Guia Didactica para Ingles 4

GUIA DIDACTICA DE INGLES 4 SAETA
PRESENTACION
El tren sigue su marcha, CONTINUAMOS , Efectivamente tu que ya decidiste subirte a este tren no te queda otra mas que seguirle para adelante.
Como ya debes de saber el ingles es una lengua considerada como universal, que actualmente se utiliza en casi todos los pases del mundo porque determina la comunicacin en los mbitos social, cientfico, Tecnolgico, econmico, deportivo, etc. Ante este fenmeno nuestro pas no se excluye por el contrario nuestra situacin geogrfica nos provoca la imperiosa necesidad de incorporar a nuestros conocimientos el idioma ingles; aunado a lo anterior debemos de reconocer que esta modernidad cientfica y sobretodo tecnolgica que las herramientas fundamentales las representa precisamente el INGLES Y LA INFORMATICA. Este momento tmalo como la oportunidad de tu vida para volverte a conectar con el idioma ingles, quizs sea el espacio de reafirmacin de tus conocimientos previos, aceptando que el comn denominador del estudiante de SAETA es la voluntad y la afrontacin de retos. Dentro de ese orden de ideas nos encontramos ante una segunda oportunidad con el idioma ingles acurdate que para fortuna de muchos y por demanda social contempornea la materia de ingles se ha incrementado a 5 semestres. Y con este material habremos de incursionar en el CUARTO NIVEL DE INGLES.
Para desarrollar el contenido programtico de esta materia se ha tenido a bien disear el presente material auto-instruccional que contiene una serie de actividades clasificadas a travs de diferentes NOCIONES GRAMATICALES, sugeridas para el facilitador y el estudiante. Concibiendo a una secuencia didctica como una forma de organizar las actividades acadmicas. El presente documento contiene una serie actividades, a manera de sugerencias, al no concebirse como un modelo rgido de planeacin; en las cuales el facilitador podr, en comunin con el estudiante, disear las propias actividades de aprendizaje e incluso definir los materiales de apoyo para el logro de los objetivos. Acatando la caracterstica de flexibilidad y la enorme capacidad de adaptacin a las condiciones nacionales, regionales y locales que presentan los programas. Haciendo acopio de textos, videos, casetes, CD-ROMS, pginas WEB, y a todos los medios a los cuales se tenga acceso para el enriquecimiento de las mismas. En este curso, el alumno recupera lo visto en los niveles anteriores. Los conceptos fundamentales son: Aprovechamiento y preservacin de recursos y Sociedad del conocimiento, as como los subsidiarios son: Tipos: naturales, humanos y del conocimiento; y Usos: benficos y perjudiciales. Al llegar a este punto de desarrollo, nuestro alumno est en condiciones de poder aprovechar esos recursos del saber que ya ha obtenido, porque ahora, al relacionar esta asignatura con los aprendizajes que de manera vertical, horizontal y transversal proporcionan las dems materias del plan de estudios, es capaz de analizar y valorar la importancia presente y futura de los recursos naturales y participar activamente en la preservacin de stos, incluyendo los referentes a la cultura, as como los del conocimiento cientfico y tecnolgico, al hacer un uso adecuado en su entorno local, regional, nacional y mundial.
INDICE Mapa Conceptual de la asignatura Descripcin temtica NOCION GRAMATICAL Voz Pasiva NOCION GRAMATICAL Tag questions NOCION GRAMATICAL Segundo y Tercer condicional NOCION GRAMATICAL Pasado Perfecto NOCION GRAMATICAL Clausulas relativas EJRCICIOS DE VOCABULARIO 7 8 10 20 25 32 37 49
INGLS IV Mapa Conceptual de la Asignatura de Ingls IV Antecedente Ingls III Conceptos fundamentales Conceptos subsidiarios Tipos 1 Naturales 2 Humanos 3 Del conocimiento Usos 1 Benficos 2 Perjudiciales Aprovechamiento y preservacin de recursos Sociedad del conocimiento
Ingls IV Concepto Fundamental: Aprovechamiento y preservacin de recursos. Concepto Subsidiario: Tipos: -Naturales -Humanos -Del conocimiento Funciones del lenguaje sugeridas: 1 Solicitar y dar informacin sobre eventos relevantes. 2 Pedir y dar informacin sobre la elaboracin y consistencia de diversos productos. Nociones Gramaticales: 1 - Voz pasiva en presente (aff-neg-int) 2 - Tag questions (forma afirmativa y negativa) 3 - Voz pasiva en pasado ( aff-neg-int) 4 - Segundo Condicional (unreal condicional) Aff-neg-int. (World, could, might). 5 - Todas las estructuras anteriores vistas en los semestres anteriores. Vocabulario: 1 - Pasado participio de verbos regulares e irregulares 2 - Preposiciones: of, by 3 - Materiales: Wood, plastic, iron, leather, etc. 4 - Elementos de la naturaleza: river, ocean, mountain, hill, forrest, volcano, etc.
Principales Categoras: Principales Valores a fomentar: Diversidad Libertad Espacio Justicia Energa Solidaridad Materia Tiempo Contexto de aprendizaje: Acorde al Tema Integrador propuesto.
Ingls IV Concepto Fundamental: Sociedad del conocimiento. Concepto Subsidiario: Usos: Funciones del lenguaje sugeridas: 1 - Conocer y relatar eventos importantes de su localidad, pas y del mundo, suscitados en un tiempo antes del pasado. 2 - Pedir y dar informacin sobre acontecimientos que han impactado el rumbo del pas y del mundo. 3 - Investigar y recrear la cultura popular en su comunidad y su pas. Nociones Gramaticales: 1 - Pasado Perfecto (af-negint) 2 - Tercer condicional (past unreal conditional) 3 - Clusulas o proposiciones relativas (definidas y no definidas: who, whom, whose, what, which, that) 4 - Todas las estructuras gramaticales vistas en los semestres anteriores. Vocabulario: 1 - Pasado participio de verbos regulares e irregulares 1 - Expresiones de tiempo acorde a las estructuras gramaticales propuestas. 2 - Beneficios derivados del trabajo, educacin, poltica, investigacin, economa, etc.
Principales Categoras: Principales Valores a fomentar: Diversidad Libertad Espacio Justicia Energa Solidaridad Contexto de aprendizaje: Acorde al Tema Integrador propuesto.
NOCION GRAMATICAL
VOZ PASIVA Existen dos voces en ingles, LA VOZ ACTIVA Y LA VOZ PASIVA.
Active Voice [1] Paul congratulated David
Passive Voice [2] David was congratulated by Paul
La VOZ PASIVA se forma usando el auxiliar pasivo del verbo TO BE y el verbo principal con terminacin ED. En oraciones activas, no existe un auxiliar de pasivo, sin embargo otros auxiliares pueden ser utilizados. Paul is congratulating Paul will congratulate Paul has congratulated David David David
Los ejemplos anteriores son oraciones activas que no contienen auxiliar pasivo. Note que en el primero el auxiliar es auxiliar progresivo no pasivo, lo notamos por la terminacin del verbo principal ING y no ED.
En la oracin 2 nos referimos a Paul como el agente o sea quien realiza la accin. En ocasiones el agente no esta especificado. David was congratulated CARACTERISTICAS 1. Se dice que una oracin est en VOZ ACTIVA cuando la significacin del verbo es producida por la persona gramatical a quien aqul se refiere: Pedro de Mendoza founded Buenos Aires. (Pedro de Mendoza fund Buenos Aires). 2. Se dice que una oracin est en VOZ PASIVA cuando la significacin del verbo es recibida por la persona gramatical a quien aqul se refiere: Buenos Aires was founded by Pedro de Mendoza.
(Buenos Aires fue fundada por Pedro de Mendoza). 3. Se forma con el auxiliar del verbo to be y el participio pasado del verbo que se conjuga. 4. El complemento de la oracin activa pasa a sujeto de la pasiva. Como en castellano, el sujeto de la activa se puede conservar como sujeto agente. 5. Cuando un verbo tiene dos complementos se pueden hacer dos estructuras de pasiva: a) A book was sent to Tom by Mr. Smith, Un libro fue enviado a Tom por Mr. Smith. b) Tom was sent a book by Mr. Smith (pasiva idiomtica). Esta estructura no es posible en castellano. MODELO DE VERBO EN VOZ PASIVA TO BE SEEN = SER VISTO PRESENTE I am seen, soy visto you are seen, eres visto he is seen, es visto we are seen, somos vistos you are seen, sois vistos they are seen, son vistos PRETERITO PERFECTO I have been seen, he sido visto you have been seen, has sido visto he has been seen, ha sido visto we have been seen, hemos sido vistos you have been seen, habis sido vistos they have been seen, han sido vistos PASADO I was seen, fui visto you were seen, fuiste visto he was seen, fue visto we were seen, fuimos vistos you were seen, fuisteis vistos they were seen, fueron vistos FUTURO I shall be seen, ser visto you will be seen, sers visto he will be seen, ser visto we shall be seen, seremos vistos you will be seen, seris vistos they will be seen, sern vistos
VOZ ACTIVA Y PASIVA: REGLAS PRCTICAS EN 4 PASOS. 1. La voz pasiva se forma con el verbo to be conjugado ms el participio del verbo principal. En ingls es mucho ms frecuente que en espaol y, normalmente, aparece cuando no es importante quien realiza una accin sino el hecho en s. Por eso, no siempre que veamos una pasiva, tenemos que
traducirlo literalmente, puesto que en espaol suena ms forzado. Slo es posible el uso de la voz pasiva con verbos transitivos (verbos que llevan complemento directo).
VOZ ACTIVA Tom writes a letter Tom is writing a letter Tom was writing a letter Tom wrote a letter Tom has written a letter Tom had written a letter Tom will write a letter Tom is going to write a letter Tom can write a letter Tom could write a letter Tom must write a letter Tom may write a letter Tom might write a letter
VOZ PASIVA A letter is written by Tom A letter is being written by Tom A letter was being written by Tom A letter was written by Tom A letter has been written by Tom A letter had been written by Tom A letter will be written by Tom A letter is going to be written by Tom A letter can be written by Tom A letter could be written by Tom A letter must be written by Tom A letter may be written... A letter might be written...
2. El sujeto agente se expresa con by. Sin embargo, en la mayora de las ocasiones se prescinde del sujeto ya que no nos interesa saber quin exactamente ejecuta la accin. Si una oracin activa tiene complemento directo e indirecto, cualquiera de los dos complementos puede ser sujeto paciente de la pasiva: ACTIVE: Someone gives me a dog PASSIVE 1: A dog is given to me PASSIVE 2: I am given a dog (forma pasiva idiomtica) La forma pasiva de doing, seeing, etc es being done, being seen, etc. ACTIVE: I don't like people telling me what to do PASSIVE: I don't like being told what to do En ocasiones en las que ocurre algo a veces imprevisto, no planeado o fortuito para la formacin de la voz pasiva se prefiere usar get y no be: get hurt, get annoyed, get divorced, get married, get invited, get bored, get lost
3. Las construcciones impersonales (se dice, se comenta, etc.) son muy tpicas de la pasiva y difciles de traducir para los hispanoparlantes. Este tipo de
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construccin pasiva -utilizada cada vez con mayor frecuencia en los medios- se forma con la estructura sujeto + to be + participle: It is reported (Se informa); It is said (Se dice); It is known (Se sabe); It is supposed (Se supone); It is considered (Se considera); It is expected (Se espera). Veamos algunos ejemplos: ACTIVE: Everybody thinks Cathy works very hard. PASSIVE 1: Cathy is thought to work very hard. (Se piensa que Cathy...) PASSIVE 2: It is thought that Cathy works very hard. (Se piensa que Cathy...) ACTIVE: They believe Tom is wearing a white pullover. PASSIVE 1: Tom is believed to be wearing a white pullover. (Se cree que...) PASSIVE 2: It is believed that Tom is wearing a white pullover. (Se cree que...)
4. USOS ADICIONALES DE SUPPOSE a) Se usa en afirmativo para acciones que estaban planeadas, que se supone que van a realizar, u obligaciones que uno debera cumplir. You were supposed to be here at 9:00 am!! b) Otras veces, el uso de supposed indica que estos planes o obligaciones finalmente no se cumplieron: The train was supposed to arrive at 5 o'clock. (but it arrived at 8 o'clock) You were supposed to go to the supermarket. (but you didn't go) c) Por el contrario, en negativo, supposed significa la no conveniencia o prohibicin de hacer algo: You are not supposed to smoke here. (you are not allowed to smoke here) You are not supposed to copy our web files. (you must not copy our web files)
Como en espaol, la voz pasiva se forma con el verbo 'to be' (ser) y el participio pasado. They made this car in 1963. (active) This car was made in 1963. (passive) El sujeto de un verbo en pasiva corresponde al objeto de un verbo en activa. Spanish is spoken Argentina in PASIVA
(sujeto) Argentinians speak Spanish ACTIVA
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(objeto) Estudia la siguiente (pp = participio pasado) Verb Tense PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT CONTINUOUS FUTURE (WILL) FUTURE TO) lista de las formas del verbo en pasiva.
Structure am/are/is + pp
Example Spanish is spoken here.
am/are/is being + Your questions are being answered. pp will be + pp Itll be painted by next week.
(GOING am/are/is going to Terry is going to be made redundant be + pp next year. was/were + pp We were invited to the party, but we didnt go.
PAST SIMPLE PAST CONTINUOUS PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT FUTURE PERFECT
was/were being + The hotel room was being cleaned pp when we got back from shopping. have/has been + The President of America has been pp shot. had been + pp When he got home he found that all of his money had been stolen.
will have been + Our baby will have been born before pp Christmas.
En las formas del future progressive (will be being + pp) y perfect progressive (has been being + pp) no es muy comn su uso. Para decir quin haca la accin o qu la causaba, usa 'by'. This house was built by my mother. / Esta casa fue construida por mi madre. Washington was bombed by Pakistan. / Washington fue bombardeado por Pakistn. La voz pasiva se suele utilizar cuando se desconoce o no interesa mencionar quin o qu hace la accin. Es ms normal encontrar en espaol formas con se, por ejemplo: se habla, se alquila o verbos en plural como venden, compran.
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In the same way, this construction has a passive meaning. The important thing in our minds is the person or thing that will experience the action, e.g. a. The ceiling needs painting (= the ceiling needs to be painted) b. My hair needs cutting (= my hair needs to be cut) German is spoken here / Aqu se habla alemn When was this house built? / Cuando se construy ( fue construida) sta casa? A lot of songs have been written about love / Se han escrito muchas canciones sobre el amor
Are the following constructions active or passive?
1. Jane decided to cancel the party
Active Passive
2. The lecturer was impressed by your essay
Active Passive
3. Your horse is walking on our lawn
Active Passive
4. The top floor was destroyed
Active
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Passive
5. The pills should be taken twice a day
Active Passive
1 - Relaciona los siguientes carteles con el sitio donde los veas siguiendo el ejemplo. 1. car park - 2. pub - 3. restaurant 6. hotel - 7. library - 8. garage - 9. web page 4. airport 5. shop
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2 - Completa cada frase con su correspondiente participio pasado de los siguientes verbos: BUILT, OFFER, STEAL, BREAK, INVITE, TRASLATE, 1. 2. The Do beds you in think our room well be havent been to the yet. party? into
3. La Mansin del Ingls is so successful it will probably be
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twenty 4. When our flat was
different
languages.
last month, my laptop computer was
. 5. I went to work early to go to the meeting yesterday and I realised that the date had been to the 13th February. 6. A new sports centre is being in front of our house and its completely spoiling our view of the sea. 7. When I saw my grandmother yesterday she told me she had been in 9. Elton John was the street on in her Pinner, way to bingo. . England. the job. 8. Cathy cant use her office until next week as it s being Middlesex, 10. I thought the interview went well, but I still wasnt
EXERCISE A
Read the sentence and then write another sentence with the same meaning. Begin each sentence as shown in the examples. store.
Examples: Somebody stole my bag in the store. My bag was stolen in the The police have arrested three men. Three men have been arrested by the police . 1. The bill includes service. Service 2. People don't use this road very often. This road 3. They canceled all flights because of fog. All flights 4. Somebody accused me of stealing the money. I . . . .
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5.
They are building a new shopping center downtown. A new shopping center .
6.
I didn't realize that someone was recording our conversation. I didn't realize that our conversation .
7.
They have changed the date of the meeting. The date of the meeting .
8.
Brian told me that somebody had attacked and robbed him in the street. Brian told me that he .
EXERCISE B
Make a PASSIVE SENTENCE form the words in parentheses. built?
Examples: That builing looks very old. (when / it /build?) When was it A: Is Margaret popular? B: Yes, (she / like / by everybody) She is liked by everybody. 1. This is a very popular television program. (every week it / watch / by millions of people) Every week it 2. .
What happens to the cars produced in this factory? (most of them / export?) .
3.
A: Was there any trouble at the demonstration? B: Yes. (about 20 people / arrested) .
4.
A: There is no longer military service in Argentina. B: Really? (when / it / abolish?) .
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5.
A: Did anybody call an ambulance to the scene of the accident? B: Yes. (but nobody / injure / so it / not / need) .
6.
A: Last night someone broke into our house. B: Oh no! (anything / take?) .
7.
Mr. Kelly can't use his office right now. (it / redecorate) .
8.
Linda didn't have her car yesterday.. (it / tune up / at the garage) .
9.
Where's my bicycle? It's gone !!! (it / steal !!!) .
10. The people next door disappeared six months ago. (they / not /see / since then) . 11. This room looks different. (it / paint / since I was last here?) . 12. A tree was lying across the road. (it / blow / down in the storm) .
NOCION GRAMATICAL
TAG QUESTIONS
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Los tag questions son pequeas frases o preguntas ( mini-questions) que se colocan al final de una oracin afirmativa o negativa y que generalmente tienen como objetivo confirmar o negar el contenido de la frase misma. Es el equivalente al verdad? espaol o al no? ms utilizado en pases de Amrica. TRES REGLAS BASICAS QUE DEBES RECORDAR 1. Los tag questions utilizan siempre los verbos auxiliares. Con oraciones afirmativas utilizamos un tag question en NEGATIVO. Con oraciones negativas utilizamos un tag question en AFIRMATIVO o POSITIVO.
2.
3.
Analicemos ahora las diferentes alternativas que pueden presentarse:
a) ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS CON EL VERBO TO BE EN PRESENT SIMPLE O CONTINUO. Se utiliza la misma forma del verbo en NEGATIVO: aren't you? isn't he? isn't she? isn't it? aren't we? aren't you? aren't they? Aqu tienes algunos ejemplos: It's a beautiful day, isn't it? (Es un da hermoso, no?) Martha is angry, isn't she? (Marta est enojada, verdad?) You are really tired, aren't you? (Ests muy cansado, no?) They're very nice people, aren't they? (Son personas muy agradables, no?) You are coming tomorrow, aren't you? (Vas a venir maana, verdad?) Pedro's flying now, isn't he? (Pedro est volando en estos momentos, no?) Por favor recuerda que, en ingls americano y UNICAMENTE en este caso en particular, para la primera persona del verbo to be se utiliza aren't I? como equivalente de am I not?:
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I'm late, aren't I? (Llego tarde, no?) I'm arriving late at night, aren't I? (LLegar tarde por la noche, no?)
b) ORACIONES NEGATIVAS CON EL VERBO TO BE EN PRESENT SIMPLE O CONTINUO. Se utiliza la misma forma del verbo en AFIRMATIVO o POSITIVO: am I? are you? is he? is she? is it? are we? are you? are they? Aqu tienes algunos ejemplos: I'm not late, am I? (No llego tarde, no?) It isn't a beautiful day, is it? (No es un da hermoso, verdad?) Martha isn't angry, is she? (Marta no est enojada, no?) You aren't really tired, are you? (No ests muy cansado, verdad?) They aren't very nice people, are they? (No son personas muy agradables, no?) You aren't coming tomorrow, are you? (No vas a venir maana, no?) Pedro isn't flying now, is he? (Pedro no est volando en estos momentos, no?)
c) ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS CON EL VERBO TO BE EN PAST SIMPLE O CONTINUO. Se utiliza la misma forma del verbo en NEGATIVO: wasn't I? weren't you? wasn't he? wan't she? wasn't it? weren't we? weren't you? were't they? Aqu tienes algunos ejemplos: It was a beautiful day, wasn't it? (Fue un da hermoso, verdad?) Martha was angry, wasn't she? (Marta estaba enojada, no?) You were really tired, weren't you? (Estabas muy cansado, verdad?) You were studying at 6, weren't you? (Estuviste estudiando a las 6, no?) He was flying when I phoned, wasn't he? (Estaba volando cuando llam, no?)
d) ORACIONES NEGATIVAS CON EL VERBO TO BE EN PAST SIMPLE O CONTINUO. Se utiliza la misma forma del verbo en AFIRMATIVO o POSITIVO: was I? were you? was he? was she? was it? were we? were you? were they? Aqu tienes
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algunos ejemplos:
It wasn't a beautiful day, was it? (No fue un da hermoso, no?) Martha wasn't angry, was she? (Marta no estaba enojada, no?) You weren't really tired, were you? (No estabas muy cansado, verdad?) You weren't studying at 6, were you? (No estuviste estudiando a las 6, no?) He wasn't flying when I phoned, was he? (No estaba volando cuando llam, no?)
e) ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS CON OTROS VERBOS COMUNES O DEFECTIVOS. Teniendo siempre en cuenta el TIEMPO VERBAL, se utiliza el auxiliar en NEGATIVO que corresponde a la persona de la oracin: didn't she? hasn't she? won't she? shouldn't she? can't she? couldn't she?, etc. Aqu tienes algunos ejemplos: You went to Costa Rica in 1990, didn't you? (Fuiste a Costa Rica en 1990, no?) Elena has traveled a lot, hasn't she? (Elena ha viajado mucho, no?) Ann will be here soon, won't she? (Ana estar pronto aqu, verdad?) Tom should pass his exam, shouldn't he? (Tom debera aprobar su examen, no?) You can play the violin, can't you? (Sabes tocar el violn, no?) He could find a job, couldn't he? (Pudo encontrar trabajo, verdad?)
f) IMPERATIVOS Y SUGERENCIAS O INVITACIONES. Despus de la clusula Let's... el tag question que corresponde es shall we? (en interrogativo AFIRMATIVO). Aqu tienes algunos ejemplos: Let's go out for a walk, shall we? (Salgamos a dar una vuelta, qu te parece?) Let's study tomorrow morning, shall we? (Estudiemos maana por la maana, s?) Despus del imperativo (do/don't do something) el tag que corresponde es will you? (en interrogativo AFIRMATIVO). Aqu tienes algunos ejemplos:
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Open the door, will you? (Abre la puerta, s?) Don't smoke in this room, will you? (No fumes en esta habitacin, de acuerdo?)
PLEASE REMEMBER THIS GRAMMAR NOTE:
POSITIVE SENTENCE + NEGATIVE TAG (in the same verbal tense) You will come to the party, won't you? EXERCISE A
NEGATIVE SENTENCE + POSITIVE TAG (in the same verbal tense) You won't be late, will you?
Put a QUESTION TAG at the end of each sentence. / They were very angry, weren't they?
Examples: Tom won't be late, will he? 1. Ann is on vacation, 2. You weren't listening to me,, 3. Sue doesn't like onions, 4. Jack applied for his new job, 5. You have a camera, 6. You can type well, 7. He won't mind if I leave early, 8. Tom could help you with the work, 9. There are a lot of people here, ? ? ?
? ? ?
? ? ?
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10. Let's have dinner at 8:30, 11. This movie isn't very interesting, 12. I'm too fat, ?
? ?
13. You wouldn't tell anyone, 14. I shouldn't have gotten angry, 15. They had to go home, 16. He'd never seen you before, ?
? ?
EXERCISE B
In these situations you are asking people for information, asking people to do things, etc. Make sentences using QUESTION TAGS. Please, check out the example below.
Example: You want a chocolate. PerhapsTom has one. ASK HIM ... Tom, you don't have a chocolate, do you? 1. Jack is just going out. You want him to get some stamps for you. ASK HIM ... Jack, you couldn't .
2. You're looking for Ann. Perhaps Alan knows where she is. ASK HIM ... Alan, you .
3. You need some paper. Perhaps Tom has some. ASK HIM ... Tom, .
4. Ann has a car, and you don't want to walk home. You want her to give you a lift. ASK HER ...
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Ann,
5. You're looking for your purse. Perhaps Liz has seen it. ASK HER ... .
NOCION GRAMATICAL
SEGUNDO Y TERCER CONDICIONAL
ESTRUCTURA GRAMATICAL
'IF' CLAUSE If + simple past If it rained If you went to bed earlier
MAIN CLAUSE Present conditional you would get wet you wouldn't be so tired.
FORMA DEL PRESENTE CONDICIONAL El presente condicional del cualquier verbo esta compuesto de dos partes el auxiliar modal WOULD mas el infinitivo del verbo principal de la oracin sin la preposicin TO. Subject She Affirmative I Negative I wouldn't ask would go would would infinitive without to learn
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Interrogative Would Interrogative negative Wouldn't Contractions of would In spoken English, would is contracted to 'd. I'd you'd he'd, she'd The negative contraction = wouldn't. Example: to accept, Present conditional We'd you'd they'd they accept? she come?
Affirmative I would accept You would accept He would accept We would accept You would accept They would accept
Negative I wouldn't accept You wouldn't accept She wouldn't accept We wouldn't accept You wouldn't accept They wouldn't accept
Interrogative Would I accept? Would you accept? Would he accept? Would we accept? Would you accept? Would they accept?
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FUNCION DEL CONDICIONAL En estas oraciones el tiempo es ahora o cualquier tiempo y la situacin es irreal. No estn basados en hechos o se refieren a citaciones hipotticas y a su probable resultado. El uso del tiempo pasado despus del IF indica algo no real.- Podemos agregar una frase que inicie con BUT que exprese una situacin real. If the weather wasn't so bad, we would go to the park (...but it is bad, so we can't go)
If I was the Queen of England, I would give everyone 100. (...but I'm not, so I won't)
Examples of use: 1. To make a statement about something that is not real at present, but is possible: I would visit her if I had time. (= I haven't got time but I might have some time) 2. To make a statement about a situation that is not real now and never could be real: If I were you, I'd give up smoking (but I could never be you) Examples: a. If I was a plant, I would love the rain. b. If you really loved me, you would buy me a diamond ring. c. If I knew where she lived, I would go and see her. d. You wouldn't need to read this if you understood English grammar. e. Would he go to the concert if I gave him a ticket? f. They wouldn't invite her if they didn't like her g. We would be able to buy a larger house if we had more money
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NOTE: It is correct, and very common, to say "If I were" instead of "If I was". Would es el pasado de will en algunos casos y es un verbo modal auxiliar. Se forma sin do y despus de would ponemos el infinitivo sin to. I'd like some more whisky. / Quisiera un poco ms de whisky Would you like to go out with me on Saturday night? / Te gustara salir conmigo el sabado por la noche? I wish you wouldnt smoke. / Preferira que no fumaras - Would puede ser el pasado de will en el estilo indirecto. Se usa para hablar sobre el futuro en el pasado, cuando hablamos sobre un accin en el pasado que todava no ha ocurrido en el tiempo del que estamos hablando. When I saw her on the bus. I didn't know that I would fall in love with her. Cuando la vi en el autobus, no saba que me enamorara de ella I had no idea that they would offer me the job. No tena ni idea de que me ofreceran el trabajo - Would se usa como will para pedir cosas, y ofrecer. Would you sign here, please? / Querra usted firmar aqu? Would you like some chocolate cake? / Le apetece un poco de pastel de chocolate? I`d like to see you again /.Me gustara volver a verte Would you mind waiting in my office? / Le importa esperar en mi oficina? - Tambin would puede indicar los habitos en el pasado y una firme voluntad en el pasado de hacer algo. He would play football, rugby and tennis, but he hated playing golf. Jugaba futbol, rugby y tenis, pero odiaba jugar golf. My grandmother would sit in her room all day in a bad mood, and would only cheer up when she went to the casino. Mi abuela sola sentarse en su habitacin todo el da de mal humor, y solo levantaba el animo cuando se iba al casino. - Pero no se puede usar el would cuando la accin ocurre en una sola ocasin en el pasado. Comparar :
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Bono sang at the concert last Sunday. / Bono cant en el concierto el domingo pasado (Y no Bono would sing at the concert last Sunday ) - Sin embargo, would not se puede usar para indicar la negacin de una ocasin. I invited her to my flat, but she wouldnt come. / Le invit a mi piso, pero ella no quiso venir The bloody T.V. wouldn`t work last night. / No funcionaba el maldito televisor ayer por la noche - Para criticar el comportamiento de la gente, se puede usar would. En est caso se da ms nfasis (stress) en el would. You were a good boy, but you WOULD leave your clothes all over the bedroom floor Eras un buen chico, pero siempre dejabas tu ropa en el suelo That`s typical of you, you WOULD go to the pub without leaving me a note!. Eso es tpico de t,te fuistes al pub sin dejarme una nota! - Would, como used to, puede hablar de acciones repetidas y cosas en el pasado, pero no para referirse a estados como vivir, estar etc. I used to play football in the park every Sunday. / Solia jugar futbol en el parque todos los domingos I would play football in the park every Sunday. / Solia jugar futbol en el parque todos los domingos) I used to live in London. / Solia vivir en londres Pero no: I would live in London - Would (y tambin should), como un verbo auxiliar, se usa con verbos que refieren a situaciones no reales o no ciertas. Se puede comparar con el subjuntivo en espaol. Aparecen mucho con las frases con if. If I were a rich man, I'd build a big, tall house. / Si fuera rico, construria una casa grande y alta If I had a hammer, I'd hammer in the morning. / Si tubiera un martillo, martilleara por la maana If I ruled the world, every day would/should be the first day of spring. Si gobernara el mundo, todos los das sera el primer da de la primavera If I had known you were married, I wouldnt have asked you to dinner. Si hubiera sabido que estabas casada, no te habra invitado a cenar
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EJERCICIOS: Traduce las siguientes frases al ingls: 1. Preferira que no hicieras eso.
I w ish ...
2. Me gustara una cerveza, por favor. 3. Le apetece ir al cine conmigo? 4. Sola ir a la playa con mi abuela todos los domingos. 5. Yo la telefone, pero ella no quiso hablarme. EXERCISE A Put the verb into the correct form.
Examples: If I found a $100 bill on the street, I would keep (keep) it. They'd be very angry if you didn't visit (not / visit) them. 1. If the company offered me the job, I think I (take) it. (refuse).
2. I'm sure Liz will lend you some money. I would be very surprised if she 3. Many people would be out of work if that factory 4. If she sold her car, she (close) down.
(not / get) much money for it. (not / come).
5. They're expecting us. They would be disappointed if we 6. Would George be angry if I 7. Ann gave me this ring. She
(take) his bicycle without asking? (be) terribly upset if I lost it.
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8. If someone
(walk) in here with a gun, I'd be very frightened. (not / go) to work tomorrow?
9. What would happen if you 10. I'm sure she
(understand) if you explained the situation to her.
EXERCISE B
Make questions.
Example: Perhaps one day somebody will give you a lot of money. What would you do if someone gave you a lot of money? 1. Perhaps one day a millionaire will ask you to marry him/her. What would you do if 2. Perhaps one day you will lose your passport in a foreign country. What would you do if 3. Perhaps one day somebody will throw an egg at you. What would you do if 4. Perhaps one day your car will be stolen. What would you do if 5. Perhaps one day somebody will park a car on your foot. What would you do if ? ? ? ? ?
EXERCISE C
Answer these questions in the way shown.
Example: Are you going to take the 10:30 train? (we / arrive too early) No. If we took the 10:30 train, we would arrrive too early. 1. Is he going to take the exam? (he / fail it)
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No. If he
, he
2. Are you going to invite Bill to the party? (I / have to invite Linda too) No. If I 3. Are you going to bed now? (I / not / sleep) No. 4. Is she going to apply for the job? (she / not / get it) No. . . .
NOCION GRAMATICAL
PASADO PERFECTO PAST PERFECT Past perfect, form.EL tiempo pasado perfecto esta compuesto de dos partes: el tiempo psado del verbo TO HAVE (had) mas el pasado participio del verbo pirncipal.. Subject We had past participle had decided...
Affirmative
She We
had Negative hadn't

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given. asked.
Interrogative Had Hadn't you they Interrogative negative finished? arrived?
Example: to decide, Past perfect
Affirmative I had decided You had decided He, she, it had decided We had decided You had decided They had decided
Negative I hadn't decided You hadn't decided He hadn't decided We hadn't decided You hadn't decided They hadn't decided
Interrogative Had I decided? Had you decided? Had she decided? Had we decided? Had you decided? Had they decided?
PAST PERFECT, FUNCTION:
USE 1 Accion completada antes de Algo en el pasado. El pasado perefecto expresa la idea de que algo ocurrio antes de otra acion en el pasado. Eso tambien puede mostrar que algo paso antes en una momento especifico en el pasado. EXAMPLES: I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.
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Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 1992? Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before in 1988.
USE 2 Duracin antes de algo en el pasado.
Con un verbo no progresivo y algunos uso de los verbos no progresivos, podemos usar el pasado perfecto para mostrar que algo empez en el pasado y continuo hasta otra accin en el mismo pasado.. EXAMPLES: We had had that car for ten years before it broke down. By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.
IMPORTANTE
Momentos
especficos
con
el
pasado
perfecto.
Sin parecerse al presente perfecto, es posible usar palabras o frases de momentos especficos con el pasado perfecto. Aunque esto es posible, usualmente no es necesario.
EXAMPLE: She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996. Si la accin del pasado perfecto ocurri an un momento especifico, el pasado simple puede ser usado en vez del pasado perfecto cuando es usado before o after en la oracin. Las palabras antes o despus realmente te dicen que paso
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primero asi que el pasado perfecto es opcional. Ambas oraciones de abajo estan correctas: EXAMPLE: She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996. She visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996. SIN EMBARGO, Si la accin del pasado perfecto no paso en un momento especifico, el pasado perfecto debe ser usado en todos los tiempos. Compare las dos oraciones de abajo.
EXAMPLE: She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska. Correct She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. Not Correct
EJERCICIO.- Complete con la forma correcta del verbo el siguiente parrafo:
I can't believe I (get) that apartment. I (submit) my application last week, but I didn't think I had a chance of actually getting it. When I (show) up to take a look around, there before me. were at least twenty other people who (arrive)
Most of them (fill, already) out their applications and were already leaving. The landlord said I could still apply, so I did.
I (try)
to fill out the form, but I couldn't answer half of the
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questions. They (want)
me to include references, but I
didn't want to list my previous landlord because I (have) some problems with him and I knew he wouldn't recommend me. I (end) up listing my father as a reference.
It was total luck that he (decide)
to give me the apartment.
It turns out that the landlord and my father (go) to high school together. He decided that I could have the apartment before he (look) at my credit report. I really lucked out!
CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER: 1 What is the correct past perfect form of "I do the laundry"? I have done the laundry. I did the laundry. I had did the laundry. I had done the laundry. 2 What is the correct past perfect form of "She makes some delicious cookies"? She had made some delicious cookies. She has made some delicious cookies. She made some delicious cookies. She had make some delicious cookies. 3 What is the correct past perfect form of "We visit Paris"? We'd visit Paris. We'd visiting Paris. We'd visited Paris. We've visited Paris.
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4 What is the correct past perfect form of "We can rent a car"? We had rented a car. We had been able to rent a car. We could rent a car. We 'd rent a car.
5 What is the correct past perfect form of "It is hot."? It was hot. It had hot. It had be hot. It had been hot.
NOCION GRAMATICAL
CLAUSULAS RELATIVAS
Existen dos tipos de clausulas relativas: 1. Una CLAUSULA DEFINIDA, nos dice de que persona o cosa estamos hablando.
2. Una CLAUSULA INDEFINIDA, la cual nos da mas informacion acerca de la persona o cosa de la que estamos hablando. Este tipo de clausula frecuentemente esta escrtia entre parentesis. CLAUSULAS RELATIVAS DEFINIDAS Como su nombre lo indica, estas clausulas dan la informacion esencial para definer la persona o la cosa de la cual estamos hablando. Obviamente esto es necesario solalmente si existen mas de una persona o cosa involucrada.
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Example: Elephants who marry mice are very unusual. En esta oracion entendemos que hay muchos elefantes, pero esta claro que estamos hablando de solamente uno el que esta casado Puntuacion Las comas no son usadas en las clausulas definidas. Pronombres relativos Los siguientes pronombres son usados en clausulas relativas definidas. Person Subject who/that Object who/whom/that/ which/that/ where when Possessive whose Notas: 1. El pronombre relativo permanece en el lugar del sustantivo. Este sustantivo usualmente aparece en los principios de la oracion. The woman who/that spoke at the meeting verb + rest of relative clause was very knowledgeable. verb + rest of main clause whose why which/that Thing Place Time Reason
Noun, relative subject of pronoun main clause referring to 'the woman', subject of 'spoke'
2. Who, whom and which pueden ser reemplazados por that. Esto es muy comun en el ingles hablado.
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3. El pronombre relativo puede ser omitido cuando es objeto de la clausula.
The mouse that the elephant loved was very beautiful. OR The mouse the elephant loved was very beautiful.
Las dos oraciones anteriores son correctas, aunque la segunda es mas comun en el ingles hablado.. The mouse that/ the elephant loved verb + rest of relative clause was very beautiful.
Noun, subject of main clause
relative pronoun, referring to 'the mouse, object of 'loved'
verb + rest of main clause.
Puedes decidir cuando un pronombre relativo es un objeto porque eso esta normalmente seguido por otro sujeto mas el verbo 4. Whose es usado para cosas como para personas. Examples: The man whose car was stolen. A tree whose leaves have fallen. 5. Whom es muy formal y es solamente usado en el ingles escrito. Puedes usar who/that, u omitir el pronombre completamente. The doctor whom/who/that/ I was hoping to see wasn't on duty. 6. That normalmente esta seguido por palabras como something, anything, everything, nothing, all, y superlativos. Examples:

There's something that you should know. It was the best film that I've ever seen.
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Examples:

A clown is someone who makes you laugh. An elephant is an animal that lives in hot countries. The plums that were in the fridge were delicious. I have eaten them. Where are the plums (that) I put in the fridge? Has anyone seen the book I was reading? Nothing that anyone does can replace my lost bag. Let's go to a country where the sun always shines. They live in the house whose roof is full of holes. .
CLAUSULAS RELATIVAS NO DEFINIDAS La informacin que proporciona este tipo de clausulas no es esencial. Eso nos dice mas acerca de alguien o algo, pero no nos ayuda a identificarlo. Compare: 1. Elephants that love mice are very unusual. (Este nos dice de cuales elefantes estamos hablando) 2. Elephants, which are large and grey, can sometimes be found in zoos. (Este nos da informacion extra acerca de elefantes, estamos hablando de todos los elefantes, no solo de uno o de un tipo) 3. John's mother, who lives in Scotland, has 6 grandchildren. (Sabemos quien es la mama de John y que solo tiene uno. La informacion mas importante es el numero de nietos, pero el hecho es el que vive en Escocia puede ser seguido con palabras by the way eso es informacion adicional. Puntuacion Las clausulas no definidas son siempre separadas del resto de la oracion mediante comas. Las comas tienen function similar a los parentesis.
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My friend John has just written a best-selling novel. (He went to the same school as me) > My friend John, who went to the same school as me, has just written a best-selling novel. CLAUSULAS RELATIVAS EN CLAUSULAS NO DEFINIDAS Person Subject who Object who/whom Possessive whose Thing which which where Place
Notas: 1. En las clausulas NO DEFINIDAS tu no puedes usar THAT en vez de who, whom or which. 2. No puedes obviar un pronombre relativo aun cuando sea el objeto del verbo en la clausula relativa. He gave me the letter, which was in a blue envelope. He gave me the letter, which I read immediately 3. La preposicin en estas clausulas pueden ir al final de la clausula. e.g. This is Stratford-on-Avon, which you have all heard about. Este modelo es utilizado frecuentemente en el ingles hablado, pero en el escrito o ingles formal tu puedes tambien poner la preposicion antes del pronombre.: e.g. Stratford-on-Avon, about which many people have written is Shakespeares birthplace. 4. Las clausulas NO DEFINIDAS pueden ser presentadas por expresiones como all of, many of + el pronombre relativo: Person + whom + whom Thing + which + which
all of any of
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(a) few of both of each of either of half of many of most of much of none of one of two of etc
+ whom + whom + whom + whom + whom + whom + whom + whom + whom + whom + whom
+ which + which + which + which + which + which + which + which + which + which + which
Examples: a. There were a lot of people at the party, many of whom I had known for years. b. He was carrying his belongings, many of which were broken. 5. El pronombre relativo which al principio de una clausula NO DEFINIDA, puede referir a toda la informacin contenida en la parte previa de la oracin, ser llamada incluso con una sola palabra. a. Chris did really well in his exams, which was a big surprise. (= the fact that he did well in his exams was a big surprise). b. An elephant and a mouse fell in love, which is most unusual. (= the fact that they fell in love is unusual). Examples: a. My grandmother, who is dead now, came from the North of England. b. I spoke to Fred, who explained the problem. c. The elephant looked at the tree, under which she had often sat. d. We stopped at the museum, which wed never been into. e. Shes studying maths, which many people hate.
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f. Ive just met Susan, whose husband works in London. g. He had thousands of books, most of which he had read. DONDE COLOCAR LA PREPOSICION EN UNA CLAUSULA RELATIVA Existen diversas preposiciones de las clausulaas relativas, y el pronombre relative es el objeto de la preposicion, Esto significa que la preposicion en ocasiones puede ser omitida. 1. La preposicion esta normalmente ubicada al final de la clausula relative.: Is that the man (who) you arrived Do you know the girl (that) John is talking to? with?
2. En ingles escrito o formal la preposicion esta ubicada antes del pronombre relative, y en este caso el pronombre no puede ser omitido.: The person with whom he is negotiating is the Chairman of a large company. It is a society to which many important people belong. . Examples:

The jungle the elephant lived in was full of strange and unusual animals. He was very fond of the mouse that he lived with. The tree under which they had their home was the largest and oldest in the jungle. In the middle of the jungle was a river that all the animals went to every day. It was the stream in which the elephant and the mouse preferred to swim.
ORACIONES IF Y PASADO IRREAL. En esta seccin encontraras informacion en oraciones que contienen la palabra IF el uso de los tiempos condicionales y el pasado irreal es asi, cuando usamos un tiempo pasado pero no nos estamos referiendo al tiempo pasado.
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IF Y EL CONDICIONAL Existen cuatro tipos principales de ORACIONES CON IF en ingles. 1. The 'zero' conditional, donde el tiempo en ambas partes de la oracion es el presente simple.
'IF' CLAUSE If + simple present If you heat ice If it rains
MAIN CLAUSE simple present it melts. you get wet
En estas oraciones, el tiempo es NOW o ALWAYS y la situacion es real o posible. So utilizados para referir verdades en general 2..The Type 1 conditional Donde el tiempo en la clausula IF es el presente simple, y el tiempo en la clausula principal es el futuro simple.
'IF' CLAUSE If + simple present If it rains If you don't hurry
MAIN CLAUSE Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train.
En estas oraciones, el tiempo es el presente o futuro y la situacin es la real. Ellos refierea la condicion posible y su probable resultado. 3. The Type 2 conditional, donde el tiempo en la clausula IF es el pasado simple y el tiempo de la clausula principal es el presente condicional.:
'IF' CLAUSE If + simple past If it rained
MAIN CLAUSE Present conditional you would get wet
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If you went to bed earlier
you wouldn't be so tired.
En estas oraciones, el tiempo es ahora y siempre, y la situacion es no real. Ellas no estan basadas en hechos,y se refieren a una condicion hipotetica y no agradable y su probable resultado. . 4. The Type 3 conditional, Donde el tiempo en la clausula IF es el pasado perfecto, y el tiempo en la oracion principal es el perfecto condicional.
'IF' CLAUSE If + past perfect If it had rained If you had worked harder
MAIN CLAUSE Perfect conditional you would have got wet you would have passed the exam.
En estas oraciones, el tiempo es pasado y la situacin es contraria a la realidad. Los hechos estan basados en lo expuesto de lo expresado, y se refieren a una condicion irreal del pasado y su posible resultado en pasado. Existe otro tipo de oracion donde se mezclan oraciones de ambos tipos. El tiempo de la clausula IF es el pasado perfecto y el tiempo en la clausula principal es el presente condicional.:
'IF' CLAUSE If + past perfect If I had worked harder at school If we had looked at the map
MAIN CLAUSE Present conditional I would have a better job now. we wouldn't be lost.
En estas oraciones, el tiempo pasado en la clausula IF y presente en la clausula principal. Ellos se refieren a una condicion irreal del pasado y su probable resultado en presente. ORACIONES CONDICIONALES MEZCLADAS.
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Es posible para las dos partes de una oracion condicional referir a diferentes tiempos, y la oracion resutante es una mezcla de oraciones condicional. Existen dos tipos de oraciones condicionales mezcladas.:
A. Resultado presente de una condicion en pasado: Forma El tiempo en la clausula IF es el pasado perfecto, y el tiempo en la clausula principal es el presente condicional.:
'IF' CLAUSE If + past perfect If I had worked harder at school If we had looked at the map
MAIN CLAUSE Present conditional I would have a better job now. we wouldn't be lost.
Funcion En estas oraciones, el tiempo es pasado en la clausula IF y presente en la clausula principal. Elos se refieren a una condicion irreal del pasado y su probable resultado en el presente. Ellos expresan una situacin la cual es contraria a la realidad ambas en pasado y en el presente. 'If I had worked harder at school' is contrary to past fact - I didn't work hard at school, and 'I would have a better job now' is contrary to present fact - I haven't got a good job. If we had looked at the map (we didn't), we wouldn't be lost (we are lost). Examples:

I would be a millionaire now if I had taken that job. If you'd caught that plane you'd be dead now. If you hadn't spent all your money on CDs, you wouldn't be broke.
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B. Resultado en pasado de una condicion en presente o continua. Forma El tiempo en la clausula IF es el pasado simple, y el tiempo en la clausula principal es el perfecto condicional.
'IF' CLAUSE If + simple past If I wasn't afraid of spiders If we didn't trust him
MAIN CLAUSE Perfect conditional I would have picked it up. we would have sacked him months ago.
Funcion En estas oraciones el tiempo en la clausula IF es NOW o ALWAYS, y el tiempo en la clausula principal es BEFORE o NOW. Y se refieren a una situacion irreal presente y su probable resultado en pasado:
'If I wasn't afraid of spiders' is contrary to present reality - I am afraid of spiders, and 'I would have picked it up' is contrary to past reality - I didn't pick it up. 'If we didn't trust him' is contrary to present reality - we do trust him, and 'we would have sacked him' is contrary to past reality - we haven't sacked him.
Examples: a. If she wasn't afraid of flying she wouldn't have travelled by boat. b. I'd have been able to translate the letter if my Italian was better. c. If I was a good cook, I'd have invited them to lunch. d. If the elephant wasn't in love with the mouse, she'd have trodden on him by now.
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EJERCICIOS: Explain what these words mean. Choose the right meaning from the list and then write a sentence with WHO. Use a dictionary if necessary. he/she breaks into a house and steals things he/she fills prescriptions for medicine he/she buys something from a store
EXERCISE A
he/she steals from a store he/she doesn't eat meat he/she designs buildings
1. AN ARCHITECT: An architect is someone who designs buildings. 2. A BURGLAR: 3. A VEGETARIAN: 4. A CUSTOMER: 5. A SHOPLIFTER: 6. A PHARMACIST: . . . . .
EXERCISE B
Read the two sentences and then write one sentence with the same meaning. Use a RELATIVE CLAUSE (THAT, WHO or WHICH) in your sentence.
Example: A girl was injured in the accident. She is now in the hospital. The girl who was injured in the accident is now in the hospital . 1. A man answered the phone. He told me you were out. The man 2. A waitress served us. She was very impolite and impatient. .
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The 3. Some boys were arrested. They have now been released. The boys EXERCISE C
. The sentences in this exercise are not complete. Choose the most appropriate ending from the list and make it into a RELATIVE CLAUSE. it makes typewriters it gives you the meaning of words it won the race it can support life it was found last week
he invented the telephone she runs away from home they are never on time they stole my car they used to hang on that wall
1. Jerry works for a company that (which) makes typewriters. 2. The book is about a girl 3. What was the name of the horse 4. The police have caught the men 5. Alexander Bell was the man 6. Where are the pictures 7. The police are still trying to identify the body 8. A dictionary is a book
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9. I don't like people 10. It seems that Earth is the only planet
EJERCICIO DE VOCABULARIO
ELEMENTOS DE LA NATURALEZA
Acantilado Afluente Altura sobre el nivel del mar Archipilago Arroyo Atlas Baha Cabo Canal
Cliff Tributary Height above sea level Archipelago Stream ; Brook Atlas Bay Cape Canal
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Cascada Catarata Caudal Cielo Crculo polar Clima Colina Colina Continente Cordillera ; Cadenas de montaas Costa Delta Desembocadura Desfiladero Desierto Duna
Waterfall Waterfalls / Falls (Niagara Falls) Flow Sky Polar circle Climate Hill Hill Continent
Mountain range ; Chain
Coast Delta Mouth Narrow pass Desert Dune
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Ecuador Estanque Estrecho Estuario Fiordo Geografa Geologa Golfo Hidrografa Iceberg ; Tmpano Isla Jungla Ladera Lago Latitud Litoral
Equator Pond Strait Estuary Fiord Geography Geology Gulf Hydrography Iceberg Island Jungle Slope Lake Latitude Littoral ; Coast ; Shore
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Llanura Longitud Manantial Mapa Mar Meandro Meridiano Meseta Meteorologa Montaoso ; Accidentado Monte ; Sierra Mundo Oasis Ocano Oceanografa Orografa
Plain Longitude Spring Map Sea Meander Meridian Plateau ; Tableland Meteorology Hilly Mountain ; Mount World Oasis Ocean Oceanography Orography
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Paisaje Pantano(natural) Paralelo Pennsula Peon ; Roca Playa Polo Norte Polo Sur Pradera (pequea) Pradera(grande) Precipicio Puerto Puntos cardinales Relieve Ria Riachuelo ; Arroyo
Landscape Marsh Parallel Peninsula Rock Beach ; Shore North pole South pole Meadow Prairie Precipice Port ; Harbour (U.K.) ; Harbor (USA) Cardinal points Relief Estuary Stream
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Rio Sabana Selva virgen Tierra Tierra ; Suelo Torrente Tropico de Cancer Tropico de Capricornio Valle Vegetacin Volcn
River Savannah Virgin forest Earth Soil Torrent Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Valley Vegetation Volcano
COLOCA EL NOMBRE A CADA ILUSTRACIN:
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10
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EJERCICIO DE VOCABULARIO
BENEFICIOS DERIVADOS DELTRABAJO
Accidente de trabajo Agencia de colocaciones Aprendiz Asalariado
Industrial accident Employment Bureau; agency Trainee ; Apprentice Salary earner Employment exchange (U.K.) ; Employment Bureau (USA) Working class Situation ; Post To employ Work contract Labour law Dismissal Payday
Bolsa de Trabajo
Clase obrera Colocacin Contratar Contrato de trabajo Derecho laboral Despido Da de paga Da laborable ; Da de trabajo Empleado
Working day ; Workday
Employee
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Empleo Empleo de media jornada Empresario Especialista Formacin profesional Horas de trabajo Horas extraordinarias Huelga Jornal Jornalero Jubilacin ; Retiro Legislacin laboral Manifestacin Mercado del trabajo
Employment ; Job Part-time employment: part-time job Employer Specialist Vocational training Working hours Overtime Strike Daily wages Day labourer Retirement Labour legislation Demonstration Labour market Ministry of Labour (U.K.) ; Department of Labour (USA) Negotiation
Ministerio de Trabajo
Negociacin
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Nmina(de sueldos) Obrero Obrero agrcola Obrero cualificado Obrero no cualificado Oficial Oficio Parado Paro; Desempleo ; Desocupacin Pensin de vejez Permiso de trabajo Personal Profesin Puesto de trabajo Reivindicaciones Remuneracin
Payroll Worker Farm worker Skilled worker Unskilled worker Skilled worker Trade ; Craft Unemployed person
Unemployment
Old-age pension Work permit Personnel ; Staff Profession ; Occupation Job Claims Remuneration
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Rescindir un contrato Salario ; Sueldo Salario mnimo Sindicato Solicitar un empleo Subsidio de paro Sueldo base Taller Temporero Trabajador ; Productor Trabajador de plantilla Trabajar por horas Trabajo
To terminate a contract Pay ; Wage ; Salary Minimum Wage Trade union (U.K.) ; Labour union (USA) To apply for a job Unemployment benefit Basic wage Workshop Seasonal worker Worker Permanent worker To be paid by the hour Work Assembly line work (U.K.) ; Serial production (USA) Seasonal work Holidays (U.K.); Vacation (USA
Trabajo en cadena
Trabajo estacional Vacaciones
COLOCA EL NOMBRE CORRECTA A CADA ILUSTRACIN

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Guia Didactica para Ingles 4

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Guia Didactica para Ingles 4

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GUIA DIDACTICA DE INGLES 4 SAETA

GUIA DIDACTICA DE INGLES 4 SAETA

GUIA DIDACTICA DE INGLES 4 SAETA

GUIA DIDACTICA DE INGLES 4 SAETA

GUIA DIDACTICA DE INGLES 4 SAETA

GUIA DIDACTICA DE INGLES 4 SAETA

GUIA DIDACTICA DE INGLES 4 SAETA

Active Voice [1] Paul congratulated David

Passive Voice [2] David was congratulated by Paul

GUIA DIDACTICA DE INGLES 4 SAETA

GUIA DIDACTICA DE INGLES 4 SAETA

GUIA DIDACTICA DE INGLES 4 SAETA

(sujeto) Argentinians speak Spanish ACTIVA

GUIA DIDACTICA DE INGLES 4 SAETA

Example Spanish is spoken here.

GUIA DIDACTICA DE INGLES 4 SAETA

Are the following constructions active or passive?

1. Jane decided to cancel the party

2. The lecturer was impressed by your essay

3. Your horse is walking on our lawn

4. The top floor was destroyed

GUIA DIDACTICA DE INGLES 4 SAETA

5. The pills should be taken twice a day

GUIA DIDACTICA DE INGLES 4 SAETA

3. La Mansin del Ingls is so successful it will probably be

GUIA DIDACTICA DE INGLES 4 SAETA

twenty 4. When our flat was

last month, my laptop computer was

GUIA DIDACTICA DE INGLES 4 SAETA

Make a PASSIVE SENTENCE form the words in parentheses. built?

A: There is no longer military service in Argentina. B: Really? (when / it / abolish?) .

GUIA DIDACTICA DE INGLES 4 SAETA

Where's my bicycle? It's gone !!! (it / steal !!!) .

GUIA DIDACTICA DE INGLES 4 SAETA

Analicemos ahora las diferentes alternativas que pueden presentarse:

GUIA DIDACTICA DE INGLES 4 SAETA

GUIA DIDACTICA DE INGLES 4 SAETA

GUIA DIDACTICA DE INGLES 4 SAETA

PLEASE REMEMBER THIS GRAMMAR NOTE:

GUIA DIDACTICA DE INGLES 4 SAETA

GUIA DIDACTICA DE INGLES 4 SAETA

'IF' CLAUSE If + simple past If it rained If you went to bed earlier

GUIA DIDACTICA DE INGLES 4 SAETA

GUIA DIDACTICA DE INGLES 4 SAETA

GUIA DIDACTICA DE INGLES 4 SAETA

GUIA DIDACTICA DE INGLES 4 SAETA

GUIA DIDACTICA DE INGLES 4 SAETA

(not / get) much money for it. (not / come).

GUIA DIDACTICA DE INGLES 4 SAETA

9. What would happen if you 10. I'm sure she

(understand) if you explained the situation to her.

Answer these questions in the way shown.

GUIA DIDACTICA DE INGLES 4 SAETA

had Negative hadn't

GUIA DIDACTICA DE INGLES 4 SAETA

Interrogative Had Hadn't you they Interrogative negative finished? arrived?

Example: to decide, Past perfect

PAST PERFECT, FUNCTION:

GUIA DIDACTICA DE INGLES 4 SAETA

USE 2 Duracin antes de algo en el pasado.

GUIA DIDACTICA DE INGLES 4 SAETA

EJERCICIO.- Complete con la forma correcta del verbo el siguiente parrafo: