Anda di halaman 1dari 78

1992 .

12

The Journal of the Russian Association


for Fire Safety Science (Pozhnauka)

CONTENTS



. .
. .
: ,

GENERAL QUESTIONS
OF FIRE SAFETY
4
11


. ., . .

COMBUSTION PROCESSES
15


. .

23

27

Salymova E. Ju., Koryakina A. M. Definition of Heat


Loss Factor at the Initial Stage of the Fire in Buildings from
Three-Layer Sandwich-Panels

FIRE SAFETY OF PEOPLE


32

42


. ., . ., . .

. .
?..

Gorev V. . Flammability Limits of Premixed for Hydrogen-Air Mixtures

FIRE SAFETY OF BUILDINGS,


STRUCTURES, OBJECTS


. ., . ., . .,
. .

. ., . .

Glushkov D. O., Strizhak P. A. Ignition of a Polymer


Material by a Particle Heated Till High Temperature
under the Condition of Convection Heat and Mass
Transfer

FIRE-AND-EXPLOSION HAZARD
OF SUBSTANCES AND MATERIALS

,
,
. ., . .

-

Zhukov V. V. New Sense of Fire Safety


Makarkin S. V. State Fire Control in Belarus: Legal
Base, Principles of Management

Kholshchevnikov V. V., Giletich A. N., Ushakov D. V.,


Parfenenko A. P. The General Pattern Between Parameters of the Movement of a Human Flow for Different
Contingent in the Buildings and Constructions
Samoshin D. A., Istratov R. N. An Evaluation of Patients Mobile Characteristics in the Different Departments
of the City Hospitals

FIRE EXTINGUISHING
45

Dushkin A. L., Karpyshev A. V., Lovchinskiy S. Ye.


Liquid Propagation Features in Atmosphere

49

Bezrodnyi I. F. Forgotten Names the Forgotten


Knowledge or Why Do Not Extinguish the Foam?..

56

FIRE-AND-EXPLOSION SAFETY.
REFERENCE BOOK

,
, H.

Ulrichs Periodicals Directory.
.

Pozhnauka (Russian Association for Fire Safety Science)

. .

614.841.315


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ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12


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2008 . // . 2008. 163.
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30 2009 . 382 : . 6 2009 ., . 14486
[ ]. URL : http://www.mchs.gov.ru.
3. : 10 2009 . 404 : .
17 2009 ., . 14541 [ ]. URL : http://www.mchs.gov.ru.
4. : . 21 1994 . 69- : .
18 1994 . // . . 1994. 35.
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: gvv51@rambler.ru.

10

ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12

. .

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614.84


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(
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ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12

11


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ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12



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ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12

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2. : 25 2003 . 26 // . 2003. 82, 8/9795.
3. : 15 1994 . 2875-XII ( . . 24
1996 . 17 2004 .) // - .
. URL : http:\\pravo.by\webnpa\text.asp?RN=V19402875 (
: 20.08.2011).
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( . . .) // . 1999. 76, 2/50.
5. : 21 2003 . 194- ( .
. .) // . 2003. 63, 2/946.
12 2011 .
: mak_s@e1.ru.

14

ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12

. .

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, . ,

536.468




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,
.

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(. 1). -

. ., . ., 2011

ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12

15


2. .
3. ,
(y = y1, x1 < x < x2), .
4. . .
[11]:
, , , ;

.
. ,
,
.
.
l

. 1.
(t = 0) () 0 < t < td (): 1 ;
2 ; 3 ; 4

,
.
. . -
. ,
() .
, .
lp hp. l h,
, . (. . 1).

:
1. .

16



0 t td ,
[1214]:
(0 < x < x1, x2 < x < l,
y1 < y < y2; 0 < x < l, y2 < y < h):
l

u x + v y = 0;
l

ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12

(1)

(0 < x < x1, x2 < x < l,


y1 < y < y2; 0 < x < l, y2 < y < h):
u
u
u
+ v =
+u
r 4
x
y
t
2
2
u u
P
= - 4 + n 4 2 + 2 + r 4b gx (T4 - T0 ) ; (2)
x
y
x
v
v
v
+u
+ v =
r 4
x
y
t
2
2
v v
P
= - 4 + n 4 2 + 2 + r 4b g y (T4 - T0 ) ; (3)
y
y
x

(0 < x < x1, x2 < x < l, y1 <


< y < y2; 0 < x < l, y2 < y < h):
T
T
T
r 4C 4 4 + u 4 + v 4 =
x
y
t
2

2T4
T4
+ Q o Wo ;
= l 4 2 +
y 2
x

(0 < x < x1,


x2 < x < l, y1 < y < y2; 0 < x < l, y2 < y < h):
C
C
C
+u
+v
r4
=
x
y
t
2C
2C
- Wo ;
= r 4 D4
+
2
y 2
x

(6)

(x1 < x < x2, y1 < y < y2):


r 2C 2

(5)

(0 < x < x1, x2 < x < l,


y1 < y < y2; 0 < x < l, y2 < y < h):
C + o = 1;

(4)

2T
T2
2T2
= l 2 22 +
t
y 2
x

(7)

(0 < x < l, 0 < y < y1):


r 3C 3

2T
T3
2T3
= l 3 23 +
t
y 2
x

+ Q 3 W3 .

(8)

:
j5 =

C r 5
;
C r 5 + Co r 1
j1 + j5 = 1.

(9)
(10)

gx gy x y , /2;
i i- , ;
i , /();
li , /();
Q , /;
Wo , /(3);
E
W = r 4 C C k 40 exp 4 ;
RT4
;
; 0 < < 1;
k 30 , k 40 , 1;
4 , /;
R , /();
D4 , 2/;
Q3 , /;
W3
, /(3);
E
W3 = j 3r 3 k 30 exp - 3 ;
RT3
j3 ,
;
3 , /;
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , , , , .
(1) (2), (3) :

2y

l4 = l 1j1 + l 5 j5;

(11)

x 2

C4 = C1j1 + C5 j5;

(12)

r 4 = r 1j 1 + r 5 j 5.

(13)

(1)(13) :
u, v x y
, /;
ri , /3;
t , ;
4 , ;
n , 2/;
b , 1;

2y
y 2

= w;

w
w
w
+u
+v
=
t
x
y
2 w 2 w
T4
+ bgy
= n 4 2 +
.
2
x
y
x

(14)

(15)

y (3/)
w (1) :
u=

y
y
v u
; v=; w = rot z v =
. (16)
y
x
x y

(. . 1, ) t = 0:

ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12

17

0 < x < l, 0 < y < y1:

T3 = T0 ,
j3 = j0 ,

C = 0,
y = 0,
w = 0;

(17)

0 < x < x1, x2 < x < l,


y1 < y < y2; 0 < x < l,
y2 < y < h:

T1 = T0 ,
C = 0,
y = 0,

w = 0;

(18)

x1 < x < x2, y = y1

T2
T3

- l2 x = - l3 x ,
T2 = T3 ,
C = 0,

y = 0,
w = 0;

x1 < x < x2, y1 < y < y2:

T2 = T p ,
C = 0,

y = 0,
w = 0.

(19)

x = 0, y1 < y < h,
x = l, y1 < y < h:

x = x1, y1 < y < y2:

T4 x = 0,
C x = 0,

x = 0,
y

w x = 0 ;

(22)

(29)

E
j 3r 3 k 30 exp - 3 dy.
RT3
y=0

(30)

y = y1

[15]:
T
(31)
D4 = 0,2 10-6 4 .
273
, ,
x
(30), [7]:
y = y 1, x 1 < x < x 2:

WhS =

x = x2

Sy

Wh

( x ) dx .

(32)

x = x1

(23)

WhS [7]
:
y = y1, x1 10hx < x < x1:
0,1k - 0,05 S
Wh ,
10
k = 1; 2; ; 10;

WhS ( x ) k = WhSy ( x ) k +

T2
T4

-l 2 x = -l 4 x ,
T = T ,
2
4
C x = 0,

y x = 0,
y = 0 ;

(24)

y = 0, 0 < x < l:

T3 y = 0;

(25)

y = y1 , x 1 < x < x 2 :

T3
T2

-l 3 y = -l 2 y + Q3W3 ,
T = T ,
3
2
(26)
C y = 0,

y y = 0,
y = 0 ;

x = x 2, y 1 < y < y 2:

18

(21)

WhSy =

(28)

T4 y = 0 ,
C y = 0 ,

y = 0 ,
y

y = 0 ,

(20)

T3 x = 0;

T4
T2

-l 4 x = -l 2 x ,
T4 = T2 ,

C x = 0,

y x = 0,
y = 0 ;

T2
T4

-l 2 y = -l 4 y ,
T = T ,
2
4
y = y2; x1 < x < x2:
C y = 0 ,

y y = 0 ,
y = 0 ;

y = h, 0 < x < l:

j0 , ; 0
, ; p
, .
(. . 1, ) 0 t td :
x = 0, 0 < y < y1,
x = l, 0 < y < y1:

y = y 1, 0 < x < x 1,
y = y1, x2 < x < l:

T3
T4

-l 3 y = -l 4 y + Q3W3 ,
T = T ,
4
3
(27)
-r D C = W Sy ,
h
4 4 y
y
y
= v;
= u,
x
y

(33)

y = y1, x2 < x < x2 + 10hx :


1,05 - 0,1k S
Wh ,
10
k = 1; 2; ; 10,

WhS ( x ) k = WhSy ( x ) k +

(34)

WhSy ( x ) k
k-
, ;
WhS ( x ) k k-
.

ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12


(15) [16].
,
.

(15) , y
w.
, [12, 16].
[16], [17, 18]:
2 y

=
x 2 0, j
- 7y 0, j
3 y
;
hx x0, j

w0, j =
=

8y 1, j - y 2, j
2hx2

2 y
=
y 2 i , 0
- y i , 2 - 7y i , 0
3 y
,
2
h
2h y
y yi , 0

(35)

wi , 0 =

8y i ,1

(36)

i, j x y;
hx, hy .
(1)(36),

,
[14]. - [14].
[14]
. :
hx = 2105 ,
hy = 2105 , Dt = 0,001 .
[19, 20].
, [19, 20]
(1)(36)
.


[10, 15, 21, 22]: T0 = 300 , Tp = 14002000 ;
Tc = 600 ; Q = 121 /;

Q3 = 40 /; 4 = 150 /;
3 = 190 /;
k 30 = 6,710 8 1,
k 40 = 1109 1; ,
, j3 = 1;
b = 0,00096 1; l = 4103 , h = 2103 ; l = 0,02 , h = 0,02 .
:
l1 = 0,026 /(); r1 = 1,161 /3;
1 = 1190 /();
l2 = 50 /(); r2 = 7832 /3;
2 = 471 /();
l3 = 0,16 /(); r3 = 1080 /3;
3 = 1380 /();
l5 = 0,072 /(); r5 = 2,378 /3;
5 = 3876 /().
,
- (. . 1),
td
Tp (. 1)
l , h (. 2) .

(. . 1) , Tp .
.
. 1 , Tp = 1400 K . 1400 K
l = 4103 h = 2103 .
l = 6,4103 h = 3,2103 .
1.
l = 4103 h = 2103

Tp , 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500


td ,

0,129 0,142 0,155 0,175 0,2 0,381

1400

ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12

19


2.
Tp = 1500
,

td, c

lp

hp

6,4103

3,2103

0,296

5,610

2,810

0,304

4,810

2,410

0,321

4,0103

2,0103

0,381

3,210

1,610

0,836

2,410

1,210

l = 3,2103 h = 1,6103
td (. . 2).
,
,
. .

, .
.
. 24
(0 < x < l, 0 < y < h) T = 1500 l = 4103 , h = 2103 .
(. . 24)
[9] . , ,

(. . 2).
,
, , [9].


.
(. . 2)
(. . 4) .
. 3
.
-

20

. 2.
(td = 0,381 ) Tp =
= 1500 , l = 4103 , h = 2103

. 3. (td = 0,381 ) Tp =1500 ,


l = 4103 , h = 2103 : 2 ; 3 ;
4

. 4.
(td = 0,381 ) y = 8103

,
y = y1 . ,
.

ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12


, td, [9].

.
1015 % , ( td ).
(. . 1) , .
,
, ( 1400 ).
,
[4, 8]

. , ,
[8], ,
,

-

.
[4]; (. . 1)
( Tp > 1400 ),
( Tp < 1400
).
, (,
, , , , .)
() [23].
.


-

.
-
.
***

(-330.2010.8).


1. . ., . ., . .
// . 2008. . 44, 5. . 5457.
2. . ., . ., . .
// . 2008. . 17, 4.
. 2830.
3. . ., . ., . . // . 2008. . 17, 5.
. 3942.
4. . ., . ., . . //
. 2004. . 40, 1. . 7885.
5. . ., . . - // .
2009. . 45, 2. . 4047.
6. . ., . .
// . 2006. . 15, 4. . 4246.
7. Kuznetsov G. V., Strizhak P. A. Heat and mass transfer at the ignition of a liquid substance by a single
hot particle // Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2008. Vol. 17, No. 3. P. 244252.
8. . ., . . // . 2008. . 312, 4.
. 59.

ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12

21


9. . ., . . , // . 2011. . 20, 9. . 38.
10. . ., . . . . : , 1981. 280 .
11. Vilyunov V. N., Zarko V. E. Ignition of Solids. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, 1989. 442 p.
12. . . . . : , 1980. 618 .
13. - . . . . : ,
1987. 502 .
14. . ., . ., . . -
. . : , 1984. 288 .
15. . . . . :
, 2006. 720 .
16. . : - . . : , 1983. 399 .
17. Kuznetsov G. V., Sheremet M. A. Conjugate heat transfer in an enclosure under the condition of internal mass transfer and in the presence of the local heat source // International Journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer. 2009. Vol. 52, No. 12. P. 18.
18. Kuznetsov G. V., Sheremet M. A. Conjugate natural convection with radiation in an enclosure // International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2009. Vol. 52, No. 910. P. 22152223.
19. . ., . .
// - . 2006.
. 79, 1. . 5663.
20. . ., . .
// .
. 2006. 6. . 2939.
21. . ., . . . . : ,
1992. 110 .
22. / . . . , . . . . : ,
1975. . 1. 743 .
23. 12.1.00588. . - : . 01.01.89. . : , 2006. 49 .
21 2011 .
: dmitriy-glushkov@yandex.ru;
pavelspa@tpu.ru.

22

ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12

. .

- .-. ,

,
. ,

614.841.12:536.46



. , , . ,
. .
: ; ; ; ;
.

, . . , . . . . -, U [1, 2]:
U =

1
r 0C 0

2l
W ( ) dT ,
Q T0

(1)

r0 ;
0 , Q;
l ;
, 0
;
W(T) .
(1) ,
U
,
. , . ,
, (1),
, W(T). , ,

.
, . . .
,
U
1/ 2

T - T
U ~

T - T0

(2)


0 , .
,
0.
. . [3] [4]

,
, .


,

,
.
-

. ., 2011

ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12

23



-
. , , ,
, , .
,
.
[5].
, ,
- , , ,
.

. ,
. . . . -, , ,
,
.
.
.
, (
)
.
:

k1

..

H + O2 OH + O.

k2

k2 = 2 1018 0,8 6/() [6], k2 = 2 1012 0,8 6/() ( = 2).


: H2 + a(O2 + 3,76N2).
1
X H 2 =
,
1 + 4, 76 a
1
X H 2 =
, . . .
1 + 4, 76 a
:
X O2 =

0,4 3,76 a
0,4a
X N 2 =
.
1 + 4,76 a
1 + 4,76 a


P
[ M ] = 0 [ X H 2 + X O2 + X N 2 ] =
RT
(3)
P
1 + 1,904 a
= 0
,
RT 1 + 4,76 a
0 , ;
R ;
R = 8,314 103 /();
.
I :

.
dn +
= f = 2k1 [H] [ O2 ];
dt
k1 = 1,2 1014 T -0, 91 - 8312 T 3/().


dn
= I0 + ( f - g ) n
dt

(II)


H2, O2 N2, . .
. ,
,
, . ,

24

.
dn = g = k 2 [ H] [ O2 ] [ M ].
dt

(I)

:
M + H + O2 HO2 + M .

2. 2
22N2
[6]: 2 1,0; 2
0,4; N2 0,4.
, II
. , II
, :

( I0 ; N
) , f g.
,
.

, . . f g. ,

ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12


f = g
, , , .
:

, , .
(4),
:

2k1
P
1 + 1,904 a
0
.
k2
RT 1 + 4,76 a

(6) . . - [6]:

(4)

(4)
, f = g.
.

H2 + a(O2 + 3,76N2), , . ,
, , (f g),
. . , . ,
, . ,
, :
RT 2
T = T - T = j
,
E

(5)

; = 16,6 /.
j
, . . - . j = 1.
(5) j = 1
.
, ( I: k1 = 12
, 1014 0 ,91 8312 / ) . ( II: k1 ~ T-0, 8 ), ,
, .
,

,
, ,

T 0, 89 - E / (RT )

1 + 1,904 a .

1,2 10 R 1 + 4,76 a
P0

(6)

RT

T = T 1 .
E

,
(6).

.
(6)
,

(6)

2, %

2,1242

0,12352

0,12374

10

1,89

0,2278

0,12534

29,6

0,5

22,8

0,15735

70

0,09

0,972

0,22343

75

0,07

0,3733

0,23142

76

0,06634

0,2957

0,23323

77

0,06275

0,231

0,23486

(6): 1 ; 2

ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12

25



: 9 % 2; 77 % 2.

[7] : 4 % 2, 75 % 2.
4 %
;
, , . .
,
. - . , , (6),
.

, -

. ,
, , .

,
, .
.
,
,
, ,
.


1. . ., - . . //
. . 1938. . 12. C. 100105.
2. . ., . . // . 1940. . 24. . 11161136.
3. . . // . 1941. . 11. C. 159168.
4. Spalding D. B. A theory of inflammability limits and flame-quenching // Proc. Roy. Soc. L. 1957.
Vol. A240, No. 1220. P. 83100.
5. Egerton A. C. The quenching of combustion waves // Fourth Symposium On Combustion, Baltimore,
1953. P. 4.
6. - . . . . : -
, 1947.
7. ., . : . . : , 1968. 570 .
25 2011 .
: kafedrapb@yandex.ru.

26

ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12

, ,

. .

. .


53, . a,



, . ,

691.7-413:006.354



-
-, , .
: -; ; ; ; .

, , .
, .
, , .

-, .
- , ,
.

5284-001-5090181499.
, .
:
;
;
.
- :
l

(), ( ).

.
.


- . -
.



[1] ,
- .
j .
t
j* = Q Q ,

l
l

Q ;
Q = Fw* h (Tc - Tw ) 4 / 3 ;
Fw* ;

. ., . ., 2011

ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12

27

, ,
Fk w

;
Fw* = Fw + Fkw = Fw 1 +
Fw

Fw , 2;
Fkw ,
, 2;
h , /(24/3);
h = 3 /(24/3) [1];
Tc , ;
Tw , ;
Q ;
Q = F y Q h ;
F , 2;
y ,
/(2);
Q , /;
h , %.

Qw = Fw h (Tc - T0 ) 4 3 , , . . Tw = T0.
, -.

d = 0,7 , .
[2]:
:
l

d = 7 104 ; . = 460 /();


l = 35,5 /(); r = 7800 /3;
l

D , ;
d , ;
l. ,
/();
D. , ;
d. , .
, 7,8 106 . D 50 , ,
. :
T
2T
,
= a
t
X 2
a =

( ) [3], :
DTt t = a ( DTx d 2 )

DTt
a t
10-5 t
= 2
= 20 t,
DTx
d
50 10-8

D
, ;
Dt t, .
, 50-
1000 , . . ,
.
:
:

d. = 0,120,15 ; .. = 840 /();


l. = 0,047 /(); r. = 200 /3.

q.
() , . .:
l

dT
dX

=l

dT
dX

l
.

D
D .
= l .
;
d
d .

D
l d
0,047 7 10-4
= . =
= 0,0000078,
D .
d . l
0,12 35,5

;
l ,
/();

28

l
35,5
=
= 10 -5 2/.
C p. r
460 7800

d DT
= j Q ;
dt

(1)

C p r V0 d DTc dt = (1 - j) Q ,

(2)

(M + M )
l

, /();
, ;
, , ;
V0 , 3.
(1) (2) :
DT
j C p r V0
=
,
DTc
1 - j C M

(3)

,
, ;

ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12

, ,
+ = dr Fw +

M i

Li ;

i i- , /;
Li i- , .

0 ,
. . D = 0D, [1]:
j=
j* =

1
DT

DT

j * ( DTc ) dDTc ;

(4)

q
hFw (1 + Fwk Fw ) ( DTc - DTw ) 4 3
+
,
Q
Q

D = 0;
, ;
0 , ;
Fwk , , . . (,
),
, 3;
q , .
, [1],

j * = hFw 1 + wk ( DTc ) 4 3
Fw

43
q

j C p r V0

+
1 ,
1 - j CM
Q

D = w .
, Q = h Q F y , F = pU 2 t 2 :
t2

3 C p rT0V0
Tc
=
ln

2

T0
(1 - j) h Q y pU

23

U
, /.

T DTc
ln c
.
T0
T0

, .
(5) (4) , :
j = (1 - j) 2 3 GF (1 + Fwk Fw )

j C p r0 V0
1 1 - j C M

(6)

43

+ D ,

;
;
b(T - T0 ) 2 3
;
G=
(h Q y pU 2 p2 r 20 )1 3
h
b = 0,6
= 0,591;
(9p)1 3
F = Fw V 2 3 ;
4

D =

( 100)
1
e
;
2
hQ y

; = 1000 .

r = r0,
.
(6) ,
[1]. , ,
(), , .

j p r 0V
1
1 - j C M

43


43

F
j p r 0V

hFw 1 + wk ( DT ) 4 3 1 1 - j C M
Fw

j=
+

7
h Q y F


j*

(1 - j) 2 3 Fw 1 + wk h ( DTc ) 2 3
Fw

+
=

2 13
(h Q y pU ) ( 3 p r 0V ) 2 3

DT
1 T
D

h Q y


e
100

(5)

e ; e = 0,9;
; = 5,7 ;
j* ;
j
0 ;


e
1
100 .
+
2 h Q y

(7)

(6) (7) , -.


- ,

ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12

29

, ,
, , , , .

.
, .
, .



Dw /D , [3].
2,51,6
: , , . . ,

1, .
:
43
DTw

Qw = j * Q = h (T - Tw ) 4 3 = h (DT )4 3 1 ;
DT

h ( DT ) 4 3 (1 - DTw DT ) 4 3 Fw
j* =
;
Q
j=

1
DT0

DTw DTw

j * ( DT ) d DT 1 DTw DT

43

+ D .

(1 - ( DTw

DTw ) ( DTw DTc ))

43

C w M w (d DTw d t ) = j Q .

j V0C p r 0 DTw
= 1 1 - j C w M w DTw


DTw DTw f ( Fo; Bi );


j C p r0 V0 DTw
<< 1.
1 - j C w M w DTw
:
43

j C p r0 V0 DTw
=
1 - 1 - j C M

w
w DTw

43

j C p r0 V0
= 1 f ( Fo; Bi ) .
1 - j Cw M w

:

f (Fo; Bi) = 1;

[3]:
f (Fo; Bi) 1,6;

C p r0 V0 (C w M w ) << 1 ,

43

j C p r0 V0
1
f
(
Fo;
Bi
)
= 1,
0
1- j C M
w
w

f (Fo) > 10.


1,6 :

F

j = (1 - j) 2 3 GF 1 + wk
Fw

(8)
43

j C p r 0V0

+ D ;
1 - 1,6
1 - j C w M w

e
1
100 .
+
2 h Q y

43

,
r = 1 2 (r 0 + r ) r 0 . DTw DTw (Fo), . . -

30

F
j p r 0V0

hFw 1 + wk ( DT )4 3 1 - 1,6

Fw
j Cw M w
1
3

j =
7
hQ y F

r V0 (d DTc d t ) = (1 - j ) Q .

DTw DTw 1;

c:

DTw DTw

1 DTw DTc

DTw ;
DTw (Tw - T0 );
:

43

,
(Bi). [3]:

43

(9)

100, 1000 8000 3


.

ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12

, ,

j () () (1), (2) (3)

= 0,619;
= 6; = 1 /; r0 =
= 1,2 /3; = 0,441 /(); r = 7800 /3;
d = 7 104 ; = (1 + Fwk Fw ) = 126;
, D = 0,016.
V1 = 100 3

j1 = (1 - j1 ) 2 3

j1 r 0 (V1 )1 3
1
(1 - j1 ) C r d 3 6

j -
.
:
:
. = 103 /(); r = 1 /3;

43

+ D = 0,78.

. = 880 /(); r = 1200 /3;

V2 = 1000 3
l

j 2 = (1 - j1 ) 2 3

j1 r 0 (V2 )1 3
1
(1 - j1 ) C r d 3 6

:
w = 840 /(); rw = 800 /3.

43

+ D = 0,679 .

V3 = 8000 3
j 3 = (1 - j1 ) 2 3

j1 r 0 (V3 )1 3
1
(1 - j1 ) C r d 3 6

43

+ D = 0,559 .


- , . j, .


1. . . : . . . :
, 2000. 119 .
2. . ., . . . .. : , 1958. 414 .
3. . . . . : , 1967. 313 .
4 2011 .
: kafedrapb@yandex.ru.

ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12

31

. .

- . ,

, . ,

. .

. .

. . ,
,
. ,



, . ,

. .

-

, . ,

614.8





, , , , .
.
: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; .

. 8 . 1 [2]
Q = 4 102);
R.
; R. = 0,9 (. 8 . 1 [2]);
. ,

:

. 79 123- [1] ,

.
,
[2] ,
Q
()
Q :

. = 1 (1 R R)(1 R R);

R
; R = 0,8*;
R


; R = 0,8*;

Q = Q (1 R.)(1 P.)Pp (1 ) Q = 106 , (1)

Q () (

* R, R, R, . IV [2], ., (2), 0,87.

. ., . ., . ., . ., 2011

32

(2)

ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12


R
; R = 0,8*;
;
= t /24;
t , ;
.
:
( 0,8t - t p )/t . , t p < 0,8 t < t p + t .

t c 6 ;

(3)
=
0,999, t + t . 0,8t t 6 ;
0,
t 0,8 t t > 6 ,

t , ;
t. , ;
t
, , ;
t
, .
Q , . = 0.

R. = 0,9

8 ( = 0,333), :
Q = Q (1 R.)(1 P.)Pp (1 ) =
= 0,04 (1 0,9) (1 0,87) 0,333(1 0) = 1,731 104 ,


Q = 106 .
,
(1), (3)

. .
.

()
, -

.


,
, V
(/), q (/)
D (./2) ( 2/2 f, 2/.).

(, , )
,
30- [3]. ( 200) , ,
. .
.

[4].
1946 1948 .
(3587 ) ,
,
, , 11
[5].
,
,
80- ( 25 .)
[6].

(. 1) ,
[7].
V = j(D),
, . 24. , ,

[8] . ,
, , . 5.

ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12

33

. 1. ,

. 3. :
1 ; 2, 3 ; 4 ; 5, 6 ; 7 ; 8

. 2.
: 1, 5 , ; 2 ;
3 ; 4, 13, 14
; 6 - ; 7 ; 8 ; 9, 10,
11 , ; 12 ; 15, 16, 18, 19 ; 20, 21 ;
22, 23

34

ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12

. 4. :
1 ; 2 - ; 3 ; 4, 5 ; 6 ; 7

. 6. q = y(D) V: q* = V*D = 57 5,256D; q** = V**D =


= 112D4 380D3 + 434D2 217D + 57
. 5. ()
( ) : 1 K. Reimer
[10]; 2 D. Oeding [11]; 3 [12]; 4 F. P. D. Navin,
R. A. Wright [13]; 5 [14]; 6 K. Kimura, S. Ihara [15];
7 K. Togawa [16]; 8 H. Kubawara, H. Doi, A. Ishigmi [17]

- ,
.
(q = DV)
[9]

(n- (n + 1)-)
:
qn+1 = qndn /dn+1,

(4)

d .

:
qn+1 qmax ;
qn+1 > qmax
,
,
.
qmax
V = j(D) (. 6).
, , V = j(D), .
l
l

[18], II-280 ,
12.1.00491 . . , V = j(D)
qmax, ,
, Dqmax , . .
,
( )
, .




, .
.
.
, ,
[8], . 1.
* ( 2,5 2 )
*
.

ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12

35


1.

,
2/2

00,05

0,050,15

0,150,4

(5)

, RD, j
,
.
(6)
DVD , j = V0, j (1 - R D , j ).
RD, j

. . ,
, -

36

0,70,9

0,91,0

1,01,15

.
[8], . .
( ,
) . ,
D0 j.

j- V0, j .

D0, j ,

, , ,
0
1 ./2 ( 0,1 2/2 f = 0,1 2/.).

.
,
DVD, j = V0, j - VD, j
, . , :
R D , j = (V0, j - VD , j ) V0, j .

0,40,7

,
,
. ,


, . ,
[19].
RD, j
, . , , . 7.

, :
: 0,990;
0,984;
: 0,985; 0,996.
.


:
l

DVD , j = V0, j [1 - a j ln ( D D0, j )] .

(7)



V0, j ( (7)),
. V0, j
.

. 8,
(. 2).
, -

ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12


D,
./2

RD

R = 0,295
ln(D/0,51)

DD = R RD

DD

100 %
RD

1,5

0,270

0,282

+0,012

4,44

2,5

0,434

0,433

0,001

0,23

3,5

0,555

0,532

0,023

4,14

4,5

0,610

0,606

0,004

0,66

5,5

0,655

0,665

+0,010

1,53

6,5

0,705

0,714

+0,009

1,28

7,5

0,750

0,757

+0,007

0,93

8,5

0,789

0,794

+0,005

0,63

9,5

0,842

0,826

0,016

1,9

. 7. m(Rj, D)
2.

V0,
/,
,
,

< 49,0

< 27,0

49,066,0

27,038,0

66,090,0

38,055,0

90,0120,0

55,075,0

3. aj D0, j

aj

D0, ./2

0,407
0,295

0,69
0,51

0,295

0,65

0,400
0,305

0,89
0,67

. 8. :
1 , , ; 2


,
(. . 2 3).
( )
, V0, j
: m(V0, j ) 3s(V0, j ).

m(V0, j )
, . 2, s(V0, j ) 1/6 .


.

ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12

37


II-280 (. 4 II-280)
V0, j, .
( )

m(V0, j ) s(V0, j ). ,
,
. . 4 II-280 12.1.00491 . 2, [2] . 2.1.

,
, (7), , .
, . 21-0197*


, [1].
.

, .

- , ,
[20, 21] , ,
,
.

. - , ,
, (, , . .), ,
.

38


,
, ,
. 35-01
2001 .
[22, 23],

(. 35-012001).

[24, 25]. ,
,
(. . 24) [21, 26]. , , ,
, [7] (. . 24). [21].
,
[27].



[28].

. -, , ( )
( 4 .)

,

, , . -, ,
,
.

.
, . : , ,

ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12


4.

V0, /,

< 40

< 29

4060
60100

2947
4784

100190

. , (. 4 5),

(7)
0,98.
,
,
, ,
,
(7).
V0, j , aj, D0, j .

5. aj D0, j

,
c

aj

D0, j , ./2

0,275
0,275
0,275
0,275
0,275
0,275
0,350

0,780
0,780
0,780
0,780
0,780
0,780
1,200

0,190
0,190
0,190
0,275
0,275
0,275

0,645
0,645
0,645
0,760
0,760
0,760

.
-
.
.
- ,
- [4]. , . 5
, . ,
,
,
. , , , (7) V0, j = 80 /
aj D0, j , . 3;
( D < 5 ./2)

( V0, j = 88 /),
[29, 30]:
V = 106,2[1 0, 4 ln(D/0,56)].

.

, [2],
,
.
[2] (0 0,999)
P ( (3) [2]).

P. , ,
,

.

ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12

39



1. : . 22
2008 . 123- : . 4 2008 . : . . 11 2008 .
// . 2008. 163.
2. , :
30 2009 . 382 // . 2009. 161.
3. . . . . : -
, 1938.
4. . ., . ., . . .
. : , 2010.
5. . . : .
. . . . : , 1951.
6. . . // (, ,
- ). : , 1983.
7. . . : .
. . (. . . . , . . ). . : , 1974.
8. . ., . . . . : - . -, 1969; Berlin, 1971; Koln, 1971; Praha,
1972; U. S., New Delhi, 1978; . 2. . : , 1979.
9. . .
// . . 1958. 7.
10. Reimer K. Die Bewegung der Menschenmasen in Verkehrsraumen. // Zehtschrift Glasera Annlen.
1947. 71. Heft 7. S. 121131.
11. Oeding D. Verkehersbelastung und Dimensionierung von Gehwegen und anderen Aulagen der Fussgangverkehrs // Bonn : Strassenbau und Strassenverkehrsrstehnik, 1963. Heft 22.
12. Passenger flow in subways and stain-comes // Engineering. 1958. N. 34. P. 3248.
13. Navin F. P. D., Wright R. A. Pedestrian Flow Characteristics // Traffic Engineering. 1969. Vol. 19,
No. 7. P. 3033, 36.
14. ITE Technical Council Committee 5-R. Characteristics and Service Requirements of Pedestrians
and Pedestrian Facilities // Traffic Engineering. 1976. Vol. 14. P. 3445.
15. Kimura K., Ihara S. Observations of Multitude Current of People in Buildings // Transaction of Architectural Institute of Japan. 1937. N. 5.
16. Togawa K. Study on fire escapes based on observations of multitude currents // Japanese Building
Research Institute Report, Tokyo, 1955. N. 14.
17. Kubawara H., Doi H., Ishigmi A. A fier-escap simulation method by describing actions of evacuees as
probabilistic phenomena // Systems Approach to Fire Safety in Building : CIB Symposium. Tzukuba
(Japan). 1979. Vol. 1. P. 105122.
18. . .
. . : , 1999.
19. . ., . . . . : , 1977.
20. . . , :
. - . . . : , 1983.
21. : 24-S (. . . ) // . . :
; ; , 2006.
22. . ., . ., . . // : . . .
. : , 1999.
23. . ., . .
// : . . .
. : , 2001.

40

ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12


24. cc : / (. . . . , . . . . ). 75006136; . 378487.
., 1975.
25. . . : . . .
(. . . . ). . : , 1979.
26. . . // .
1980. 12.
27. . ., . ., . ., . . // . 2011. . 20, 3. . 4151; 4. . 3139.
28. . ., . . - // . 2011. 4. . 4861.
29. -
: / ; . . , . . . . . 01860005733. ., 1989.
30. . . - : . . . (. . . . ).
. : , 1990.
15 2011 .
: reglament2004@mail.ru; parf01@inbox.ru.

ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12

41

. .

. .

. . ,
, . ,

,
. ,

721.183-056.266(083.74)




. 3,5
35-012001 . , ,
.
: ; ; ; .

*

, () ,
, **. 30-
[1, 2].
, , 80- [3, 4] 90- [57]. , ,
:
[4], [3, 8], [6, 7, 9],

[1012],
[13] [14].
,
, , -

* 2009 . 6454 , 1373400 .


** 2009 . -
355 , 30 .

,
, . .

( ), ,
,
.
(,
,
),
, ,
.
,
35-012001
(. 1).
,
13 . . 3,5 . . . 2,

.

. ., . ., 2011

42

ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12


1.

, ,

, - ( ); ; , ;

, (, )

, -,


.
,
,
, .
. 2, , , , , 17 % ( ) 85 %
(). 2 ( ) ,
.
3 ( ) , 4 ( -) ,
.


.
. .
, , , 100 %;

510 %, 50 %.
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ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12

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1. . . . ., 1931.
2. . . . . , 1938.
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5. . ., . ., . .
// : . . . :
, 1999.
6. . ., . . // : .
. . : , 2001. . 3642.
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9. Brand A., Sorqvist M., Hakansson P., Johanson J. E. Evacuation safety for locomotion disabled people // Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Human Behaviour in Fire. Boston,
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10. Hedman G. Stair descent devices: an overview of current devices and proposed framework for standards and testing // Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Human Behaviour in
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11. Adams A. P. M., Galea E. R. An experimental evaluation of movement devices used to assist people
with reduced mobility in high-rise building evacuations // Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics. New York, USA, 2011. P. 129138.
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44

ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12

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ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12

45


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ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12

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ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12

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48

ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12

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ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12

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ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12

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54

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3. . ., . ., . . . . : , 1977. 114 .
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. 3334.
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55

.

121352, . , / 43
./: (495) 228-09-03, 737-65-74
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56

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328 .
978-5-91444-020-3
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,
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57

. .,
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. II. ( 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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c. 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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70

ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12

ABSTRACTS

New Sense of Fire Safety


Zhukov V. V., the Independent Expert
The quantity of the bodies supervising behind a condition
of fire safety, increases. These bodies on the basis of the
experience and a fire science in a greater degree investigate a problem how to supervise fire safety, and dont
study a question how with the least expenses and effectively to provide it. Professionals of fire business could formulate difficult and long concept state fire supervision,
but havent explained the main concept that such fire
safety.
Keywords: concept; definition; fire safety; requirements
of fire safety; probability; security; activity; fire threat;
threat of life or to health of people; the Ministry of Emergency Measures; court; administrative barriers; works; services; the building complex; self-regulated organization;
self-regulation; NOSTROY; the law; department; branch.

State Fire Control in Belarus:


Legal Base, Principles of Management
Makarkin S. V., Dr. Law, Associate Professor,
Head of Department of Ural State Fire Service
Institute of Emercom RF, Ekaterinburg, Russia
The article describes the principles of the state fire control
management; analysis of normative certificates that define the system, authority officials and the state fire control
agencies in the Republic of Belarus.
Keywords: state fire control; state fire authorities; officials of state fire control.

Ignition of a Polymer Material by a Particle


Heated Till High Temperature under
the Condition of Convection Heat
and Mass Transfer
Glushkov D. O., Postgraduate Student of National
Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
Strizhak P. A., Cand. of Physics-Mathematics,
Associated Professor of National Research Tomsk
Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
Gas-phase ignition of a polymer material by heat metallic
particle was numerically investigated. Physicochemical
processes with transition were taken into account (heat conductivity, thermal decomposition, diffusion, convection,
mixing, oxidation). Diffusion and convection mass transfer
were analyzed. Ignition delay time was determined from
initial temperature and sizes of a local energy source.
Minimal initial temperature and sizes of hot metallic
particle that can be ignition reason in a system polymer
material metallic particle oxidizer were determined.
Keywords: ignition; convection; polymer material; gas
mixture; metallic particle; fire dangerous.

Flammability Limits of Premixed for


Hydrogen-Air Mixtures
Gorev V. ., Dr. of Physics-Mathematics,
Professor of Fire Safety Department of Moscow State
University of Civil Engineering, Moscow, Russia
The method of definition of concentration limits of distribution of a flame for systems with the branched out chain
reactions is offered. It is shown that critical conditions
come in the end of a heating zone, before development of
exothermal reactions. For mixes of limiting structure the
adiabatic temperature of products of burning is so low that
in the end of a zone of warming up speed of reaction of
breakage of chains exceeds speed of reaction of their
branching. On an example of hydrogen-air mixtures good
conformity of design data of experiment is shown.
Keywords: propagation of flame; the concentration limits;
chain-branching; chain-terminating; critical conditions.

Definition of Heat Loss Factor at the Initial


Stage of the Fire in Buildings from Three-Layer
Sandwich-Panels
Salymova E. Ju., Postgraduate Student of Fire
Safety Department of Moscow State University
of Civil Engineering, Moscow, Russia
Koryakina A. M., Teacher of Analytical and Physical
Chemistry of Technical-Vocational Metro-Building
College 53, Moscow, Russia
The analysis and calculation of heat loss factor for buildings and constructions from the three-layer sandwichpanels used as the protecting designs and for buildings
with internal furnish from gypsum cardboard is given.
Keywords: sandwich-panel; dangerous factors of a fire;
heat transfer; heat loss; heat sink.

The General Pattern Between Parameters


of the Movement of a Human Flow for Different
Contingent in the Buildings and Constructions
Kholshchevnikov V. V., Dr. of Technics, Professor
of the Department Fire Safety in Construction
of State Fire Academy of Emercom RF and the Moscow
State University of Civil Engineering, Moscow, Russia
Giletich A. N., Cand. of Technics, Deputy Director
of the Department of the Supervisory Activity,
Moscow, Russia
Ushakov D. V., the Head of Department FGBU
VNIIPO Emercom RF, Balashikha, Russia
Parfenenko A. P., the Senior Programming Engineer
of Department of Fire Safety in Building Construction
of State Fire Academy of Emercom RF, Moscow, Russia
Results of observations of many years and studies of the
human flow movement for different contingent and mo-

ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12

71

ABSTRACTS
bility in the buildings of different usage are presented in
this paper. Theoretical studies have led to establishing
a pattern between parameters of human flows. This pattern
enables accurately establishes calculation relationship in
designing the evacuation routes and exits and to calculate
of evacuation process when determining fire risk value in
the buildings of different usage.
Keywords: evacuation; human flow; travel speed; density;
flow rate; timeliness; the unimpeded movement; human
safety.

An Evaluation of Patients Mobile


Characteristics in the Different
Departments of the City Hospitals
Samoshin D. A., Cand. of Technics, Senior Lecturer
of State Fire Academy of Emercom RF, Moscow, Russia
Istratov R. N., Postgraduate Student of State Fire
Academy of Emercom RF, Moscow, Russia
Available medical classification of hospital patients is not
suitable for fire safety engineering. An analysis of 3.5 thousands of clinical records permitted to classify hospital patients for mobile groups in accordance with building code
SNiP 35-012001 Accessibility of buildings and structures for physically handicapped persons. These norms
contain precise regularities, describing movement of
various mobile groups along different route types. This
makes possible to predict evacuation process in a hospital.
Keywords: evacuation; hospital; patients, mobile group.

Liquid Propagation Features in Atmosphere


Dushkin A. L., Cand. of Technics, Leading Research
Fellow, Senior Research Worker of Moscow Aviation

72

Institute (MAI) Scientific-and-Research Centre


of New Technologies, Moscow, Russia
Karpyshev A. V., Cand. of Technics, Director of MAI
Scientific-and-Research Centre of New Technologies,
Moscow, Russia
Lovchinskiy S. Ye., Engineer of MAI Scientific-andResearch Centre of New Technologies, Moscow, Russia
Analytical laws of liquid jet propagation in atmosphere
were examined. Long range liquid jet gain terms were
determined for fire protection requirements. The calculated jet range values by a developed analytical model
agree with those found by experiment.
Keywords: liquid jets; boundary layer; stability; fire
fighting.

Forgotten Names the Forgotten Knowledge


or Why Do Not Extinguish the Foam?..
Bezrodnyi I. F., Cand. of Technics, Academician
WAN CS, Senior Research Assistant of Zavod
Spetskhimprodukt Ltd, Moscow, Russia
The results of research into the processes of extinguishing
oil and petroleum with air-mechanical foam, foam generators are obtained by the ejection of solutions of the
type of hydrocarbon foam concentrate agents. Explained
by the effects of low-extinguishing foam effectiveness
due to malfunctioning of the foam generator. Used the
results of research 40 years ago and own the results of the
author.
Keywords: air-mechanical foam; foam generator; foam
expansion; size of bubble; ejection; the critical intensity;
the required intensity; the time of extinguishing; thermal
zones of fire; forgotten knowledge.

ISSN 0869-7493 2011 20 12

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Chairman of Editorial Council:


Dr.Sc.(Eng.), Professor, Academician of International Academy
f Ecology and Life Safety A. Ya. Korolchenko

Deputy of Chairman of Editorial Council:


Dr.Sc.(Eng.), Professor, Corresponding Member
of the National Academy of Fire Science Yu. M. Gluhovenko
Dr.Sc.(Eng.), Professor, an Active Member of the New-York Academy
of Sciences V. V. Molkov
Dr.Sc.(Eng.), Professor V. P. Nazarov

Editorial Council:
Dr.Sc.(Eng.), Professor, Full Member of National Academy
of Fire Science, the Honoured Scientist of the Russian Federation
A. N. Baratov
Dr.Sc.(Eng.), Professor N. M. Barbin
Dr.Sc.(Eng.), Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy
of Natural Sciences, the Honoured Scientist of the Russian
Federation N. N. Brushlinskiy
Cand.Sc.(Eng.), Professor E. E. Kiryuhantsev
Cand.Sc.(Eng.) D. A. Korolchenko
Cand.Sc.(Eng.) V. A. Merkulov
Dr.Sc.(Eng.), Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy
of Natural Sciences A. V. Mishuev

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Dr.Sc.(Eng.), Professor, Full Member of National Academy


V. M. Roitman

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Dr.Sc.(Eng.), Professor, Full Member of National Academy


of Fire Science B. B. Serkov

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Dr.Sc.(Eng.), Professor, Corresponding Member


of the National Academy of Fire Science S. V. Puzach
Dr.Sc.(Eng.), Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy
of Natural Sciences, National Academy of Fire Science
N. G. Topolskiy
Dr.Sc.(Eng.), Corresponding Member of International Academy
of Ecology and Life Safety N. A. Tyichino
Dr.Sc.(Eng.), Professor, Full Member of National Academy
of Fire Science Yu. N. Shebeko
Professor Thomas Jim Shields
Dr.Sc.(Eng.), Professor, Academician nd the Honoured Member
of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences
V. V. Kholshchevnikov

Editorial Office:
Deputy Editor-in-Chief
Dr.Sc.(Eng.), Professor, Academician of International Academy
f Ecology and Life Safety A. Ya. Korolchenko
Editor-in-Chief
N. N. Sokolova
Editor
L. V. Krylova

O
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E-mail: mail@firepress.ru, izdat_pozhnauka@mail.ru
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