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Bio-Chemical Nature of Human Body

Circulation, Distribution and Molecular Reactions With Driving Bio-Energy Force

Hormones Receptors Enzymes Carbohydrates Amino Acids/Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids Vitamins/Minerals
Lecture 3
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Atoms (C,H,O,P,N,S,minerals)
Free Radical Diseases

Molecules
Molecular Diseases

Super-Assemblies
Structural Diseases

Organelles, skeleton
Organelle Diseases

Cells
Cell Diseases

Tissues
Tissue Diseases

Organs
Organ Diseases

Systems + DRIVING ENERGY

LIVE HUMAN BODY


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Rakesh Sharma for 1st MBBS Biochemistry Students

Lecture 3 CARBOHYDRATES Chemistry And Medical Practice


Glucose, Galactose, Mannose, Fructose(1 unit) Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose (2 units) Starch, Glycogen, Dextrin, Cellulose(n units) Blood group antigen(branched units) Mucopolysaccharides(branched units) Glycogen Storage disease(branched units)
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Monosaccharides: One ring


Aldose (Ribose, Glucose, Mannose, Galactose), Ketose (Dihydroxyacetone, Ribulose, Fructose) sugars Sialic Acid, -D-Acetylgalactosamine, -D-Acetylglucosamine
Cupric ions(Fehling Solution) +[-CHO-X] Cu2O

Benedict test, Saliwanoff test, Barfoed test confirm it


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Monosaccharides: Glucose
Glucose Is The Child of All carbohydrates
Pyranose Ring Formation: hemiacetal formed by reaction between the aldehyde group and a hydroxyl group Stereochemistry and Isomerism

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Rakesh Sharma for 1st MBBS Biochemistry Students

Glucose:
Child of all Carbohydrates to Make Energy In Human Body

Pyranose ring structure and Open Chain Structure Shows reducing properties due to HC=O group making red color complex (Molisch, Benedict tests) Shows Muta-rotation, Isomerization, Phosphate, Amino- Substitution reactions Involved in Glycolysis, TCA cycle, Glycolipids and Glycoprotein formation in metabolism
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Monosaccharides:Examples

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Derived Monosaccharides

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Disaccharides

Maltose (D-Glucopyranosyl-(14)-D-Glucopyranose.

Sucrose (D-Glucopyranosyl(12)B-D-Fructofuranose)

Lactose (D-Glctopyranosyl(14)--DGlucopyranose) Rakesh Sharma for 1st MBBS Biochemistry


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Polysaccharides: Starch and Glycogen


Amylose Glycogen

Amylopectin

Starch (Amylose -1,4 linkage; Amylopectin -1,6 linkage Cellulose (-1,4 linkage) Glycogen (two glucose molecules join by -1,4-glycosidic bonds and make branch point -1,6glycosidic bonds)

Branched chains

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Rakesh Sharma for 1st MBBS Biochemistry Students

Glycosaminoglycans: Anionic Chain of Repeat Disaccharides

Heparan Sulphate Hyluronic Acid Keratan sulphate Dermatan sulphate 8/22/2013 Chondroitin Sulphate

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Where Glycosaminoglycans Get Deposited?


Glysaminoglycans get deposited on membrane surface Their presence shows interactions in cell

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Rakesh Sharma for 1st MBBS Biochemistry Students

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Glycomics:Amino Sugars, Glycoproteins, Acidic Sugars in Carbohydrates

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Blood Group: Glycosides


On RBC Surface, Human ABO group oligosaccharide antigens have: GlcN-Ac(A), galactose(B) and fucose(O) -Mismatch of blood group is due to Glucotransferase enzymes

Selectin Hemagglutinins
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Diseases of Carbohydrates
Glucose Loss:Glucosuria Glucose Loss: Diabetes Mellitus Fructosuria Glycosaminoglycan deposits(Mucosaccharidoses) I-cell disease(Mucolipidosis II)-Missed Mannose 1-P to send 8 hydrolytic enzymes from Golgi Body to Lysosomes Glycogen Storage Diseases Lactosuria
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CARBOHYDRATES: Clinical Biochemistry,


Medical Biochemistry, Theradiagnostics
CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY: Serum Glucose GTT Serum Glycated-Hb Glycogen Urine mucopolysaccharides Urine sugar

MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY: Glycosaminoglycan Storage Diseases Glycogen Storage Diseases Hemorrhage and Blood Groups

THERAGNOSTICS D-Glucose (Dextrose drip) Insulin infusion by Pump in Diabetes Fructose rich food formula
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Examination Questions
Describe carbohydrates (monosacchjarides, disaccharides, ploysaccharides), classification, chemistry with structures. Short questions: Monosaccharides Disaccharides Mutarotation Isomerism and anomers Glycogen storage diseases Cerebrodies and Gangliosides
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