1/15/2009

PENGENALAN TAMADUN BARAT

ISU-ISU KONTEMPORARI Pengenalan Tamadun Barat
Hegemoni Barat & Globalisasi: Media, Ekonomi, Politik, Sosial & Hak Asasi Manusia Tamadun Barat adalah lanjutan daripada Tamadun Yunani (muncul 2000 sebelum masihi) dan Tamadun Rom (sekitar 753 sebelum masihi) masihi). Tamadun Barat berteraskan kepada pemikiran & falsafah Tamadun Yunani dan Rom.

Tamadun Yunani
Kehidupan sosiobudaya orang-orang Yunani lebih berbentuk materialistik hinggakan kepada urusan keagamaan. Kepercayaan agama tidak mempunyai unsurunsur spiritual atau mistik, tetapi lebih bercorak fizikal, , rasionalistik dan materialistik. Contohnya: konsep beauty & love yang menaikkan keghairahan seks adalah faktor penting dalam agama mereka. Sebab itu banyak patung manusia dibina yang melambangkan seks di bandar-bandar utama Greek.

Tamadun Rom
Bangsa Rom terkenal dalam bidang ketenteraan (Julius Ceaser sebagai ikon kekuatan ketenteraan Tamadun Rom). Mereka juga mempelajari bidang-bidang keilmuan falsafah keilmuan, falsafah, kesusasteraan kesusasteraan, pendidikan dan logik (Socrates 469-399 SM & Plato 427-347SM). Tamadun Rom tidak diasaskan kepada agama mereka menganggap tuhan-tuhan tidak boleh campur tangan dalam urusan politik dan urusan harian mereka.

TAMADUN ROM
Walaupun berlaku penindasan terhadap pengikut Kristian oleh pemerintahan Rom, akhirnya agama Kristian diterima oleh seluruh masyarakat termasuk pemerintah. Sebuah gereja Kristian didirikan di Kota Rom (Vatican City) dan diletakkan nama St. Peter. Maharaja Rom (Constantine) merupakan pemerintah pertama menganut Kristian pada 350M 350M. Beliau memberi kebebasan beragama kepada rakyat dan gereja diberikan kuasa memungut cukai, serta melaksanakan hukuman terhadap penganut Kristian yang ingkar kepada ajaran agama. 330M - pusat pemerintahan Rom dipindahkan dari Kota Rom ke Kota Byzantium yang ditukar nama kepada Constantinople dan menubuhkan Empayar Rom Timur yang menjadi pusat tamadun Eropah.

Hubungan Tamadun Barat dengan Tamadun Islam Nabi Muhammad s.a.w. diutuskan sebagai rasul pada abad ke-7M ketika berlaku Zaman Kegelapan di Eropah. Umat Islam mula membina ketamadunan Islam hingga ke zaman kegemilangan ilmu pengetahuan bermula dari zaman Rasul di Madinah (622-661 M), Khulafa al-Rasyidin, Umayyah, hingga akhir hayat kerajaan Abbasiyyah 1258 di Baghdad g dan ke akhir tempoh p p pemerintahan kerajaan j Umayyah II di Andalusia pada 1492M. Ramai pelajar dari Eropah mengikuti pengajian di universitiuniversiti Islam di Andalusia dan lain-lain.

Era kecemerlangan Tamadun Islam berlaku bersamaan dengan Zaman Kegelapan (Dark Age) di Eropah.

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Ilmu pengetahuan orang-orang Islam telah berpindah ke Eropah melalui: Pelajar Eropah yang belajar di Sepanyol Pulau Sicily (Selatan Itali) dikuasai oleh orangorang Islam (9 hingga 12 M) Perang Salib yang berlaku selama hampir 200 tahun. Perkembangan Tamadun Islam mendominasikan seluruh ketamadunan dunia dan sebab utama kepada kebangkitan era Renaissance di Eropah

Tamadun Islam telah meletakkan asas akidah (berpaksikan ketauhidan kepada Allah), syariah dan akhlak untuk pembangunan manusia yang akan membangun alam ini. Tradisi keilmuan ketamadunan Islam menjadi pemangkin kepada pencetusan keilmuan dan ketamadunan moden Barat dan dunia seluruhnya.

HEGEMONI BARAT
Definisi Hegemoni: a situation in which one state or country controls others Hegemoni Barat
Dulu: D l K Kolonialisasi l i li i oleh l h negara2 2E Eropah h seperti Britain, Perancis, Jerman, Sepanyol, Portugal Kini: Globalisasi yang didominasi oleh Amerika Syarikat dan sekutunya

DI MANA LOGIKNYA?
Mengapakah Amerika Syarikat izinkan India dan Pakistan memiliki senjata nuklear tetapi membantah keras tindakan Iran membangunkan sumber nuklear?

IRAN CALLS FOR US APOLOGY

TEHERAN 24 Feb. - Presiden Iran, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad menggesa Amerika Syarikat (AS) dan sekutu-sekutunya supaya "meminta maaf" kerana menuduh Iran membuat senjata nuklear.
Laporan Agensi Tenaga Atom Antarabangsa (IAEA) ysng dikeluarkan pada 23 Feb membebaskan Iran daripada kesemua tuduhan yang dilemparkan terhadapnya. Ahmadinejad: Cara terbaik bagi AS dan sekutusekutunya "bertindak terhadap kesilapan mereka ialah meminta maaf dan membayar ganti rugi. "Jika mereka masih mengenakan sekatan tambahan terhadap Iran, kami akan mengambil tindakan balas yang sewajarnya

Hegemoni Barat
Blok Barat yang dipelopori oleh Amerika Syarikat dan sekutunya telah menjalankan agenda hegemoni mereka untuk mendominasi dunia adalah jelas melalui polisi yang diamalkan. Antara tiga polisi yang diamalkan oleh Barat ke atas bukan Barat: Usaha Barat mengekalkan keunggulan militari melalui dasar dan perjanjian senjata nuklear, biologikal dan kimia yang berat sebelah. Usaha mempromosikan hak asasi manusia dan demokrasi ala-Barat. Menjaga integriti negara bangsa Barat dengan menyekat kebanjiran imigran ke Barat

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Jeffrey F.Bennet (Exclusion as National Security Policy, dalam Jurnal Parameters 1994) telah merumuskan ciri-ciri dominasi Tamadun barat ke atas dunia sejagat seperti berikut:

Sambungan Jeffrey F.Bennet

Barat memiliki sistem perbankan antarabangsa dunia (IMF, World Bank & bank-bank gergasi multinasional). Barat mengawal mata wang utama dunia (US g p pengukur g nilai mata wang g dollar sebagai antarabangsa). Barat ialah pasar dan pelanggan barangan utama dunia. Barat membekalkan kebanyakan barangan siap dunia.Barat mendominasi pasaran modal antarabangsa. Barat mendominasi kepimpinan moral dunia.

Barat berupaya melakukan campur tangan ketenteraan ke atas mana-mana negara bangsa. Barat mengawal laluan maritim antarabangsa dunia. Barat melaksanakan program penyelidikan dan pembangunan teknikal (R&D) terkemuka di dunia. Barat terkehadapan dalam sistem pendidikan sains dan teknologi dunia.

Sambungan Jeffrey F.Bennet

Lagi Bentuk Dominasi Barat

Barat mendominasi akses ke ruang angkasa dunia. Barat mendominasi industri aero angkasa dunia. Barat mendominasi industri, sistem dan kandungan g media komunikasi dan hiburan dunia. Barat mendominasi industri senjata teknologi tinggi di dunai. Barat mendominasi sistem operasi dan perisian komputer seluruh dunia. Barat juga mendominasi bahasa komunikasi dunia melalui bahasa Inggeris (bahasa peradaban Barat: US,UK, Kanada). M Mengawal l penciptaan i t d dan pembangunan b senjata nuklear, biologikal & kimia melalui perjanjian non-proliferation terhadap negaranegara lain (obligatory compliance), bukan terhadap sekutu mereka seperti Israel.

Beza Hegemoni Barat Dulu & Sekarang

Manifestasi hegemoni Barat ke atas Benua Amerika, Asia dan Afrika sebelum ini adalah dalam bentuk penjajahan dengan tiga matlamat utama (the three Gs): Gold, Gospel and Glory. Dasar ini dijalankan hampir 500 tahun dengan mengaut t banyak b k sumber b asli li dan d tanaga t manusia. Kini hegemoni Barat muncul dalam bentuk lain: Globalisasi (Globalisme Barat).

Classic Quotes on Western Hegemony

"It's really not a number I'm terribly interested in." - General Colin Powell [When asked about the number of Iraqi people who were slaughtered by Americans in the 1991 "Desert Storm" terror campaign (200,000 people!)] "I will never apologize for the United States of America - I don't care what the facts are." -President George Bush 1988 [Bush was demonstrating his patriotism by excusing an act of cold-blooded mass-murder by the U.S. Navy. On July 3, 1988 the U.S. Navy warship Vincennes shot down an Iranian commercial airliner. airliner All 290 civilian people in the aircraft were killed. The plane was on a routine flight in a commercial corridor in Iranian airspace. The targeting of it by the U.S. Navy was blatantly illegal. That it was grossly immoral is also obvious. Except to a patriot.] "To maintain this position of disparity (U.S. economic-military supremacy)... we will have to dispense with all sentimentality and day-dreaming.... We should cease to talk about vague and... unreal objectives such as human rights, the raising of the living standard and democratization. The day is not far off when we are going to have to deal in straight power concepts.... The less we are then hampered by idealistic slogans, the better." -George Kennan [Director of Policy Planning U.S. State Department 1948]

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Classic Quotes on Western Hegemony

"If they turn on the radars we're going to blow up their goddamn SAMs (surfaceto-air missiles). They know we own their country. We own their airspace... We dictate the way they live and talk. And that's what's great about America right now. It's a good thing, especially when there's a lot of oil out there we need." -U.S. Brig. General William Looney (Interview Washington Post, August 30, 1999) [Referring, in reality, to the brutal mass- murder of hundreds of civilian Iraqi men, women and children during 10,000 sorties by American/British war criminals in the first eight months of 1999] "The The greatest crime since World War II has been U.S. foreign policy." policy. -Ramsey Clark [Former U.S. Attorney General under President Lyndon Johnson] "I believe that if we had and would keep our dirty, bloody, dollar soaked fingers out of the business of these [Third World] nations so full of depressed, exploited people, they will arrive at a solution of their own. And if unfortunately their revolution must be of the violent type because the "haves" refuse to share with the "have-nots" by any peaceful method, at least what they get will be their own, and not the American style, which they don't want and above all don't want crammed down their throats by Americans." -General David Sharp [Former United States Marine Commandant 1966]

Classic Quotes on Western Hegemony

"We have no honourable intentions in Vietnam. Our minimal expectation is to occupy it as an American colony and maintain social stability for our investments. This tells why American helicopters are being used against guerrillas in Colombia and Peru. Increasingly the role our nation has taken is the role of those who refuse to give up the privileges and pleasures that come from the immense profits of overseas investment." -Martin Luther King, Jr. ["A Time to Break the Silence" speech given at Riverside Church New York City April 4, 1967] "Death Death squads have been created and used by the CIA around the world particularly the Third World - since the late 1940s, a fact ignored by the eliteowned media." -Ralph McGehee [Former CIA analyst & Author] CIABASE; The Crisis of Democracy Deadly Deceits: My 25 years in the CIA "The U.S.A. has supplied arms, security equipment and training to governments and armed groups that have committed torture, political killings and other human rights abuses in countries around the world." -Amnesty International ["United States of America - Rights for All" October 1998]

Classic Quotes on Western Hegemony

"We have come to be one of the worst ruled, one of the most completely controlled and dominated Governments in the world - no longer a Government of free opinion, no longer a Government by conviction and vote of the majority, but a Government by the opinion and duress of small groups of dominant men." -Woodrow Wilson [U.S. President during World War I] "We must become the owners, or at any rate the controllers at the source, of at least a proportion of the oil which we require." - British Royal Commission, agreeing with Winston Churchill's policy towards Iraq, 1913 "What we want to have in existence, what we ought to have been creating in this time is some administration with Arab institutions which we can safely leave while pulling the strings ourselves; something that won't cost very much, which the Labour government can swallow consistent with its' principles, but under which our economic and political interests will be secure. [.....] If the French remain in Syria we shall have to avoid giving them the excuse of setting up a protectorate. If they go, or if we appear to be reactionary in Mesopotamia, there is always the risk that [King] Faisal will encourage the Americans to take over both, and it should be borne in mind that the Standard Oil company is very anxious to take over Iraq." - Sir Arthur Hirtzel, Head of the British government's 'India Office Political Department.' 1919

Classic Quotes on Western Hegemony

"If war aims are stated which seem to be solely concerned with Anglo-American imperialism, they will offer little to people in the rest of the world. The interests of other peoples should be stressed. This would have a better propaganda effect." - Private memo from The Council of Foreign Relations to the US State Department, 1941 "Our strategic and security interests throughout the world will be best safeguarded by the establishment in suitable spots of 'Police Stations', fully equipped to deal with emergencies within a large radius. Kuwait is one such spot from which Iraq, South Persia, Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf could be controlled. It will be worthwhile to go to considerable trouble and expense to establish and man a 'Police Station' there." - British Foreign Office, policy memo, 1947 "We have about 60% of the worlds wealth but only 6.3% of its population. In this situation we cannot fail to be the object of envy and resentment. Our real task in the coming period is to devise a pattern of relationships which will permit us to maintain this position of disparity. We need not deceive ourselves that we can afford today the luxury of altruism and world benefaction. We should cease to talk about such vague and unreal objectives as human rights, the raising of living standards and democratisation. The day is not far off when we are going to have to deal in straight power concepts. The less we are then hampered by idealistic slogans, the better." - George Kennan, former Head of the US State Department Policy Planning Staff, Document PPS23, 24th February 1948

Classic Quotes on Western Hegemony

"Strikes at population targets (per se) are likely not only to create a counterproductive wave of revulsion abroad and at home, but greatly to increase the risk of enlarging the war with China and the Soviet Union. Destruction of locks and dams, however if handled right might offer promise. It should be studied. Such destruction does not kill or drown people. By shallow-flooding the rice, it leads after time to widespread starvation (more than a million) unless food is provided which we could offer to do at the conference table." - John McNaughton, US State Department Vietnam policy, as quoted in The Mentality y of the Backroom Boys. y Article by y Noam Chomsky, y 1973 "The US must carry out some act somewhere in the world which shows its determination to continue to be a world power." - Henry Kissinger, post-Vietnam blues, as quoted in The Washington Post, April 1975 "It would not have been possible for a political party to be more committed to a national home for the Jews in Palestine than was Labour." - Harold Wilson, former British Labour Party Prime Minister, 1981 "One hundred nations in the UN have not agreed with us on just about everything that's come before them, where we're involved, and it didn't upset my breakfast at all." - Ronald Reagan, former US President, basking in the triumph that was the US invasion of Grenada, 1983

Classic Quotes on Western Hegemony

"Aerosol DU (Depleted Uranium) exposures to soldiers on the battlefield could be significant with potential radiological and toxicological effects. [...] Under combat conditions, the most exposed individuals are probably ground troops that re- enter a battlefield following the exchange of armour-piercing munitions. [...] We are simply highlighting the potential for levels of DU exposure to military personnel during combat that would be unacceptable during peacetime operations. [...DU is..]... a low level alpha radiation emitter which is linked to cancer when exposures are internal, [and] chemical toxicity causing kidney damage. [...] Short term effects of high doses can result in death, while long term effects of low lo doses have ha e been linked to cancer cancer. [ [...] ]O Our r concl conclusion sion regarding the health and environmental acceptability of DU penetrators assume both controlled use and the presence of excellent health physics management practices. Combat conditions will lead to the uncontrolled release of DU. [...] The conditions of the battlefield, and the long term health risks to natives and combat veterans may become issues in the acceptability of the continued use of DU kinetic penetrators for military applications." - Excerpts from the July 1990 Science and Applications International Corporation report: ' Kinetic Energy Penetrator Environment and Health Considerations', as included in Appenix D - US Army Armaments, Munitions and Chemical Command report: 'Kinetic Energy Penetrator Long Term Strategy Study, July 1990' These documents state clearly and equivocally that the US army was well aware of the radioactive and toxic dangers of Depleted Uranium ammunition long before the first shots of the war were fired.

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Globalisasi Barat
Globalisasi : Satu proses menjadikan DUNIA TANPA SEMPADAN (global village). Sebagai satu agenda bentuk baru penjajahan Barat untuk menguasai negara lain/dunia, sebab itu globalisasi pada satu tahap dapat digelar dengan westernization t i ti bertujuan b t j memalingkan li k mentaliti t liti manusia (berkiblatkan Barat) atau mengubah mentaliti ke arah mengagungkan Barat. Kenichi Ohmea: Globalisasi menjadikan dunia tanpa sempadan yang bertujuan mengubah dunia menjadi satu unit sahaja. Proses ini dipermudahkan dengan wujudnya kemajuan dalam bidang teknologi (komunikasi dan perhubungan canggih).

Politik
Konflik dunia yang berlaku hari ini banyak bergantung kepada konflik politik global. Pembersihan etnik, perang saudara yang terus menerus dan perlanggaran hak asasi manusia adalah mainan pengaruh politik kuasa-kuasa besar dunia. Kekuasaan Barat berada pada puncak yang luar biasa dalam hubungannya dengan peradaban lain. Barat mendominasi lembaga-lembaga politik & keamanan internasional. Masalah-masalah politik & keamanan global secara efektifnya dikuasai oleh Amerika, Britain dan Perancis.

Sambungan

Barat menganggap mereka bertanggungjawab mentamadunkan dunia & berjaya mendominasi dunia dengan kepelbagaian faktor seperti kecanggihan senjata. Contoh : Tindakan Amerika secara sendirian membelakang keputusan dunia (PBB), sebagai polis dunia boleh campur tangan dalam mana-mana negara lain. Keputusan PBB yang mencerminkan kepentingan Barat dikemukakan sebagai cerminan dari keinginan masyarakat dunia. Politik sekular Barat telah berkembang tanpa dibatasi atas nama negara moden. Ide-ide masyarakat dunia telah dijajah yang akhirnya berlaku kolonialisme dalam bentuk baru.

Latest News: Bush vows to help warcrippled Liberia rebound

Liberia, founded by freed American slaves, is in depressingly poor shape following the years of civil strife that ended in 2003. Many rotted houses look like they're held together by sheer will. Billboards warn against mob violence, rape, corruption and AIDS.
President Bush, cheering Liberians to rebound from a 14-year civil war that left their nation in ruins, said Thursday that the U.S. will keep lending a hand to make Liberia a symbol of liberty for Africa and the world. "You know one thing I've learned, and I suspect the people of Liberia have learned, is it's easier to tear a country down than it is to rebuild a country," Bush said on the final stop of his five-nation tour of Africa. "And the people of this good country must understand the United States will stand with you as you rebuild your country."

Ekonomi
Penguasaan ekonomi oleh negara-negara kapitalis Barat membentuk struktur ekonomi dan politik antarabangsa yang telah membawa fungsi yang lebih penting daripada struktur ekonomi dan politik kebangsaan. Dasar liberalisasi ekonomi iait iaitu menggalakkan kemasukan modal asing tanpa batas merupakan dasar monopoli MNC (Multimedia Cooperation) untuk menekan negara-negara membangun. Kuasakuasa kapitalis berlumba-lumba meningkatkan hasil pengeluaran dengan menekan negara-negara kecil. Ini akan mengukuhkan cengkaman ekonomi negara pusat kapitalis yang akan membentuk kuasa imperialisme bentuk baru.

Sambungan

Syarikat-syarikat multinasional Barat menguasai perdagangan antarabangsa dengan mendominasi penggunaan sumber asli, perkembangan sains & teknologi, perindustrian dan lain-lain. Sistem kewangan antarabangsa dikawal oelh syarikat-syarikat kewangan gergasi, bankbank, pedagang mata wang dan spekulator antarabangsa Barat yang disokong oleh International Monetary Fund (IMF), Bank Dunia dan World Trade Organisation (WTO). Peraturan IMF & Bank Dunia memberikan ruang yang luas kepada Amerika menguasai ekonomi dunia.

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Sambungan

Sosial
Kerancakan globalisasi akhir-akhir ini telah menyebabkan falsafah sosial Barat telah berkembang pesat di kalangan masyarakat dunia. Falsafah kebendaan ini mengajar g j kehidupan p y yang g mengosongkan perkiraan dan pertimbangan daripada kehidupan beragama. Kemajuan yang dianjurkan adalah kemajuan material. Manusia moden ternyata kehilangan aspek kawalan moral dan terjebak dalam apa yang diistilahkan oleh Betrand Rusell sebagai keburukan cinta kepada kebendaan.

John Naisbit dan Patricia Aburdence dalam Megatrends 2000 mengatakan bahawa telah berlaku kesamaan gaya hidup masyarakat dunia dalam abad ke 21 apabila diperhatikan kepada globalisasi 3F (Food, Fashion & Fun). Unsur-unsur budaya Barat menembusi pasaran dunia Globalisasi 3 F : Fun : Budaya melalaikan seperti seks bebas, seks rambang, budaya nyanyian, perfileman, tarian spt.rock / rap, artis-artis dunia hiburan menjadi idola. Fashion : Fesyen dedah & menjolokkan mata, kepelbagaian rekaan yang dikatakan cara moden, pakaian berjenama yang mahal. Food : Iklan-iklan makanan ringan, segera & tidak berkhasiat Makanan dari Barat banyak mempengaruhi minda masyarakat dunia seperti KFC, Pepsi, Coca-cola (makanan tempatan dianggap tidak berprestij).

Media
Kecanggihan teknologi komunikasi telah menyebabkan penyebaran berita antarabangsa didominasi oleh Barat. Media Barat berperanan sebagai mahkamah antarabangsa yang menjatuhkan hukuman walaupun tiada bukti kukuh - hanya berdasarkan kepada tuduhan. Boleh menyebabkan peperangan, perselisihan faham dan menjejaskan ekonomi. Contoh agensi berita Barat seperti CNN berperanan memburukkan Islam dengan berita : Islam adalah radikal & fanatik, Orang-orang Islam sebagai pengganas & pelampau agama & antarabangsa.

Hak Asasi Manusia

Pencabulan ke atas hak asasi manusia berlaku: Kebebasan Berpolitik/Bernegara Kebebasan Bersuara/Pendapat Kebebasan Beragama Kebebasan Hidup Kebebasan Berekonomi

The End of Western Hegemony?

Most of those who made that switch took for granted that the West would retain its hegemony long enough to bring liberty, equality, and fraternity to the rest of the planet. But that hegemony is over. The West has reached its acme; it is as rich and powerful f l as it i is going i t to get. t E Even th the U United it d St States t of America can deploy military power only by risking bankruptcy. The American Century has ended, and the Chinese Century has begun. America, while in the saddle, did more good than harm. Nobody knows what China will doleast of all the Chinese.
(Richard Rorty, professor of comparative literature at Stanford University )

Rumusan
Hegemoni Barat melalui dasar globalisasi banyak memberikan kesan kepada ketamadunan dunia meliputi politik, ekonomi, sosial, budaya dan lain-lain. Cara menanganinya: menghayati Islam sebagai satu cara hidup (way of life) Ketahanan K t h di diri id dengan nilai-nilai il i il i k keagamaan perlu l dikukuhkan dan didampingi dengan persekitaran politik, ekonomi dan sosial yang betul-betul mengikut landasan Islam sambil berusaha mengembalikan semula era globalisasi Islam pada zaman kebangkitan Islam. Globalisasi Barat perlu ditangani dengan baik agar masyarakat dapat dihindarkan daripada gaya hidup yang jauh dari nilai-nilai keagamaan dan berada dalam kehidupan yang tidak bermoral.