5.

3
Properties
of
Logs



y = log a x
if 

x = ay


remember
e
is
just
the
natural
log,
and
can
be
used
like
any
other
number

so
 log e x = ln x 

€

 log b x log x ln x
change
of
base
 log a x = = =
log b a log a ln a


€ 


log a (uv) = log a u + log a v

 €
u
log a = log a u − log a v 

v
€ 

log a u n = n log a u 



€
ln(uv) = ln(u) + ln(v) 



€ u
ln( ) = ln(u) − ln(v) 

v
€


ln u n = n ln u 



€ and
the
log
of
1
is
0



€ remember
to
use
these
rules
to
solve
logarithmic
equations



3.1
Exponential
Functions



A = Pe rt 

P
is
the
initial
investment
and
r
is
the
interest
rate
(write
%
as
decimal)

this
formula
is
used
for
continuous
compounding
which
means
that
the
investment

is
compounded
an
infinite
amount
of
times
per
year
(t).
A
is
the
ending
amount



For
n
compoundings
per
year:

€ r
A = P(1+ ) nt 
t
is
the
number
of
years
and
n
is
the
number
of
times
per
year
the

n
amount
P
is
compounded.
R
is
the
rate
of
interest
(write
3%
as
.03)




Annuities:
some
payment
over
a
length
of
time

€ PV=
Present
value,
P=payment,
i=interest
rate/time,
n=number
of
payments
in

annuity

 1− (1+ i)−n
PV = P[ ]

i


FV=future
value



€
(1+ i) n −1
FV = P[ ]

i




€