Hepatomegaly: 3 causes
3 C's: Cirrhosis Carcinoma Cardiac failure
Pathology Mnemonics
Paget's disease of bone: signs and symptoms
Four L's: Larger hat size Loss of hearing: due to compression of nerve Leontiasis ossea (lion-like face) Light-headed (Paget's steal) Tremor is Resting, Posture is Stooped.
Wernicke-Korsakoff triad
Syndrome in alchoholics, who love to "drink CANs of beer": Confusion Ataxia Nystagmus
Sarcoidosis summarized
SARCOIDOISIS: Schaumann calcifications Asteroid bodies/ [ACE] increase/ Anergy Respiratory complications/ Renal calculi/ Restrictive lung disease/ Restrictive cardiomyopathy Calcium increase in serum and urine/ CD4 helper cells Ocular lesions Immune mediated noncaseating granulomas/ [Ig] increase Diabetes insipidus/ [D vit.] increase/ Dyspnea Osteopathy Skin (Subcutaneous nodules, erythema nodosum) Interstitial lung fibrosis/ IL-1 Seventh CN palsy
Pathology Mnemonics
Blood disorders: commoner sex
HE (male) gets: HEmophilia (X-linked) HEinz bodies (G6PD deficiency, causing HEmolytic anemia: X-linked) HEmochromatosis (male predominance) HEart attacks (male predominance) HEnoch-Schonlein purpura (male predominance) SHE (female) gets: SHEehan's syndrome
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Cushing syndrome
CUSHING: Central obesity/ Cervical fat pads/ Collagen fiber weakness/ Comedones (acne) Urinary free corisol and glucose increase Striae/ Suppressed immunity Hypercortisolism/ Hypertension/ Hyperglycemia/ Hirsutism Iatrogenic (Increased administration of corticosteroids) Noniatrogenic (Neoplasms) Glucose intolerance/ Growth retardation
Pathology Mnemonics
COPD: 4 types and hallmark Buerger's disease features
"burger SCRAPS": Segmenting thrombosing vasculitis Claudication (intermittent) Raynaud's phenomenon Associated with smoking Pain, even at rest Superficial nodular phlebitis Alternatively, if hungry for more detail [sic], "CRISP PIG burgers": Chronic ulceration Raynaud's phenomenon Intermittent claudication Segmenting, thrombosing vasculitis Pain, even at rest Phlebitis (superficial nodular) Idiopathic Gangrene ABCDE: Asthma Brochiectasis Chronic bronchitis Dyspnea [hallmark of group] Emphysema Alternatively: replace Dyspnea with Decreased FEV1/FVC ratio.
PKU findings
PKU: Pale hair, skin Krazy (neurological abnormalities) Unpleasant smell
Pathology Mnemonics
presentation McArdle's syndrome
MCARDLES: Myoglobinuria Cramping after exercise Accumulated glycogen Recessive inheritance Deficiency of muscle phosphorylase Lactate levels fail to rise Elevated creatine kinase Skeletal muscle only Morphology is poly-C: Cysts Capsule thickened Cortical stromal fibrosis Clinical presentation is OVARY: Obese Virilism or hirsutism Amenorrhoea Reproductive problem [infertile] Young woman
Pathology Mnemonics
Rheumatoid arthritis: features
RHEUMATOID: Ragocytes/ Rheumatoid factor (anti-IgG) HLA-DR4/ HLA-Dw4 ESR increase/ Extra-articular features (restrictive lung disease, subcutaneous nodules) Ulnar deviation Morning stiffness/ MCP joint Ankylosis/ Atlantoaxial joint subluxation/ Autoimmune/ ANA T-cells (CD4)/ TNF Osteopenia Inflammatory synovial tissue/ Idiopathic/ IL-1 Deformities (swan-neck, boutonniere)
Neuroblastoma: features
N-MYC: Nuclei have "double minutes" Malignant Young Catecholamine secreting And hallmark is n-myc amplification.
Pathology Mnemonics
Gallstones: risk factors Peptic ulcer: associated causative factors
SHAZAM: Smoking Hypercalcemia Aspirin Zollinger-Ellison Acidity MEN type I These may work with H. pylori to promote ulceration, or may act alone. 5 F's: Fat Female Family history Fertile Forty
Pericarditis: findings
PERICarditis: Pulsus paradoxus ECG changes Rub Increased JVP Chest pain [worse on inspiration, better when lean forward]
Calculi: types
CAlCUli: Calcium Ammonium magnesium phosphate Cystine Uric acid
Gynecomastia: causes
DaLAS: Digitalis Leydig cell tumors Alcohol Sertoli cell tumors
TB: features
TB is characterised by 4 C's: Caseation Calcification Cavitation Cicatrization
Pathology Mnemonics
APKD: signs, complications, accelerators
11 B's: Signs: Bloody urine Bilateral pain [vs. stones, which are usually unilateral pain] Blood pressure up Bigger kidneys Bumps palpable Complications: Berry aneurysm Biliary cysts Bicuspid valve [prolapse and other problems] Accelerators: Boys Blacks Blood pressure high Onset sudden Reduced breath sounds (& dypsnea) Absent fremitus X-ray shows collapse
Pancreatitis: causes
PANCREATITIS: Posterior Alcohol Neoplasm Cholelithiasis Rx (lasix, AZT) ERCP Abdominal surgery Trauma Infection (mumps) Triglycerides elevated Idiopathic Scorpion bite
Pneumothorax: presentation
P-THORAX: Pleuretic pain Trachea deviation Hyperresonance
Pathology Mnemonics
Enzyme deficiencies
Scrotum masses
SHOVE IT: Spermatocele Hydrocele/ Haematocele Orchitis Varicocele Epidymal cyst Indirect inguinal hernia Torsion/ Tumor
Aneurysm types
MAD SCAB: Mycotic Atherosclerotic Dissecting Syphilitic Capillary microaneurysm Arteriovenous fistula Berry
Goitre: differential
GOITRE: Goitrogens Onset of puberty Iodine deficiency Thyrotoxicosis/ Tumor/ Thyroiditis [Hashimoto's] Reproduction [pregnancy]
Pathology Mnemonics
Ovarian cancers: important types, by WHO classification
Surface: "My Sister Began Experiencing Cancer": Mucinous Serous Brenner Endometrioid Clear Germ cell: "Doctor Examined The Ovaries": Dysgerminoma Endometrial sinus Teratoma Ovarian choriocarcinoma Sex cord: "She Felt Grim": Sertoli-Leydig Fibroma Granulosa-theca Metastatic "Killed": Krukenberg Rash Mouth: red lips Extremities: red hands and feet Disease to be feared because of risk of coronary aneurysms.
MI: complications
"LEAP on the MAP": LVF Embolism (systemic) Aneurysm (ventricular) Progressive infarction Myocardial rupture Arrhythmia Pericarditis
Pancreatitis: causes
BAD S#!T: Biliary: gallstones, 1% of ERCP patients Alcoholism/ Azotemia Drugs Scorpion bite/ Sea anenome/ SLE Hyperlipidemia/ Hypercalcemia Idiopathic/ Infectious (mumps, coxsackie, salmonella, ascariasis) Tumor/ Trauma The drugs are: penacillamine, furosemide, thiazides, ethacrynic acid, steroids, sulfas, ace inhibitors, N-SAIDs, erythromycin, estrogen.
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Pathology Mnemonics
10% malignant
Hypersplenism: criteria
"Hyper Splenism Ravages Cells": Hypercellular or normal marrow Splenomegaly Response to splenectomy Cytopenias
Osteosarcoma: features
PEARL HARBOR: Paget's disease (10-20%)* Early age (10-20 yrs) Around knee Raised periosteum by expanding tumor: "sunburst pattern" Lace-like architecture Hyaline arteoriosclerosis Alkaline phosphatase increased Retinoblastoma* Boys, predominantly Osteomyelitis DDx Radiation* Sunburst pattern was Japanese Navy emblem during WWII. *: Predisposing factors.
Osteomalacia: features
"Vit-D deficiency in ADULT": Acetabuli protrusio Decresed bone density Under mineralization of osteoid Loosers zone (pseudofracture) Triradiate pelvis (females)
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Pathology Mnemonics
Edwards' syndrome: characteristics
EDWARDS: Eighteen (trisomy) Digit overlapping flexion Wide head Absent intellect (mentally retarded) Rocker-bottom feet Diseased heart Small lower jaw
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