Drawing Made Easy 1935

Drawing made easy 1935
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Document Transcript
1. Pilipiii 2. 1 .. 1 3. ;vr:m)^li)^,> ^"^4. BOOKS BY E. G. LUTZWith Illustrations by the AuthorPRACTICAL DRAWINGA book for the student and the generalreaderPRACTICAL ART ANATOMYStructural anatomy of the human figureeasily understood by ingeniously drawndiagramsANIMATED CARTOONSHow they are made, their origin anddevelopmentDRAWING MADE EASYA helpful book for young artistsPRACTICAL GRAPHIC FIGURESThe technical side of drawing for car-toons and fashionsTHE MOTION-PICTURE CAMERAMANA book for the amateur and professionalcinematographerPRACTICAL PICTORIAL COMPOSITIONA guide to the appreciation of pictures.With pen-and-ink inlerpretalions of paint-ings and diagrammatic analyses by theauthorPRACTICAL PEN DRAWINGA clear presentation of pen-and-ink illustra-tionMORE THINGS TO DRAWA sequel to Drawing Made Easy. A help-ful book for young artistsPRACTICAL ART LETTERINGA treatise on the construction of the sym-bols of the alphabetPRACTICAL LANDSCAPE PAINTING INOILSA book to interest the general reader aswell as the art studentPRACTICAL WATER-COLOR SKETCHINGClear and simple directions for painting inwater-colorsPRACTICAL ENGRAVING AND ETCHINGCHARLES SCRIBNERS SONS 5. DRAWING MADE EASY 6. DRAWING MADE EASYA HELPFUL BOOK FORYOUNG ARTISTSTHE WAY TO BEGIN AND FINISH YOUR SKETCHESCLEARLY SHOWN STEP BY STEPBYE-G-LUTZNEW YORKCHARLES SCRIBNERS SONS1935 7. Copyright, 1921, byCHARLES SCRIBXERS SONSPrinted in the United States of AmericaAll rights reserved. No pari of this bookmay be reproduced in any form withoutthe permission of Charles Scribners SonsY^hS^37377 8. THR.U5H L^CONTENTSPageThrush , 7Parrakeets . . . 10Things needed for drawing 11Drawing curves with the help of a series of dots 12, 13Making designs based on a square and with the help of the compasses 14, 15Drawing designs with the compasses and with a circle as a foundation 16, 17Brer Fox ". 18Top, radish, Christmas tree 19Camp fire 20Indian tent 21Glass fish bowl 22Cherries, tea-pot, fan, etc 23îlobe 24Walloon o 25 9. 8 CONTENTSPageDrawing leavesmaple and oak 37Butterflies 28, .V ,0Bees, clover 31Resemblances , . 32Morning-glory, narcissus 33Pansies 34Buttercups and daisies 3SJack-in-the-pulpit , 36Fuchsia 37Rabbits 38, 39Owl 40Owls head 41Duck and penguin 42Swallows 43Goose, duck 44Stork, heron 45Running dog and monkey 46Elephants 47Drawing a pig with a single line and with the eyes closed .... 48Pigs 49Cat and mice 50Cat and mouse 51 10. CONTENTSPageBird, snail, tortoise, and fish 52Squirrel, flicker, chipmunk, thrush 53Prairie-dogs 54Buffalo o , 55Instructions for drawing horses . 56Standing horse 57Horses in movement 58, 59Houses 60Sailboat, tugboat 61Ocean life 62Sailboats 63Dolls 64More dolls to draw 65Babies 66,
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67Little Hollanders 68, 69Drawing faces in profile . . . 71,Boys faces ........ . 72Expressions 73Round face 74Rectangular features o . . . . . 75Face drawn within an ellipse .............. 76Triangular features 77 11. 10 CONTENTSPageSingle-line action figures 78Single-line action figures . . . c . . . 79 to 83Automobiles . . 84Airplanes c . 85Locomotive and car <. o o 86An easy lesson in perspective in railway trains 87Drawing landscapes 88 to 91An aid in drawing ovals 92Patterns for shields and ornaments <. 93To draw an ellipse 94Landscape sketch o o 95 PAR-Rj!K.EET5(l)n.w~v 12. DRAWING MADE EASY 11DRAWINGBOOKLtAD PENCILS OF AMEDIUM GRADE PAD OFSCRIBBLING PAPER.5ANDPAPER.BLOCK.^^^Ll^L^l^ V ^/ Lg^ // ^,>i>/,W /r/FOOT-RULEPENCILCOM PA55ESCOLOREDCRAYONSTHINGS NEEDED FOR DRAWINGA lead-pencil and a pad of scribbling paper is about all you need incopying most of the pictures in this book. A soft rubber forerasing would be good to have, too. You might also get asmall wooden triangle, a foot rule, and compasses with a pen-cil-point. These few tools are the modest representatives ofthe accurate instruments that inventors, engineers, and archi-tects use in planning the things that we use every day. Thehouse you live in, the vehicle in which you ride, and themachines that make the many things you wear and use werefirst planned and drawn out with the aid of dividers, compasses,rulers, and other drawing instruments.Point the lead of your pencil on a block of sandpaper. No doubtyou will want a water-color box. It is a good thing to have,but you can get lots of enjoyment in coloring your drawingsrifVi rrQ7-nrc 13. 12 DRAWING MADE EASYA. Not in this angular way- B. But like this, in one continuous flowing curve.DRAWING CURVES WITH THE HELP OF A SERIESOF DOTSIn the objects about us that we think of as beautiful, it isnt alwaystheir color that attracts or holds our attention. It is veryoften another matter; namely, their form or outline. Forinstance, in a vase, the gently curving lines of the form pleaseas much as the color of the material. In flowers, leaves, andshells, the outlines that define the shapes delight the eye aswell as the varied colors.The diagrams on the opposite page are to suggest exercises in draw-ing that will help you to appreciate beauty in line as well ashave you understand the importance of thinking while draw-ing. Make a series of scattered dots as shown. Be sure andhave the dots at different distances apart. Now, if we takethe first example, with the dots marked, 1, 2, 3, and 4: westart our line at the 1st dot, continue it to the 2d, and then tothe 3d, and ending at the 4th. The idea is to make an easyflowing curved line from the first dot to the last. There mustbe no break or angular turning. In doing this, try to forgetthe pencil-point, and think only of a curved line that you areimagining as already marked on the paper going through thedots.If you keep your eye on the pencil and watch it as you drawthewrong waythe line will be like that in Diagram A, above,angular and wanting in beauty. 14. DRAWING MADE EASY 13 4 15. 14 DRAWING MADE EASYMAKING DESIGNS BASED ON A SQUARE ANDWITH THE HELP OF THE COMPASSESSome things about geometry are explained above in a way that n(doubt will impress you. There will be no excuse, now, of noknowing the names of the different parts of a circle.The first thing to do in making the designs on the other page is tcconstruct a square. This can very easily be made with the;foot rule and triangle. With the foot rule measure off thesides of the square of equal length, and with the triangle getthe corners exactly right-angled.The first seven designs are made by placing the point of the com-passes in comers, as shown in B. In Figure 8 you
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have four otherpoints to set your compasses, with whirV . +^ ri^-o^, ^ j__;--^, ^ 16. DRAWING MADE EASY 17. 16DRAWING MADE EASYACUTE ANGLEPARALLEL LINESRAILWAYTRACKSTRIANGLERIQHTANGLERIDGE-.. X / ^ / ROOFL-SHAPED WEDGE "-^^ ^-^SQUARE ELLIP5E WHEEL IN PERSPECTIVESICKLE CRESCENT crescent with 5PIRAL SNAILS SHELlINTE115ECT1NG C1R.CLE5Similar forms in things and in geometrical figures.DRAWING DESIGNS WITH THE COMPASSES AND WITHA CIRCLE AS A FOUNDATIONDraw a circle with the pencil compasses as shown in A, on the"opposite page. Keep the legs of the compasses, when you havecompleted the circle, at the same distance apart as they werewhen describing it. Now this distancethe radiusif markedoff around the circumference of the circle, will go exactly sixtimes, as in B. (Turn back to page 14 again, to be reminded,by glancing at its picture, of the meaning of ** radius" nH"circumference.")This dividing of a circle into six parts by marking the radiuscircumference is an unalterable law, and if you find th,does not come out this way, on your first attempt, it siimeans that you must try again. When you have dravnumber of circles, and worked carefully in gettmg the pcequally marked, you will have foundations for drawmg ;figures and designs on the remainder of the page. Figur .is a hexagon, or six-sided plane, while below it,. Figure 4,-^triangle, or plane with three angles and three "sides.These designs, as well as those on page 15, made withm a squmay be brightened up with the colored crayc^ls.i 18. DRAWING MADE EASY 17 19. ]R DRAWING MADE EASY-----"vr P-"." % 9a : /5 J!^ .6 u:^ V I, yîin III/ J...t brer. foxThe first thing in drawing is to understand the form of that whichwe wish to picture. Some objects are so oddly formed anc/ sofull of detail that we must stop first and give a few minutestudy their form and the meaning of the detail. But tl:are other things of simpler form, and so easier to draw. 1pictures on these two pages, for instance. It is very quicgrasped by the eye that their general outlines are bouncby triangles. If, then, a triangle is drawn first, as indicatedthe first figure of each example, the rest of the drawing canproceeded with very quickly. 20. DRAWING MADE EASY 19IyY^ yVTOPRADISHn!^^ I..ted:3JÂ//V" ^ 1 1I[a chri5tma5^LYtree^rOTTTTll 21. 20 DRAWING MADE EASYV A. -. .Art/?k<A/]II//,.i~Nt/V-W>4CAMP FIR.E"â-- ").^-. ,.2^"1-.^,^4-*Here are two more subjects that are very easy to draw if theircharacteristic formstrianglesare first indicated.It is not intended that the dotted Hnes in the diagrams are to becopied by you as dotted Hnes. Dotted hnes in these examples,and in the diagrams throughout the book, merely representconstruction lines that are to be marked faintly.In going on with your drawing by following the lesson as indi-cated above, it is well to keep constantly in mind that it isthe completed sketch, as in Figure 4, that you are endeavor-ing to copy. 22. ijkawing made easy 21VAIt is very quickly understood, at the first glance, that the RedIndians tent has a triangular outline.The construction lines, which you have marked faintly, as sug-gested on the preceding page, need not be erased in completingthe sketch. When you have copied the landscape, place inthe distance a horse, or a buffalo. Farther on in the bookare pages with pictures showing you how to proceed in pict-uring such subjects. You noticed,
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of course, while you weredrawing this picture, that the flap of the tent and the open-ing are both triangular. 23. 22 DRAWING MADE EASY--JGLA55 FISHBOWLCircles are made first in starting the subjects on these pages.Where the form is clearly a circle, the fish bowl above, forinstance, use th ::ompasses. But in picturing the cherries,the toy dog, o. t radish, draw t^=" r-iVr-i<-c fr^*=.v.or.H 24. DRAWING MADE EASY 23 25. 24 DRAWING MADE EASYglobe:The terrestrial globe pictured on this page requires some verycareful work with the compasses. For the middle line of theequator and the central line of the support use the ruler. Ina subject such as this, where the lines are unmistakablystraight, use a ruler. 26. DRAWING MADE EASY 25bALLOON /O 27. 26 DRAWING MADE EASYMAPLE LEAFANDMAPLE. 5EEDDRAWING LEAVESDuring the summer you will find many leaves that can serve aspatterns for drawing. The oak and the maple leaf are givenhere as examples.If you try, in your first lines in copying one of these leaves, tomark the way the outline goes in and out, you will not getalong very well. The best plan is to block out the entirespace that the leaf takes up, and then draw the ribs, and afterthat the outline.Be sure and draw other leaf-forms., tôse that you find in the woods,or on plants. Before you beg;, tc sketch them, give someattention to their general form and mark that first. Thelittle details are then much easier to put in their proper places. 28. DRAWING MADE EASY 27OAK- LE.AFANDACOR-N"My cap Feelsa^ fpif le loose!Here I ô.If a squirreldoesat ê-trae , Til bea bi^ oak^"tree some day 29. 28 DRAWING MADE EASYBUTTERFLIESMaking pictures of butterflies is not difficult. You will see onpages 29 and 30 the progressive steps by which five differentkinds are pictured. In each case it is the last figure of eachseries of diagrams that you are striving to copy. And Figure 1,in each case, shows the first lines that you put on the paper.It is also possible to draw butterflies in the way suggested fordrawing leaves; that is, marking out at the beginning thewhole space that the subject takes up.But the five simple combinations of lines, grouped above, are soexpressive of our subjects, that marking them first makes avery good way to start picturing the five butterflies.Notice how one of these butterflies, in its construction lines, resem-bles the letter Y, while two others suggest the letter X.! 30. DRAWING MADE EASY 292. AJ 5 Qy<J 4-BUTTER-FLIES 31. 30 DRAWING MADE EASYDBUTTER^FLIES X^ 00 32. DRAWING MADE EASY 31C^ ^0^ BEESThe series of diagrams on the top of this page show how to goabout making pictures of bees.The clover blossom and leaves are blocked out first in lightly-marked lines, as indicated in Figure 1. Continue with thework, and when you have finished it, as shown in Figure 3,you may sketch a bee resting lightly on top of the clover blos-som. That is the way you often see bees when they are gath-ering honey in the summertime. And remember to indicateone flying to the hive with his gathered honey and pollen. 33. 32 DRAWING MADE EASYThe engraving above shows us the resemblance between a morning-glory and a funnel, and the likeness of a
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narcissus to a cupand saucer.Now, the idea of showing these comparisons is to help you under-stand the forms of these flowers. As you know, it is a greathelp in drawing to understand thoroughly the form of theparticular object that we are drawing. Take the morning-glory, for instance; by keeping in mind its striking resemblanceto a funnel, a very simple thing to picture, we are able tovisualize it in simple lines and so sketch it easily.And in the narcissus; if you do not allow the minor divisions tobother you, but see at once the resemblance to a cup andsaucer, you will know how to go about the work of drawingwith much more facility. That is, you will plan as yourstart some form like a cup and its saucer, as shown inFigure 2 of the narcissus diagrams on the opposite page.The pictures of bees and butterflies that you now know how tomake will be good to combine with the flower sketches thatyou will learn to draw from the lessons on the five followingpages. 34. DRAWING MADE EASY 33MORNINGGLORYNARCISSUS C< 35. 34 DRAWING MADE EASYMr^PAN51E5 iThe six diagrams above show how to draw the outlines of a pansy,and the five varied-patterned pansies below give a hint forfinishing with the pencil or crayons.The picturing of buttercups and daisies is explained on ^ht oppositepage. 36. DRAWING MADE EASY 35BUTTERCUPSAND DAISIES 37. 36 DRAWING MADE EASYIn beginning to draw the Jack-in-the-pulpit pictured above, theimportant line for you to consider is the one representing thecentre of the flower, or its axis. Marking this Hghtly, andalways keeping it in mind as you draw, helps to place prop-erly other parts or details of the subject.This flower, which you may find early in the spring, growing inmoist places in the woods, is a cousin to the large white calla-lily of the conservatory.Sketching the fuchsia is also made easier by noting the centralimagined lines that go through the open flower and the bud. 38. DRAWING MADE EASY 37/ ^ X- -" N^~"*.1FUCH5IAl^:^)HLADYFUCH/A6 39. 38 DRAWING MADE EASYRABBITSHere are four rabbits that will very patiently pose for you whileyou sketch them.It doesnt matter which one of them you begin on, as the mode ofprocedure in each case is the same in marking an elliptical, oroval form, as the first stroke of your pencil.In drawing one of these rabbits, keep your eye and mind most ofthe time on his picture, as shown above, but glance from timeto time at the series of diagrams to see the progressive man-ner that you follow to complete his picture. 40. DRAWING MADE EASY 39 41. 40 DRAWING MADE EASY0A/LOwls are very obliging and friendly models. When you go to theZoo do not fail to try your hand at sketching them. It willnot be at all difficult, for your owl model will most likely keepvery still and only blink his eyes. 42. DRAWING MADE EASY 41OWLSHEAD(?-MaxK UK ui .t lines faintly and get them as round as possible,entirely by free hand. 43. DRAWING MADE EASYDUCK AND PENGUINOther birds at the Zoo that sometimes keep quiet long enoughfor you to sketch are the ducks, geese, and cranes. Oftenthey rest themselves on one leg and stay that way for somêtime. Drawing a bird in this position is not so easy as itseems. Picturing him balanced on one leg, and not as if hewere toppling over, is a matter of careful consideration ofwhat pencil strokes to put down at the start.
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44. DRAWING MADE EASY 43Swallows. 45. 44 DRAWING MADE EASY 46. DRAWING MADE EASY 45 47. 46 DRAWING MADE EASYRUNNINGDOGThe kind of elephant that one commonly sees at the Zoo is theIndian elephant. He has a thick-set body and small ears.Sometimes, however, we see the African elephant. You willknow one of this kind at once by his huge ears. The ears look,especially when the elephant moves them, like large fans.There are other unlikenesses between these two elephants, butthis difference in the size of the ear is the principal one.There are shown on the opposite page the progressive steps inmaking pictures of these two elephants.To draw the running dog pictured above, first construct two squaresside by side, indicated by dotted lines, and then mark a firmcurved line, as in Figure 1. When you have proceeded as faras the next step, drawing the body, you will have some resem-blance to the complete sketch shown by Figure 5. An oddway is given below of drawing the droll face of a monkey bymaking a circle and then a smaller one intersecting it below. 48. DRAWING MADE EASY HiASIATICELEPHANT4AFRICANELEPHANT 49. 48 DRAWING MADE EASYDRAWING A PIG WITH A SINGLE LINEAND WITH THE EYES CLOSEDHere we have the picture of a pig in a simple outline. It is a copyfor you to follow. But you are to make your drawing in apeculiar manner; that is, with the eyes closed, or not lookingat the paper, and in one unbroken line. Now, drawing in thisway, by which the inner vision only is used, the attention iscalled to one great fact about drawing. It is this:Drawing is first a matter of the mind and thenonly secondly a thing of pencil and paper.When you are trying this little exercise of drawing a pig with theeyes closed and without lifting the pencil from the paper, so asto get one continuous line you are forced to hold and keep inyour mind the picture of a pig. You can understand then thatalthough we need pencil, brushes, and paints in picture mak-ing, the first thing needed is an idea or an image in the mindof that which we wish to portray.On the opposite page are two types of pigs; the one is of a some-what square character in his outline, while the other is a jollyround fat one.Diagrams 2 and 3, of the pig of a square character, are goodexamples of the blocking-out method in drawing. 50. DRAWING MADE EASY 49 51. 50 DRAWING MADE EASYCAT AND MICEIn drawing the very much surprised cat with the bold black mousein front of herthe picture on the opposite pagea vertical,or up-and-down line, going through the centres of the twoforms with which the drawing is started helps to keep theseanimals in their correct positions.It is plain to be seen that the right way of beginning to draw amouse is to make a simple form that gives a general idea of hisbody, as the mere addition of a curlicue for a tail at once givesa fairly good portrait of a mouse.If the cat on this page were to turn around, all the mice wouldscamper away. That is a good way to draw them. Try it. 52. DRAWING MADE EASY 51CATANDMOUSE 53. 52 DRAWING MADE EASY(^_gVBIRD, SNAIL, TORTOISE, AND FISHAfter school-days comes vacation time, when you will spend manyhappy hours in the woods and fields. But do not with allyour outdoor play neglect drawing. Good subjects to sketchwill most likely come your way. A tortoise, that during aramble may cross your path, will make an easy subject todraw. The
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shell suggests an inverted cup.The flicker, as you will notice, has two toes in front and two point-ing backward. Notice how he uses his tail feathers to supporthimself as he taps the tree trunk. 54. DRAWING MADE EASY 53THR.USH 55. 54 DRAWING MADE EASYPRA1R.IE-DOG5- c J- ,^ ^rYou can learn to draw a buffalo in a standing position by followingthe series of diagrams on the page opposite. The crinkly massof the buffalos head is rather hard to represent in lines witha lead-pencil. The proper tool would be a brush filled withcolor with which you could paint quickly the large mass ofhair and get the outline soft and woolly, as it really is in nature.However, you will learn something by trying to do the bestyou can in following the lesson on the page. Afterward youmay paint his picture with a brush and color.The prairie-dogs really havent very strongly defined character.Some character they have, of course, but it is merely thatthey are fat little bodies. The simple outlines at the top showwhat you are to draw first to indicate this character. 56. DRAWING MADE EASY 55I.^f^ :^ .^/^Buffalo. 57. 56 DRAWING MADE EASYA 3 A 4-The engravings on this and the three following pages show you howto make pictures of horses.In the first lesson, you start your sketch with a square. Draw itfree-hand; that is, without the aid of ruler or triangle. Makeit as accurately as possible and then divide it into two partsby a line across it just above the middle. Now, in one cornermark a triangle pointing obliquely upward and another tri-angle slanting downward. The exact procedure is shownabove. All the lines that you have been marking so far shouldbe made faintly, as they are only construction lines. Thelesson is continued in the five diagrams on the next page.The other horses, series B, C, D, and E, on the following pages, areto be drawn step by step, as shown in the diagrams. 58. DRAWING MADE EASY 57Standing Horse.Draw this horse as he appears harnessed to a vehicle. 59. 58 DRAWING MADE EASYB 1 C 1Horses in Movement.While drawing these horses, keep the general proportions in mind,as illustrated by the four diagrams on page 56. 60. DRAWING MADE EASY 59D 1E 1Horses in Movement. 61. 60 DRAWING MADE EASY-SvOn this page are two les-sons in drawing houses thathave a Httle of the whimsi-cal about the way that wego about in picturing them.In one case a start ismade by marking a Vturned upside down. Thepicture soon becomes atent and then a house whena chimney is added. Inthe other case a house isbuilt pictorially by progres-sive steps that begin bythe drawing of a lozenge-shaped design.There is no need to hesi-tate when about to sketchthe sailboat illustrated onthe opposite page. A tri-angle, quickly drawn, givesthe idea of a sail at once,and with the addition of aline for the mast and an in-dication of the hull, wehave the picture almostcompleted. The tugboat ismade by sketching, withstrict regard to their pro-portions, the hull and thenthe smoke-stack. These arethe two most conspicuous^^^^^parts, and so it is good to ,^^"indicate them at once.^j-D 62. DRAWING MADE EASY 61TUGBOAT1ZIPfl ^N V.)D g j~| a[-[Da(Efl jsi:s_n n nac zzr^ 63. 62 DRAWING MADE EASY^3 W^^ 45TAR. n5H 5e:a horseSEA GULL, FLYING FISH, CRAB, STAR FISH, SEA HORSEA few forms of ocean life
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are portrayed here. If you have not beenso fortunate as to have seen these creatures in Hfe at the n<"o-shore, or in aquariums, you are at least familiar with th.-n.through pictures or specimens in museums. See how every I.rin the flying-fish diagrams expresses speed in flying. 64. DRAWING MADE EASY 63SAILBOATS 65. 64 DRAWING MADE EASYKJ}>Here are some interesting subjects to draw. The first figure ineach seriesa circle for the head and a simple outline for thebody and limbsare to be sketched with careful thought withregard to the proportions. Notice that the eyes are placed inthe lower half of the circle. To help you place them properlydraw a line across the middle of the circle before you begin todraw the face.After you have copied the dolls as they are pictured here, see howmuch imagination you have by clothing them in some otherstyle of dress. 66. DRAWING MADE EASY 65 67. 66 DRAWING MADE EASYWhen drawing the baby with the sunbonnet, or the one with thecap, begin by making a circle for the head and an apronlikeform underneath it. Mark your first lines lightly and havethe head one-fourth the entire height of the figure. Drawingthe head of a figure just four times the heightas if dividing itis called getting a figure in the proportion of four heads.This is the right proportion in which to draw pictures of veryyoung children such as those on these two pages. 68. DRAWING MADE EASY 675ABIE5You will notice in these engravings that parallel dotted lines areindicated running across the diagrams. They are not intendedto be drawn by you just this way, but are only to remind youof the right proportions in which to draw these pictures. Ofcourse, if it will help you in your work, you may mark themwhen sketching. The children here are represented as stand-ing before us very quietly. Farther on in the book you will be-ensufg-" to di ires of children in action. 69. 68 DRAWING MADE EASY/ "-::.--rr4 , .-.-.,LITTLE HOLLANDER-S/v-,>%^_^<Î LV -f-i^-.r-Here again parallel dotted lines cross the diagrams, to show youthe proper proportions in which to draw these Little Holland-ers. But on these pages the figures are drawn in five heads. 70. DRAWING MADE EASY 69.->-"r* 7- / ,0IIIIIi^^_ _ _ _^___. _ _ _,LITTLE HOLLANDERS^k^TA.-V y-- />!"--> -CThe babies on preceding pages were drawn four heads high; thepictures on these pages are drawn five heads high becausethey represent older children. 71. 70 DRAWING MADE EASYDrawing the side view of a face is shown above. In Figure 1, anup-and-down Hne is divided into three equal parts. As thisis the foundation for the sketch, get it accurately marked.Notice that in Figure 3, the mouth comes at about one-third ofthat division.On the opposite page are two lessons in drawing profile faces bysimple, easy ways. 72. DRAWING MADE EASY 71DKAWlKGFACE5NPR.OFILE 73. 72 DRAWING MADE EASYBOYS FACESThe first step that you take instarting out to draw one of the boysfaces is to make an oval-like formand draw the cross-lines through itscentre. The line going across marksoff the part of the head in whichyou place the lineaments, or linesthat determine the drawing of theface. The up-and-down line helpsin getting the lines evenly placed.At the top of the opposite pageis a face that v/ill be easy to draw,as the way to go about making it isshown by the seven diagrams. Thefour faces with
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different expressionsmay be drawn in the same step-by-step process as that shown for theface with the placid countenance.The lower diagrams. A, B, C, andD, give the essential lines for theexpressions depicted above them.Compare the lines that m.ake upthe expression of the first face, thesmiling one, with the lines of expres-sion of the last one, the seriouscountenance. One set of lines .a-curved and pleasing, while the otlset is characterized by angularand severity. 74. DRAWING MADE EASY 73EXPP.E5SION5u"^ ^,,^c^>> {c4^ o/y 75. 74 DRAWING MADE EASYROUNDFACE^ .G-. i->Whenever you feel in a playful mood and wish to make picturesof droll-looking faces there is no harm at all in doing so. Onlyavoid making rude and ugly caricatures. 76. DRAWING MADE EASY 75 77. 76 DRAWING MADE EASYFACEDFIAWHWITHIN ANELUP5E:^. <i-.*In these character sketches notice how the pecuHarities of featurof any particular face repeat themselves in that face. 78. DRAWING MADE EASY 77TRIANGU-LAR.FEATUflES 79. 78 DRAWING MADE EASYO-O.9 2Ppopoptions Head Bodyand Neck26 iyLega <G .<S^.L^SINGLE-LINE ACTION FIGURESAn oval-like outline for the head, a roughly drawn oblong for thebody, and four lines for the limbs are the few elements neededto draw these figures. The limb lines can end in markings toresemble hands and feet.A few pages back babies were pictured in the proportion of fourheads, and some Little Hollanders in five heads. Now theselittle action figures are planned to be six heads high. Thediagram at the top on the left shows this. Study this diagramcarefully, and, for the sake of practice, make many sketches ofthe simple standing figure. When you have done this andbecome familiar with the relative proportions of the figure,study and draw the pictures showing them in action on thefollowing pages.Note how balance is maintained by the bulk of the figure beingdistributed equally on each side of a vertical line. But infalling, you will see, a large part of the figure is on one side ofthis vertical line. In a slow walk the figure seems nearlybalanced, but in running it is pictured as falling forward.When you are uncertain as to which line to mark first in any ofthese pictures, study the particular picture and find the linethat expresses the movement best. Keep that line in mind asyou draw. 80. DRAWING MADE EASY 79PThe slant of the body and the way the lines of the limbs are markeddetermine the degree of any action. But the placing on ofthe head, and getting its proper tilt, is just as important.This nieans thought before marking the direction of the shortjsenting the neck. 81. 80 DRAWING MADE EASY:::suYou can make many more sketches than those pictured here. Usethis way of working for making pictures of the many activit-esof your play hours. Watch your companions at work an ^play and see the attitudes that they take. 82. DRAWING MADE EASY 81QOlen you draw these little figures in action try to imagine yourselfas goj :_, tliiougix he particular action that you are trying tosketcl It helps /onderfully.idy mr- nert bv tl e observation of the action of figures in the Tld. 83. 82 DRAWING MADE EASY/;-->>)1 84. DRAWING MADE EASY 83 > Vl*^plete pictures of these little figures by clothing them,ôu will see how much imagination you have. 85. 84 DRAWING MADE EASYAUTOMOBILESe.6r:l^*Two automobiles are
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pictured above the way they look whenpassing by on the road. The wheels in this case are circles; insketching them, use the compasses, if you wish. If the auto-mobiles were going in some other direction instead of passingdirectly before you, the wheels would present quite anotherappearance to your eye. They would take on the form of anellipse and would need to be drawn free-hand.When you draw the airplanes, notice the slant of the lines that de-fine the wings. Certain groups of these lines go to an invisi-ble point in the distance. The artist speaks of them as linesgoing off in perspective toward a vanishing y^86. DRAWING MADE EASY 85AIRPLANES 87. 86 DRAWING MADE EASY^^"/JQQQQoooai OOP OOPOOOOi :000^^^^J OO OO MQOOnooo^ OOP^n^^^^^rn^rn^^--LOCOMOTIVE AND GARThere is no objection, in copying the picture above, to a ruler fordrawing the construction lines, nor of igle, to use withthe ruler, in getting the right angles correctly. 88. DRAWING MADE EASY 87AN EASYLESSON INPERSPECTIVE. 89. 88 DRAWING MADE EASYDRAWING LANDSCAPESHere we have a few landscapes tostudy and draw. It is as important for youto study them as it is for you to makecopies of them. There are altogether tenpictures, falling into three groups. Takethe group on these two pages; note thatthey are all founded on the simple arrange-ment of lines shown by the diagram onthis page. These lines serve three pur-poses: for one, they aid, if sketched infirst, in drawing the various parts of the picture in theirproper places; secondly, they link the parts of the picturetogether so that it has a sense of completeness; and, thirdly,they give the picture some interesting lines to attract andhold the attention of the eye.The other groups of pictures, on the two following pages, havea little more complicated plan, or scheme of arrangement.But by marking a rectangle and then the leading lines, asshown, the picture-making goes on very rapidly.Color your landscapes, if you wish, with the crayons, or water-color paints.Al~vAEJ^.G.V^^p^^ 90. DRAWING MADE EASY 89D 1 D Z^.Qr,^ 91. 90 DRAWING MADE EASYF 1LEADINGLINES OFPICTURESE AND F,. 92. DRAWING MADE EASY 91LEADING LINES OFP1CTUR.E5 G.H.I AN DJ 93. 92 DRAWING MADE EASY/AN AID IN DRAWING OV ALSAn oval has an outline like an egg, with one end rounder and fullerthan the other. No doubt, when you have tried to draw anoval you have found it difficult to get it evenly shaped, withthe outline firmly marked. One way in which you may drawan oval is to cut a pattern out first and then use this patternby placing it against your sketching paper and tracing theoutline by running the pencil around the edge.The way to make an oval pattern for tracing is explained above.1. Roughly sketch an oval on a sheet of paper.2. Fold the paper so that the fold goes through the long middleline of the oval.3. Cut out the oval, through the folded paper, with a pair ofscissors. Cut with a firm, steady hand, so as to get it aneven curve.4. Open the paper, and you will have an oval pattern, withboth sides even.On the opposite page are a number of designs of shields, leafdesigns, and ornaments which can be made in the same wayas the oval. That is, first sketching out the intended designas accurately as possible, and then cutting it out when thepaper has been folded.
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94. DRAWING MADE EASY 93 95. 94 DRAWING MADE EASYTO DRAW AN ELLIPSEThere is an important difference between an ellipse and an oval.In an oval the fulness of the two ends is not the same, whilein an ellipse the two ends are exactly alike.When you draw a wheel in any other position but one directlybefore you, give it the form of an ellipse. Turn back to theengraving on page 16, and see the comparison between a wheelin a side view and an ellipse.Figures I and II of the engraving above show you how to goabout drawing an ellipse.To determine the places for the pins and the size of the loop:IV . Take the pencil compasses and fix the legs so that theymeasure the distance from A to B. This is one-half ofthe long central line of the ellipse. Now place thepoint at 1, and have the pencil-point cross the longline at 2 and 3.V . Stick pins into the paper at points 1, 2, and 3, and tie astring around them. Take out pin 1, and replace itwith the point of the pencil, and then proceed withthe problem as in Figure II. 96. DRAWING MADE EASY 95: Aa .rx.^-^ I I i I0,I I I I I I 97. X 98. Date DugTACK ROOMn j^p- i: Soj -jjj^"Wi*--*IWS.:<,.^. 99. i fi-*i i-4 ii^ÛiUL 100. iiiiiiliii
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Drawing Made Easy 1935

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