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1.
1.2.
1.2.1.
1.2.2.
1.3.
iu ha khng kh:................................................................................................ 4
1.3.1.
H thng si m:.......................................................................................... 5
1.3.1.1.
Nguyn l: .................................................................................................. 5
1.3.1.2.
Cc loi b si:......................................................................................... 5
1.3.2.
H thng lm lnh:......................................................................................... 7
2.
1.3.3.
1.3.4.
1.3.5.
1.3.6.
1.3.7.
1.3.8.
1.3.9.
3.
2.1.1.
2.1.2.
2.1.3.
3.2.
4.
3.2.1.
Cc cm bin:............................................................................................... 38
3.2.2.
Cc b iu khin: ....................................................................................... 42
3.2.3.
B chp hnh:............................................................................................... 42
4.2.
4.2.1.
Cu to: ........................................................................................................ 45
4.2.2.
Hot ng:.................................................................................................... 47
4.3.
4.3.1.
Cu to. ........................................................................................................ 49
4.3.2.
Hot ng:.................................................................................................... 50
4.4.
5.
4.4.1.
Cu to: ........................................................................................................ 52
4.4.2.
Hot ng:.................................................................................................... 53
M t: ..................................................................................................................... 57
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.
5.5.
5.5.1.
Cu to: ........................................................................................................ 61
5.5.2.
Hot ng:.................................................................................................... 61
5.6.
5.6.1.
Cu to:................................................................................................................ 67
5.6.2.
WX
1.
Hnh 1.1. B si
1.3.1. H thng si m:
Mt thit b sy khng kh trong xe hay ht kh sch bn ngoi vo bn trong khoang
hnh khch.
C nhiu loi b si khc nhau bao gm: b si dng nhit t nc lm mt ng c,
dng nhit t kh chy v dng nhit t kh x. Tuy nhin, ngi ta thng s dng b si
dng nc lm mt.
1.3.1.1.
Nguyn l:
Cc loi b si:
Kt si c lm t cc ng v cnh tn nhit.
Mt bnh c kha c t trong hp cch nhit tt. Bnh cha mt loi cht lng d bay
hi nhit thng.
Khi m kha, cht lng trong bnh s ly i mt lng nhit cn thit t khng kh trong
hp bay hi thnh kh v thot ra ngoi.
Lc , nhit khng kh trong hp s gim xung thp hn lc trc khi kha m.
Cng tng t nh vy, ta cm thy lnh khi bi cn ln cnh tay, cn ly nhit t cnh
tay khi n bay hi.
1.3.2.2.
Ga lnh l cht tun hon qua cc chi tit chc nng ca b lm lnh to ra tc dng
lm lnh bng cch hp th nhit t vic gin n v bay hi.
Yu cu i vi ga lnh:
Khng chy.
Khng n.
Khng c.
Khng n mn.
Khng mi.
Mi cht lnh CFC-12 (thng gi l R-12) l ga lnh c dng trong cc h thng iu
ha khng kh thng thng, tha mn cc yu cu trn.
Tuy nhin, nhng nghin cu gn y cho thy, do Clo x ra t CFC-12 ph hy tng
ozne ca kh quyn. Tng ozne ny c tc dng nh mt tm lc hp th cc tia cc tm
(UV) t mt tri, bo v cuc sng ca ng vt v thc vt khi nh hng ca cc tia c
hi ny.
c im ca R-134a.
Hnh 1.15. S lu thng v thay i nhit - p sut ca mi cht lnh trong chu
trnh lm lnh.
1.3.2.5.
B thng gi:
Kt cu h thng lnh:
Cc chi tit ca h thng lm lnh t bao gm: My nn, gin ngng (gin nng), bnh
cha/b ht m, van gin n v gin lnh (gin bay hi). Ngoi ra cn c cc chc nng
khc gip h thng pht huy ht tc dng: chng ng bng, chng lm cht my, nng tc
khng ti ca ng c.
a. My nn:
Sau khi chuyn thnh kh c nhit thp v p sut thp, kh ga lnh c c nn bi
my nn v chuyn thnh kh c p sut v nhit cao. Sau mi cht lnh di chuyn
n gin ngng.
My nn bao gm cc loi :
Kiu tnh tin. (Kiu trc khuu, kiu a cho).
Kiu quay, kiu cnh gt xuyn.
+ Kiu trc khuu:
Trong my nn tnh tin, chuyn ng quay ca trc khuu ca my nn chuyn thnh
chuyn ng tnh tin ca piston.
+ Kiu a cho:
Mt s cp piston t trn a cho cch nhau mt khong 720 cho my nn 10 xylanh
hay 1200 cho my nn 6 xylanh.
Khi mt pha ca piston hnh trnh nn th piston pha kia hnh trnh ht.
g. Van gin n:
Ga lng sau khi i qua bnh cha/ht m c phun ra t mt van tit lu lm cho ga
lng gin n t ngt v bin thnh dng sng m c p sut v nhit thp.
iu chnh lng ga cp cho gin lnh da trn ti lm mt to hiu qu lm lnh cc
i ti mi thi im. Kt qu l ga lng lin tc bin thnh trng thi kh ca ra ca gin
lnh m khng ph thuc vo ti lnh v tc my nn.
Phn loi van gin n:
Van gin n p sut khng i.
Van gin n kiu nhit.
Hot ng:
h. Gin lnh:
Chc nng ca gin lnh ngc vi gin nng. Kh ga c x t van gin n lp tc
bin thnh dng sng m c p sut v nhit thp v bt u bay hi ti gin lnh.
Ging nh gin nng, gin lnh c cu to n gin nhng n l b phn quan trng nht
ca h thng lm lnh. Cu to v tnh trng hot ng ca gin lnh c nh hng rt ln
n hiu qu ca h thng lm lnh.
Gin lnh c lm bng nhm. C 3 kiu gin lnh:
Kiu cnh phng.
Kiu gp khc.
Kiu ng ht.
i.
Kiu Tpl:
2.1.1.2.
Kiu kp:
Kh lnh c thi ra t pha sau v pha trc bn trong xe.c tnh lm lnh bn trong
xe rt tt, phn b nhit bn trong xe ng u hn, to mi trng vi kh hu d chu
trong xe.
Loi n.
Vic iu chnh nhit v thay i kh vo v ra, c thc hin bng cch dng cn
gt trn bng iu khin.
a. Van kh vo c iu khin bng cn iu khin kh vo v n quyt nh dng
khng kh sch bn ngoi hay dng kh tun hon trong xe.
b. Qut gi c iu khin bng cn iu khin tc qut iu khin lng gi
thi vo trong xe.
c. Van iu khin trn kh bng cn iu khin nhit . Van hng lung khng kh
lnh thi qua hay khng qua kt si v vy iu khin nhit bng t l ca kh
qua kt si.
d. Van iu khin lung kh c iu khin bi cn iu khin lung kh v n c
t ca kh ra thi mt, thi mt v chn, thi chn, thi chn v sy knh hay
sy knh.
2.1.3.2.
iu khin van:
Hot ng ca qut:
iu khin ly hp t:
Khi kha in bt (ON) v cng tt qut gi bt (tr v tr OFF), rle si bt. Nu cng
tt iu ha bt (A/C ON), rle ly hp t s ng nh b khuch i A/C, lm cho ly hp
t ng.
Tuy nhin, ly hp t s ngt truyn ng v my nn dng hot ng khi mt trong cc
iu kin sau xy ra:
1) Cng tt qut gi tt: ngt rle si, dng in khng c cp cho h thng iu
ha.
2) Cng tt A/C tt: Ct ngun cung cp cho b khuch i A/C.
3) Nhit gin lnh qu thp: Nu nhit b mt gin lnh gim xung bng hoc
di 30C, khuch i A/C s tt rle ly hp t.
4) Cng tt p sut kp tt: nu p sut pha cao p ca mch lm lnh t bit cao hoc
t bit thp, cng tt ny s ngt. Khuch i A/C pht hin iu ny v iu khin
ngt rle ly hp t.
3.2.2. Cc b iu khin:
B iu khin c th chia thnh hai loi: loi dng IC v loi dng b vi x l. Chng
c gi l b khuch i h thng, b khuch i iu ha t ng hay ECU iu ha
khng kh.
iu ha khng kh t ng c iu khin bng b khuch i dng IC c gi l
iu ha khng kh t ng iu khin bng b khuch i cn loi iu khin bng ECU
hay b khuch i dng b vi x l c gi l iu ha khng kh t ng iu khin
bng b vi x l.
Trong s trn, cng tt iu khin tc thi kh, cng tt iu khin ch thi khi
v cng tt iu khin van nc hot ng cng vi cnh iu khin ha trn kh bng mt
servo iu khin ha trn kh, do vy cho php iu khin c nhit , tc qut thi
kh v ch thi kh.
Phn tip theo m t kt cu v hot ng ca h thng iu ha khng kh t ng iu
khin bng b khuch i ca loi xe Toyota Supra MA70.
iu ha khng kh t ng lp trn loi xe ny bao gm cc chc nng iu khin sau:
iu khin nhit .
iu khin tc qut thi.
iu khin ch kh thi ra.
Cc h thng iu khin ny hot ng bng cch gt cc cn iu khin v bt cc cng
tt trn bng iu khin iu ha nhit .
a) Cn iu khin nhit .
Cn ny c gt bng tay t nhit trong xe theo mun.
b) Cn iu khin tc qut thi kh.
Khi t v tr AUTO, cn ny cho php qut thi kh t ng chuyn n tc ph
hp vi nhit khng kh trong xe.
c) Cng tt t ng t ch thi kh:
Cng tt ny cho php ch thi kh thay i t ng gia FACE v BI-LEVEL, BILEVEL v FOOT tng ng vi nhit kh thi.
4.2.
iu khin nhit :
4.2.1. Cu to:
H thng iu khin nhit bao gm cm bin nhit kh trong xe, cm bin nhit
khng kh mi trng, cm bin bc x mt tri, in tr t nhit , b khuch i h
thng v mt servo iu khin ha trn kh.
4.3.1. Cu to.
Chc nng iu khin tc qut thi ca h thng iu ha khng kh t ng cng
ng dng mch iu khin nh h thng iu ha khng kh thng thng nhng b sung
thm cc chi tit chc nng sau:
Cng tc iu khin tc qut thi kh.
Cng tc nhit nc.
Cng tc ch FOOT.
4.3.1.1.
4.3.1.2.
Cng tc ch FOOT:
Chc nng iu khin ny ch hot ng khi cn iu khin tc qut thi trn bng
iu khin c t ti v tr AUTO. Khi cn iu khin t ti v tr khc, chc nng iu
khin ny s dn ng qut thi tc t trc.
4.3.2.2. iu khin hm nng:
Khi nhit nc lm mt ng c tng i thp, dng kh thi ch si s lm
cho hnh khch cm thy lnh. trnh hin tng ny, chc nng iu khin hm nng s
iu khin tc qut thi khi ch dng kh t ti FOOT v cn iu khin tc qut
thi t ti v tr AUTO nh sau:
a. Trng hp 1: Khi nhit nc lm mt thp hn 200C.
4.4.1. Cu to:
H thng iu khin ch dng kh bao gm cng tc iu khin ch dng kh,
khuch i h thng v mt servo iu khin ch dng kh.
M t:
iu khin nhit :
TAO + A (TE + B )
100%
C (TE + B )
A n C l cc hng s.
SP l gc m thc t ca cnh iu khin ha trn kh. Gi tr ca n ph thuc vo tn
hiu t cc TP. B vi x l so snh gi tr SP ny vi SW v theo iu khin mt servo
iu khin ha trn kh.
B khuch i mt servo iu khin ha trn kh xc nh hng tc dng lc v dn
ng m t servo iu khin ha trn kh, do iu khin c nhit kh vo.
a. Trng hp 1: Khi SW gn bng SP.
SW gn bng SP, khi TAO gn bng TE. Lc ny, b vi x l lp bn trong b khuch
i iu ha khng kh t ng s tt TR1 v TR2, ngn khng cho b khuch i ca mt
servo ha trn kh cp dng in n mt servo iu khin ha trn kh, do lm cnh
iu khin ha trn kh gi nguyn v tr hin ti.
5.5.1. Cu to:
Ging nh b iu khin qut thi dng cho iu ha khng kh t ng iu khin bng
b khuch i, cng tc iu khin tc qut thi ni vi cnh iu khin ha trn kh s
t ng thay i tc qut thi v cng tt nhit nc lm mt c dng iu
khin hm nng. Cc chi tit tng ng trong h thng iu khin tc qut thi gm:
Cng tt iu tc qut thi:B khuch i iu ha khng kh t ng, in tr
qut thi, transistor ngun.
Transistor ngun thay i dng in i qua mt qut ph thuc vo tn hiu dn
ng qut thi t cc BLW ca b khuch i iu ha khng kh t ng, do lm
thay i tc qut.
Transistor ngum c mt cu ch, n b nng chy 1140C bo v transistor
ngun trnh h hng khi qu nng.
Cng tc nhit nc/cm bin nhit nc lm mt.
5.5.2. Hot ng:
5.5.2.1.
iu khin t ng:
iu khin hm nng.
ny xy ra. Chc nng iu khin da trn nhit bn trong b lm mtdo cm bin gin
lnh pht hin c v ch c thc hin khi ng c khi ng vi cc iu kin sau:
My nn hot ng.
Cng tc AUTO bt.
Ch dng kh t ti FACE, hay bt ti Bi-LEVEL.
5.6.1. Cu to:
H thng iu khin ch dng kh cho loi iu khin bng b vi x l c cu to v
c bn ging vi iu ha khng kh t ng iu khin bng b khuch i.
5.6.2. Hot ng.
5.6.2.1.
iu khin t ng.
iu khin my nn:
Kt ni vi ECU ng.
WX
Ti liu tham kho:
[1] Heater and Air Conditioning System, Toyota Service Training.
[2] Automatic Air Conditioning System, Toyota Service Training.
[3] Jesse N. Lawrence, Refrigeration Fundamentals Throughout History: Methods Used
to Obtain Colder Temperatures, and Principles Governing Them.