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"Nr. 1. Musique douce. 64 mesures.
Nr. 2. L'arbre s'eclaire. Musique petillante de 8 mes.
Nr. 3. L'entree des enfants. Musique bruyante. 24 mes.
Nr. 4. Le moment d'etonnement et d'admiration. Un tremolo de quelques mes.
Nr. 5. Marche de 64 mesures.
Nr. 6. Entree des incroyables. 16 m. rococo.
Nr. 7. Galop.
Nr. 8. L'entree de Drosselmeyer. Musique un peu effrayante et en meme temps comique. Un
mouvement large de 16 a 24 mes."*.
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