transparent plastic
 fertilization at seedling stage beginning at
third week
 Foliar fertilizer (foliar) characterized by
NPK spray type
 If there were pest infestation sign, spray
with insecticide as chlorpyrifos
Land Preparation
Ground clearance
 Tillage and bed preparation

 Plough and tilth - depth as 22cm

 Bed form 1.2m broad X 20 – 30cm high

Liming
 Do if pH's value land <5

 1-2 week before seedling plant

 Liming material – Ground Magnesium Limestone

(GML)
 Rate – 3 - 5 ton / ha
Cultivation At The Farm
 Change seedling when 5-6 week after sow
 Distance proposed is 60cm X 60cm
 After a week, dead and unhealthy seedling
must be infill.
Water Management
 Irrigation system sprinkle is proposed
 High efficiency and low workforce
requirement
 Cost between RM5000 – RM8000 / one
hectare
 Sprinkle diameter coverage 25 – 30m
 Fertilization

Rates of fertilization for tomatoes according to soil type

Fertilizer
Type of soil
Type Rate Time (MLT) Method
(Ton / ha / season) Week after
harvest

BRIS Chicken dung 10 -1* Mixing in soil

-Rudua NPK 12:12:17:2 2 2,4 & 8 surroundings plant
-Baging Chicken dung 25 -1*
NPK 12:12:17:2 3 2,4 & 8

Ex- mine Chicken dung 25 -1* Mixing in soil

-Sand NPK 12:12:17:2 2 2,4 & 8 surroundings plant

Peat Chicken dung 2 2,4 & 8 mixing in soil

NPK 12:12:17:2 surroundings plant

Mineral Chicken dung 5 -1* mixing in soil

NPK 12:12:17:2 1.5 2,4 & 8 surroundings plant
DISEASES MANAGEMENT
 Control diseases and insect
 Diseases name : fruit borer (Chloridea
obsoleta F.)
 Part diseases : Fruit, leaf, buds and flower

 Symptom : Death on young buds and

flower

 Control diseases : Use are chemical like

Bacillus thuringiensis,
permethrin or acephate after
14 day.
Collect all fruit and destroy
it
 Insect name : fruit fly(Bactrocera sp)

 Part diseases : Fruit

 Symptom : Fruit hole.

 Control diseases : Collect all fruit and

burn it all
To control use an
attractant
like methyleugenol
Diseases name : Anthracnose
Pathogen : Colletotrichum sp
Part diseases : Fruit

Symptom : Sunken spot with black specks

Fruit drop, short shelf leaf
High during rainy season

Control diseases
-Use are healthy seeds
- Destroy infected plants
-Chemical spray before infection
Diseases name : Club Rot
Pathogen : Sclerotium rolfsii / Rhizoctonia sp
Part diseases : Base of the tree

Symptom : leaf look wilt

Have a white spot at base of the tree finally base
will be black and rotten

Control diseases
- Good irrigation
- Destroy the tree if get the diseases
Fruit disorder
Leaf disorder
Stem and flower disorder
 WEED MANAGEMENT
 Reduce weed prevention
 Use mulching technique
 For chemical control use
 Glufosinate-ammonium (0.5 kg/ha)
 Glyphosate (0.6 kg/ha)

 Use silver shine plastic

 Estimate production cost
Production cost
 Production cost include :
 Fix cost – land tax, equipment
 Material cost – seed, fertilizer, poison
(pesticide, weedicide, Fungicide, ect)
 Energy cost – wage
 Item quantity cost ( RM )
Input material cost 0.3 kg @ RM250 75.00
• Seed 5 ton @ RM120 600.00
• Fertilizer 2.5 ton @ RM100 250.00
- Chicken dung 30 bag @ RM43 1290.00
- Lime 8% from total of material cost 439.00
- NPK 12:12:17:2 40 roll @ RM70 2800.00
• Chemical poison 16000 stick @ RM0.40 320.00*
• Silver shine plastic 15 roll @ RM43 134.00**
• Supporting stick 6 roll @ RM4.50 27.00
• Wire 10% from total of material cost 593.00
• Raffia rope
Production Cost per hectare

• Contingency
Total amount I 6529.30

Input cost energy per day (p.e)@ RM15.00 contract 230.00

• Soil preparation 12 energy per day 180.00
• Ridging 8 energy per day 120.00
• Planting 20 energy per day 300.00
• To assemble supporter and wire 16 energy per day 240.00
• Watering 8 energy per day 120.00
• Weed controlling 8 energy per day 120.00
• Fertilization 6 energy per day 90.00
• Creep of tree 4 energy per day 60.00
• Controlling pest and disease 30 energy per day 450.00
• Harvesting
Total amount II 1910.00

Fix cosh 5 month @ RM 15/year 6.25

• Soil tax 5 month @ RM 1800/year 750.00
• Watering equipment
Total amount III 756.00

Total production cost ( I+II+III ) 9195.55

 Estimate farmer income and turn over price
( Example : Yield 16000kg / on price RM0.80 / kg )

Use family Use wage

Item energy energy
(RM) (RM)
12800.00 12800.00
• Gross income 7515.85 9195.00
• Production cost 5284.15 3604.15
• Net income 1.70 1.39
• Return for each investment 0.47 0.57
( RM )
• Break-even price
( production cost/kg)