LTEOverview
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Agenda
Standardization MotivationforLTE LTEperformancerequirements LTEchallenges LTE/SAEKeyFeatures LTEtechnology basics AirInterfaceProtocols
LTEOverview
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Standardization
LTEisthelateststandardinthemobilenetworktechnology previously yrealizedtheGSM/EDGE / andUMTS/HSxPA / treethatp networktechnologiesthatnowaccountforover85%ofall mobilesubscribers.LTEwillensure3GPPscompetitiveedge overothercellulartechnologies. 3GPPworkontheEvolutionofthe3GMobileSystemstarted inNovember2004. 2004 SpecificationsscheduledfinalizedbytheendofDecember 2009. Currently,standardizationinprogressintheformofRel9and Rel10.
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LTEOverview
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MotivationforLTE
Needforhigherdataratesandgreaterspectralefficiency
CanbeachievedwithHSDPA/HSUPA / and/ornewairinterfacedefinedby3GPPLTE
NeedforPacketSwitchedoptimizedsystem
EvolveUMTStowardspacketonlysystem
Needforhighqualityofservices
Useoflicensedfrequenciestoguaranteequalityofservices Alwaysonexperience(reducecontrolplanelatencysignificantly) Reduce R d round dtrip t i delay d l
Needforcheaperinfrastructure
Simplifyarchitecture, architecture reducenumberofnetworkelements
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LTEperformancerequirements
DataRate:
Instantaneousdownlinkp peakdatarateof100Mbit/s / ina20MHz downlinkspectrum(i.e.5bit/s/Hz) Instantaneousuplinkpeakdatarateof50Mbit/sina20MHzuplink spectrum(i.e. (i e 2.5 2 5bit/s/Hz)
Cellrange
5km optimalsize 30kmsizeswithreasonableperformance upto100kmcellsizessupportedwithacceptableperformance
Cellcapacity
upto200activeuserspercell(5MHz)(i.e.,200activedataclients)
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LTEperformancerequirements Cont.
Mobility
Optimized p forlowmobility(0 y( 15km/h) / )butsupports pp high g speed p
Latency
userplane<5ms controlplane<50ms
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ThewaytoLTE:3main3Glimitations
1.Themaximumbitratesstillarefactorof20andmorebehindthe y like802.11nand802.16e/m. / currentstateofthesystems 2.Thelatencyofuserplanetraffic(UMTS:>30ms)andofresource assignmentprocedures(UMTS:>100 100ms)istoobigtohandletraffic withhighbitratevarianceefficiently. 3.The 3 TheterminalcomplexityforWCDMAorMCCDMAsystemsisquite high,makingequipmentexpensive,resultinginpoorperforming implementationsofreceiversandinhibitingtheimplementationof otherperformanceenhancements. www.cert.nat.tn
LTEOverview
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LTECHALLENGES
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WhataretheLTEchallenges?
The Users expectation Best price, transparent flat rate F ll I Full Internet t t Multimedia ..leads to the operators challenges reduce cost per bit provide id hi high hd data t rate t provide low latency
Throughput
HSPA
LTE
HSPA
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ComparisonofThroughputandLatency
Peak data rates around 300Mbps/80 Mbps Low latency 10-20 ms
Enhanced consumer experience: drives subscriber uptake allow for new applications provide additional revenue streams
Latency (Rountrip delay) delay)*
GSM/ EDGE Downlink Uplink HSPA Rel6 R l6 HSPAevo (Rel8) LTE
min max Evolved HSPA (Rel. 7/8, 2x2 MIMO) LTE 2x20 MHz (2x2 MIMO) LTE 2x20 MHz (4x4 MIMO)
Mbps
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200 ms
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ScalableBandwidth
Scalable bandwidth
of 1.4 20 MHz
Easy to E t introduce i t d on any f frequency band: b d Frequency Refarming (Cost efficient deployment on lower frequency q y bands supported) pp )
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IncreasedSpectralEfficiency
2.0 18 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 04 0.4 0.2 0.0
bps/Hz/ /cell
ITU contribution from WiMAX Forum shows downlink 1.3 and uplink 0.8 bps/Hz/cell
HSPA R6 12
HSPA R6 +
HSPA R7
WiMAX
LTE R8
Reference: - HSPA R6 and LTE R8 from 3GPP R1-071960 - HSPA R6 equalizer from 3GPP R1-063335 - HSPA R7 and WiMAX from NSN/Nokia simulations
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ReducedNetworkComplexity
Flat, scalable IP based architecture Flat Architecture: 2 nodes architecture IP based Interfaces
Core
Control
MM E
IM S
HLR/H SS
I t Internet t
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LTE/SAEKEYFEATURES
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LTE/SAEKeyFeatures Overview
EPS ( Evolved Packet System ) / SAE ( System Architecture Evolution ) / LTE ( Long Term Evolution ) EUTRAN ( Evolved UTRAN ) EPC ( Evolved Packet Core )
IP Network
IP Network
Evolved E l d Node N d B / No RNC IP Transport Layer UL/DL resource scheduling QoS Aware Self Configuration
PS Domain only, No CS Domain IP Transport Layer QoS Aware 3GPP (GTP) or IETF (MIPv6) Prepared for Non-3GPP Access
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LTE/SAEKeyFeatures
EvolvedNodeB
NoRNCisprovidedanymore TheevolvedNodeBstakeoverallradiomanagementfunctionality. Thiswillmakeradiomanagementfasterandhopefullythenetwork architecturesimpler
IPtransportlayer
EUTRANexclusively yusesIPastransport p layer y
UL/DLresourcescheduling
InUMTSphysicalresourcesareeithersharedordedicated EvolvedNodeBhandlesallphysicalresourceviaaschedulerand assignsthemdynamicallytousersandchannels Thisprovidesgreaterflexibilitythantheoldersystem
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LTE/SAEKeyFeatures Cont.
FrequencyDomain Scheduling:
Frequencydomain schedulingusesthose resourceblocks bl k that th tare notfaded NotpossibleinCDMA basedsystem
Carrier bandwidth Resource block
Frequency
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LTE/SAEKeyFeatures Cont.
HARQ
HybridAutomaticRetransmission onreQuest HARQhasalreadybeenusedfor HSDPAandHSUPA. HARQespeciallyincreasesthe performance(delayand throughput) g p )forcelledge g users. HARQsimplyimplementsa retransmissionprotocolonlayer 1/2thatallowstosend retransmittedblockswithdifferent codingthanthe1st one.
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LTEOverview HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request
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LTE/SAEKeyFeatures Cont.
QoS awareness
Theschedulermusthandleanddistinguish g differentq quality yofservice classes OtherwiserealtimeserviceswouldnotbepossibleviaEUTRAN Thesystemprovidesthepossibilityfordifferentiatedservice
Selfconfiguration
C Currently tl under d investigation i ti ti PossibilitytoletEvolvedNodeBsconfigurethemselves
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LTE/SAEKeyFeatures Cont.
PacketSwitchedDomainonly
Nocircuitswitcheddomainisprovided IfCSapplicationsarerequired,theymustbeimplemented viaIP
Non3GPPaccess
Th TheEPCwill illb beprepared dalso l to t b beused db bynon3GPP accessnetworks(e.g.LAN,WLAN,WiMAX,etc.) Thiswillprovidetrueconvergenceofdifferentpacketradio accesssystem
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LTE/SAEKeyFeatures Cont.
MIMO
MultipleInputMultipleOutput LTEwillsupportMIMOasanoption, Itdescribesthepossibilitytohavemultipletransmitterand receiverantennasinasystem. UptofourantennascanbeusedbyasingleLTEcell(gain: spatialmultiplexing) MIMOisconsideredtobethecoretechnologytoincrease spectralefficiency. www.cert.nat.tn
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LTETECHNOLOGYBASICS
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LTEkeyparameters
FrequencyRange Channel b d id h bandwidth, 1Resource Block=180kHz UMTSFDDbandsandUMTSTDDbands 1.4MHz 3MHz 5MHz 10MHz 15MHz 20MHz
15RB
25RB
50RB
75RB
100RB
DL:OFDMA(OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess) UL:SCFDMA(SingleCarrierFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess) DL:OFDMA(OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess) UL:SCFDMA(SingleCarrierFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess) DL:WidechoiceofMIMOconfigurationoptionsfortransmitdiversity,spatial multiplexing,andcyclicdelaydiversity(max.4antennasatbasestationandhandset) UL M UL: Multi ltiusercollaborative ll b ti MIMO DL:150Mbps(UEcategory4,2x2MIMO,20MHz)300Mbps(UEcategory5,4x4 MIMO,20MHz) UL:75Mbps p (20 ( MHz) )
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OFDM/OFDMA/SCFDMA
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LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
OFDM:OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultiCarrier
LTEusesOFDMfortheDL thatis,fromthebasestationto q forspectrum p theterminal.OFDMmeetstheLTErequirement flexibilityandenablescostefficientsolutionsforverywide carrierswithhighpeakrates. ThebasicLTEdownlinkphysicalresourcecanbeseenasa timefrequencygrid.Inthefrequencydomain,thespacing b t between th thesubcarriers, b i f, f is i 15kHz. 15kH In I addition, dditi the th OFDM symboldurationtimeis1/f +cyclicprefix.Thecyclicprefixis usedtomaintainorthogonality betweenthesubcarrierseven foratimedispersiveradiochannel. QPSK, ,16QAM Q or64QAM. Q OneresourceelementcarriesQ
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OFDM Cont.
Single Carrier Transmission O th Orthogonal lF Frequency Division Di i i M Multiplexing lti l i
OFDM signal generation is based on Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) operation on transmitter side. side On receiver side side, an FFT operation will be used used.
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PulseshapingandSpectrum
Twocharacteristicsare importantforaSignal:
Thetimedomain presentation:
Ithelpsrecognizehow longthesymbollastson air
Fourier Transform Th ti The time d domain i presentation t ti
Thefrequencydomain presentation:
tounderstandthe requiredspectrumin termsofbandwidth
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TherectangularPulse
Itisoneofthemostsimpletimedomainpulses. Itsimplyjumpsattimet=0toitsmaximumamplitudeand afterthepulsedurationTsjustgoesbackto0.
amplitude Ts
fs =
1 Ts
FT
Frequency Domain
Time Ti Domain
time
IFT
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LTEOverview
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MultiPathPropagationandInterSymbolInterference
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LTEOverview
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MultiPathPropagationandInterSymbolInterference
Thecancellationofintersymbolinterferencemakesmorecomplexthe hardwaredesignofthereceivers. InWCDMAforinstancetheRAKEreceiverrequiresahugeamountofDSP capacity. Oneofthegoalsoffutureradiosystemsistosimplifyreceiverdesign. design Intersymbolinterferenceoriginatingfromthepulseformitselfissimply avoidedbystartingthenextpulseonlyafterthepreviousonefinished completely, l l therefore h f introducing d aGuard dPeriod d(Tg) ( )after f the h Pulse. l Thereisnointersymbolinterferencebetweensymbolsaslongasthe multip pathdelay yspread p (e.g. ( g delay ydifferencebetweenfirstandlast detectablepath)islessthantheguardperioddurationTg.
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Time Domain
TSYMBOL
1 TSYMBOL 2
time Guard Period (GP) TSYMBOL ti time Guard Period (GP) time
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TSYM when the delay p of the spread multi-path environment is greater than the guard period duration (Tg), then we encounter inter-symbol interference (ISI) 1
Tg
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ReuseoftheGuardPeriod
ThereisthepossibilitytousethelosttransmissiontimeduringtheGuardPeriod byrepeatingpartofthesymbolduringthisperiod. This h isachieved h d b byf filling ll the h guard dperiod dwith heither h oneorboth b hof fthe h following f ll twosolutions:CyclicPrefic (CP)andCyclicSufix (CS). CP:Thecyclicprefixisfillingthefinalpartoftheguardperiod.Itsimplyconsistsof thelastpartofthefollowingsymbol.CyclicprefixesareusedbyallmodernOFDM systemsandtheirsizesrangefrom1/4to1/32ofasymbolperiod. CS:Thecyclicsuffixfillstheinitialpartoftheguardperiodanditissimply occupiedbythebeginningpartoftheprevioussymbol.
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CyclicPrefix
Inmulti l path hpropagation environmentsthedelayed versionsofthesignalarrivewith atimeoffset,sothatthestartof thesymboloftheearliestpath fallsinthecyclic y prefixes p ofthe delayedsymbols. AstheCPissimplyarepetitionof theendofthesymbolthisisnota intersymbolinterferenceandcan beeasilycompensatedbythe f ll i decoding following d di b based don discreteFouriertransform.
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LimitationsoftheSingleCarrierModulation
Usingasingleradiofrequencycarrierwithrectangularpulseshapinghasamajordrawback: Thecyclicprefixdurationisfixedbythemaximumexpecteddelayspreadoverthemultipath propagationmodelsforthesystem.
delaymax = TCP
Thesymboldurationcanbemadeassmallasthecyclicprefixsize,butthenonlyonehalfof th ti the timei isused dfor f data d t transmission, t i i the th other th half h lfis i for f the th cyclic li prefix, fi providing idi avery lowefficiency(E) TSYMBOL E= TSYMBOL + TCP Alsoshortersymboldurationmeanabroaderspectrumbandwidth(fS)tobeusedfora carrier. 1 1 fS = = TS TSYMBOL + TCP Toincreaseefficiencythesymboldurationmustbemadelonger, longer butthenthesymbolrateis reduced.
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011
001
011
100
101
001
011
101
frequency
011001011100101001011101
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f0
f1
f2
f3
fN
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OFDM:OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultiCarrier
Forthe h rectangular l pulse l there h is abetteroptionpossibleanditis eveneasiertoimplement. Wemustjustnoticethatthe spectrumofarectangularpulses showsnullpointsexactlyat integermultiplesofthe frequencygivenbythesymbol duration. duration Theonlyexceptionisthecenter frequency(peakpower)
Single carrier
f/fs
fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs
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OFDM:OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultiCarrier
ThusOFDMsimply Th i l places l the h nextcarrier i exactly l in i the h first fi null llpoint i of fthe h previousone. Withthiswedontneedanypulseshaping. B Between OFDMcarriers i using i the h Orthogonal Subcarriers: it samesymboldurationTs, means that at the noguardbandsarerequired. f
s
Two carriers
f/fs
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= f0 + n
1 Ts
n = K 1 , 0 ,1 , 2 . K
f0
f1
f2
f3
f4
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OFDM:OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultiCarrier
OFDMallowsatightpackingofsmallcarrier calledthesubcarriers intoagivenfrequencyband.
Saved Bandwidth
Frequency (f/fs)
Frequency (f/fs)
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TheOFDMSignal
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OFDMandMultipleAccess
Uptoherewehaveonlydiscussedsimplepointto pointorbroadcastOFDM. Nowwehavetoanalyzehowtohandleaccessof multipleuserssimultaneouslytothesystem, system each oneusingOFDM. OFDMcanbe b combined bi dwith ithseveral ldifferent diff t methodstohandlemultiusersystems:
Plain l OFDM TimeDivisionMultipleAccessviaOFDM
OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccessOFDMA
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PlainOFDM
PlainOFDM: NormalOFDM hasnobuiltinmultiple accessmechanism. mechanism Thisissuitableforbroadcast systemslikeDVBT/Hwhich transmitonly ybroadcastand multicastsignalsanddonot reallyneedanuplink feedbackchannel(although suchsystemsexisttoo).
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TimeDivisionMultipleAccessviaOFDM
Time i Division i i i Multiple l i l Accessvia i OFDM:Thesimplestmodeltoimplement multipleaccesshandlingisbyputtinga ti multiplexing time lti l i ontop t of fOFDM. OFDM Thedisadvantageofthissimple mechanismis,thateveryusergetsthe sameamount tof fcapacity it ( (subcarriers) b i ) anditisthusratherdifficultto implementflexible(highandlow)bitrate services. services Furthermoreitisnearlyimpossibleto handlehighlyvariabletraffic(e.g.web t ffi )efficiently traffic) ffi i tl without ith ttoo t much h higherlayersignalingandtheresulting delayandsignalingoverhead.
1 UE 1 45
LTEOverview
UE 2
UE 3
common info
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OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccessOFDMA
The h basic b i idea id is i toassign i subcarriers b i to usersbasedontheirbitrateservices. Withthisapproachitisquiteeasyto h dl high handle hi hand dlow l bitrate t users simultaneouslyinasinglesystem. Butstillitisdifficulttorunhighlyvariable trafficefficiently efficiently. Thesolutiontothisproblemistoassign toasingleuserssocalledresource blocks orschedulingblocks. Suchblockissimplyasetofsome subcarriersoversometime. Asingleusercanthenuseoneormore Resourceblocks.
1 UE 1 2 46 UE 2 3 UE 3 common info
LTEOverview Orthogonal Frequency Multiple Access OFDMA
subc carrier
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DifferencebetweenOFDMandOFDMA
OFDMallocatesusersintime domainonly y OFDMAallocatesusersintime andfrequency q ydomain
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SCFDMA
SCFDMA:SingleCarrierFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess SCFDMAisanewhybridmodulationschemethatcleverlycombinesthe lowPARofsinglecarriersystemswiththemultipathresistanceand flexiblesubcarrierfrequencyallocationofferedbyOFDM. SCFDMAsolvesthisproblembygroupingtogethertheresourceblocksin suchawaythatreducestheneedforlinearity,andsopowerconsumption, inthepoweramplifier.AlowPAPRalsoimprovescoverageandthecell edgeperformance performance. SCFDMAsignalprocessinghassomesimilaritieswithOFDMAsignal processing,soparameterizationofDLandULcanbeharmonized. SCFDMAisoneoptioninWiMAX(802.16d)anditisthemethodselected forLTEintheuplinkdirection.
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IFDMA = Interleaved Interleaved FDMA FDMA = Distributed SC-FDMA LFDMA = Localized FDMA = Localized SC-FDMA 49
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HowdoesaSCFDMAsignallooklike?
SimilartoOFDMsignal,but
inOFDMA,eachsubcarrieronly ycarriesinformationrelatedtoonespecific p symbol, inSCFDMA,eachsubcarriercontainsinformationofALLtransmitted symbols. y
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ComparingOFDMA&SCFDMA
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LTEdownlink:conventionalOFDMA
LTEprovidesQPSK,16QAM, 64QAMasdownlink modulationschemes Cyclicprefixisusedasguard interval different interval, configurationspossible:
Normalcyclicprefixwith5.2s (firstsymbol)/4.7s(other symbols) Extendedcyclicprefixwith16 16.7 7s
f0 f1 f2 f3 f4
15 kHz
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OFDMAtimefrequencymultiplexing
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spectrumflexibility
LTEphysicallayersupports anybandwidthfrom1.4 MHzto20MHzinstepsof 180kHz(resourceblock) CurrentLTEspecification supportsasubsetof6 differentsystem bandwidths AllUEsmustsupportthe maximumbandwidthof20 MHz
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1.4 6
3 15
5 25
10 50
15 75
20 100
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BandwidthScalability
Scalable S l bl bandwidth b d idth1 1.4 4 20MHz MH using i different diff tnumber b of fsubcarriers b i LargebandwidthprovideshighdataratesSmallbandwidthallowssimpler spectrumreframing,e.g.450MHzand900MHz
Bandwidth
1.4 MHz 3.0 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz
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LTEFrameStructure
LTEframesare10msecinduration.Theyare di id di divided into t 10subframes, bf each hsubframe bf being1.0mseclong.Eachsubframeisfurther dividedintotwoslots,eachof0.5msec duration.Slotsconsistofeither6or7ODFM symbols,dependingonwhetherthenormalor extendedcyclicprefixisemployed
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LTESlot
TheLTESlotcarries:
7symbols b l with hshort h cyclic l prefix f 6symbolswithlongprefix
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OFDMResourceBlockforLTE/EUTRAN
EUTRANcombines b OFDMsymbols b l in socalledresourceblocksRB. Asingle g resourceblockisalways y 12 consecutivesubcarriersduringone subframe (2slots,1ms):
12subcarriers*15kHz=180kHz
Itisthetaskoftheschedulertoassign resourceblockstophysicalchannels belongingtodifferentusersorfor generalsystemtasks. Asingle g cellmusthaveatleast6 resourceblocks(72subcarriers)and upto110arepossible(1320 subcarriers) subcarriers).
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LTEDLframestructuretype1(FDD),DL
# 00 # 01 # 02 # 03 # 04 # 05 # 06 # 07 # 08 # 09 # 10 # 11 # 12 # 13 # 14 # 15 # 16 # 17 # 18 # 19
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LTEDLframestructuretype2(TDD)
1 subframe = 1 ms 1 slot = 0.5 ms
# 00 # 01 # 02 # 03 # 04 # 05 # 06 # 07 # 08 # 09 # 10 # 11 # 12 # 13 # 14 # 15 # 16 # 17 # 18 # 19
Special subframes containing: DwPTS: downlink pilot time slot UpPTS: uplink pilot time slot GP: guard period for TDD operation g Possible UL-DL configurations
ULDLconfig 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Subframe number 2 3 4 5 6 U U U D S U D D D S U U U D D U U D D D U D D D D U U U D S
0 D D D D D D
1 S S S S S S
7 U U D D D U
8 U D D D D U
9 U D D D D D
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ModulationSchemesforLTE/EUTRAN
Each hOFDMsymbol b levenwithin h aresource blockcanhaveadifferentmodulation scheme. EUTRANdefinesthefollowingoptions: QPSK,16QAM,64QAM. Noteveryphysicalchannelwillbeallowedto useanymodulationscheme:Control channelstobeusingmainlyQPSK. Ingeneralitistheschedulerthatdecides whichformtousedependingoncarrier quality q yfeedbackinformationfromtheUE.
16QAM b0 b1b2b3 Im 1111
QPSK b0 b1 Im 01 00
11 10Re
Re 0000
64QAM b 0 b 1b 2b 3 b 4 b 5 Im
Re
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MIMO
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MultipleAntennaTechniques
MIMOemploysmultipletransmitandreceiveantennastosubstantially enhancetheairinterface. Itusesspacetimecodingofthesamedatastreammappedontomultiple transmitantennas,whichisanimprovementovertraditionalreception diversity yschemeswhereonly yasingle g transmitantennaisdeployed p y to extendthecoverageofthecell. MIMOprocessingalsoexploitsspatialmultiplexing,allowingdifferentdata streamstobetransmittedsimultaneouslyfromthedifferenttransmit antennas,toincreasetheenduserdatarateandcellcapacity. Inaddition,whenknowledgeoftheradiochannelisavailableatthe transmitter(e.g.viafeedbackinformationfromthereceiver),MIMOcan alsoimplementbeamformingtofurtherincreaseavailabledataratesand p efficiency y spectrum
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AdvancedAntennaTechniques
Singledatastream/user Beamforming
Coverage,longerbatterylife
SpatialDivisionMultipleAccess (SDMA)
Multipleusersinsameradioresource
Multipledatastream/userDiversity
Linkrobustness
Spatialmultiplexing
Spectralefficiency,highdataratesupport
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MIMO Beamforming
Enhancessignalreception throughdirectionalarraygain, whileindividualantennahas omnidirectionalgain Extendscellcoverage Suppressesinterferencein space p domain Enhancessystemcapacity Prolongsbatterylife Providesangularinformationfor g usertracking
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AIRINTERFACEPROTOCOLS
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RadioProtocolsArchitecture ItisquitesimilartotheWCDMAprotocol stack t kof fUMTS. UMTS Theprotocolstackdefinesthreelayers: thephysicallayer(layer1) data d li link kand daccessl layer(l (layer2) layer y 3( (hosting gtheAS, ,theNAScontrol protocolsaswellandtheapplicationlevel)
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RadioProtocolarchitecture Userplane
UE PDCP RLC MAC PHY eNB PDCP RLC MAC PHY
Headercompression(ROHC) InsequencedeliveryofupperlayerPDUs DuplicateeliminationoflowerlayerSDUs Cipheringforuser/controlplane Integrityprotectionforcontrolplane Timerbaseddiscard AM,UM,TM ARQ (Re)segmentationConcatenation Insequencedelivery Duplicatedetection SDUdiscard Reestablishment
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Controlplaneprotocolstack
Broadcast/Paging RRCconnectionsetup RadioBearerControl Mobilityfunctions UEmeasurementcontrol
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PhysicalLayer
Itprovidesthebasicbittransmissionfunctionalityoverair. thephysicallayerisdrivenbyOFDMAinthedownlinkandSCFDMAinthe uplink. Physicalchannelsaredynamicallymappedtotheavailableresources (physicalresourceblocksandantennaports). ports) Tohigherlayersthephysicallayeroffersitsdatatransmissionfunctionality viatransportchannels. LikeinUMTSatransportchannelisablockorientedtransmissionservice withcertaincharacteristicsregardingbitrates,delay,collisionriskand reliability. y incontrastto3GWCDMAoreven2GGSMtherearenodedicated transportorphysicalchannelsanymore,asallresourcemappingis dynamicallydrivenbythescheduler. scheduler
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MediumAccessControl(MAC)
MACisthelowestlayer2protocol. Itsmainfunctionistodrivethetransportchannels. FromhigherlayersMACisfedwithlogicalchannelswhichareinoneto onecorrespondencewithradiobearers. EachlogicalchannelisgivenapriorityandMAChastomultiplexlogical channeldataontotransportchannels(demultiplexinginreception) FurtherfunctionsofMACwillbecollisionhandlingandexplicitUE identification. AnimportantfunctionfortheperformanceistheHARQfunctionality whichisofficialpartofMACandavailableforsometransportchannel types.
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RadioLinkControl(RLC)
ThereisaonetoonerelationshipbetweeneachRadioBearer andeachRLCinstance RLCcanenhancetheradiobearerwithARQ(Automatic RetransmissiononreQuest)usingsequencenumbereddata framesandstatusreportstotriggerretransmission. ThesecondfunctionalityofRLCisthesegmentationand reassemblythatdivideshigherlayerdataorconcatenates higherlayerdataintodatachunkssuitablefortransportover transportchannelswhichallowonlyacertainsetoftransport blocksizes.
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Layer3RadioProtocols
PDCP(PacketDataConvergenceProtocol)
EachradiobeareralsousesonePDCPinstance. PDCPisresponsibleforheadercompression(ROHC:RObustHeaderCompression;RFC 3095)andciphering/deciphering. ObviouslyheadercompressionmakessenseforIPdatagram's,butnotforsignaling. ThusthePDCPentitiesforsignalingradiobearerswillusuallydociphering/deciphering only.
RRC(RadioResourceControl)
RRCisthe h accessstratumspecific f control lprotocol lf forEUTRAN. Itwillprovidetherequiredmessagesforchannelmanagement,measurementcontrol andreporting,etc.
NASProtocols l
TheNASprotocolisrunningbetweenUEandMMEandthusmustbetransparently transferredviaEUTRAN. ItsitsontopofRRC,whichprovidestherequiredcarriermessagesforNAStransfer
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Layer1/2RadioProtocols Summary
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RRCProtocol
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LTEMBMSConcept
MBMS(MultimediaBroadcastMulticastServices)isanessentialrequirementfor LTE.ThesocalledEMBMSwillthereforebeanintegralpartofLTE. InLTE,MBMStransmissionsmaybe b performed f dassingle l cell lltransmissionoras multicelltransmission.Incaseofmulticelltransmissionthecellsandcontentare synchronizedtoenablefortheterminaltosoftcombinetheenergyfrommultiple t transmissions. i i Thesuperimposedsignallookslikemultipathtotheterminal.Thisconceptisalso knownasSingleFrequencyNetwork(SFN). TheEUTRANcanconfigurewhichcellsarepartofanSFNfortransmissionofan MBMSservice.TheMBMStrafficcansharethesamecarrierwiththeunicast traffic orbesentonaseparatecarrier. ForMBMStraffic,anextendedcyclicprefixisprovided.Incaseofsubframes carryingMBMSSFNdata,specificreferencesignalsareused.MBMSdataiscarried ontheMBMStrafficchannel(MTCH)aslogicalchannel.
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LTEvs WiMAX
BotharedesignedtomovedataratherthanvoiceandbothareIPnetworksbased onOFDMtechnology. WiMax isbased b donaIEEEstandard d d(802.16), ( ) and dlike l k that h other h popular l IEEEeffort, ff WiFi,itsanopenstandardthatwasdebatedbyalargecommunityofengineers beforegettingratified.ThelevelofopennessmeansWiMax equipmentisstandard and dth therefore f cheaper h to t buy. b Asforspeeds,LTEwillisfasterthanthecurrentgenerationofWiMax. However,LTEwilltaketimetorollout,withdeploymentsreachingmassadoption by2012.WiMax isoutnow,andmorenetworksshouldbeavailablelaterthisyear. Thecrucialdifferenceisthat,unlikeWiMAX,whichrequiresanewnetworktobe built,LTErunsonanevolutionoftheexistingUMTSinfrastructurealreadyusedby over80percentofmobilesubscribersglobally.Thismeansthateventhough developmentanddeploymentoftheLTEstandardmaylagMobileWiMAX,ithasa crucialincumbentadvantage.
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Summary
The3GPPLongTermEvolution(LTE)representsamajor gy advanceincellulartechnology. LTEisdesignedtomeetcarrierneedsforhighspeeddataand mediatransportaswellashighcapacityvoicesupportwell intothenextdecade. LTEiswellpositionedtomeettherequirementsofnext generationmobilenetworks.Itwillenableoperatorstooffer highperformance,massmarketmobilebroadbandservices, throughacombinationofhighbitratesandsystem throughput inboththeuplinkanddownlink withlow y latency.
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Summary Cont.
LTEinfrastructureisdesignedtobeassimpleaspossibleto p yandoperate, p ,through g flexibletechnology gythatcanbe deploy deployedinawidevarietyoffrequencybands. LTEoffersscalablebandwidths,fromfrom 1.4MHzupto 20MHz,togetherwithsupportforbothFDDpairedandTDD unpairedspectrum. TheLTESAEarchitecturereducesthenumberofnodes, supportsflexiblenetworkconfigurationsandprovidesahigh levelofserviceavailability. availability Furthermore,LTESAEwillinteroperatewithGSM, WCDMA/HSPA TDSCDMAandCDMA. WCDMA/HSPA, CDMA www.cert.nat.tn LTEOverview 79
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Summary Cont.
Technologies/Features OFDMAwith CP/SCFDMAwith CP Benefits + Equalizer simpler Scheduling time/frequency Better PAPR(SCFDMA) ISIsuppression(CP) + Higher bitrates Adaptative p modulation + Variable traffic Better capacity + Better response tochannel variation Higher bitrates Scheduling is needed Requirements
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Summary Cont.
Technologies/Features TTI=1ms Flatarchitecture AllIP MIMO Bandepassanteflexible(1 flexible(1.4 4 20 MHz) Universal frequency reuse (1/1) Benefits Better response tochannel + variation Higher bitrates + + Simpler Architecture Better latency Architecturesimpler p Convergence Scheduling g with priorities is needed
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