SRIWIJAYA UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION

Semester Examination
Academic Year 2008/2009

Course : Introduction to Linguistics

Code : GIG 211 / 3 Credits
Issued on : December 30, 2008
Due : January 6, 2009, the latest at 17.00
Submit your answer at LB Bukit Besar, or email me
Instructor : Zainal A. Naning
E-Mail : zainala.naning@yahoo.com

Directions :

a. Even though you refer to the textbook or other references, explain in your
own words.
b. You may give examples of English or other languages.
c. Answer the question as completely and clearly as possible.

1. What is linguistic ? What is language ?

2. Describe the terms; linguistic knowledge and performance 1
3. How is language related to the brain ? what happens if your brains is
injured ?
4. What is grammatically ? How do you determine it ?
5. What is lexicon ?
6. Give your own exalmples of English morphemes, words, phrases and
sentences and explain their meaning !
7. What does each of these terms mean ? Can you provide three examples ?
- homophones - orthopists
- orthography - hyponyms
- noun-centered meaning - verb-centered meaning
- entailment - contradiction
- metaphors - idioms
8. What is phonology ? What is phonetics ? Their differences ?
9. How many rules of phonology are there ? What are the function of
phonology rules ? What is the importance of IPA ?
10. Explain the term “language change” ! What kind of change ?
 1. Linguistic is all things that are related to language. And language is the
sounds, word, or anything that can be use to express a thinking of peole or
creature to communicate.

2. Linguistic knowledge (linguistic competence), understanding the rule of

forming sentences in a language (what you know in your head)
Linguistic performance (comprehenssion of speech), the real things you
say/produce/write when you use the language.

3. There are a special part in the part brain that is thought to be critical for
language comprehenssion. So, if our brain is injured, our language or speech
comprehenssion will be also injured or disturbed.

4. Grammatically means in a grammatical manner. We can determine the

language is grammatically with two ways-“is it’s stucture correct ?” and “is it
meaningful ? “
For example :
I eats friedchicken - (uncorrect because the stucture is uncorrect)
I eat friedchicken - (correct because the stucture is correct and it is
meaningful)
Friedchicken eats me - (uncorrect-the stucture is correct but it is not
meaningful)

5. Lexicon :
- A word-book or dictionary. A vocabulary of terms used in connection
with a particular subject.
- Linguistic knowledge that exists in our head.
- Component of the grammar contains all of linguistic knowledge.

6.
No. Lingustic Items Meaning Example
a. Morphemes (M) Minimal meaningful The word “unbreakable”
language unit/smallest has three morphemes:
linguistic unit “un”, a bound morphemes
“break” and free
morphemes “able”.
b. Words Single unit of Unbreakable, go, active,
language etc.
c. Pharases Group of words that -the house at the end of the
functions as a single street
unit in the sintax of a -at the white house
sentences
d. Sentences A set of word Just do it now !, I like him,
expressing a The cat wears a shoes.
statement.
 7.
No. Term Meaning Examples
a. Homophones
b. Orthoepists Someone who studies the
way words are
pronounced.
c. Orthography The art of writing words
with the proper letters,
acoording to accepted
usage;correct spelling.
d. Hyponyms A word or phrase whose - blue, red, white
semantic range is (color)
included within that of - Kevin, Nick,
another word. Steven (Boy)
- Fan, Komputer,
Robot
(elektronic)
e. Noun-centered meaning Noun plays as a central -
role in the meaning and
structure of most
sentence.
f. Verb-centered meaning Verb plays as a central
role in the meaning and
structure of most
sentence.
g. Entailment The relationship between - The brick is
two sentences where the red>< The brick
truth of one (A) requires is not white.
the truth of the other (B) - I like
sweetness><I
like sugar.
- I don’t run><I
walk
h. Contradiction Negative entailment - Bob is a
baby><Bob is an
adult
- He is
princess><He is
a girl
- The game is
fun><The game
is boring
i. Metaphors Creative extension of - The walls have
concrete of terms ears.
- My new car is a
lemon.
- My heart is gone.

j. Idioms A phrase whose meaning - I am in the air

 cannot be determined by - I got the blue
the literal definition. - Time is running
out

8. Phonology is the study of how sounds are organized and use in naural
languages.

The Diffrences of them:

Phonetic Phonology

Is the basis for phonological analysis. Is the basis for further work in
morphology, syntax, discourse, and
orthography design.

Analyzes the production of all human Analyzes the sounds patterns if

speech sounds, regardless of language. language by determining which
phonetic sounds are sifnificant and
explaining how these sounds are
intepreted by the native speaker.

9. - There are six rules of phonology.

- The function of phonology rules is to provide the phoenetic information
necessary for the pronunciation of utterances in a grammar.
- The importance of IPA is to

10. Language change is the manner in language term are modified over time.
The kind of language change, among other things : vocabulary changes,
spelling change, and punctuation change.