2.

What mechanisms normally prevent gastric reIlux into the esophagus when lying
down or bending over? (40 words; 1 minute)

7. Predict values for the gastro oesophageal patient in this case for lower
oesophageal and stomach pH. (30 words; 1 minute



2)The regurgitation of stomach acid into the esophagus, while an individual is lying
down or bending over, is prevented by a muscular valve found in the esophago-gastric
junction known as the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). This sphincter relaxes
during swallowing to allow food to pass. It then tightens in between meal
consumption.
1
.
X-rays conducted on the patient, furthermore showed a small portion of the stomach
inside the diaphragm, which could possibly result in the LES not being able to
properly close.












1
Fyke FEJr, Code CF, Schlegel JF. The gastroesophageal sphincter in healthy human
beings. Gastroenterologia 1956;86:135150.


7) During pH monitoring, the patient is diagnosed with gastro-esophageal disorder if
the pH levels of the LES and Stomach characterized by a sudden decrease in pH to
below 4.0. (Vitale et al. 1985)
2
(33 wrds)



2
Vitale GC, Sadek S, Tulley FM, et al. Computerized 24hour esophageal pH
monitoring: a new ambulatory technique using radiotelemetry. J Lab Clin Med
1985;105:686693.
Source;http://www.hopkinsgi.org/GDL_Disease.aspx?GDL_Disease_ID=46159D68-6ED3-4F76-895B-
99D8BBBB46EF&GDL_DC_ID=E25BDF77-223D-4B6F-9700-5BE41DBDE28B

Source; http://www.scripps.org/articles/1072-esophageal-ph-monitoring