List of Irregular

Verbs
INFINITIVE PAST TENSE PAST PARTICIPLE MEANING
Abide Abode Abode Tinggal
Arise Arose Arisen Timbul
Awake Awoke Awoken Membangunkan

Backbite Backbitten Backbitten Memfitnah

Backslide Backslid Backslid Berbuat jahat lagi
Be Was/were Been Ada
Bear Bore Borne/born Menderita
Beat Beat Beaten Memukul
Become Became Become Menjadi
Befall Befell Befallen Menimpa
Beget Begot Begotten Melahirkan
Begin Began Begun Memulai
Behold Beheld Beheld Melihat-lihat
Bend Bent Bent Membengkokkan
Beseech Besought Besought Memohon
Beset Beset Beset Mengelilingi;menyerang
Bespeak Bespoke Bespoke/bespokenBerpesan;menunjukkan
Bestride Bestrode Bestridden Mengangkangi
Bet Bet Bet/betted Mempertaruhkan
Bid Bid Bid/bidden Minta;menawar
Bind Bound Bound Mengikat
Bite Bit Bitten Menggigit
Bleed Bled Bled Berdarah
Bless Blessed Blessed/blest Memberkahi
Blow Blew Blown Meniup;menghembuskan
Break Broke Broken Mematahkan
Breed Bred Bred Menternakkan
Bring Brought Brought Membawa
Broadcast Broatcast Broatcast Memancarkan
Browbeat Browbeat Browbeaten Menggertak
Build Built Built Mendirikan;membangun
Burn Burnt, burned Burnt, burned Membakar
Burst Burst Burst Memecah
Bust Bust Bust Menghancurkan;merusak
Buy Bought Bought Membeli

Cast Cast Cast Melemparkan

Catch Caught Caught Menangkap
Chide Chid Chid/chidden Memarahi
Choose Chose Chosen Memilih
Cleave Clove/cleft Cloven/cleft Membelah
Cling Clung Clung Berpegang erat-erat
Clothe Clothed Clothed Memakai pakaian
Come Came Come Datang
Cost Cost Cost Berharga
Creep Crept Crept Merangkak
Crow Crowed/crew Crowed Berkokok;bersorak
Cut Cut Cut Memotong

Dare Durst/dared Durst/dared Menantang

Deal Dealt Dealt Memberi;berdagang
Dig Dug Dug Menggali
Dive Dove/dived Dived Menyelam
Do Did Done Berbuat
Draw Drew Drawn Menggambar
Dream Dreamt/dreamed Dreamt/dreamed Bermimipi
Drink Drank Drunk Minum
Drive Drove Driven Mengendarai
Dwell Dwelt Dwelt Merenungkan

Eat Ate Eaten Makan

Fall Fell Fallen Jatuh

Feed Fed Fed Memberi makan
Feel Felt Felt Merasa
Find Found Found Menemukan
Flee Fled Fled Melarikan diri
Fling Flung Flung Pergi dengan marah
Floodlight Floodlighted Floodlighted/floodlit
Menyinari dengan lampu
Fly Flew Flown Terbang
Forbear Forbore Forborne Menyabarkan
Forbide Forbade/forbad Forbidden Melarang
Forecast Forecast Forecast/forecasted
Meramalkan
Foresee Foresaw Foreseen Mengetahui lebih dulu
Foretell Foretold Foretold Meramalkan
Forget Forgot Forgotten Melupakan
Forgive Forgave Forgiven Memaafkan
Forsake Forsook Forsaken Melalaikan;meninggalkan
Forswear Forswore Forsworn Mengingkari
Freeze Froze Frozen Membekukan;membeku

Gainsay Gainsaid Gainsaid Menyangkal

Get Got Got Mendapat;menjadi
Gild Gilded/gilt Gilt Menyadur emas
Gird Girded/girt Girded/girt Mengikat
Give Gave Given Memberi
Go Went Gone Pergi
Grind Ground Ground Menggiling
Grow Grew Grown Tumbuh;berkembang
Hamstring Hamstrung Hamstrung Menghancurkan
Hang Hung Hung Bergantung
Have/has Had Had Mempunyai
Hear Heard Heard Mendengar
Heave Hove Hove/heaved Mengangkat
Hew Hewed Hewn Memotong;memarang
Hide Hid Hidden Menyembunyikan
Hit Hit Hit Mengenai;memukul
Hold Held Held Memegang;menahan

Inlay Inlaid Inlaid Menaruh;menata

Input Input Input Menempatkan
Inset Inset Inset Menyisipkan
Interweave Interwove Interwoven Menjalin;berjalin

Keep Kept Kept Memegang;menyimpan

Kneel Knelt Knelt Berlutut
Knit Knitted Knitted Merajut
Know Knew Known Mengetahui;mengenal
Lay Laid Laid Menaruh;bertelur
Lead Led Led Memimpin;mendahului
Lean Leant Leant Bersandar
Leap Leapt Leapt Meloncat
Learn Learnt Learnt Belajar
Leave Left Left Meninggalkan
Lend Lent Lent Meminjamkan
Let Let Let Membiarkan
Lie Lay Lain Terletak;berbaring
Light Lighted/lit Lighted/lit Menyalakan;menyala
Lose Lost Lost Kehilangan

Make Made Made Membuat

Mean Meant Meant Berarti
Meet Met Met Bertemu;menemui
Melt Melted Melted/molten Melarutkan;mencair
Miscast Miscast Miscast Salah memilih
Misdeal Misdealt Misdealt Salah membagi
Mishear Misheard Misheard Salah mendengar
Mishit Mishit Mishit Salah memukul
Mislay Mislaid Mislaid Salah menyimpan
Mislead Misled Misled Menyesatkan
Misread Misread Misread Salah membaca
Misspell Misspelt Misspelt Salah mengeja
Misspend Misspent Misspent Salah membelanjakan
Mistake Mistook Mistaken Membuat kesalahan
Misunderstand Misunderstood Misunderstood Salah paham
Mow Mowed Mown Menyabit;memotong
Outbid Outbid Outbid Menawar lebih tinggi
Outdo Outdid Outdone Melebihi
Outfight Outfought Outfought Berjuang lebih baik
Outgrow Outgrew Outgrown Tumbuh lebih cepat
Output Output Output Mengisi;memberi
Outrun Outran Outrun Berlari lebih cepat
Outsell Outsold Outsold Menjual lebih cepat
Outshine Outshone Outshone Bersinar lebih terang
Outspread Outspread Outspread Terbuka lebar
Outwear Outwore Outworn Menjadi usang;mengatasi
Overbear Overbore Overborn Menindih;melebihi
Overbid Overbid Overbid Menawar lebih tinggi
Overcome Overcame Overcome Mengatasi
Overdo Overdid Overdone Memasak terlalu matang
Overdraw Overdrew Overdrawn Melukiskan berlebihan
Overeat Overate Overeaten Makan terlalu banyak
Overfeed Overfed Overfed Memberi makan kebanyakan
Overfly Overflew Overflown Terbang diatas
Overhang Overhung Overhung Tergantung diatas
Overhear Overheard Overheard Kebetulan mendengar
Overlay Overlaid Overlaid Menutupi
Overpay Overpaid Overpaid Membayar terlampau banyak
Override Overrode Overridden Mengesampingkan;menolak
Overrun Overran Overrun Membanjiri;melewati
Oversee Oversaw Overseen Mengawasi
Overshoot Overshot Overshot Meleset;melampaui
Oversleep Overslept Overslept Tidak terlalu lama
Overtake Overtook Overtaken Menyusul;mengejar
Overthrow Overthrew Overthrown Menjatuhkan;meruntuhkan

Partake Partook Partaken Mengambil bagian dalam

Pay Paid Paid Membayar
Plead Pleaded/pled Pleaded/pled Membela;memohon
Prepay Prepaid Prepaid Membayar lebih dulu
Prove Proved Proven Membuktikan
Put Put Put Meletakkan

Quit Quit Quit Melepaskan;meninggalkan

Read Red Red Membaca

Rebind Rebound Rebound Menjilid kembali
Rebuild Rebuilt Rebuilt Membangun kembali
Recast Recast Recast Menuang lagi
Redo Redid Redone Mengulang;memperbaiki
Rehear Reheard Reheard Mendengar lagi
Relay Relaid Relaid Meletakkan lagi
Remake Remade Remade Membuat lagi
Rend Rent Rent Mengoyak;mencabik
Repay Repaid Repaid Menebus
Rerun Reran Rerun Lari kembali;memainkan
Resell Resold Resold Menjual kembali
Reset Reset Reset Memasang lagi
Resit Resat Resat Duduk kembali
Retake Retook Retaken Mengambil kembali
Retell Retold Retold Menceritakan lagi
Rewrite Rewrote Rewritten Menulis kembali
Rid Rid Rid Membebaskan diri
Ride Rode Ridden Menunggang
Ring Rang/rung Rung Membunyikan lonceng
Rise Rose Risen Timbul;terbit;naik
Run Ran Run Lari

Saw Sawed Sawn/sawed Menggergaji

Say Said Said Mengatakan;berkata
See Saw Seen Melihat
Seek Sought Sought Mencari;menuntut
Sell Sold Sold Menjual
Send Sent Sent Mengirim
Set Set Set Menyetel;terbenam
Sew Sewed Sewn Menjahit
Shake Shook Shaken Menggoyangkan
Shear Sheared Shorn Mencukur;menggunting
Shed Shed Shed Mengalirkan;menumpahkan
Shine Shone Shone Bersinar;bercahaya
Shit Shitted/shat Shitted/shat
Shoe Shod Shod Memasangi ladam(kuda)
Shoot Shot Shot Menembak
Show Showed Shown Mempertunjukkan
Shrink Shrank/shrunk Shrunk Mengerutkan
Shrive Shrove Shriven Mengampuni dosa
Shut Shut Shut Menutup
Sing Sang Sung Menyanyi
Sink Sank Sunk Tenggelam
Sit Sat Sat Duduk
Slay Slew Slain Membunuh
Sleep Slept Slept Tidur
Slide Slid Slid Meluncurkan
Sling Slung Slung Melemparkan
Slink Slunk Slunk Menyelinap;mengendap
Slit Slit Slit Mengiris;memebelah
Smell Smelt Smelt Mencium bau;berbau
Smite Smote Smitten Memukul;mempengaruhi
Sow Sowed Sown/sowed Menaburkan benih
Speak Spoke Spoken Berbicara
Speed Sped Sped Mengatur kecepatan mesin
Spell Spelt Spelt Mengeja
Spend Spent Spent Menghabiskan
Spill Spilt Spilt Menumpahkan
Spin Spun/span Spun Memintal
Spit Spat Spat Menusuk;meludah
Split Split Split Membelah;tersobek;terpecah
Spoil Spoilt Spoilt Merusak
Spotlight Spotlit Spotlit Menyoroti;menarik perhatian
Spread Spread Spread Memebentangkan;menyebar
Spring Sprang Sprung Melompat;meledakkan
Stand Stood Stood Berdiri
Stave Stove Stove Menebuk;melubangi
Steal Stole Stolen Mencuri;menyelinap
Stick Stuck Stuck Melekatkan;menikam
Sting Stung Stung Menyengat;menyakiti
Stink Stank/stunk Stunk Berbau busuk
Strew Strewed Strewn Menyebar;menaburkan
Stride Strode Stridden Melangkah
Strike Struck Struck/stricken Memukul
String Strung Strung Mengikat dengan tali
Strive Strove Striven Berusaha
Sublet Sublet Sublet Menyewakan
Swear Swore Sworn Bersumpah
Sweep Swept Swept Menyapu
Swell Swelled Swollen/swelled Bengkak;berlagak
Swim Swam Swum Berenang
Swing Swung Swung Memutar;membelok

Take Took Taken Mengambil

Teach Taught Taught Mengajar
Tear Tore Torn Menyobek
Tell Told Told Menceritakan;menjelaskan
Think Thought Thought Memikir;berpikir
Thrive Throve Thriven Tumbuh dengan subur
Throw Threw Thrown Melempar;membanting
Thrust Thrust Thrust Mendorong;menikam
Tread Trod Trodden/trod Melangkah;menginjak-injak

Unbend Unbent Unbent Melepaskan;merenggangkan

Underbid Underbid Underbid Menawar lebih rendah
Undercut Undercut Undercut Menjual lebih rendah
Undergo Underwent Undergone Mengalami
Underlie Underlay Underlain Berbaring dibawah
Underpay Underpaid Underpaid Membayar sangat rendah
Undersell Undersold Undersold Menjual dibawah harga
Understand Understood Understood Mengerti
Undertake Undertook Undertaken Berusaha;menjamin
Underwrite Underwrote Underwritten Mengasuransikan
Undo Undid Undone Melepaskan;membatalkan
Unfreeze Unfroze Unfrozen Menjadi cair
Unsay Unsaid Unsaid Menarik kembali perkataan
Unwind Unwound Unwound Membuka gulungan
Uphold Upheld Upheld Menyokong;membela
Upset Upset Upset Merobohkan

Wake Woke Woken Bangun

Waylay Waylaid Waylaid Menghadang
Wear Wore Worn Memakai;berpakaian
Weave Wove
Wed Wed/wedded Wed/wedded Kawin;menikah
Weep Wept Wept Menangis
Wet Wet Wet Membasahi
Win Won Won Menang;memenangkan
Wind Wound Wound Memutar;melilit
Withdraw Withdrew Withdrawn Mencabut
Withhold Withheld Withheld Tidak memberi
Withstand Withstood Withstood Melawan;menahan
Work Worked/wrought Worked/wroughtBekerja
Wring Wrung Wrung Memulas;menjepit
Write Wrote Written Menulis
A. Recount Text
Example 1
An Unlucky Day
One morning, I got up with the feeling that the day was going to be
an unlucky one for me. How right it was! I found that it was already
06:15 a.m.
I rushed into the bathroom. I did not see a piece of soap lying on the
floor. I stepped on it and slipped, almost breaking my back in the
process.
Then, I went into the dining room for my breakfast. I gulped down the tea
without realizing that it was very hot. It burnt my tongue. I spat it out
and could not eat anything because my tongue hurt. I got dressed and
rushed to the bus stop. Unfortunately, I just missed the bus. My heart
sank and I knew that I would be late for school.
When I reached school, my name was taken down by the teacher.
The teacher scolded me for being late. To my humiliation, I was made to
stand outside the class. I was so upset by the incidents that I could not
study properly. But worse was to come. After school, I was on my way
home when something hard hit me on the head. Someone had thrown a
bag of fish bones out of the window and it landed on me! I was boiling
with rage but could do nothing. However, luckily for me, this only raised
a small lump on my head.
I managed to reach home safe and sound, and did not dare to go
out again for the rest of the day.

Example 2
Helped Our Neighbors
Last week-end our neighbors decided to paint their living room.
Their living room was large. They wanted to finish it quickly, so they
asked us to help them. They wanted to paint the walls and to put up
some new curtains.
We wanted to help them. First, we took all the things off the walls
and carried the furniture outside. We didn’t want to get paint on the floor.
So, we put newspapers on the floor. Then one of us started on each wall.
Each of us had a brush and some paints.
We had break at 1 p.m. We ate fried rice and we drank orange
juices. We ate together with our neighbors in their garden.
When we finished painting the walls, we painted around the
windows. We painted the walls yellow, and we painted around the
windows white. We put up some new curtains. The new curtains are pale
orange with small red flowers. We finished painting it at 6 p.m. The room
looked very nice.
We were very happy because we could help our neighbors. It was fun
and interesting.
 The texts above are some examples of recount text. The focus is on a sequence of
events. A recount generally begins with an orientation. It gives the readers the
backgrounds information needed to understand the text such as who was
involved, where it happened, and when it happened. Then, the recount unfolds
with a series of events (ordered in a chronological sequence). At various stages,
there may be some personal comment on the incident. We call it re-orientation.

B. Descriptive Text
Example 1
The Gembira Loka Zoo

The Gembira Loka Zoo is the only zoo in Yogyakarta. This zoo is
located at Jalan Kebun Raya number 2. The wide is 20.4 hectares. The
Gembira Loka Zoo of Yogyakarta is built in 1955 by Gembira Loka
Foundation and it is planed by Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono IX.
The Gembira Loka Zoo is a place to collect many kinds of flora and
fauna. In this zoo, flora and fauna are cared well. They are showed for
public. With purpose to develop culture in caring environment. This place
is used in examination, education, and recreation.
Gembira Loka Zoo has more than 500 kinds of plants and 400 kinds
of animals. In this zoo, animals are classified in four units. They are
mammals, aves, reptiles, and pisces. Since 1992 until 1996, sum of the
giant lizarts are succeed to increase about 111 giant lizarts. This result
brings the Gembira Loka Zoo get the reward "Wana Lestari Satya
Nugraha" on February 27th, 1998. The Gembira Loka Zoo has ever
followed The Giant Lizarts Dragon Conference in Thoiry Zoo, France on
November 4th until 8th, 1998. The Gembira Loka Zoo is completed with
recreation tools that are beautiful. This zoo also rent out some elephants
and camels to visitors.
Beside the Gembira Loka Zoo, there is Gembira Loka Botanical
Garden. This place stores 500 kinds of plants. So, clearly name of this
place is The Gembira Loka Botanical Garden and Zoo.

The text above is a desriptive text. The text classifies or describes something based
on systematic observation or describe something detailly. It begins with a ganeral
statement which introduces the topic. Then it is followed by series of descriptions. In
the description, facts (parts, qualities, and behaviorss of the subject) may be
described.

C. Narrative text
Example 1
 Jack and the Beanstalk
There was once upon a time a poor widow who had an only son
named Jack. They were so poor that they didn’t have anything except a
cow. When the cow had grown too old, his mother sent Jack to sell it. On
the way to the market, Jack met a butcher who had some beautiful beans
in his hand.
The butcher told beans were of great value and the boy that the
persuaded the silly lad to sell the cow for the beans. Jack brought them
home happily. When he told his mother about this, his mother became so
angry that she threw the beans out of the window. When Jack woke up in
the morning, he felt the sun shining into a part of his room, but all the
rest was quite dark and shady. So he jumped to the window. What did he
see? The beanstalk grew up quite close past Jack’s window. He opened
the window and jumped onto the beanstalk which ran up just like a big
ladder. He climbed and climbed till at last he reached the sky. While
looking around, he saw a very huge castle. He was very amazed.
Suddenly a handsome young man came to him and said. ”Jack,
see this castle. In the castle, lives a couple of cruel giants. God has
planned to end their life through you, because their wickedness can’t be
tolerated anymore. Now, your task is to take from them a hen that lays
golden eggs, and a harp that talks. Use them to help the needy and the
poor. Use them also to make your mother happy.” Before Jack couldn’t
say anything, the young man disappeared.
Then Jack walked along the path leading to the castle. There was a
big tall woman on the doorstep. Jack greeted her and asked for the
giantees’ mercy to give him breakfast, because he felt very hungry.
Although the giantees grumbled at first, finally she gave Jack a hunk of
bread and cheese and a jug of milk. But Jack hadn’t finished when the
whole house began to tremble with the noise of someone coming. “Oh!
It’s my husband!” cried the giantees. “What on earth shall I do?”
Hastily the giantees opened a very big cupboard and hid Jack
there. At that time he heard a heavy tramp on the stairs, like the
lumbering along of great cannon, and then a voice like thunder cried out.
“Darling,” cried the giant, “I smelt the breath of a human. Let me
have him for breakfast. Hmmm, it will be a good one.” Jack was so
frightened that he began trembling. “You have grown old, my dear,”
replied the woman. “It is only the smell of a nice fresh elephant steak
that I have cooked for you.” And she placed the huge dish before him,
which greatly pleased him and made him forget his idea of a human
being in the castle. After eating, the giant opened a big chest and took
out a couple of bags and gold, sat down to count. Then he asked his wife
to bring him the hen that laid the golden eggs. The wife brought it, and
the giant said, “Lay,” and it laid eggs all of gold. Then the giant became
tired of counting the gold the hen had laid. He nodded his head, and
snored till the house shook.
Carefully Jack opened the cupboard that it wouldn’t make any
noise and crept out. As he was passing the giant, he took one of the bags
of gold under his arm. He also caught hold of the golden hen. But this
time the hen gave a cackle which woke the giant, and just as Jack got out
of the house he heard him calling. “Wife, what have you done with my
golden hen?”
And the wife said, “Why, my dear?”
But that was all Jack heard, for he rushed off to the beanstalk he
threw down the bag of gold, which, of course, fell into his mother’s
garden, and climbed down like there was a house on fire. They lived
happily with the bag of gold and the golden hen.
Not long after that, Jack’s mother was sick. Many doctors had been
called, but none of them could cure her. The woman was sad, ate less
and showed no interest in life although she and her son were wealthy.
Jack was so confused what to do. He loved his mother very much.
Suddenly, he remembered the harp. “Maybe it can cure my mom,”
he thought.
So one fine morning he rose up early, and got onto the beanstalk,
climbed and climbed till he got to the top. But his time, he hid himself in
a bush in the castle’s garden. He heard the giant asking his wife to
prepare him a good breakfast. Then Jack came approaching and heard
the giant call out, “Darling, bring me my golden harp.” So she brought it
and put it on the table before him. Then he said, “Sing!” and the golden
harp sang most beautifully. And it went on singing till the giant fell
asleep, snoring like thunder.
Then Jack entered the giant’s room and seized the harp and ran
away with it, but as he jumped over the threshold the harp called out,
“Master! Master!” The giant woke up suddenly, didn’t know what had just
happened. But then he realized it and began chasing jack. The boy fled
like lightning with the harp. However, still the giant came on so fast that
he was quite close to poor Jack, and had stretched out his great hands to
catch him.
But luckily, just as the moment he stepped upon a lose stone,
stumbled, and fell on the ground, where he laid at his full length. This
accident gave Jack time to get on the beanstalk and hasten down it as he
reached their own garden he called his mother, “Look what I’ve brought
to you!” The harp began to play an enchanting melody and his mother
smiled happily. But up there in the clouds, the giant who lost Jack’s track
heard the harp’s song. Jack soon realized with terror that the thick
beanstalk was shaking under a very heavy weight. The giant was coming
down to earth!
Without waiting Jack took an axe and chopped the beanstalk many
times. As a result, the giant and the plant crashed to the ground with a
very loud noise. The crash instantly killed the giant. Jack and his mother
embraced each other, felt happy because of what had happened. Since
then, they lived happily and wealthily. They were also kind
and generous toward other people.

The text above is an example of narrative text. The purposes of the text are to
entertain, create, stimulate emotions, motivate, guide, and teach.
 STRUCTURE FUNCTION
Orientation It sets the scene and introduces the participants (it answers the
questions= who, when, what, and where).
Evaluation A stepping back to evaluate the plight (the information about the
narrator’s point of view) and it is optional.
Complication A crisis or a problem arises. It usually involves the main
characters.
Resolution A solution to the problem (for better or for worse). Main
characters find ways to solve the problem.

Example 2

ALI BABA
Once upon a time, there were 40 thieves who put their stolen money
and treasures in a cave saying to the cave entrance. A poor person
called Ali Baba saw them while they were doing that, so he heard the
opening word. After they left, he went towards the cave and opened it.
Suddenly he found a very large quantity of money and golden treasures.
He took some of it and went back home.
After that he became a rich man. His brother wanted to know how he
became rich. One day his brother followed him to solve this mystery.
Next day the brother went back to the cave. He found a lot of money but
when he tried to get out he couldn’t. After a few minutes, the thieves
came in and saw the brother.
“Hey! What are you doing here?’’ asked the boss.
“I took your money,” said the brother.
The boss asked him how he knew about the came, so he told the
story. They killed the brother. He was dead.
Next morning the thieves hid in big jars and went to Ali Baba’s
house. The boss and two of his men pretended that they were
merchants. Ali Baba invited them to lunch. After lunch, they took a rest.
The house maid went out and found 40 thieves in the big jars, so she
boiled hot oil and poured it on their heads to kill them.
After that Ali Baba lived happily forever.

D. Anecdote Text
Example 1
No Smoking
 Mrs. Green was the manager of a large company, and she
frequently had to have meetings with other business people in a room in
her building. She didn’t smoke at all, but many of the other people at the
meetings did it, so she often found the air during the meetings terrible.
One day, after an hour, her throat and eyes were sore and she was
coughing a lot, so she called a big air-conditioning company and asked
them to work out how much it would cost to keep the air of the meeting
room in her building really clean.
After a few days the air-conditioning company sent in two estimates
for Mrs. Green to choose from. One estimate was for $5,000 to put in
new air-conditioning, and the other was for $ 5.00 for a sign which said,
NO SMOKING.

E. Procedure Text
A procedure text is a text that tells us about how to make or operate something
step by step. It can be a set of instructures or directions to show steps or stages. The
procedure begins with an aim or goal. Then, it is followed by a list of materials or
equipment needed. Then, the steps are listed in order.
A procedural text is designed to describe how something is achieved through a
sequence of actions or steps. It explains how people perform different processes in a
sequence of steps. This text uses the simple present tense, often imperative
sentences. It also usually uses the temporal conjunctions, such as first, second, then,
next finally, etc. The structure of this text consists of three parts:
1. Goal (or title)
2. Materials (not required for all procedural texts)
3. Steps
However, there is a procedural text that only consists of goal and followed by some
steps.

Example 1
Hi guys! You like eating snack, right? What’s tour favorite snack? Have you ever eaten a
sandwich? You know the sandwich with peanut butter, honey, and a banana, it’s really
delicious. Do you want to know how to make it? Right! It’s very easy.
Well, you need about two slices of bread, peanut butter, a banana, and honey. And
then, what should to do?
First, take two slices of bread and spread peanut butter on them. Then cut up a
banana into a small slice and put them on one of the slices of bread. After that, pour some
honey over the banana slices. Finally, don’t forget to put the other slices of bread on top.
Congratulations! Your delicious sandwich is ready to be served.

Example 2
Goal :
How to make a sandwich
Materials :
You need :
• 2 slices of bread
• Peanut butter
• A banana
• Honey
Steps :
1. Take two slices of bread
2. Spread peanut butter
3. Cut up a banana into a small slice and put them on one of
the slices of bread.
4. Pour some honey over the bananas.
5. Put the other slices of bread on top.

G. News Item Text

A news item text is a factual text which informs readers of daily newspapers about
events of the day which are regarded as newsworthy or important. The purpose of it is
to inform the readers or listeners about the events of the day.
The generic structure of the text consists of three parts:
1. Newsworthy events : recounts the events in summary form.
2. Background events : elaborate what happened, to whom, and in what
circumstances.
3. Source : comments by participants in, witnesses to, and authorities
expert on the event.

Example 1
Large Python Saves Riza and Twins

A few survivors of Sunday’s calamity have a snake to thank for

being alive.
Riza, a 26 years old said that at about 08:00 a.m. she was
enjoying the holiday in bed when suddenly she saw walls of water, mud,
rocks and branches rushing into the neighborhood. People were
screaming and running. Riza, who was living in a rented house near the
coast in Banda Aceh with three friends, ashed up to the second floor of a
neighbor’s home and stood on top of a cupboard,. But as she told Antara
from a makeshift shelter on Wednesday, the current swept her and her
friends off their perch. As Riza was drifting, she saw her neighbors, two
girls-twins-and their mother. Riza, who can swim, managed to help the
girls. She saw their mother was badly injured. The mother shouted,
“Please help save my children. Let me be, but please save my children,”
Riza recounted, in tears. As she struggled for her own life and that of the
twins, she said a large snake as long as a telephone pole approached
her. She and the 9 years old rested on the reptile, which wa sdrifting
along with the current. “Thank God, we landed on higher ground where
the water level was only about a meter deep. The twins, who were badly
injured, were safe.” Riza then slapped her face to make sure she was not
dreaming. Riza who is currently taking refuge in the Banda Blang Bintang
area, plants to go to her relative’s house in Medan, North Sumatra.
“God still loves me,” she said, adding that she would never forget
the tragedy.

A. Simple Present Tense

This tense is usually not used to indicate present time. However,
it is used to indicate present time (now) with the following stative verbs.
It is used to indicate a habitual action or general truth.
Or
S + V1 +s/es + O S + To be (am, is, are) + O

a. Habitual Action
Examples :
• I always go to school every morning.
• He often speaks english with his friends.
• They sometimes play the football.
• She takes an english course twice a week.
b. General Truth.
Examples :
• The sun rises in the east.
• Fire is hot
• The earth revolves around the sun.
• The dogs are animal.
c. To express near future action but the action is a habitual action.
Examples :
• I leave Bandung next month.
• They take examination the day after tomorrow.
• He goes to Surabaya next week.

B. Simple Future Tense

a. To express near future action.

S + Will/Shall + V1+ O

Examples :
• I will telephone you tomorrow.
• I shall leave Surabaya next year.
• He will move to Jakarta next month.
b. To express near future action (certainly than will or shall).
 S + To be + Going to + V1 + O

Examples :
• I am going to meet you tomorrow.
• He is going to visit his friend tonight.
• They are going to spend the vacation next Sunday.

C. Simple Past Tense

Simple past tense is used for a completed action that happened at
one specific time in the past.
a. With verb.
S + V2 + O Examples :
• They went to Surabaya last week.
• I saw her two days ago.
• He came here yesterday.

b. Without verb.

S + Was/Were + O

Examples :
• I was a student.
• They were mechanics.

D.Present Continuous Tense.

This tense is used to indicate present time (now) with all but the
stative verbs listed previously.
S + To be (am, is, are) + V1 + ing + O
Examples :
• I am studying english now.
• Marry is wtching television at present.
• They are playing badminton.

E. Present Perfect Tense

S + Has/Have + V3 + O Or S + Has/Have + Been + O
a.
b. An action that happened at an indefinite time in the past.
Examples :
• Jeanny has traveled around the world. (We don’t know when).
• Yuli has come to the school. (We don’t know when).
c. An action that happened more than once in the past.
Examples :
• She has seen this movie three times.
• Ami has eaten the breads ten times.
d. An action that began in the past and is still occurring in the present.
Examples :
• Yuli has lived in the same house for twenty years. (She still lives
there).
• I have been a student since 1997.