ALJABAR VEKTOR

Scalar and Vector

1. Vectors is as an line have given having direction and value
P ( x
1
, y
1
, z
1
)
Q ( x
2
, y
2
, z
2
)
2. Vectors have the same of length
3. Vectors have different of length
Component of Vectors
P ( x
1
, y
1
, z
1
)
Q ( x
2
, y
2
, z
2
) a
1
= x
2
x
1
a
2
= y
2
y
1
a
3
= z
2
z
1
a = ( a
1
, a
2
, a
3
)
b a direction
b a Length

=
=
b a direction
b a Length

=
=
b a direction
b a Length

=
=
b a direction
b a Length

=
=
Look at the below :
a
1
= proyeksi panjang vektor ke masing-
masing sumbu
x
2
x
1
y
2
y
1
Q

a
2
a

a
1
P

x

y

y
= length of vector
= (a
1
2
+ a
2
2
+ a
3
2
)
x
z
k
i j
a
Q (2,1,3)
P (1,-1,2)
a
1
= 2 1 = 1
a
2
= 1-(-1) = 2
a
3
= 3 2 = 1
= (1, 2, 1)
= (1
2
+ 2
2
+ 1
2
)
= 6 = 2.45 satuan
a

2
a

1
a

3
a

Q (2,1,3)
P (1,-1,2)
b
Q (x,y,z)
P (0,0,0)
= (x, y, z)
P (0,0,0) Q (1,0,0)
= Q (1,0,0)
P (0,0,0) Q (0,1,0) = Q (0,1,0)
P (0,0,0) Q (0,0,1)
= Q (0,0,1)
Jika vektor
, maka :
b

b a

=
1
1
1
3
2
1
=
=
=
b
b
b

Penjumlahan Vektor
Jika ada dua buah vektor a dan b, maka akan didapatkan c = a + b yang dapat
diekspresikan atau didapatkan dalam bentuk gambar dimana titik awal dari vektor
b digambar berimpit dengan titik akhir dari vektor a dan (c digambar dengan) titik
awal dari vektor c berimpit dengan titik awal vektor a dan berimpit dengan a titik
akhir dari vektor b.
a
1
b
1
b
2
a
2
C
2
= a
2
+ b
2
C
1
= a
1
+ b
1
m
2
m
3
m
1
c
Sifat sifat vektor pada penjumlahan :
+
( u + v ) + w = u + ( v + w )
Perkalian :
c. a = c [a
1
, a
2
, a
3
] = [ ca
1
, ca
2
, ca
3
]
a = [a
1
, a
2
, a
3
]
Vektor satuan
dimana :
) ( ) ( w v u w v u
a b b a

+ + = + +
+ = +
1 1
2
= = i

k j i


, ,
| |
| |
| | 1 , 0 , 0
0 , 1 , 0
0 , 0 , 1
=
=
=
k
j
i

+
a a a a k a j a i a

= = + + ] , , [
3 2 1 3 2 1
k
+
y x
z
y
x
z
w
u
v
+
w
w v u
w v u a


+ + =
+ + = ) (
soft examples
Given :






Find vector resultante
] 2 , 0 , 0 [
] 0 , 5 , 0 [
] 0 , 0 , 3 [
=
=
=
w
v
u

Solution :
] 2 , 5 , 3 [
] 2 , 0 , 0 [ ] 0 , 5 , 0 [ ] 0 , 0 , 3 [
=
+ + =
+ + = w v u a

Given (vektor satuan) :

Soft example
Given (vektor satuan) :

k j i


, ,
] 1 , 0 , 0 [
] 0 , 1 , 0 [
] 0 , 0 , 1 [
] , , [ ] . . [
] 1 , 0 , 0 [ ; ] 0 , 1 , 0 [ ; ] 0 , 0 , 1 [
3 3
2 2
1 1
3 2 1 3 2 1
a k a
a j a
a i a
ea ea ea a a a e a e
k j i
=
=
=
= =
= = =

y
x
z
k
i
j
0
k a j a i a
3 2 1

+ +
] 5 , 2 , 3 [ ] 5 2 3 [
] 3 2 [ ] 4 [
] 4 , 1 , 1 [ ; ] 1 , 3 , 2 [
= + + =
+ + + + =
+ =
= =
k j i c
k j i k j i c
b a c
a b

Produk Skalar ( Produk Titik )

Suatu bentuk perkalian vektor dengan tanda kali




; = sudut antara vektor a dan b

b
a
a . b > 0

b
a
a . b = 0

b
a
a . b < 0
cos . . .
] , , [ ; ] , , [
3 2 1 3 2 1
b a b a
b b b b a a a a

=
= =
b a
b a
a a a a a a
a a a a
a b

.
.
cos
. .
berimpit) ( 0 cos . . .
: maka , jika
2
=
= =
= =
=

b a b a
b a b a
a a
a b b a
v b c v a c v b c a c

+ s + -
s -
s -
> -
= -
+ = + -

. .
1 cos
0 .
. .
. . ]. [
skalar Produk sifat sifat
2 1 2 1

Medium example:
given :




Tentukan : 1). Sudut antara dan

2).
Solution :

= [ a
1
, a
2
, a
3
] ; = [ b
1
, b
2
, b
3
]

= a
1
b
1
+ a
2
b
2
+ a
3
b
3

Pattern

1). cos =

a . b
| a | || b |
Where : a = [ a
1
, a
2
, a
3
] = a
1
i + a
2
j + a
3
k

b = [ b
1
, b
2
, b
3
] = b
1
i + b
2
j + b
3
k

Reference :
i. i = 1 ; j. j = 1 ; k. k = 1
a. b = a
1
.b
1
i.i + a
1
.b
2
i.j + a
1
.b
3
i.k + a
2
.b
1
j.i +
a
2
.b
2
j.j + a
2
.b
3
j.k + a
3
.b
1
k.i + a
3
.b
2
k.j +
a
3
.b
3
k.k
Proven :
a. b = a
1
.b
1
+ a
2
.b
2
+ a
3
b
3



] 2 , 3 , 1 [
] 1 , 2 , 2 [
=
=
b
a

b a

.
b a

.
b

P = | a | cos

P | b | = | a | | b |. cos

P. | b | = a . b
a

P
a

| b |
| a | cos
w = | a |. cos | b |

w = | a | | b | cos

w = a . b
Answer Number 1 is :

((2.1) + (-2.3) +(1.-2))
cos =
9 . 14

2 + -6 + -2 -6

126 126


= arc cos (-1.25)
= .


Number 2
a. b = a
1
.b
1
+ a
2
.b
2
+ a
3
b
3


= -6



= =
The second Medium example:
given :

a = [ 1, 1, 1 ]

b = [ 0, 2, 3 ]

c = [ 1, 5, 2 ]

Tentukan : 1). Sudut antara ab dan bc
berpusat di titik a

2).
cos
b
c
[ 1, 1, 1 ]
[ 0, 2, 3 ]
[ 1, 5, 2 ]
Solution :

ab = [ -1, 1, 2 ]
ac = [ 0, 4, 1 ]

ab . ac
| ab | || ac |
cos = =
0 + 4 + 2
6 . 17
= arc. cos ( 6 / 102 ) = 53.55
a
b a

.
The third Medium example:
given :

a = [ 8, 6, 0 ]

Tentukan : Panjang vektor a = 10, tentukan
besar vektor dari gambar disamping ini
| a | = 10
So that :
a = [ a
1
, a
2
, 0 ]

4
3
5
So that :
a
1
/ a
2
=
Where is :
a
1
= (3/5 ) x 10 = 6
a
2
= (4/5) x 10 = 8

Obtained a = [ 6, 8, 0 ]

The Fourth example :
Buktikan bahwa garis lurus :
l
1
= 4x + 3y = 2
l
2
= 3x 4y = -1

solution :
where jika tegak lurus m
1
. m2 = -1
m
1
pada garis 1 = y = - 4/3x + 2/3
m
1
= dy / dx = - 4/3
m
2
pada garis 2 = y = 3/4x +
m
2
= dy / dx =

so that m1 . M2 = (-4/3) . ( ) = -1 (oke)

for l
1
4x + 3y = 2 [ 4, 3 ] [ x, y ] = 2
l
2
3x 4y = -1 [ 3, -4 ] [ x, y ] = -1

a = [ 4, 3 ]
b = [ 3, -4 ] , bila a (tegak lurus) b maka sudut antara a dan b ( ) =
/2

(terbukti)


The Fifth example:
Given : a = [a
1
, 2, 0]

b = [ 3,4, -1]

where syarat a tegak lurus b adalah a. b = 0

a. b = 3a
1
+ 8 = 0

a
1
= -8/3 a = [ -8/3, 2, 0 ]
Tentukan a1 agar a dan b saling tegak lurus
0
25
0
5 . 5
)) 4 . 3 ( ) 4 . 3 ((
.
.
cos = =
+
= =
b a
b a

Produk Vektor (vektor silang)

v = a b x
| v | = dilukiskan luas jajaran genjang ABCD
v a
v b
a
B
A
a
C
D
t
= t
=
sin
v
- v
v = a b x
- v = a b x
-Sifat Produk Vektor

a x b = - ( b x a )

a x b b x a

k a x b = a x k b = k ( a x b )

( a + b ) x c = a x c + b x c

( a x b ) x c a x ( b x c )




v = | a | | b |. sin 0

v = 0

i x ( i x j ) = i x k = -j

i x ( j x k ) = 0
k
j
i
-
+
Hubungan Antara Produk Skalar dan Vektor


| v | = | a | | b | sin

| v |
2
= | a ||
2
| b |
2
sin
2



| v |
2
= ( | a | | b |)
2
( 1- cos
2
)

| v |
2
= ( | a |
2
| b |
2
) - ( | a | | b | cos )
2


| v |
2
= ( a. a ) ( b. b ) ( a. b )
2


| v | = ( a. a ). ( b. b ) ( a. b )
2



Penerapan Produk Vektor

| p |
A
B
| m | = d | P |

d = | r | sin

| m | = | r | sin | P |

| m | = | r | | P | sin

m = r x p

P ( x
1
, y
1
, z
1
)
Q ( x
2
, y
2
, z
2
)
d
r | r |

V = | r | sin

| v | = | w | | r | sin

v = w x r

d
Q
| w |
| v |
=
| w | d
The first Example

given :

a = [ 4, 0, -1 ]

b = [ -2, 1, 3 ]

find Luas jajaran genjang
ABCD
B
C
D
A
v
The answer :
V = a x b = i j k
4 0 -1
-2 1 3

= i - 10j + 4k

= [ 1, -10, 4 ]

Luas jajaran genjang ABCD = | v | = 1 + 100 + 16

= 117 =


The second example :
Titik A ( 3, 5, 1 ) dan B ( 4, 7, -2 )

Gaya vektor | P | = 10 bekerja pada titik B

Find vektor momen dari P terhadap titik A
4
| P |
A
3
= 10
The answer ;

mA = r x p = i j k
1 2 -3
6 8 0

mA = -24i - 18j - 4k = [ -24, -18, -4 ]

| mA | = 24
2
+ 18
2
+ 4
2


= 916 = 30.265 satuan

| P |
= [ 6, 8, 0 ]
= [ 1, 2, -3 ]
| r |
B
Sifat Perkalian Vektor (Hasilkali Silang)
Hasilkali silang / Cross Product, yaitu dengan menggunakan metode determinasi
matriks
1. Untuk matriks 2 x 2, maka determinasinya




a b

c d



= ad - bc


2. Untuk matriks 3 x 3, kita boleh menuliskan defenisi u x v,
maka determinan 3 x 3 adalah,
i j k
u
1
u
2
u
3
v
1
v
2
v
3


u x v =
u
2
u
3
v
2
v
3
u
1
u
3
v
2
v
3
u
1
u
2
v
1
v
2
= i - j + k
=((u
2
.v
3
)-(u
3
.v
2
))i ((u
1
.v
3
)-(u
3
.v
2
))j + ((u
1
.v
2
)-(u
2
.v
1
))k
Hasilkali silang sangat penting dalam mekanika. Misalkan O adalah suatu titik tetap
pada sebuah bidang dan gaya F diberikan pada titik lain pada bidang itu, yakni pada
titik P.Maka F cenderung memutar benda pada suatu sumbu yang melalui O dan tegak
lurus terhadap bidang OP dan F. Vektor r = OP x F disebut Puntir. Puntir ini searah
dengan sumbu putar dan besarnya adalah:

r = OP x F, yang tepat merupakan momen dari gaya terhadap sumbu putar akibat F
O
P
F
r

The moment of a force about a point provides a measure of the
tendency for rotation (sometimes called a torque).
A couple is defined as two
parallel forces with the same
magnitude but opposite in
direction separated by a
perpendicular distance d.
The moment of a couple is defined as
M
O
= F d (using a scalar analysis) or as
M
O
= r F (using a vector analysis).
Here r is any position vector from the line of action of
F to the line of action of F.
MOMENT IN 2-D (continued)
In the 2-D case, the magnitude of the moment is
M
o
= F d
As shown, d is the perpendicular distance from point O to the
line of action of the force.
In 2-D, the direction of M
O
is either clockwise or
counter-clockwise depending on the tendency for rotation.
Moment in 2-D
M
O
= F d
and the direction is
counter-clockwise.
M
O
= (F
Y
a) (F
X
b)

CCW = (+)
CW = (-)
F
a
b
d
O
a
b
O
F
F
x

F
y
As shown, d is the
perpendicular distance
from point O to the line
of action of the force.
Often it is easier to
determine M
O
by using the
components of F as shown.
Given: A 400 N force is
applied to the frame
and u = 20.
Find: The moment of the
force at A.

Plan:
1) Resolve the force along x and y axes.
2) Determine M
A
using scalar analysis.
EXAMPLE 1
(continued)
Solution
+ | F
y
= -400 cos 20 N
+ F
x
= -400 sin 20 N
+ M
A
= {(400 cos 20)(2) + (400 sin 20)(3)} N m
= 1160 N m
A
[3,5,0]
C [6,9,0]
D [9,13,0] E [11,13,0]
F [13,13,0]
G [14,11,0]
4
3
|q| = 35
|p| = 14
B [15,9,0]
1
2
|s| = 145
1
2
1
2
a = [a
1
,a
2
,0]
b = [-b
1
,b
2
,0]
Look at the structures : determined static
find moment by using moment vector method
Find :
1. Reaction vector at point A and B
2. Moment vector at point C, D, E, F and G
3. Check MC by engineering mechanics
Solution :
1. vector reaksi dititik A dan B
diketahui kemiringan besar gaya dititik B adalah 1 untuk arah x dan 2 untuk
arah y, maka b = (-b
1
, b
2
, 0] sehingga b1 = b dan b2 = 2b karena b
1
/b
2
= 1/2
dari bentuk gaya yang bekerja pada titik pada gambar tsb diperoleh masing-
masing gaya yang berkerja adalah :
b = [-b, 2b, 0]
P = [0, - 14, 0]
Q = [-21, -28,0]
S = [-28, -14, 0]
Dihitung resultan gaya dititik A untuk mendapatkan reaksi titik B
MA = 0
[ AB x b ] + [ AC x P ] + [ AE x Q ] + [ AG x S ] = 0
[12,4,0] x [-b,2b,0] + [3,4,0] x [0,-14,0] + [8,8,0] X [-21,-28,0] + [11.6.0]
x [-28,-14,0] = [0,0,0]



i j k
12 4 0
-b 2b 0


i j k
3 4 0
0 -14 0


i j k
8 8 0
-21 -28 0


i j k
11 6 0
-28 -14 0

+
+
+
= (0,0,0)
[0,0,28b] + [0,0,-42] + [0,0,-56] + [0,0,14] = [0,0,0]

[0,0,28b] + [0,0,-84] = [0,0,0]

Obtained 28b = 84
b = 3
So reaction value at the B are :
b = [-b,2b,0] = [-3,6,0], vector reaction at the B b = [-3,6,0]
Dicari vector reaksi dititik A G = 0

a + p + q + s + b = 0

[a1,a2,0] + [0,-14,0] + [-21,-28,0] + [-28,-14,0] + [-3,6,0] = [0,0,0]

[a1,a2,0] + [-52,-50,0] = [0,0,0]

[a1,a2,0] = [52,50,0]

obtained vector reaction at the A a = [52,50,0]
2. Moment vector
M
C
= CA x a = [-3,-4,0] x [52,50,0] =

i j k
-3 -4 0
52 50 0

= [0,0,58], dari kiri

M
C
= CB x b + CG x s + CE x q = [0,0,-58], dari kanan coba checking dulu perhitungannya

M
D
= DA x a + DC x p

= [-6,-8,0] x [52,50,0] + [-3,-4,0] x [0,-14,0]

i j k
-6 -8 0
52 50 0

i j k
-3 -4 0
0 -14 0

= +
= [0,0,116] + [0,0,42]
= [0,0,158]
Dari kiri
3. Kontrol besar momen dititik C dengan cara MR, maka
M
C
= ( 50x3 )-( 52x4 )
= -58 satuan



M
E
= EB x b + EG x s
= [4,-4,0] x [-3,6,0] + [3,-2,0] x [-28,-14,0]

i j k
4 -4 0
-3 6 0

i j k
3 -2 0
-28 -14 0

= +
= [0,0,12] + [0,0,-98]
= [0,0,86]
M
F
= FB x b + FG x s
= [2,-4,0] x [-3,6,0] + [1,-2,0] x [-28,-14,0]
= [0,0,-70]
M
G
= GB x b
= [1,-2,0] x [-3,6,0]
= ?
Ruang Berdimensi 2D dan 3D
1. Global : elips(bulat), hiperbola dan parabola
Lokal : luas, keliling dan panjang garis(kurva)
Y =x
r

i
x
y
r

=[x, y,z]
r

=x(t) i

+ y(t) j

+ z(t)
k

Jika hanya harga x dan y, maka :

r

j y i x

+ =
Examples 1: dari pesamaan y = x - 2
Y =x-2
r

i
x
y
Disubtitsikan menjadi :
r

j y i x

+ =
Jika x = t, maka :
r

j t i t

) 2 ( + =
Examples 2: dari pesamaan y = x
2
+ 2
Y =x
2
+2
r

1
x
y
-1
3
2
Jika x = t, maka :
j t i t

) 2 (
2
+ + =
r

j t i t r

) 2 (
2
+ + =
Persamaan elips :
j t a i t r

.
2 2
+ =
2 2
x a y =
x
2
+ y
2
= a
Mencari luasan lingkaran yang diiris :
Persamaan baku elips/lingkaran :
1
2
2
2
2
= + =
a
y
a
x
Contoh : x
2
+ y
2
= a
x
y
1
2
2
2
2
= + =
b
y
a
x
j t b i t a r

sin cos + =
Maka:
Menentukan Panjang Kurva

dx
dy
dy
S . 1
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = A
j t y i t x t r

) ( ) ( ) ( + =
) ).( ( j dy i dx j dy i dx l

+ + = A
dt j
dt
dy
i
dt
dx
dt j
dt
dy
i
dt
dx
l ) .( ) (

+ + = A
Y =
f(x)
x
y
x
1
x
2
t
1
t
2
dx
dy
dy
S . 1
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = A
}
maka :
dimana :
j y i x r

+ =
j y d i dx r d

+ =
dt :
j
dt
dy
i
dt
dx
dt
r d
r

+ = = '
j
dt
dy
i
dt
dx
r

+ = '
Panjang kurva
2
) ).( ' '. ( dt r r l

= A
Diperoleh rumus panjang kurva dt r r l
t
t
}
= A
2
1
' '.

Example :
j t i t r

) 2 ( + + =
dt r r l
t
t
}
= A
2
1
' '.

4
4
x
y
4
0
2
y=x+2
4
find length of the curve
if t = x, so :
Distance point; t
1
=0, t
2
= 4
j i r

1 1 ' + =
Input to the formula:
dt j i j i
}
+ + =
4
0
) ).( (
So that:
dt l
}
= A
4
0
2
t
4
0
. 2 =
2 4 =
And final equation :
x = t ; y = t +2 y = x + 2
Hasil persamaan kartesius garis lurus dan
kurva adalah sama
j t i t r

) 2 (
2
+ + =
dt r r l
t
t
}
= A
2
1
' '.

4
x
y
0
t
1
=0 s/d t
2
=4
Maka dihitung panjang kurva :
j t i r

2 ' + =
} }
+ = + + = A
4
0
2
). 4 1 ( ) 2 ).( 2 (
2
1
dt t dt tj i tj i l
t
t
If 2t = tg t = 0 tg = 0
dt = . Sec
2
.d ; t = 4 = sec.tg8

2t
1
t tg
tg
t
2
1 sec
4 1 sec
2 2
2
=
+ =
+ =
u
u u
u
}
}
} }
+ =
+ =
= =
4
0
4
0
2
4
0
2 3
4
0
. 2 . sec sec
2
1
). 1 .( sec
2
1
. sec . sec
2
1
. sec .
2
1
u u u u
u u u
u u u u u
d tg
d tg
d d l
] sec . ) [ln(sec
2
1
.
2
1
] . sec sec . ) [ln(sec
2
1
3
u u u u
u u u u u u
tg tg
d tg tg l
+ + =
+ + =
}
]
4
0
2 2
] 4 1 2 ) 2 4 1 [ln(
4
1
sec . ) [ln(sec
4
1
t t t t
tg tg l
+ + + + =
+ + = u u u u
] 65 . 8 ) 65 8 [ln(
4
1
+ + =
Example:
j t i t r

sin 2 cos 2 + =
dt r r l
t
t
}
= A
2
1
' '.

x
y
j t i t r

cos 2 sin 2 ' + =

dt r r l
t
t
}
= A
2
1
' '.

satuan t l
dt j t i t j t i t l
t
t
t
t
= = =
+ + =
}
}
2
0
2
0
2
0
2 2
). cos 2 sin 2 ).( cos 2 sin 2 (

Adalah vektor singgng garis lengkung ' r

= ) ( ' t r

) ( ' t t r A +

) ( ' t r

Vektor singgung
t
t r t t r
t r
t
A
A +
=
A
) ( ) (
lim ) ( '
0

Vektor singgng garis lengkung

' .
'
1
r
r
u

=
dt r r l
t
t
. ' '.
2
1
}
=

Example:
given persamaan lingkaran x
2
+ y
2
=25 (dalam fungsi
skalar)
j t i t r
j t i t r

cos 5 sin 5 '

sin 5 cos 5
+ =
+ =
Find :
1. Tentukan vektor garis singgng apabila vektor
singgng
satuan pd titik P(4,3,0).
2. Tentukan panjang kurva dimana titik P(5,0,0) s/d.
titik
Q(5/23, 5/2)
Solution :Transform :Dari skalar ke vektor
X
2
+ y
2
= 25
x = 5 cos t

y = 5 sin
t
4 = 5 cos t,

3 = 5
sin t,
5
3
sin
5
4
cos
=
=
t
t
j i
j i r

4 3
) 5 / 4 ( 5 ) 5 / 3 ( 5
+ =
+ = sub
Perkalian vektor
] 0 , 4 , 3 [ ' = r

dt r r l
t
t
}
= A
2
1
' '.

] 0 , 4 , 3 .[
0 4 ) 3 (
1
' .
'
1
2 2

+ +
= = r
r
u

] 0 , 4 , 3 .[
5
1
= u

2. Panjang kurva
dt j t i j t i t l
t
t
}
+ + = =
2
1
). cos 5 sin 5 ).( cos 5 sin (

2
1
5 . 5
2
1
t
t
t
t
dt l = =
}
,Cari batasan :
x = 5 cos t
y = 5 sin t
P(5,0,0)
5=5 cost, cost=1 t
1
= 0
0=5 sint, sint=0 t
2
= 0
Titik Q(5/23,5/2) 5/23=5 cost, cost=1/2.3 t
1
= t/6
5/2=5 sint, sint=1/2 t
2
= t/6
2
1
5 . 5
2
1
t
t
t
t
dt l = =
}
satuan l t
t
.
6
5
5
6
0
= =