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2
5
T r u n k i n g a n d G r a d e o f Se r v i c e
5 1
Fr o m Fi g u r e

A / A U
8 0 . 9 / 0 . 1 = 8 0 9

c ha n n e l s .

2 % 0 . 0 2
1 9
X H 2 0 . 1
0 . 0 2 1 9 ,

A / A ,, 1 2 / a t 1 2 0 .

4 7 2 8 0 .

2 % 0 . 0 2
5 7
A l l 2 0 . 1
0 . 0 2 5 7 ,

A / A ,, 4 5 / 0 . 1 4 5 0 .

4 4 1 W .

0 . 0 2
1 0 0
X H 2 0 . 1
0 . 0 2 1 0 0 ,

5 2
U
A / A n 8 8 / 0 1 = 8 8 0 .
t he r e 4 9 o f s u b s c r i b e r s t ha t
t o 4 3 1 2 0
T he r e f o r e , c e l l u l a r b e b y
t hr e e s y s t e m s a r e 4 7 2 8 0 + 4 4 1 0 0 + 4 3 1 2 0 = 1 3 4 5 0 0 u s e r s .

b e r o f c e l l u l a r s u b s c r i b e r s i n Sy s t e m A i s e q u a l t o 4 7 2 8 0 , t he pe r c e n t a g e m a r -
k e t pe n e t r a t i o n i s e q u a l t o
4 7 2 8 0 / 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 2 . 3 6 %
Si m i l a r l y , m a r k e t pe n e t r a t i o n o f Sy s t e m B i s e q u a l t o
4 4 1 0 0 / 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 2 ,2 0 5 %
a n d t he m a r k e t pe n e t r a t i o n o f Sy s t e m C i s e q u a l t o
4 3 1 2 0 / 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 2 3 5 6 %
T he m a r k e t pe n e t r a t i o n o f t he t hr e e s y s t e m s c o m b i n e d i s e q u a l t o
1 3 4 5 0 0 / 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 6 . 7 2 5 %
E x a m pl e 2 . 6
A c e r t a i n c i t y ha s a n a r e a o f 1 ,3 0 0 s q u a r e m i l e s a n d i s c o v e r e d b y a c e l l u l a r
s y s t e m u s i n g a 7 -c e l l r e u s e pa t t e r n . E a c h c e l l ha s a r a d i u s o f 4 m i l e s a n d t he
c i t y i s a l l o c a t e d 4 0 M H z o f s pe c t r u m wi t h a f u l l d u pl e x c ha n n e ] b a n d wi d t h o f
6 0 k H z. A s s u m e a G OS o f 2 % f o r a n E r l a n g B s y s t e m i s s pe c i f i e d . I f t he o f f e r e d
t r a f f i c pe r u s e r i s 0 . 0 3 E r l a n g s , c o m pu t e ( a ) t he n u m b e r o f c e l l s i n t he s e r v i c e
a r e a , ( b ) t he n u m b e r o f c ha n n e l s pe r c e l l , ( c ) t r a f f i c i n t e n s i t y o f e a c h c e l l , ( d ) t he
m a x i m u m c a r r i e d t r a f f i c ; ( e ) t he t o t a l n u m b e r o f u s e r s t ha t c a n b e s e r v e d f o r
2 % G OS, ( f ') t he n u m b e r o f m o b i l e s pe r c ha n n e l , a n d ( g ) t he t he o r e t i c a l m a x i -
m u m n u m b e r o f u s e r s t ha t c o u l d b e s e r v e d a t o n e t i m e b y t he s y s t e m .
So l u t i o n
G i v e n :
T ht a l c o v e r a g e a r e a = 1 3 0 0 m i l e s
C e l l r a d i u s = 4 m i l e s
T he a r e a o f a c e l l ( he x a g o n ) c a n b e s ho wn t o b e 2 . 5 9 8 1 R 2 , t hu s e a c h c e l l c o v -
e r s
2 . 5 9 8 1 x
( 4 ) 2
= 4 1 . 5 7 s q m i .
H e n c e , t he t o t a l n u m b e r o f c e l l s a r e = 1 3 0 0 / 4 1 . 5 7 = 3 1 c e l l s .
( b ) T he t o t a l n u m b e r o f c ha n n e l s pe r c e l l ( C )
= a l l o c a t e d s pe c t r u m I ( c ha n n e l wi d t h x f r e q u e n c y r e u s e f a c t o r )
= 4 0 , 0 0 0 ,0 0 0 / ( 6 0 ,0 0 0 x 7 ) = 9 5 c ha n n e l s / c e l l
( c ) G i v e n :
C = 9 5 , a n d G OS = 0 . 0 2
Fr o m t he E r l a n g B c ha r t , we ha v e
t r a f f i c i n t e n s i t y pe r c e l l A = 8 4 E r l a n g s / c e l l
( d ) M a x i m u m c a r r i e d t r a f f i c = n u m b e r o f c e l l s x t r a f f i c i n t e n s i t y pe r c e l l
= 3 1 x 8 4 = 2 6 0 4 E r l a n g s .
( e ) G i v e n t r a f f i c pe r u s e r = 0 . 0 3 E r l a n g s
I b t a l n u m b e r o f u s e r s = T ht a l t r a f f i c / t r a f f i c pe r u s e r
T r u n k i n g a n d G r a d e o f Se r v i c e 5 3
= 2 6 0 4 / 0 . 0 2 = 8 6 ,8 0 0 u s e r s .
( 1 ) c ha n n e l n u m b e r
8 6 ,8 0 0 1 3 0

C x

9 5 2 9 4 5

1 . 3 8 7

= 5
4
6 0
6 0 1 5
I S,
9 . 0
t o t a l
3 1 0
3 1 0 6 2
1 ho l d i n g

A s / A
0 . 0 2 9 1 0 4 . 4

e x p( . ( C . -A ) t / H )
e x p( ( I 5 9 . 0 ) I 0 / l 0 4 . 4 ) 5 6 . 2 9
5 % 0 . 0 5

0 . 0 5 2 . 8 1

5 4
C h. 2 T he C e l l u l a r C o n c e pt Sy s t e m Oe s n Fu n d a m e n t a l s
C l e a r l y ,

t ha n

C a pa c i t y I n C e l l u l a r Sy s t e m s
A s

( s e e

I m pr o v i n g C a pa c i t y i n C e l l u l a r Sy s t e m s
5 5
A n

2 . 8

a t

( 2 . 2 0 )

P 1 2 ( R / 2 { "

whe r e po we r s
i s 4

( 2 . 2 2 )

A s s u m e
k m
k m , k m 3 k m
I m pr o v i n g C a pa c i t y i n C e l l u l a r Sy s t e m s 5 7
s q u a r e t he
t e r e d

3 0 0

6 1 1 .
6 6 0 c ha n n e l s .

1 2 1 7

1 0 2 0

A s

5 8 C l i . 2 T he C e l l u l a r C o n c e pt Sy s t e m De s i g n Fu n d a m e n t a l s
Fi g u r e 2 . 9
i l l u s t r a t i o n a 3 a r o u n d
o f

T he

s e c t o r s

I m pr o v i n g C a pa c i t y i n C e l l u l a r Sy s t e m s 5 9
Fi g u r e 2 . 1 0
( a ) 1 2 0 0 s e c t o r i n g .

t i o n t o

( a )

Fi g u r e 2 . 1 1

I m pr o v i n g C a pa c i t y C e l l u l a r Sy s t e m s 6 1
E r l a n g s
1 0 0 8

2 9 d B

A No v e l M i c r o c e l l Z o n e C o n c e pt
T he

6 2 C h. 2 T he C e l l u l a r C o n c e pt Sy s t e m De s i g n
Fi g u r e 2 . 1 2
T he

3 3 .
7 3

Su m m a r y 6 3
B y

I n

P r o v e

,j i N, + i j . i . c o s i n e

4

3

3 ?
7 I

I
Fi g u r e 2 . 1 3
De f i n i n g a m i c r o c e l l wi t h N = 7 .

a f t e r

1 0 5 1

1 0 5
6 5
f o r

= I

3 .

4 ,

6 6 G b . 2 T he C e l l u l a r C o n c e pt Sy s t e m De s i g n Fu n d a m e n t a l s

d o u M e s

o f

C H A P T E R
3
M o b i l e

t o R a d i o W a v e P r o pa g a t i o n
T he

7 0 C h. 3 - M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a l e P a t h L o s s
t i o n .

Fr e e Spa c e P r o pa g a t i o n M o d e l
T he

Fr e e Spa c e P r o pa g a t i o n M o d e l 7 1
-3 0
-3 5

1 5 1 6
Fi g u r e 3 . 1
Sm a l l -s c a l e

t r
( 3 . 1 )

I

( 3 . 2 )

whe r e

i s

1 )

7 2 C h. 3 ' M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a l e P a t h L o s s
T he

( 3 . 4 )

t o

=
l Ol o g
. r ,.
( 4 7 t ) d J
W he n

1

2 1

d J
T he f o r

( 3 . 7 . a )

Fr e e Spa c e P r o pa g a t i c n M o d e l
7 3
a n d

( 3 7 . c )
Fu r t he r m o r e , 0 .

d 0 , a t

d

9 0 0
c / f =

7 4 C h. 3 . M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a l e P a t h L o s s

6 m

5 0
= 9 0 0

=

= l Dl o g L 5 ( ) 4 7 . 0

l o l o g [ 5 0 J
1 7 . 0 d B W .
T he

= t t r = /
= 3 . 5 x 1 0 3 . 5
( I 0 0 ) ( J )

= x m W ) = 2 4 . 5
k m e x pr e s s e d i n d B m
1 0 0 1 0 k m

6 4 . 5
R e l a t i n g P o we r t o E l e c t r i c Fi e l d
T he i s

R e l a t i n g P o we r t o E l e c t r i c Fi e l d
Fi g u r e 3 . 2

7 5
( 3 . 1 0 )
( 3 . 1 1 )

I f )
I
2
4 )
x
V
< X )

I
C )
E
j e
2 i t c 0 c

E

+ +
_ _ _ _ _
d C )
4 7 t c ( ) c
a :

J L U ( i d
H
_ _ _ _ _ _
d

H r
H 0 0 .

2 =
_ _ _ _
= = W / m

I 2 Ozr

7 6
C h. 3 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e Sc a l e P a t h L o s s
=
W 1 m 2

P d A e
=
E I R P

4 ,t d 2

t o m a t c he d
r e c e i v e r

V
( b )
Fi g u r e 3 . 3
P o we r po i n t s o u r c e .
M o d e l f o r v o l t a g e a ppl i e d t o t he o f a r e c e i v e r .

= r

( 4 i t ) d

I .

A e Fa t i n g P o we r t o E l e c t r i c Fi e l d
a n t e n n a

V

1 ,

2 ,

5 0
= 9 0 0

2
5 0
1 0

P r ( d )
2
I Ol o g j
2
( 4 1 r ) d ( 4 n )
9 1 . 5 6 1 . 5

t
2
=
= 0 . 0 0 3 9

/ 4 m 2 x 0 . 3 3
( c )
A j P r ( d ) x 0 . 3 7 4
7 8 C h, 3 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a l e P a t h L o s s
3 . 4 T he T hr e e B a s i c P r o pa g a t i o n M e c ha n i s m s
R e f l e c t i o n ,

W he n

R e f l e c t i o n 7 9
I n

R e f l e c t i o n f r o m Di e l e c t r i c s
Fi g u r e

a n d

a n d
a . ,

s u c h c 0 c ,,

= ( 3 . 1 7 )

( 3 . 1 8 )

a /

) . Fo r

8 0 C h. 3 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a l e P a t h L o s s

/ / , ,, / / ,1 ' 1 7 ,,,,,,,
C 2 0 2

Fi g u r e 3 . 4
G e o m e t r y f o r c a l c u l a t i n g r e f l e c t i o n t wo d i e l e c t r i c s .
T a b l e 3 . 1 M a t e r i a l P a r a m e t e r s a t Va r i o u s Fr e q u e n c i e s
M a t e r i a l R e l a t i v e
P e r m i t t i v i t y
C o n d u c t i v i t y Fr e q u e n c y
a ( s / r n ) ( M H z)
P o o r G r o u n d 1 0 0
1 5 0 . 0 0 5 1 0 0
G o o d G r o u n d 2 5 0 . 0 2 1 0 0
Se a W a t e r 8 1 5 . 0 1 0 0
1 0 0
B r i c k 4 . 4 4 0 . 0 0 1 4 0 0 0
L i m e s t o n e 7 . 5 1 0 . 0 2 8 4 0 0 0
4 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 1
G l a s s , C o r n i n g 7 0 7 4 0 . 0 0 0 0 2 7 1 0 0
G l a s s , C o r n i n g 7 0 7 4 0 . 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 0

o f

P 2 .

R e f l e c t i o n
8 1
r
=

a n d

=
=
whe r e

i r
( 3 2 4 )
c o s 2 O1

r
( 3 . 2 5 )
c o s 2

8 2 C h. 3 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a l e P a t h L o s s
ho r i zo n t a l a x i s
Fi g u r e 3 . 5
A x e s

R T DC R

whe r e
a n d a r e

P 4 ,

[ c o s o

1 1 ) 1 1
0
whe r e

= 1 )

= 4 , a n d
1 2 .
R e f l e c t i o n
8 3
1
0 . 8
O. 6 H ,H

O. 4 [
0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0
A n g l e

7 0 8 0 9 0
A n g l e

3 . 6

4 ' 1 r
1 2 ,

E x a m pl e

a ppr o a c h

0 0

_ E r Si f l O+ * J C r _ c 0 5 2 0

E r Sl f l O
8 4 G b . 3 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a i e P a t h L o s s
r
Su b s t i t u t i n g 0

T hi s

I
A n g l e
T he

C I
s i n
+

C ?
Fo r

( 3 . 2 8 )

4 .
G r o u n d R e f l e c t i o n ( 2 -r a y ) M o d e l
So l u t i o n
i n

=
=
= s i n 1 2 6 . 5 6
T hu s = 4 i s
R e f l e c t i o n f r o m P e r f e c t C o n d u c t o r s
Si n c e
t he

( 3 . 2 9 )

E r
( E -f i e l d

0 r
( 3 . 3 1 )

( E -f i e l d

1 , -I .

3 . 6 G r o u n d R e f l e c t i o n ( 2 -r a y ) M o d e l
I n c ha n n e l ,

8 6
C h. 3 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a l e P a t h L o s s
t ha t

E r r

Fi g u r e 3 . 7
T wo -r a y

a n d

d 0 ,

d

E 0 d 0 / d

d

(
E , ( c i , = r c o s l
( 3 . 3 5 )
g

A c c o r d i n g
( 3 . 3 6 )
d 0 1
G r o u n d R e f l e c t i o n ( 2 -r a y ) M o d e l 8 7

E ,= ( 1 r ) E 1

0 )

I E r o r l =

- E 0 d 0
E VOT ( d ,t )
d '

d ' d

Fi g u r e 3 . 8
T he

j i i i
8 8 C h. 3 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n L a r g e -Sc a l e P a t n b j s s
W he n
e q u a t i o n

d
r
( 3 . 4 1 )

b e t we e n

= s
( 3 . 4 2 )
a n d

d '/ c ,

) =
c o s O
E 0 d 0
c i '

2
( E d \ 2

s i n 2 e a

=

2

G r o u n d R e f l e c t i o n ( 2 -r a y ) M o d e i
8 9
/
/
/
/
E 0 d 0
3 . 9
P ha s o r d i a g r a m s ho wi n g t he e l e c t r i c
E -f i e l d s ,

i s

r

V/ r n

t he

i t , t he n

( 4 ht hr )

/
T O
9 0
r e c e i v e r

5
I
= 9 0 0
= - = =
X / 4 0 . 3 3 3 / 4 0 . 0 8 3 3 8 . 3 3

2 . 5 5

A d
2 * ( I i )
1 1 3 . 1 *

P

1 1 3 . 1
)
[ 1 . 8 ( 0 . 3 3 3 ) 2
3 7 7
P ( d 5 5 . 4 1 2 2 . 6 8

Di f f r a c t i o n

Di f f r a c t i o n 9 1
o b s t r u c t e d ( s ha d o we d ) r e g i o n ,
pr o d u c e u s e f u l

Z o n e G e o m e t r y
C o n s i d e r

c a n

d d 2

+ y

a a ,
( a

whi c h
+ d ,)

h/

whe r e

c a n
1 t 2
( 3 . 5 7 )

C h. 3 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a 'e P a t h L o s s

a r e a n d

3 . 1 0

7

Di f l r a c t e o n 9 3
Fr o m

d
= A J d
( 3 . 5 8 )

i s

= 1

2 ,

9 4
C h. 3 ' M o b i 'e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a l e P a t h L o s s
- ;
Fi g u r e 3 . 1 1
C o n c e n t r i c

K n i f e -e d g e Di f f r a c t i o n M o d e l
E s t i m a t i n g

a 2
-
--
(
Di f f r a c t i o n

N
( a )

-. ---
'C . . '

( b )

s _
N

Fi g u r e 3 . 1 2

T
= F( v )

U
whe r e

9 6 C i t 3 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a l e P a m L o s s

I

= 2 Ol o g I F( v ) ! ( 3 . 6 0 )

v s I

2 OI o g ( O. 5 0 . 6 2 v )

2 Ol o g ( O. Se x p( 0 . 9 5 v ) )

4 5 v

1 k m ,

2 5
( 3 . 6 1 . e ) .
r
Fi g u r e 3 . 1 3
I l l u s t r a t i o n k n i f e -e d g e d i f f r a c t i o n T he r e c e i v e r i n s ha d o w

"

=

0
5
-- - - -
-
U
c c
-1

3 . 1 4
Fr e s n e l
t he s e

X = I / 3 m
= 1 k m
I
2 5 m .

2 ( 1 0 0 0 + 1 0 0 0 )

-
Fr o m

9 8

d 1 d , l 0 0 0 x l 0 0 0
T o
whi c h = n X / 2 . I / 3 m ,
= 0 . 6 2 5
0 . 6 2 5
= T = 0 . 3 3 3 3
=
T he r e f o r e ,

0
0 .

0 , 0 ,

2 5

9 0 0

l OOm

c

= =
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
= - m .
9 0 0 x 1 0
R e d r a w
T

R

1 0 k m
t a t r
)
= 0 . 2 8 6 5
= = 2 . 1 5

j 3 = 2 . 4 3 4
O. 0 4 2 4 r a d

/
2 x 1 0 0 0 0 x 2 0 0 0
V
= ( 1 0 0 0 0 + 2 0 0 0 )
-

= 0 . m a y

y )
- R
1 0 k m

= 4 . 1 6
M u l t i pl e K n i f e -e d g e Di f f r a c t i o n
I n

1 0 0 C h, 3 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a l e P a t h L o s s
e a s i l y

3 . 1 5
B u ] l i n g t o n 's
Sc a t t e r i n g
T he

g i v e n
( 3 . 6 2 )

s i n g l e e q u i v a l e n t
k n i f e
Sc a t t e r i n g 1 0 1
P s

e x p[ _ s (

>

= P s r '
( 3 6 5 )
Fi g u r e

C r o s s Se c t i o n M o d e l
I n

1 0 2
C h. 3 ' M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a l e P a t h L o s s
[ Va n 8 7 ] ,

1 0
2
we r e
P r a c t I c a l L i n k B u d g e t De s i g n u s i n g P a t h L o s s M o d e l s
M o s t

P a t h L o s s M o d e l

P L ( d 0 )

P r a c t i c a l L i n k B u d g e t De s i g n u s i n g P a t h L o s s M o d e l s
1 0 3
M e a s u r e d R e f l e c t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t s o f R o u g h St o n e W a l l
f = 4 0 H z C > P a r a l l e l P o l a r i za t i o n ( ho r i zo n t a l a n t e n n a po l a r i za t i o n )
1 . 0
St o a . SS. c b l c
t o g ,a 7 S1 ; . a O. 0 2 t a O. f l
S
0 . 8 s . s . . u s . e t . o .
ha I t l r c e a 2 . Ss a u
- - - - a c a n
5 -, 0 M . . s n d
c ) " . 1
_ _ _ _
I o . s
0
I n c i d e n t A n g l e ? d e g r e e s )
( a )

R e f l e c t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t s o f R o u g h St o n e W a l l
I ' 4 0 H z C > P e r pe n d i c u l a r P o l a r i za t i o n ( v e r t i c a l a n t e n n a po l a r i za t i o n )
1 . 0
I S. . . d a . a l . .
t 0 . 9
0 . 8 : - -- - t l s r n n -L 3 4 n I
t / 1 0
0
0
.
'2 0 0 .
.
/
3 0 4 0 0 6 7 0 SOg o
I n c i d e n t A n g l e ? c a e g r e e s '3
( b ) n o r m a l

3 . 1 6
M e a s u r e d

1 0 4 C h. 3 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a l e P a t h L o s s
d i s t a n c e .

m

3 . 2 P a t h E x po n e n t s f o r Di f f e r e n t
E n v i r o n m e n t P a t h L o s s E x po n e n t , n
2
c e l l u l a r 2 . 7 t o 3 . 5

2 t o
3 . 9 . 2 L o g -n o r m a l Sha d o wi n g
T he

P L ( d ) + = P L ( d 0 ) l On l o g ( j -)
( 3 . 6 9 . a )

P j d B m

P r a c t i c a l L i n k B u d g e t De s i g n u s i n g P a t h L o s s M o d e l s 1 0 5
T he

a n d
m a y

Q ( z)

c a n

Q ( Y P r ( d ) J

Fi g u r e 3 . 1 7
Sc a t t e r

2 . 7 = 1 1 . 8
a n d
De t e r m i n a t i o n o f P e r c e n t a g e o f C o v e r a g e A r e a
I t
1 0 6 C h. 3 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a l e L o s s
A l l M e a s u r e m e n t L o c a t i o n s
1 4 0
t 3 o
1 2 0
m
1 1 0
n = 2
3
C
a
n = 1
3 0
7 0
0 . 1

T R Se pa r a t i o n ( k r n )
1 0

Q ( P r ( d )
- Y )

P r a c t i c a l L i n k B u d g e t De s i g n u s i n g P a t h L o s s M o d e l s
1 0 7
k n o wn
r
( r )
y J

r
t he n
R
U ( y )
-_ ! _ 4 P r [ P r ( r )
> y ] d A =
_ L 3 f

U s i n g
y J

Q
=
)
i
l On l o g ( r / d 0 ) ) ]
I n

R ) ,

( 3 . 7 6 )

[ P 1 --
l On l o g ( R / d 0 )

( l On l o g e ) / a . [ 2 ,

b l n j j d r

a b l o g

y 0 ) ,

I

( 3 . 7 9 )

4 8
C
-J
0
I
OD
'I i
I
F-
U i
>
0
-J
z
U )
1 0 8
3 . M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a l e P a t h L o s s

2 8
3 9
P r f P r ( r ) > y
0 . 9 5
0 . 9
0 . 8 5
0 . 8
0 . 7 5
r
I -
0 . 7
0 . 6 5
-J
I . 0 . 6
U -
0
z
o 0 . 5 5
I -
0
C
0 . 5
a / n
Fi g u r e 3 . 1 8
Fa m i l y

0 2 3 4 5 6 7 9

m , 1

1 0 0
( b )

2

B u d g e t De s i g n u s i n g P a t h L o s s M o d e l s 1 0 9

b e
pa t h

J ( n )
T he whi c h

= p1 ( d 0 ) I On l o g ( d 1 / l 0 0
0 i n d B m :
o , p, -3 n , = -I On , 1 4 . 7 7 n .

1
J ( n l ( O 0 ) '+ ( -2 0 ( -3 n ) Y + ( -3 5 ( -I On ) i
( 7 0
6 5 2 5 3 2 7 ,1 5 3 n

6 5 4 . 3 0 6 n

4 . 4 .
= J ( n 4 . 4
( O+ 0 ) + ( 2 0 +
1 5 2 . 3 6 .
5 2 . 3 6 / 4

= 6 . 1 7

2
2 k m ) 0 5 7 . 2 4
6 . 1 7
s i m u l a t e 2 k m .
1 1 0
( d )

> 0 d B m ] =
_ P r ( d ) )
=
6 0 + 5 7 . 2 4 )
6 7 . 4 % .
( e )

t he n

R a d i o

t he

M o d e l
T he
G H z,

Ou t d o o r P r o pa g a t i o n M o d e l s 1 1 1
n a s ,

M o d e l A C a s e St u d y
A

1 1 2 C h. 3 -M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a l e P a t h L o s s
we a k

St o r e d H e i g ht s
R o ws
3 . 1 9

t r a n s m i t t e r

g r o u n d e l e -

( i j

( a ) T o p v i e w o f i n t e r po l a t e d m a p
( b ) Si d e v i e w
b e t we e n T x a n d R x
t e r r a i n pr o f i l e b e t we e n T x a n d R x
Fi g u r e 3 . 2 0

= I

0 . 8 ) ,

.
K r
1 1 4
f o r

Fi g u r e 3 . 2 1

d 1 ,

d
R i
T x
Ou t d o o r P r o pa g a t i o n M o d e i s
1 1 5
f r a c t i o n

3 . 2 2

1 1 6 C h. 3 R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a l e P a t h L o s s
3 . 1 0 . 3 Ok u m u r a M o d e l
Ok u m u r a 's

A m u ( f ,

G ( hr e )
( 3 . 8 0 )
whe r e

h,9

l i r e

i s o -

Fi g u r e 3 . 2 3
M e d i a n

1 0 0

5 0
4 0
3 0
2 0
g

2
2
2
1

I
I
Fi g u r e 3 2 4
C o r r e c t i o n

5 0 1 0 0
m ,

1 0

1 1 8 C h. 3 . M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a l e P a t h L o s s
3 5
3
2 5
2 0
1 5
1 0
5
0
1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 5 0 0 7 0 0 1 0 0 0
Fr . g u s n c y
2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0

l Ol o g
( 4 j t ) d 2 2
3 x 1 0 8 / 9 0 0 x 1 C 6 1 1
= l OI o g [ (
= 1 2 5 . 5
x ( 5 0 x 1 0 )

4 3

9 d B .
U s i n g
6 d B .

2 0 1 o g ( 1 j 9 ) 1 0 . 4 6 d B .

L F A m u ( f ,d ) G ( ht e ) G ( hr e )
= 1 2 5 . 5 d B + 4 3 d 8 ( 6 ) d R 1 0 . 4 d B 9 d 8
= 1 5 5 . 0 4 d B .

E J R P ( d B f l ) _ L 9 3 ( d B ) + G r ( d B )
6 Od B r n -1 5 5 . O4 d B + l J d B -9 5 . 0 4
H a t a M o d e l
T he

6 9 . 5 5 2 6 .
Q ( hr g )
( 4 4 . 9
i s

0 . 7 ) hr e

a n d
L M I ( u r b a n )
4 0 9 8

E x t e n s i o n t o H a t a M o d e l
T he

( 4 4 . 9
C M

3

:

W a l f i s c h a n d B e r t o n i M o d e l
A

g i v e s

Ou t d o o r P r o pa g a t i o n M o d e l s
1 2 1
b a s e d

Fi g u r e 3 . 2 5
P r o pa g a t i o n

3 . 1 0 . 7 W l d e b a n d P C S M i c r o c e l l M o d e l

" p
d f =
A ) 2
( E 2 +
2
=

m e n t s .

( 3 . 9 2 . b )
I On 1 l o g d 1 + p1
( d 0 ) ( t he
I

3 8 . 0

[ d B ] = l On l o g ( d ) ( 3 . 9 2 . c )
i s

2 =
Fi g u r e 3 . 2 6

M H z [ Fr o m
I n d o o r P r Dpa g a t i o n M o d e l s 1 2 3
3 . 1 1 I n d o o r P r o pa g a t i o n M o d e l s
W i t h

t he

P a r t i t i o n L o s s e s ( s a m e f l o o r )
B u i l d i n g s

T a b l e 3 . 3 A v e r a g e Si g n a l L o s s M e a s u r e m e n t s R e po r t e d b y Va r i o u s R e s e a r c he r s f o r
R a d i o P a t hs Ob s t r u c t e d b y C o m m o n B u i l d i n g M a t e r i a l .
M a t e r i a l T y pe
A l l
L o s s ( d B ) Fr e q u e n c y 'R e f e r e n c e

1 0

6

4

1 0
1 0 2 0

M e t a l l i c

1 6 2 0
8

1 -8

1 0 -1 2

( l o o s e l y

I n d o o r P r o pa c a t i o n M o d e l s 1 2 5
T a b l e 3 . 3 A v e r a g e Si g n a l L o s s M e a s u r e m e n t s R e po r t e d b y Va r i o u s R e s e a r c he r s f o r
R a d i o P a t hs Ob s t r u c t e d b y C o m m o n B u i l d i n g M a t e r i a l .
M a t e r i S T y pe - L o s s ( d B ) Fr e q u e n c y R e f e r e n c e
s t o r a g e r a c k

5 r a c k m e t a l

1 3 0 0 M H z
T y pi c a l N/ C

8 -1 0 1 3 0 0 M H z

2
1
1
1

2

1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
:

1 2 6 C h. 3 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a l e L o s s
P a r t i t i o n L o s s e s b e t we e n Fl o o r s
T he

3 . 4 T o t a l Fl o o r A t t e n u a t i o n Fa c t o r a n d St a n d a r d
( d B ) f o r T hr e e B u i l d i n g s . E a c h
po i n t r e pr e s e n t s t he a v e r a g e pa t h l o s s o v e r a 2 0 k m e a s u r e m e n t t r a c k ( Se 1 9 2 a ] .
B u i l d i n g 9 1 5
M H z
FA F ( d B )
a ( d B ) Nu m b e r o f
l o c a t i o n s
1 9 0 0 M H z o ( d B )
FA F ( d B )
Nu m b e r o f
l o c a t i o n s

3 1 . 3 4 . 6 1 1 0
T wo Fl o o r s

3 . 1 1 . 3 L o g -d i s t a n c e P a t h L o s s M o d e l
I n d o o r

P L ( d 0 )

I n d o o r P r o pa g a t i o n M o d e l s
1 2 7
T a b l e 3 . 5 A v e r a g e Fl o o r A t t e n u a t i o n Fa c t o r I n d B f o r On e , i wo , T hr e e , a n d Fo u r Fl o o r s i n T wo
Of f i c e B u i l d i n g s f Se l 9 2 b ] .
B u i l d i n g FA F ( d B ) a ( d B ) Nu m b e r o f l o c a t i o n s

1 8 . 7 2 . 8

d i f f e r e n t
B u i l d i n g Fr e q u e n c y ( M H z) n a ( d B )

3 . 3
3 . 1 1 . 4 E r i c s s o n M u l t i pl e B r e a k po i n t M o d e l
T he

t
= 9 0 0

Fi g u r e 3 . 2 7
E n c s s o n
3 0
5 0
7 0
9 0
1 1 0
pa t h

M E T E R
3 . 1 1 . 5 A t t e n u a t i o n Fa c t o r M o d e l
A n

d B A T T E NU A T I ON
2 0 d B
0 . 6

1 3 1 0 2 0
I n d o o r P r o pa g a t i o n M o d e l s 1 2 9
P L ( d ) i d B } = P L ( d 0 ) [ d B ] +

P L ( d 0 )

B u i l d i n g s [ Se i 9 2 b ]
i i a ( d B ) Nu m b e r o f l o c a t i o n s
A l l B u i l d i n g s :

4 . 1 9 5 . 1


P L ( d 0 ) l d B J a d FA F[ 4 B

T r a n s m i t t e r R e c e i v e r Se po r o t i a n ( m )
Fi g u r e 3 . 2 8
Sc a t t e r
T a b l e 3 . 8 Fr e e Spa c e P l u s L i n e a r P a t h A t t e n u a t i o n M Od e l [ Oe v g Ob J
L o c a t i o n Fr e q u e n c y c x A t l e n u a t i o n ( d B / m )
4 8 5 0 M H z 0 . 6 2
1 . 7 G H z -
4 . 0 G H z
2 s t o r y 8 5 0 M H z 0 . 4 8
1 . 7 G H z 0 . 3 5
4 . 0 G H z 0 . 2 3
C W P a t h L o s s
Of f i c e B u i l d i n 9 1
o So m e Fl o o r
o On e Fl o o r
T wo Fl o o r s
a T hr e e Fl o o r s
,
Fo u r Fl o c r s
E l e v a t o r
n 6 n = 5
0
0 )
0
0
-J
V
0 .
1 3 D
1 2 0
1 1 0
1 0 0
9 0
8 0
7 0

4 0
3 0
. V
,
V
Va
n = 4
. '
Ou
0
U
0
I = 9 1 4 M H z
n = 3 . 5 4
= 1 2 . 8 d B
C
-
0
0
I -
n = 2
n r l
2 3 4 5 6 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 0 1 0 0
Si g n a l P e n B Va t i o n i n t o B u i l d i n 9 s
1 3 1
C W P a t h L o s s
Of f i c e B u i l d i n g 2
1 3 0
n = 6 n 5
o
So m e f l o o r
1 2 0 o On e Fl o o r
a -
T wo Fl o o r s
L a s .
n = 4
1 1 0
T hr e e f i o o r s

u A # -
1 0 0
f 9 1 4 M H i
s
9 0
a = 1 3 . 3 d B
K ) -
8 0
o P
-J 0 0 0 0
S 7 Q
n = 2
6 0
5 0
0
C
n = 1
4 0 -
3 0
2 3 4 5 6
1 0
2
T r a n s m i t t e r R e c e i v e r Se pa r a t i o n ( m )
Fi g u r e 3 . 2 9
Sc a t t e r

3 . 2 7 ,
5 . 2 2 ,
2 4 . 4
r e c e i v e r .

m ) [ d B ] = P L ( I m ) [ d B J 1 0 x 3 . 2 7 x l o g ( 3 0 ) + 2 4 . 4
= 1 0 4 . 2 d B .
T he l o s s

m ) [ d B ] = P L O + = 1 0 8 . 6 d B .
Si g n a l P e n e t r a t i o n i n t o B u i l d i n g s
T he

1 3 2 C h. 3 . M o b i ! e R a d i o L a r g e -Sc a l e P a t h L o s s
b u i l d i n g s

R a y T r a c i n g a n d Si t e Spe c i f i c M o d e l i n g
I n

P r o b 'e m s 1 3 5
m a t i o n

3 . 1
Q ) i s
j a r _ c r
I

3 5 3 2 5 0

d " d '

m u s t

, wha t

l d e r i v e


d 1 ,

1 .

2 i t a

=
=
d 1 d 2
a n d
k

l OW , 1 0 d B ,

3 I

1 3 4
po we r
k m

2 hr
'N
I
I
2 d 1 d 2
( b )

c L * J
M d
2
U K
whe r e

P 2

'N

P r o b i e m s 1 3 5
M o u n t a i n

3 k m 2 k m

I f
I

1 0
I

3 ; 4 ;
4 0 m ,
3 m ,
=
=
d B .

1
4 0 m , = 0

t o

= 4 , 8 1

1 3 6 P r o b i e m s
r n i t t e r

i s 8
= 1

a n d

P r o b l e m s 1 3 7
G SM -I i k e

=
a n d

1

r a t i o

= 8 9 0 M H z.
I


6 3
l OW ( a s s u m e

1 d 1 \
P L ( d 0 ) -i .
0
( o = Od B )

P L ( d 0 )
7

C H A P T E R
4
M o b i l e

i s

M u l t i pa t h P r o pa g a t i o n
M u l t i pa t h

1 4 0 C t ,. 4 M o b i l e R a d o P r o pa g a t i o n : Sm a f i -Sc a l e Fa d i n g a n d M u l t pa t h
pha s e s ,

Fa c t o r s I n f l u e n c i n g Sm a l l -Sc a l e Fa d i n g
M a n y

T he

T he

Sm a l l -Sc a l e M u l t i pa t h P r o pa g a t i o n 1 4 1
Spe e d I f

Do ppl e r Shi f t
C o n s i d e r

d c o s O v A t c o s O.

= 2 1 L \ l

1 4 2 C h. 4 M o b i l e R a t i o P r o pa g a t i o n : Sm a l l -Sc a l e Fa d i n g a n d M u f t i pa t h
a ppa r e n t

/
/ I
/
/
/ I
d
Fi g u r e 4 . 1

= 1 8 5 0 M H z

c / f e =
0 . i 6 2 m

6 0 2 6 . 8 2

=
1 8 5 0 . 0 0 0 1 6 M H z

I m pu l s e R e s po n s e M o d e l o f a M u l t i pa t h C ha n n e l 1 4 3
=
= 1 8 4 9 . 9 9 9 8 3 4 M H z

9 0 , 0 ,

4 . 2 I m pu l s e R e s po n s e M o d e l o f a M u l t i pa t h C ha n n e l
T he d i r e c t l y
T he

s pa t i a l
4 . 2
T he

1 4 4 C l i . 4 M o b i l e R a d o P r o pa g a t i o n : Sm a l l -Sc a l e Fa d i n g a n d M u l t i pa t h
y ( d , x ( t )
t ( 4 . 3 )
0

J
t ) d 'r
a t

u t ( 4 . 5 )

J x ( t ) h( v t ,t _ t ) d t

x ( t ) 0 x ( t ) 0

c o m pl e t e l y
T he
r e pr e s e n t s
On e a s

x ( t ) h( t , ( 4 . 8 )

wi t h

c ( t )
( 4 . 9 )
I
hu t ) = R e { hh( t .

,y ( t )
=

= x ( t ) h( t )

, r ( t )

Fi g u r e 4 . 3
( a )

I
whe r e
0 , t o

= o , t 1 = A t ,
i A t , 0 I whe r e

T hi s

No t e = 0
1 4 6 C h. 4 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : Sm a l l -Sc a l e Fa d i n g a n d M u l t i pa t h
o f
d e l a y i s

a 1 ( t , + r ) ) j 8 ( t

v a r i e s

Fi g u r e 4 . 4
A n
4
t o t 1 t 2 t 3 t 4
T NI
1 ( h)
I m pu l s e R e s po n s e M o d e l o l a M u l t i pa t h
1 4 7
I f

( 4 . 1 3 )
W he n
whi c h

( t ) .
Fo r

2
o v e r

i n

k j hb

; 2
( 4 . 1 5 )

2
a r e

. T he

t o

B e t we e n B a n d wi d t h a n d R e c e i v e d P o we r
I n

= R e e x p
whe r e

wi t h

i n

1 4 8 Oh. 4 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : Sm a l l -Sc a l e Fa d i n g a n d M u l b pa t h
a n d

p ( t
( 4 . 1 6 )

( t 0 )

j r C t 0 ) j 2
t m a x
N t N I
_ ! _

j = Ot = 0
No t e

( N

j '
( t
{ J .

o
=

E Q
t :
( 4 . 1 9 )
I n

2 .

= : a i e x P

t )
( 4 . 2 1 )

A s
wi l l

E a

a
+ a N

-
( 4
J O0

x + a 1 g
+ a NI e
1 5 0
C h. 4 . M o Se R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : Sm a l l -Sc a L e a n d M u l t i pa t h

( 4 . 2 4 )
i = O

0 0 ,

I On s ,

I m pu l s e R e s pq n s e M o d e l o f a M u l t i pa t h C ha n n e l 1 5 1
Fi g u r e 4 . 5
M e a s u r e d t r a c k

a n d

NA t .
l OOM S, 6 4
T N/ N
1 . 5 6 2 5

l / ( 2 ( l . 5 6 2 5 1 . zs ) )

4 i i S, T N/ N
6 2 . 5

l / ( 2 ( 6 2 . Sn s ) )
9
Si m i l a r l y ,
t N/ N
5 0 0 x 1 0
7 . 8

= 0

1 I f

t o C o m -

1 0

i o o o x : o 6

1 0 0
he n c e

f l l o 0 pW x e x p( 0 ) 2 9 !

0 . 1 t he

2 0 . 9 4 2 . 0 9 1 2 0

0 . l s , 1 2 0 ,

= 1 2 0 ,

Sm a l l -Sc a l e M u l t i pa t h M e a s u r e m e n t s
i
r ( t ) 1 2 =
= 7 8 . 2 pW
0 . 2 2 4 0 , 2 4 0 ,

=
= L / l OOpw + ] 5 OpW x
= 8 1 . 5
0 . 3 3 6 0 = 0 , a n d 3 6 0 = 0 t he

( t )
2

2 9 )
f o l l o ws 0 . 4 I r ( t ) I 2 = 7 8 . 2
0 . 5 8 1 . 5

( 2 ) ( 2 )
1 5 0 . 2 3 3

E

1 0 0 5 0 I SO

Sm a l l -Sc a l e M u l t i pa t h M e a s u r e m e n t s
B e c a u s e

1 5 4 C h.
M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : Sm a l l -Sc a l e Fa d i n g a n d M u f t i pa t l i
4 . 3 . 1 Di r e c t R F P u l s e Sy s t e m
A

s ,
2 / t b b H z) .

r
*
R E P
- . - -.
t b b

T he

T x
' P u l s e
R r
a --
P u l s e
Fi g u r e 4 . 6
Di r e c t
4 . 3 . 2 Spr e a d Spe c t r u m Sl i d i n g C o r r e l a t o r C ha n n e l So u n d i n g
Fi g u r e 4 . 7
Spr e a d s pe c t r u m
S( f ) =

M e a s u r e m e n t s 1 5 5

( r m s pu l s e wi d t h)

W i d e b a n d Fi l t e r
Na r r o wb a n d Fi l t e r
@
1 5 6
C h. 4 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : Sm a l l -Sc a l e Fa d i n g a n d M u l t i pa t h
c l o c k

( 4 . 2 8 )

whe r e
= 1 / R b b , i s

=
( 4 . 2 9 )

Sm a l l -Sc a l e M u l t i pa t h M e a s u r e m e n t s 1 5 7
T j l
( 4 . 3 0 )
c hi p
c hi p
s l i d e
s e q u e n c e

=

t r a n s m i t t e r
r e c e i v e r

( 4 . 3 2 )

2 ( a f 3 )

( 4 3 3 )

1 5 8 C h. 4 . M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : Sm a l l -Sc a l e Fa d i n g a n d M u l t i pa t h
T he

Fr e q u e n c y Do m a i n C ha n n e l So u n d i n g
B e c a u s e

P a r a m e t e r s o f M o b i l e M u l t i pa t h C ha n n e l s 1 5 9
s u r e m e n t s

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
P o r t 2

I n v e r s e

h( t )
4 . 8
Fr e q u e n c y

P a r a m e t e r s o f M o b i l e M u l t i pa t h C ha n n e l s
M a n y

6

1 6 0 C h. 4 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : Sm a l l -Sc a l e Fa d i n g M u Ft i pa t h
l a r g e -s c a l e

T i m e Di s pe r s i o n P a r a m e t e r s
I n

T he

=
( 4 . 3 5 )

( t ) 2 ( 4 . 3 6 )

k
( 4 . 3 7 )

0 . ( 4 . 3 7 )
b u t

m
C
0
C -
w
a
V
S.
S.
-J
-4
C
U ,
V
5 ,
. 4
U ,
U
SI
a
P a r a m e t e r s o f M o b i l e C ha n n e l s 1 6 1
8 5

" 5
( m i c r o a c o n d s l

1 8

n a / d I v
R i c E

3 5 0 4 5 0
5 0 0 5 0 1 5 0
De l a y ( m i s )
( b )
4 . 9
M e a s u r e d

1 6 2
C h. 4 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t l o i l : Sm a l l -Sc a l e Fa d i n g
M u f t i pa t h
T a b l e 4 . 1 T y pI c a l o f R M S De l a y Spr e a d
E n v i r o n m e n t
Fr e q u e n c y
( M H z)
R M S De l a y
Spr e a d
No t e s R e f e r e n c e

t 0 whe r e

i s
d e l a y

P , a n d
T he

a n d

P a r a m e t e r s o f M o b i l e M u l t i pa t h C ha n n e l s
1 6 3
I
R M SDe I a y Spr s a d -4 6 . 4 0 r s
M Sm u m E x c s u D. I a y c l Od B s B 4 n s
-1 0
T hr e s ho l d L e v e l -2 0 d B
-2 0
M e a n E x c e s s D. t s y = 4 5 . 0 5 n s
3 0
I
5 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 2 0 0 2 5 0 3 0 0 3 5 0 4 0 0 4 5 0
E x c e s s De b y ( r i s )
4 . 1 0
E x a m pl e

C o he r e n c e B a n d wi d t h
W hi l e

i s

a r e

I f

1 6 4 C l ,. 4 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : Sn i a l l -Sc a l e Fa d i n g a n d M u hi pa t h
( 4 . 3 9 )
I t

( 4 . 3 7 ) .

( l ) ( 5 ) + ( O. l ) ( I ) + ( 0 . I ) ( 2 ) + ( 0 . 0 1 ) ( 0 )

[ 0 . 0 1 + 0 . 1 + 0 . 1 + 1 ]
-
T he

( 1 )
( 5 ) 2 k
( 0 . 1 )
( 1 ) 2 +
( 0 . 1 )
( 2 ) 2 +
( 0 . 0 1 ) ( 0 )
- 2 1 0 7
2
1 . 2 1
.
T he r e f o r e
. / 2 1 . 0 7
( 4 . 3 8 ) 2
=
T he i s f o u n d
1 4 6 k H z
P a r a m e t e r s o f M o b i l e M u l t i pa t h C ha n n e l s 1 6 5
wi l l wo r k wi t ho u t

4 . 4 . 3 Do ppl e r Spr e a d a n d C o he r e n c e T i m e
De l a y pa r a m e t e r s
n o t
t he

i s

i s

/ .
( 4 . 4 0 . a )

v / k .

1 6 6 C h. 4 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : Sm a l l -Sc a l e Fa d i n g
i s t o o

T he

= 1 9 0 0 = 5 0

a n d

9 A =

1 6 x 3 . 1 4
5 0

T c
T a k i n g

= SOX S6 SM S
0 . 0 1 4 l 2 5 m 1 . 4 1 c m

= 0 . 0 1 4 1 2 5

0 . 2

T y pe s o f Sm a l l -Sc a l e Fa d i n g 1 6 7
i 9 o o x
B D= t m _ _ _
3 x l 0 8
i o 6
= 3 1 6 . 6 6 H z
4 . 5 T y pe s o f Sm a l l -Sc a l e Fa d i n g
Se c t i o n

4 . 1 1
T y pe s o f

1 3 W
De l a y

SW

1 6 8 C h. 4 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : Sm a l l -Sc a l e Fa d i n g a n d M u l l i pa t h
4 . 5 . 1 Fa d i n g E f f e c t s Du e t o M u l t i pa t h l i m e De l a y Spr e a d
T i m e

f a d i n g
I f

hO, r ( t )

Fi g u r e 4 . 1 2
Fl a t

0 ) .

T y pe s o l Sm a f i -Sc a l e Fa d i n g 1 6 9
c o m pa r e d

Fr e q u e n c y Se l e c t i v e Fa d i n g
I f

o f

1 7 0 C h. 4 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : Sm a l l -Sc a l e Fa d n g
r ( r )
s ( t ) ho , t )
r ( t )
f l ,
0 1 ; o r ,
Fi g u r e 4 . 1 3
Fr e q u e n c y

E f f e c t s Du e t o Do ppl e r Spr e a d
4 . 5 . 2 . 1 Fa d i n g
De pe n d i n g

c ha n n e l ,

T y pe s o f Sm a l l -Sc a l e 1 7 1
s pr e a d

I n

( 4 . 4 7 )

B D

1 7 2 C h, 4 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : Sm a l l -Sc a l e Fa d i n g a n d M u l t i pa t h
'E
Fl a t

I
Fa d i n g
t l . I
Fr e q u e n c y

C
I
I

Fa s t
Fl a t

B d
T r a n s m i t t e d

R a y l e I g h a n d R i c e a n Di s t r i b u t i o n s
4 . 6 . 1 R a y l e i g h Fa d i n g Di s t r i b u t i o n
I n

R a y l e i g h a n d R i c e a n Di s t r i b u l i o n s
1 7 3
Fi g u r e 4 . 1 5
A R a y l e i g h f a d i n g

f T
j e x p
p( r )
1 2
T y pi c a l s i m u l a t e d R a y l e i g h f a d i n g a t t he c a r r i e r
R e c e i v e r s pe e d = 1 2 0 k m / hr
1 0
5
-5
-a
0
'U
1 5
0 . )
> 2 0
0 )
-J
-2 5
C
a ,
3 5
-4 0
0
2 5 0
E l a ps e d T i m e ( r n s )
5 0 I DO 1 5 0 2 0 0
r

( r c O)
whe r e

i s

P ( R )
P r ( r R ) f p( r ) d r
( 4 . 5 0 )
2 a )

o f

E [ r } f r p I

1 7 4 C h. 4 -M o b i l e R a d i o Sm a l l -Sc a l e Fa d i n g
a n d

E [ r 2 )
= 0 . 4 2 9 2 a 2
T he

=
I
p( r ) d r

a n d

= l 1 7 7 a

a
p( r )
I
\
s i g n a l r
4 . 1 6
R a y l e i g h
4 . 6 . 2 R i c e a n Fa d i n g Di s t r i b u t i o n
W he n

R i c e a n Di s t r i b u t i o n s 1 7 5

Fi g u r e 4 . 1 7
C u m u l a t i v e

1 0
U
S
*

U
% P r o b a b i l i t y
Si g n a l

.

5
0 . 5
0 . 2
0 . 1
.
.
* 1
* :

.
.
U
-3 0 -2 0
L o g -n o r m a l
R a y l e i g h
K = 6 d B

1 0
1 7 6 C h. 4 . M o b i t e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : Sm a l l -Sc a l e Fa d i n g a n d M u l t i pa t h
T he
2
( r A )
p( r )
j L . . e
2 a

2
I t i s g i v e n b y K

=

T he
d B ,

/

( v o l t s )
4 . 1 8

St a t i s t i c a l M o d e l s f o r M u l t i pa t h Fa d i n g C ha n n e l s
Se v e r a l

M o d e l s f o r M u f t i pa t h Fa d i n g C ha n n e l s 1 7 7
a r e a s , i t
a r e s t r i c t e d

M o d e l f o r Fl a t Fa d i n g
C l a r k e

=

4 . 1 9
I l l u s t r a t i n g pl a n e wa v e s a r r i v i n g a t
1 7 8 C h. 4 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : Sm a l l -Sc a l e Fa d i n 9 a n d M u l t i pa t h
T he

-
+ ( 4 . 5 9 )
= - ( 4 . 6 0 )
whe r e

i s

I

E 0 Z

St a t i s t i c a l M o d e l s f o r M u l t i pa t h Fa d i n g 1 7 9
B o t h

= r ( t ) ( 4 . 6 7 )

2
p( r )
( 4 . 6 8 )
E 0 / 2

G a n s
d e v e l o pe d

t he
a n d l e t
N p a ppr o a c he s

= J A G ( a ) p( a ) d a

t he n

[ =
i s

f T -a ) ) .
i s

( 4 . 7 1 )
E q u a t i n g

= A [ p( a ) G ( a )

= I d a I j s i n a l f m
( 4 . 7 3 )

c o s -1

( 4 . 7 5 )

c a n
n =
A [ p( a ) G ( c z)

I ,n
whe r e
0 ,

> f m

1 . 5 ) ,
1 / 2 n

( f )
1 . 5

f U

St a t i s t i c a l M o d e l s f o r M u l t i pa t h Fa d i n g C ha n n e l s 1 8 1

Fi g u r e 4 . 2 0

whe r e
K [ . }

o f C l a r k e a n d G a n s Fa d i n g M o d e l
I t

f c i l m
Fi g u r e 4 2 1
B a s e b a n d

( 1 5 ha v i n g

1 8 2 C l i . 4 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : Sm a l l -Sc a l e

-5 d B
2

Fi g u r e 4 . 2 2
Si m u l a t o r

t o

T he
l / A f .

f o r M u l t i pa t h Fa d i n g C ha n n e l s
1 8 3
C
C
a
C

C
C
C
( b )

1 8 4 C h. 4 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : Sm a l l -Sc a l e Fa c i n g a n d M u l t i pa t h

( 6 )

t he

o n e
t he

Fi g u r e 4 . 2 3
Fr e q u e n c y
St a t i s t i c a l M o d e l s f o r M u l t i pa t h Fa d i n g 1 8 5
s ( t )
n t )
Fi g u r e 4 . 2 4
A m a y a ppl i e d

L e v e l C r o s s i n g a n d Fa d i n g St a t i s t i c s
R i c e

( 4 . 8 0 )

1 8 6 C h. 4 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : Sn a i l -Sc a l e Fa d i n g a n d M u f t i pa t h
whe r e
R ,

i s
R / R r m s

I ( i . e . ,

1 ,

,1 1 ( 2 0 ) 1 8 . 4 4

v / X .
2 0

= 2 Q H z( 1 / 3 6 . 6 6 m / s 2 4 k m / hr
d u r a t i o n

=
j r P r [ r R ]

( 4 . 8 2 )

f p( r ) d r l e x p( p2 )
whe r e i s
c a n

= e
( 4 . 8 4 )

T he

b e c o m e s

0 . 0 1 , p = 0 . 1 ,
I ,

0 0 1

e L
= 1 9 . 9 ps
( 0 . 0 1 )
Fo r 0 . 1
l

I
3 . 4 3 m s

0 . 7 0 7

0 . 1

1 8 8 C I t 4 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : Sm a l l -Sc a l e Fa d i n g a n d M u l t i pa t h
0 7 0 7
e I

t he

0 . 1 4 . 9 6

( 5 / 5 0 ) =
0 . 1 .
T wo -r a y R a y l e i g h Fa d i n g M o d e l
C l a r k e 's

( t ) a 1 + a 2 e x p

a n d

a n d Va l e n zu e l a I n d o o r St a t i s t i c a l M o d e l
Sa l e h

Fi g u r e 4 . 2 5
T wo -r a y

n s

Sa l e h

SI R C I M a n d SM R C I M I n d o o r a n d Ou t d o o r St a t i s t i c a l M o d e l s
R a ppa po r t

1 9 0 C h. 4 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : Sm a l l -Sc a l e Fa d i n g a n d M u l t i pa t t i

t he

t i o n s

( T i ,

< 0 . 6 5
( 1 1 0

= 0 . 5 5

1 0 0

.

c o r r e s po n d s

1 9 2 C h. 4 ' M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : Sm a l l -Sc a l e Fa d i n g a n d M u l t i pa t h
4 . 2 7

Fi g u r e 4 . 2 6
I n d o o r

P r o b l e m s

P r o b l e m s
i
Fi g u r e 4 . 2 7
U r b a n

=
; e x p[ 4 ] whe r e
P / t )

i n d o o r

-
2 Od B -2 0 d B -
-3 0 d B - -3 0 d B -
0

( b )
Fi g u r e
< R ) I e x pj Fi n d
t he

0 . 1
C h. 4 . M o b i l e P r o pa g a t i o n : Sm a l l -Sc a l e Fa d i n g a n d M u l t i pa t h 1 9 5
t a )

2 0
4 . 1 0

v e r t i c a l

2 0

= 2 0 0

1 ,

1 0 3

1 9 6 C h. 4 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : Sm a l l -Sc a l e Fa d i n g a n d M u l hpa t h
4 . 1 7 B a s e d o n y o u r
l i k e l i ho o d a s i g n a l b e r e c e i v e d i n R i c e a n
f a d i n g 1 0 3

C H A P T E R
5
M o d u l a t i o n

1 9 8
C h. 5 - M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn i q u e s f o r M o b i l e R a d i o
po s s i b l e

Fr e q u e n c y M o d u l a t i o n v s . A m pl i t u d e M o d u l a t i o n
Fr e q u e n c y

A m pl i t u d e M o d u l a t i o n 1 9 9
A n FM

M o d u l a t i o n
I n

i s

Fi g u r e 5 . 1
( a ) m o d u l a t i n g s i g n a l .

2 0 0 C h. 5 - M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn i q u e s f o r M o b i l e R a d i o
5 A M ( t ) =

i s t he

t he
=
( 5 . 2 )

m o d u l a t i o n .

SA M ( t ) = R e
( j 2 n f c t ) }

A m pl i t u d e M o d u l a t i o n
2 0 1
T he

= 1 k
+ M ( f -f ) + M ( f + f l ]

i s s i g n a l

2 1 m ( 5 . 6 )
i s

=

r e pr e s e n t s
k c o s

= =
( 5 . 8 )

= ( m 2

A

a

" A M = 1 0
= 8 . 4 7 k W
/ 2
1 + 0 . 6 2 / 2
P e r c e n t a g e
1 0 0
x 1 0 0 = 8 4 . 7 %

P r )
0 . 5
( 1 0 8 . 4 7 ) 0 . 7 6 5
2 0 2 C h. 5 M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn i q u e s f o r M o b i l e R a d i o
hW W I
( a )
0 9 1
l o we r t o we r u ppe r
s i d e b > / /
s i d e ,2 5 / '
I d m 1 r f c f

Fi g u r e 5 . 2
( a ) Spe c t r u m o f m e s s a g e s i g n a l .
( b ) Spe c t r u m t he c o r r e s po n d i n g s i g n a l .
5 . 2 . 1 Si n g l e Si d e b a n d A M
Si n c e

i n m ( t )

a n d

t he

{ _ i

2 0 3
T he
t e r

( f i l t e r s

Fi g u r e 5 . 3
G e n e r a t i o n

P i l o t T o n e SSB
W hi l e s y s t e m s

2 0 4 C h. 5 - M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn i q u e s f o r M o b i l e R a d i o
s i g n a l s ,

A m pl i t u d e M o d u l a t i o n 2 0 5
t o n e

N\ N1 / / / Y / / A \ NN

J 2


T r a n s m i t t e r
R e c e i v e r
a
f t

f B w

d
C
f
B a n d wi d t h = 1 2 -f l
f l
f B w
2 0 6 C h. 5 . M o d u l a t $ o n T e c hn i q u e s R a d i o
5 . 2 . 3 o f A M s i g n a l s
A M

c o s
e r ) '

R

i s

=

K R ( t )

K J R ( t ) l

A n g l e M o d u l a t i o n
FM

A n g l e M o d u l a t i o n 2 0 7
)
5 . 5
B l o c k
a n g l e

=
9 ( t ) ] =
A c c o s [ 2 n f c t
( 5 . 1 6 )
i s

a n d

, t he n

= A c c o s [ 2 i t f c t + ( 5 . 1 7 )

A c c o s I 2 l t f t + k e r n ( t ) ]

+
T he

k i A m
= A 1
( 5

i s i s
i s

i s pr e s e n t

k o r A m = ( 5 . 2 0 )

= 4 c o s 2 i r 4 t o i s

t o
= 4 k H z

4 Vx 4 0 k H z

k i A m
4 0
p
1 r n
5 . 3 . 1 a n d B a n d wi d t h o f FM Si g n a l s
W he n

A m

Si n c e
SFM ( t )
t he

2 0 9
A n

a n d

T m ' a n d

=

= 5 0 0 k H z

5
U s i n g

FM M o d u l a t i o n M e t ho d s
T he r e

2 1 0
C t i . 5 . M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn i q u e s f o r M o b i l e R a d i o

v a r a c t o r . T he

5 . 6
A

A n g l e M t d u l a t i o n
2 1 1
8 'M I f )

FM De t e c t i o n

T he r e

d i s c r i r n i n a -
t o r s .

2 1 2 C h. 5 M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn i q u e s f o r

u r e

= V1 c o s
Vl c o s [ 2 l t f c t + 2 i t k f f m ( n ) d n ]
( 5 . 2 4 )
v
( t ) ! E n v e l o pe
L i m i t e r
1
Di f f e r e n t i a t o r
1
De t e c t o r
U )
5 . 8
B l o c k a s l o pe d e t e c t o r

s i n

=

2 1 3
pr o po r t i o n a l


M o d u l a t i o n f o r

M o n o s t a b l e

L o wP a s s

L i m i t e r

J I L H L H
t
f i f i f i f i t f l I W i l f i f i f i A I R A f i f

i n n
f l f l f l f l f l J L
v 2 ( t )
t t j t )
E

a n d

5 . 1 0
B l o c k

Fi g u r e 5 . 1 1
C ha r a c t e r i s t i c s
( 5 . 2 7 )

( t ) ) ]

Z O)
C
I
I C

-4
f c
FM s i g n a l
2 1 6 C h. 5 M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn i q u e s M o b i l e R a d i o
v j t )
i f l ? U t FM
d e m o d u l a t e d
s i g n a l
s i g n a l
Fi g u r e 5 . 1 2
B l o c k

=

= p2 4 s i n

p2 4 2 i c K k 1

1 0 . 7

W i t h

=
I
V1 ( wl
d i t d i n g b y ,we

Y 2
Y 1
U
I . .
Vq ( t )

f o i C
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
=
I
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
( E 5 . 4 . 2 )
+ J W C 1
= =
C )
J o R C 1

T hi s

1 0 . 7 M H z 5 0 0 k H z,
= f + 2 5 0

= t a n S

= 1 . 8 9 4 .
= 1 . 8 9 4 ,

W e = 1 . 8 9 4

1 0

2 1 8
o f
C -FC
=
C h. 5 M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn i q u e s M o b i l e R a d i o

1 2 . 1 3 I OpF.

2 R f R C 1
9 7 . 0 2 i o 9 f

/ 1 1 W ) = +
[ Q [ f
_ 9 ] ] = +

i o 6

1 . 1 1 . 1 2 1 . 1 4 1 . 1 6
7
x 1 0

I

= 2 2 . I 3 pF.
=

Q j J ; -7 )
1 . 1
1 1
T he q u m a c y

2 1 9
5 . 3 . 4 T r a d e o f f SNR a n d B a n d wi d t h i n a n FM Si g n a l
I n

t he

T he

=

2 N0 ( j 3 1 +

= 2 N0 B

A m Si n Om t ,

I )
3 P ( SNR ) I f l . A M

i s

2 2 0
C h. 5 M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn i q u e s t o , M o b i l e
t he Si n c e A M d e t e c t o r s ha v e

f o r

f o r

i s A

6

= 2 ( 3 + 1 ) 5 k H z 4 0 k H z

3

5 , t he + 3 ( 5 ) 4 5 0 2 6 . 5 3

6 . 2 4 8

3 ,

5 r e q u i r e s

Di g i t a l M o d u l a t i o n a n Ov e r v i e w
M o d e r n

Di g i t a l M o d u l a t i o n a n Ov e c v i e w 2 2 1
i m pr o v e

l o g 2 m

1 ,

Fa c t o r s T ha t I n f l u e n c e t he C ho i c e o f Di g i t a l M o d u l a t i o n
Se v e r a l

2 2 2 C h. 5 M o d u l a t i o n M o b d e R a d i o
i m pl i e s

b pa f H z

=
= l o g 2 (

Di g i t a l M o d u l a t i o n a n Ov e r v i e w
2 2 3
d e t e c t i o n

= 2 0 d B 1 0 0
3 0 0 0 0

= 3 0 0 0 0 1 o g 2 ( l 1 0 0 ) 1 9 9 . 7 5

1 0

1 0 d B 1 0 , 2 0 0 k H z.

B i o g 2 ( i
= 2 0 0 0 0 0 l o g 2 ( 1 l O) 6 9 1 . 8 8 6 k b ps

3 0 d B l 0 0 0 ,B 2 0 0 k H z.

B l o g 2 ( l
= 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 o g 2 ( I 1 0 0 0 ) 1 . 9 9
2 2 4 C h. M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn i q u e s f o r M o b i l e R a d i o
5 . 4 . 2 B a n d wi d t h a n d P o we r Spe c t r a l De n s i t y o f Di g i t a l Si g n a l s
T he

( 5 . 3 8 )

whe r e

i s

0 e l s e whe r e
T he

R e
( 5 . 4 0 )
i s

W =
[ P g +

1
( 5 . 4 1 )
i s

pr o f i l e

P u l s e Sha pi n g 2 2 5
A n o t he r

Di g i t a l

t he

P u l s e Sha pi n g T e c hn i q u e s
W he n

2 2 6 C h. S M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn i q u e s f o r M o b i l e R a d i o
we i g ht 1 / 2
O. 5 T ,,
4 -
ND
N
0
R h

0

f r e q u e n c y

/ /
O. 5 R b R 1 . 5 k
Fi g u r e 5 . 1 3
P o we r d e n s i t y u n i po l a r
( c )
f r e q u e n c y

P u l s e Sha pi n g T e c hn i q u e s 2 2 7
I I
i i

I i
T b
( a )

I
T b
I
+ V
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
I
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
( C )
-v

T b
5 . 1 4
T i m e wa v e f o r m s
f l y q u i s t C r i t e r i o n f o r I SI C a n c e l l a t i o n
Ny q u i s t

2 2 8 G b . 5 M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn i q u e s f o r M o b i l e R a d i o
he g ( f l T s )
. {
( 5 . 4 2 )

= 5 ( t ) * p ( t ) * h ( t ) * hr ( t )
i s
i s

0 .
5 ( t ) ) ,

C o n s i d e r

( i t t ) / T :

i s

pu l s e

i s

c o n d i t i o n .

P u l s e Sha pi n g 2 2 9
Fi g u r e 5 . 1 5
Ny q u i s t
( 5 . 4 6 )
Z ( f ) , a n d 0

z( t )
he i i ( t )

i s

a t

T he

X / q y Q ( t )


Fi g u r e 5 . 1 6
T r a n s f e r

-( I -a ) / 2 T 0 ( I -a ) / 2 T I 1 2 T ( I + a ) 1 2 T
P
f r e q u e n c y

H f t c ( f )
+ n f ( 2 T 5 I f ( ) _
( 1
f l

f I > ( I + a ) / 2 T . .
whe r e
0 .

2
( 5 . 4 9 )

/
1 . 0
0 . 5
Fi g u r e 5 . 1 7
M a g n i t u d e
- l + a
S

-R - 3 R / 4
0
-R / 2
f r e q u e n c y R ,2 3 R / 4
R
T he

0

2 3 2 C h. 5 M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn i q u e s f o r
Fi g u r e 5 . 1 8
I m pu l s e

1 / 2 .

a n d

Fi g u r e 5 . 1 9
R a i s e d 0 . 5 )

G a u s s i a n P u l s e -s ha pi n g Fi l t e r

= e x p
( 5 . 5 2 )
5 M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn i q u e s f o r M o b i l e R a d i o
T he

_ _ _ _
= 0 . 5 8 8 7

( 5 . 5 4 )

T he

4 1 . 0 6
4 1 . 0 6 j . x s 0 3 5 .

2 / ( 4 1 O6 ps ) 4 8 7 1
0 . 3 5

a )
( I 0 3 5 ) 3 2 . 8 8

5 . 6 G e o m e t r i c R e pr e s e n t a t i o n o f M o d u l a t i o n Si g n a l s
Di g i t a l

G e o m e t r i c R e pr e s e n t a t i o n o f M o d u l a t i o n Si g n a l s
2 3 5
Fi g u r e 5 . 2 0
I m pu l s e

{ s 1 ( t ) ,s 2 ( t )

s pa c e . T he

0 . 5
a 0 . 7 5
1 ,0

2 3 6 C h. 5 M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn i q u e s M o b i l e
=

I : -
T he
0

1

( t )

=

f l ( ( t T b / 2 ) / T b )

( t ) )

G e o m e t r i c R e pr e s e n t a t i o n o t M o d u l a t i o n Si g n a l s
2 3 7
Q

5 2 1
B P SK

t h

( x )

I f

L i n e a r M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn i q u e s
Di g i t a l

R e
( 5 6 5 )
A m 1
i s
n t R ( t ) + j r n / t )

B i n a r y ! ha s e Shi f t K e y i n g ( B P SK )
I n

2 3 9
pha s e s I f
t he n

( b i n a r y ( 5 . 6 6 . a )
SB NK ( t )
b
=

i n ( t )

R e

( t )

( t )

j -7 - m ( t ) e
( 5 . 6 9 )
b
T he

)
T he

E ,,

s i n n

T b ') 2
T 6 ') 2 1

i t ( f f C ) T b
j
( 5 . 7 1 )
2 4 0 C i i . S M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn i q u e s f o r M o b i l e R a d i o

= 2 / T 6 ) .

0 . 5

C i )

a )
I -
0
z
Fi g u r e 5 . 2 2
P o we r

SR P SK ( t ) = m ( t ) 4 J _ T _ c o s ( 2 l t f c t + e + e h)
=

4 . -3 R ,, -2 R 5 J -R 5
1 1 . + R h
( + 2 1 4
L i n e a r M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn i q u e s 2 4 1
l o c k e d

0 ) .

t n f a n i l i t a t . n f i n t n n . . o + n r n hI + n i . + n i

d e m o d u l a t e d o u t pu t
m 4 )
Fi g u r e 5 . 2 3
B P SK
2 4 2
C h. 5 M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn i q u e s f o r M o b i l e R a d i o
b i t

=
( 5 . 7 4 )
5 . 7 . 2 Di f f e r e n t i a l P ha s e Shi f t K e y i n g ( DP SK )
Di f f e r e n t i a l

T he

m k
d k
T a b l e 5 . 1 I l l u s t r a t i o n o f Di f f e r e n t i a l

I n pu t d a t a

5 . 2 5
B l o c k t ha g r a m o f
d e m o d u l a t e d
s i g n a l

=
5 . 7 . 3 Q u a d r a t u r e P ha s e Shi f t K e y i n g ( Q P SK )

SQ P SK ( t ) =
1 ,2 ,3 ,4 .

( 5 . 7 6 )

c o s ( 2 r f
Fi g u r e 5 . 2 4
B l o c k
U s i n g
t
( t ) =
[ ( 1 1 ) ( 5 . 7 7 )

,. J 2 / T 5 s i n
t

1 ,2 ,3 ,4

3 W 4 ,
'I t
I
\ ,
I
( a )
Fi g u r e 5 . 2 6
( a ) 3 a / 2 .
3 i i l 4 , 5 & 4 , 7 n / 4 .
Fr o m
Si n c e
2 E 6 ,
Su b s t i t u t i n g

=
( 5 . 7 9 )
A

Fi g u r e 5 . 2 7
P o we r
=
E 3 j y

i

z
0

z

2 4 6
5 . 7 . 4 Q P SK T r a n s m i s s i o n a n d De t e c t i o n T e c hn i q u e s
Fi g u r e

R b / 2 .

Q P SK

5 . 2 8
B l o c k

L i i e a r M o d u t a l i o n T e c hn i q u e s 2 4 7
a n d

5 . 7 . 5 Of f s e t
T he

r a d i a n s

2 T b

Fi g u r e 5 . 2 9
B l o c k
2 4 8 C h. 5 ' M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn i q u e s t a r M o b i l e R a d i o
M Q O)
m ,
1
r n 5 r n 1 1 r n ,3
1
I
m l !
2 7 '
5 . 3 0
T he a ppl i e d

a n d a r e

H e n c e ,

pha s e

T hu s ,

5 . 7 . 6 Q P SK
T he

'4
f o r
Q P SK

Q P SK

/ 4
Q P SK

Q P SK
Q P SK

g / 4 Q P SK T r a n s m i s s i o n T e c hn i q u e s
A
c o n v e r t e r

t h
a n d

a r e
( k l ) T a n d
whi c h whi c h

c o s e k

( 5 . 8 3 )
2 5 0
C h. 5 M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn i q u e s f o r M o 0 1 I e
/
H
( a )

/ \
,% -_ . _ ,
/ )
1 '
\ 1
%
' I

( c )
5 . 3 1
C o n s t e l l a t i o n Q P SK whe n
= n i t / 4
b l e s t a t e s

= n ,t / 2
( c )

t h

B i t P a i r s
I n f o r m a t i o n b i t s P ha s e s hi f t 4 k
i t / 4

-Si t i 4

c o s c i c t
I Z / 4 Q P SK
s i g m a !
Fi g u r e 5 . 3 2
G e n e r i c Q P SK

a n d

1 ( t )

k = 0

Q ( t )

a n d
( t )
, -l

0 0 .

, t he
m k

2 5 2 C h. 5 M o d u l a t i o n T e c b n i q u e s f o r M o b i l e R a d i o
=
= 3 m / 4

a r e
i t / 4 .

,t / 4 3 n / 4 . T hu s ,

a r e
0 . 7 0 7 ) .

o f

Q P SK De t e c t i o n T e c hn i q u e s
Du e

Q P SK

Q P SK

Q P SK

t a n -' i s

f r o m

( 5 . 8 7 )
s i n

i t J 4
R F
Fi g u r e 5 . 3 3
B l o c k d i a g r a m
2 5 3
o u t pu t

s o
a n d

a r e

X k = wk W k _ I + Z k zk _ I
( 5 . 8 9 )
=
T he
= c o s ( 4 k y ) c o s ( 4 k _ I y ) + s i n ( $ k y ) s i n ( 4 A _ I y )
=

i )
c o s s i n

= s i n ( $ h 4 k _ I )

1 ,
SQ
I ,

0 ,

2 5 4 C h. 5 M o d u l a l i o n T e c hn i q u e s f o r M o b i l e R a d E o
I t

Q P SK

( -0 ,7 0 7 ,
0 . 7 0 7 ) ; ( 0 . 7 0 7 , ( 0 . 7 0 7 ,

( 0 ,0 ,

[ L i u Q l ] .

'4

C o n s t a n t E n v e l o pe M o d u l a t i o n
M a n y

C o n s t a n t E n v e l o pe M o d u l a t i o n 2 5 5
i t 1 1 4 Q P SK

Fi g u r e 5 . 3 5
FM f o r DQ P SK

Fi g u r e 5 . 3 4
B l o c k Q P SK .

2 5 6 C h. 5 M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn i q u e s M o b i l e
wi d t h

B i n a r y Fr e q u e n c y Shi f t K e y i n g
I n

= v 1 1 ( t )
5 FSK ( t ) U L

A J -t . c o s
( 5 . 9 5 . b )
whe r e f r o m

=
=

= VL ( t )

b

( t ) = + Q ( t ) ] ( 5 . 9 7 )
= A J _ ?
+ i n
I t
( t )

e v a l u a t i o n

n E i l , i s

H o we v e r ,

2 a f +

R .

2 ( a f + R )

2 E i f +

=
( 5 . 1 0 1 )

Fi g u r e 5 . 3 6
C o he r e n t

a n d

L

k T b , whe r e

Fi g u r e 5 . 3 7
B l o c k n o n c o he r e n t FSK
f E 6 \
=

r ( t )
o u t pu t

C o n s t a n t E n v e l o pe M o d u l a t i o n
2 5 9
5 . 8 . 2 M i n i m u m Shi f t K e y i n g ( M SK )
M i n i m u m

t he

( 2 A F) / R ,, whe r e

0

=

2 I T b
T b )

e l s e whe r e

2 6 0
b a s i c

i t t 1
SM SK ( t ) =
( 5 . 1 0 5 )
whe r e

i s d e pe n d i n g i s

1 / 4 T .

=
c o s H f l

c T

T hu s
I
+
( 5 . 1 0 7 )
l . 1 6 1 2 T 2

1


-6 0
Fi g u r e 5 . 3 8
P o we r

+ 1
I

T he
( i n

I C
0

-2 0
M SK

-3 0
5 0
-7 0
Fr e q u e n c y
f a 2 . 5 R h
c o s 2 i t t . t
S\ I SK U )
Fi g u r e 5 . 3 9
B l o c k
T hr e s ho l d
De v i c e

t = 2 U I ) T

I T hr e s ho l d
De v i c e

Fi g u r e 5 . 4 0
B l o c k
M i n i m u m Shi f t K e y i n g ( G M SK )
G M SK

d u c e s

e x p( a 2 f 2 )

0 . 5 8 8 7
= = ( 5 . 1 1 0 )

5 . 3 Oc c u pi e d R I ' B a n d wi d t h ( f o r G M SK a n d M SK a s a f r a c t i o n o f R b ) C o n t a i n i n g a G i v e n
P e r c e n t a g e P o we r [ M u r 8 l ] . No t i c e t ha t G M SK I s s pe c t r a l l y t i g ht e r t ha n M SK .
B T 9 0 % 9 9 % 9 9 . 9 %

1 . 3 7

C
I -
W I
'S
C
-I
I -
'S
'-S
W I
2 6 4 C h. 5 M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn i q u e s f o r M Ob i l e R a d i o
0
-2 0
-4 0
-6 0
-8 0
-1 0 0
-1 2 0
0 0 . 5 1 . 0 1 . 5 2 . 0 2 . 5

Fi g u r e 5 . 4 1
P o we r

s i n c e

Q { f 2 Y E b }

0 . 2 5
( 5 . 1 1 1 . b )
f o r s i r n pi e M SK ( B T
c c )
G M SK
m e s s a g e

e q u a t i o n f o l l o we d

m o d u l a t o r .
G a u s s i a n
FM

I t r a n s m i t t e r
G M SK

5 . 4 2
B b c k

f l i p-f l o ps ,

a 2 7 0 k b ps . W ha t po we r

0 . 2 5 ,
0 2 5
6 7 . 5 6 7 k H z
T hu s

0 . 5 7 1 4 t he
9 0 % po we r
2 6 6 C h. 5 ' M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn i q u e s f o r M o b i l e R a d i o

5 . 4 3
B l o c k

5 . 4 4
Di g i t a l

C o m b i n e d L i n e a r a n d C o n s t a n t E n v e l o pe M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn i q u e s 2 6 7
0 . 5 7 x 2 7 0 1 5 3 . 9
5 . 9 C o m b i n e d L i n e a r a n d C o n s t a n t E n v e l o pe M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn i q u e s
M o d e m d a t a

SM

3

M -a r y P ha s e Shi f t K e y i n g ( M P SK )
I n
2 ( i 1 ) g / M , 1 ,2

1 ,2
( l o g 2 M ( l o g 2 M )

1 ,2

( i I )


5 M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn i q u e s f o r M o b i l e R a d i o
B y

c o s
a n d

= { a c o s [ o
1 4 ] $ 1 ( t )
( 5 . 1 1 4 )
1 ,2
b a s i s M -a r y

c e n t e r e d

. p
V N
/ .
/

p4 1 ( t )
/

5 . 4 5
C o n s t e l l a t i o n

N0

C o m b i n e d L i n e a r a n d C o n s t a n t E n v e l o pe M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn i q u e s
2 6 9

= T [ X

2
T he
8 t o

i n c r e a s e s

5 . 4 B a n d wI d t h a n d P o we r E f f i c i e n c y o f M -a r y P SK Si g n a l s
M 2 4 8 1 6 3 2 6 4
l B = R b / B

* B : Fi r s t P 8 1 1

-4 0
-5 0
-6 0
-7 0
Fi g u r e 5 4 6
M -a r y s pe c t r a l d e n s i t y , f o r M = 8 ,
a r e
R b

= 1 ,2

0
M = 1 6 ,R C F,
1 0
M = 8 . R C F. = 0 ,5
-2 0
-3 0
f .
A m pl i t u d e M o d u l a t i o n ( Q A M )
I n

j 2 E r n t n b s i n ( 2 l t f t )

C o m b i n e d L i n e a r a n d C o n s t a n t E n v e l o pe M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn i q u e s 2 7 1
ho ! ,

S
. S S

S
. S S
Fi g u r e 5 . 4 7
C o n s t e l l a t i o n ( P 1 = 1 6 ) s i g n a l

Os t T ,

( L -

( L ( L 1 ,L ---3 )
.
( 5 . 1 2 3 )
( L 1 , L + I )
Fo r

2 7 2 C h. 5 M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn i q u e s f o r M o b 4 l e
( 3 ,3 )

1 3 ,

( 3 , I )
( l , 3 )

t hi s

5 . 5 B a n d wI d t h a n d P o we r E f f I c I e n c y o f Q A M ( 2 1 e 9 2 J
M 4 1 6 6 4 2 5 6 1 0 2 4 4 0 9 6
T 1 B

5 . 9 . 3 M -a r y Fr e q u e n c y Shi f t K e y i n g ( M FSK )
I n
1 ,2

=

C o m b i n e d L i n e a r a n d C o n s t a n t E n v e l o pe M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn i q u e s
2 7 3
1
Fo r

M I

k + J
k

T he

b
( 5 . 1 3 1 )

6
( 5 . 1 3 2 )

5 . 6 B a n d wi d t h
M 2 4 8 1 6 3 2 6 4
l B
0 . 4

2 7 4 C h. 5 M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn i q u e s f o r M o b i l e
5 . 1 0 Spr e a d Spe c t r u m M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn i q u e s
A l l o f

t ha n

Spr e a d Spe c t r u m M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn i q u e s 2 7 5
ha v e

( P N) Se q u e n c e s
A

n o n ze r o

s y m b o l s .

g e n e r a t e d

2 7 6
P N

5 . 4 8
s t a g e s .
Di r e c t Se q u e n c e Spr e a d Spe c t r u m ( DS-SS)
A s y s t e m

8 )

i s
0 .

T r a n s m u t e d Si g n a l
R e c e i v e d
Di r e c t Se q u e n c e
Spr e a d Spe c t r u m
Si g n a l a t I F
I F
Fi l t e r
I F Na r o wb a n d
* R e c e i v e d
Da t a
Fi g u r e 5 . 4 9
B l o c k d i a g r a m a DS-SS s y s t e m wi t h b i n a r y
( b )
pha s e m o d u l a t i o n : ( a ) t r a n s m i t t e r a n d ( b ) r e c e i v e r

1 , I ,

( a )
C o he r e n t P ha s e -
Shi f t K e y i n g
o r
Di f f e r e n t i a l
P ha s e -Shi l l
K e y i n g De m o d u l a t o r
2 7 8 C h. 5 ' M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn i q u e s f o r M o b i l e R a d i o
s pr e a d i n g

d e n s i t y
G a i n

5 . 5 0

L 5
T he

H o ppe d Spe c t r u m ( FH -SS)
Fr e q u e n c y

whi c h

W 3 3 / B

A f t e r

Da t a
Fr e q u e n c y

5 . 5 1
B l o c k

2 8 0 C h. 5 M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn E q u e s f o r M o b i l e R a d i o
r e c e i v e r

o f Di r e c t Se q u e n c e Spr e a d Spe c t r u m
A

T .

=

i s t h

1

= 5
( 5 . 1 3 7 )
( i - t 1
Spr e a d Spe c t r u m T e c hn i q u e s 2 8 1

Fi g u r e 5 5 2
( a ) M o d e l o f K u s e r s i n a C DM A s pr e a d s pe c t r u m s y s t e m
( b ) R e c e i v e r s L r u c t u r e f o r u s e r I

s y s t e m
I ,
. T he

I ] .

=

P Nr ( t ) c o s ( 2 n j . t
P Nt '( t ) c o s ( 2 i t f . t
r ( t )
P N1 ( t )

whe r e
J s 1 ( t )
( 5 1 3 9 )

f n

( 5 . 1 4 1 )

i s

m a y

i s

1

N0

1 ,

Q ( J 3 N)

T hi s i n t e r f e r e n c e

P e r f o r m a n c e o f Fr e q u e n c y H o ppi n g Spr e a d Spe c t r u m
I n

( 1 1 9 K -I K --1

( 5 . 1 4 8 )
1 ,

i [ K 1 ]

2 8 4 C h. 5 M o d u l a t i o r i T e c hn i q u e s f o r M o b i l e R a d i o
T he

{

]
( 5 . 1 5 1 )

M o d u l a t i o n P e r f o r m a n c e i n Fa d i n g a n d M u l t i pa t h C ha n n e l s
A s

M o d u l a l i o n P e r f o r m a n c e i n Fa d i n g a n d M u l t i pa t h C ha n n e l s 2 8 5
t e c hn i q u e s

P e r f o r m a n c e o f Di g i t a l M o d u l a t i o n i n Sl o w, Fl a t Fa d i n g C ha n n e l s
A s

a ( t ) e x p( j 0 ( t f l s ( t ) n ( t )

c o he r e n t

J Fe ( X ) P ( X ) d X

c z2 E b / NO

2 8 6
C l i . 5 T e c hn i q u e s f o r M o b i l e R a d i o
Fo r

X O

B y

J i
r i

( c o he r e n t

= 2 ( 1 +

= 2

=
( c o he r e n t

( c o he r e n t

( Di f f e r e n t i a l

( n o n c o he r e n t
M o d u l a t i o n P e r f o r m a n c e i n Fa d i n g a n d M u l t i pa t h C ha n n e l s 2 8 7
1 0 . 0
1 0 -I
I
0
L b / No
Fi g u r e 5 . 5 3
B i t

R a y l e i g h, f l a t f a d i n g a s

=
I
/
SF

1
4 o r '+ l k 4 5 r

2 5 3 0 3 5
( 0 . 6 8

0 . 2 5

2 8 8 C h. S M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn i q u e s f o r M o b i l e R a d i o
Si g n i f i c a n t

U s i n g

= e x p[ J

( E 5 . 1 )
i s
b e e x pr e s s e d

( E 5 . 2 )
A 1 / 2 a 2

k 1 e x p( k 2 1 )
k , l / 2 ,f o r FSK a n d k 1
1 / 2 1 * 2
1

( E 5 . 4 )

k 1 ( 1 -s -K )
k 2 K F

1 / 2 ,
( l + K )

j
e NC FSI C

1 / 2 , I , we
( 1 + K )

)
e DP SK
F+ l + K
M o d u l a t i o n P e r f o r m a n c e i n Fa d i n g a n d M u l t i pa t h C ha n n e i s 2 8 9
5 . 1 1 . 2 Di g i t a l M o d u l a t i o n i n Fr e q u e n c y Se l e c t i v e M o b i l e C ha n n e l s
Fr e q u e n c y

T he

c a u s e s

a T / T b

I I I I I I I
C o he r e n t De t e c t i o n
+ B P SK -
Q P SI (
M o d u l M i o n -
o o P s I ( -
X M SK
0

C
l a g
. 4
i
p1
pi t
f r
I
I i ,
I
4 i ,I
/ 1
/ 1 '
/ 1 ,i ,i
I ,
I A l
I ,,,
I
I
I
/
f l
I I I 1 1 1 1 1 I I I 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 . 2
t o 0
Fi g u r e 5 . 5 4
d
T he

i s

P e r f o r m a n c e o f i t / 4 DQ P SI ( I n Fa d i n g a n d I n t e r f e r e n c e
L i i i

M o d u l a t i o n P e r f o r m a n c e i n Fa d i n g a n d M u l t i pa t h C ha n n e l s
2 9 1
'U
S
3
C
Fi g u r e 5 . 5 5
T he s e t o f 5 . 5 4 d e l a y n o r m a l i ze d
b y [ Fr o m [ C hu S7 ]
pi e r

o r

i o 2
1 0 . 1
I

pu i l o d
2 9 2
C i i . 5 M o d u l a t i o n T e c hn i q u e s f o r M o b i l e R a d i o
Fu n g ,

DA T A So u R c E
T V C N& R A .
OP T i C A L
C OW U T E R T E R W t . M c
1 VSC W E N.
R E A L
SE A C ONT R OL
P E R SONA L
( b )
Fi g u r e 5 . 5 6
T he

M o d u l a t i o n P e r f o r m a n c e Fa d i n g a n d Vu l t i pa t h 2 9 3
P ( ) v s . C / N I n s l o wl y f l i t
t i d i n g c hi n n hl s
P ( s )
-1

. 3
-4
-5
5 0 6 0 1 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 0
C / N ( d l )
Fi g u r e 5 . 5 7
B E R f a d i n g
r a i s e d 0 . 2 , ( 1 ) 2 0

1 0 0 d B ) .
0

0 . 2 ) ,

a n d

0 . ! t he

0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0
2 9 4
1 0
1 0 I
1 0 -2
1
L j . J
m
1 0 -'
1 0 -s
1 0 -6
2
2
2
3 0 4 0 5 0 5 0 7 0 8 0
E b / NJ o ( d B )
Fi g u r e 5 . 5 8
B E R
= 8 5 0 = 2 4 1 0 0 d B .

5 . 1

2 0 c o s

s i n

1 0 k m / h
2 0 k m / h
3 0 k m / h
5 0 k m / h
1 0 0 k m / h
1 5 0 k m / h
t
. . . . . . . . .
4
_ -_ - a -
P r o b l e m s
2 9 5
1 0 0
1 0 -I
2
1 0 -2
m
2
1
2
1 0 -s
0 ,0
Si m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s
1 . 0
Fi g u r e 5 . 5 9
B E E pe r f o r m a n c e

a n d
b e t we e n
8 5 0 2 4
= 4 0 = 1 0 0

1 1 2 .

4 4 0

= 1 2 4

s pe e d = 4 0 k m / hr
C / 0 = 0 d B
,
s pe e d = 1 2 0 k m / hr
C / D= 1 0 d B
'f t
s pe e d = 4 0 k m / hr
C / D= 1 0 d B
2 0 k m / hr . c / p= o d B
1 . 5 0 . 5
2 9 6
P r o b l e m s
m e s s a g e

= 1 / 2 4 3 0 0 0 . 3 5 .

0 . 5

0 . 2 , 0 . 7 5 .

2 0
2 0

2 0

0 . 2 , 0 . 5 , 1 .

Q P SK
P r o b l e m s 2 9 7
I F

=

6 d B .

6 d B ,

. . 2 1 . . -
t n b u t e d . T hi s
s q u a r e

2 9 8
C H A P T E R
6
E q u a l i za t i o n ,

E q u a l i za t i o n ,

3 0 0 C h. 6 . E q u a l i za t i o n , Di v e r s a t y , a n d C ha n n e l C o d i n g
a

o f E q u a l i za t i o n
I n t e r s y m b o l

Fu n d a m e n t a l s o f E q u a l i za t i o n
3 0 1
e q u a l i ze r s

x
( t ) n 6

( t ) n 6

t he n

3 0 2 C h. 6 . E q u a l i za t i o n , Di v e r s i t y , a n d C ha n n e l C o d i n g
x ( t )
x ( t )
+ n b ( t )

i s
s e c t i o n s

=

( t ) = 0 .
= x

r ( t ) he q ( t )
5 ( t )

I
a n d
- -
I T
c o m b i n e d
m u l t i pa t h
Fi g u r e 6 . 1
B l o c k

C ha n n e l

y ( t )

A G e n e r i c A d a pt i v e E q u a l i ze r 3 0 3
q u e n c y

G e n e r i c A d a pt i v e E q u a l i ze r
A n

b o t h

I I

Fi g u r e 6 . 2
A b a s i c l i n e a r e q u a l i ze r d u r i n g t r a i n i n g .

3 0 4 C h. 6 E q u a l i za t i o n , Di v e r s i t y , a n d C ha n n e l C o d i n g
a l g o r i t hm ,

T hi s

t o

we i g ht s = P r e v i o u s we i g ht s + ( c o n s t a n t ) x ( P r e v i o u s e r r o r ) x ( C u r r e n t i n pu t v e c t o r )

e r r o r = P r e v i o u s d e s i r e d o u t pu t P r e v i o u s a c t u a l o u t pu t
( 6 . 6 . b )

a n d

i s

A G e n e r i c A d a pt i v e E q u a l i ze r 3 0 5
T o

Y k 2

t f i . 8 )

W Fk . . .

= Y k W k = W k Y k
( 6 . 1 0 )

x k ) ,

= X k d k

= X k W k Y A
( 6 . 1 2 )

T T
= +
Y k Y k W k 2 X k Y k W k
( 6 . 1 3 )
o v e r

T 'I ' T

e k = E I x h] l W k 2 E [ x k y k l W k
( 6 . 1 4 )
No t i c e

a n d

= E l x k y k l =
E [ X A Y k X k Y k I X k Y k .
. . . X k Y k NI '
( 6 . 1 5
a n d

3 0 6 Oh. 6 E q u a l i za t i o r . , Di v e r s i t y , a n d C ha n n e l C o d i n
Y k Y k Y k N
= E [ y k y k * I = E Y k i Y k

2

t he

T

+ R w 2 p

T
( E 6 . 1 )

SW N

= 2 R w 2 p
( E 6 . 2 )
0

E q u a l i ze r s i n a C o m m u n i c a t i o n s R e c e i v e r
3 0 7
E x a m pl e

. T

I .
T 7 '
3 . B
4 . A
A
f o r

T r 2 1 T . .
M M SE = E L x k J
R
E L X k J

E q u a l i ze r s i n a C o m m u n i c a t i o n s R e c e i v e r
T he

n

x ( n )

i s

( n ) 1 2 ] i s t he ( e n s e m b l e

3 0 8 C h. S Di v e r s i t y , a n d C ha n n e l C o d i n g
a g e s .

L i e

M i n i m i zi n g

i s

( 6 . 1 9 )
o f E q u a l i za t i o n T e c hn i q u e s
E q u a l i za t i o n
l i n e a r

i s

( s e e

T he
T hi s
0 ,

, a n d

Su r v e y o f E q u a l i za t i o n T e c hn i q u e s 3 0 9
b e
e c ho pu l s e
Fi g u r e 6 . 3
A l g o r i t hm s
L M S
R L S

+

Fi g u r e 6 . 4

d e l a y e l e m e n t s
Z e r o Fo r c i n g
L M S
R L S

G r a d i e n t R L S

G r a d i e n t

3 1 0 C h. 6 E q u a l i za t i o n . Di v e r s i t y , a n d C ha n n e l C o d i n g
y ( t )
Fe e d b a c k t a ps
Fi g u r e 6 . 5
T a ppe d b o t h
6 . 6 L i n e a r E q u a l i ze r s
4 ( 1 )

=
=

r e pr e s e n t s

i T ,
N1

I

Fe e d f o r wa r d t a ps
a 4
L i n e a r E q u a l i ze r s
3 1 1
Y k N1 . i - -
- E I E I I -

6 . 6
St r u c t u r e

( n )

T r

J =
J
d w
( 6 . 2 1 )
+

3 1 2
C l i . 6 -E q u a l i za t i o n , Di v e r s i t y , a n d C ha n n e l C o d i n g
whe r e

=
( 6 . 2 5 )

Fi g u r e 6 . 7
T he
6 . 7 No n l i n e a r E q u a l i za t i o n
A

j j ( A ')
f 2 ( k )
No n l i n e a r E q u a l i za t i o n
3 1 3
T hr e e

Fe e d b a c k E q u a l i za t i o n ( OFE )
T he

E

4 k

i s

N
E [ I e ( n ) I i m ,n = e x pi
J l n J

3 1 4 C l i . 6 E q u a l i za t i o n , Di v e r s i t y , a n d C ha n n e l C o d i n g

Fi g u r e 6 . 8
De c i s i o n e q u a l i ze r

No n l i n e a r E q u a l i za t i o n 3 1 5
6 . 7 . 2 M a x i m u m L i k e l i ho o d Se q u e n c e E s t i m a t i o n ( M L SE ) E q u a l i ze r
T he

a n d

Fi g u r e 6 . 9
P r e d i c t i v e
3 1 6 Oh. 6 . E q u a l i za t i o n , Di v e r s i t y , a n d C ha n n e l C o d i n g
n e l

6 . 1 0
T he
A l g o r i t hm s f o r A d a pt i v e E q u a l i za t i o n
Si n c e

A . 'g o r i t hm s f o r A d a pt i v e 3 1 7
l i n e a r ,

T hi s

Fo r

T hi s

W he n

Fi g u r e

4 0 ps .

3 1 8 C h. 6 . E q u a l i za t i o n , Di v e r s i t y , a n d C ha i n e l C o d i n g
i ze r .

= 9 0 0
= 8 0

V ( 8 0 ,0 0 0 / 3 6 0 0 ) n Vs

. Z
( b )
9 0 . 4 2 3
= 6 . 3 4

2 4 ,3 0 0 1 5 4

Z e r o Fo r c i n g A l g o r i t hm
I n a r e

o f

= I
c

A l g o r i t hm s f o r A d a pt i v e E q u a l i za t i o n 3 1 9
whe r e
( f )
i s f r e q u e n c y

M e a n Sq u a r e A l g o r i t hm
A

= d k d k

= = X k W k Y k
( 6 . 3 0 )
T o

E [ e n ' e k l ( 6 . 3 1 )
T he

L e t

=
= 0
( 6 . 3 2 )

( 6 . 3 3 )

W he n

J OP t =
= E L X k X ; 1 P NW N
( 6 . 3 4 )

( 6 . 3 5 )

I

T
= wN( n ) y N( n )
( 6 . 3 6 . a )
= x k ( n ) d k ( n )
( 6 . 3 6 . b )

+ I )
wN( n )
( 6 . 3 6 . c )

A l g o r i t hm s f o r A d a pt i v e E q u a l i za t i o n ' 3 2 1
whe r e Si n c e
,t he

L e a s t Sq u a r e s A l g o r i t hm
T he
ha v e

x ( i )

i s

( n )

t he

3 2 2 C hi . 6 . E q u a l i za t i o n , Di v e r s i t y . a n d C ha n n e l C o d i n g
0

( 6 . 4 2 )

= ( 6 . 4 3 )
=

x

1 ) .
= X R NN( n I )

1 ) .

NN N

x ( O) 0 ,
8 1 1 VN'

A l g o r i t hm s t o r A d a pt i v e E q u a l i za t i o n 3 2 3
N

wT ( n _ l ) y ( n )

x ( n )
k ( n )
( n ) y ( n )

w( n 1 )

4 . 5 N

o f A l g o r i t hm s
T he r e

Spa c e d E q u a l i ze r s
T he

3 2 4
C h. 6 ' E q u a l i za t i o n , Di v e r s i t y , a n d C ha n n e l C o d i n g
T a b l e 6 . 1 C o m pa r i s o n o f Va r i o u s A l g o r i t hm s f o r A d a pt i v e E q u a l i za t i o n [ P r o 9 l ]
A l g o r i t hm
Nu m b e r o f
M u l t i p'y
Ope r a t i o n s
I
A d v a n t a g e s Di s a d v a n t a g e s
1

4 . 5 N

1 4

8

3 3 N2

6 . 5 N

pl e x i t y
he n c e

3 2 5
6 . 1 0 Di v e r s i t y T e c hn i q u e s
Di v e r s i t y

s m a l l -s c a l e

3 2 6 C I t 6 E q u a l i za t i o n , Di v e r s i l y , C ha n n e l C o d i n g
6 . 1 0 . 1 De r i v a t I o n o f Se l e c t i o n I m pr o v e m e n t
B e f o r e

F v -c f

I f

i i

M

= ( I
=
( 6 . 5 8 )

y .

I I ( I
) M

2 W
y i f M !
P r f r c ( Y )
e

4
U
r
*
I I I
C
I -
-J
a .
4
I -
4
I
I -
3 . .
I -
-J
C
4
a
a

z

'a
a .

7

-x M I -x
I = J Y P M ( 7 ) d Y =
FJ M x ( I e
)
e d x
0 0

Di v e r s i t y T e c hn i q u e s 3 2 7
0 I
OS
2 . 0
5 . 0
1 0 . 0
2 0 . 0
3 0 . 0
4 0 0
5 0 . 0
4 0 . 0
7 0 . 0
S0 . 0
5 0 . 0
I 5 0
'S. C
f l u
" . 5
" . 5
" p
" i s
" . 5 .
" 5 ,
-4 0
Fi g u r e 6 . 1 1
-3 0 2 0 t O 0 1 0
( y / f l . d O

'j '/ F.
i m pr o v e -

( 6 . 6 2 )
E x a m pl e

2 0

= 2 0
0 . 1 a n d

P 4 0 0 d 8 )
( I --e
)
0 . 0 0 0 0 8 2

P 1 = 0 . 0 9 5

De r i v a t i o n o f M a x i m a l R a t i o C o m b i n i n g I m pr o v e m e n t
I n f r o m

=
( 6 . 6 3 )

Di v e r s i t y 3 2 9
NT
( 6 . 6 4 )

2 N1

r / N

'S

'L . a

-
2 L a N
T hu s

=

e

T he
= J P Y M d Y M
=
I ( 6 . 6 9 )

= = M r

3 3 0 C t i . E q u a l i za t i o n , Di v e r s i t y , C ha n n e l C o d i n g
v i r t u a l l y

P r a c t i c a l Spa c e Di v e r s i t y C o n s i d e r a t i o n s
Spa c e

Swi t c hi n g
L o g i c
G 2 J
o r

l G r n F
Va r i a b l e

Fi g u r e 6 . 1 2

Dr v e r s i t y T e c hn i q u e s
6 . 1 0 . 3 . 1 Se l e c t i o n Di v e r s i t y
Se l e c t i o n

N)

o r
Sc a n n i n g

o n l y

P r e s e t
6 . 1 3

R a t i o C o m b i n i n g

3 3 2 C h. E q u a l i za t i o n . Di v e r s i t y , a n d C ha n n e l C o d i n g
( u n l i k e

Fi g u r e 6 . 1 4
M a x i m a l

6 . 1 0 . 3 . 4 E q u a l G a i n C o m b i n i n g
I n

Di v e r s i t y
A t

u s e d .

f r o m

So m e

0 .

a n d ha v e

t
V2

( a r t
+ r 2 b c o s 4 ,2 )
r 2 b s i n 4 ,2 )
( ---a r 1 c o s 4 ,1
s i n a c o s j 3 c o s a .

( c i ) c o s 2 r
7
( a ) x -y pl a n e

Fi g u r e 6 . 1 5

2 2 2 2
J r 1 a
R 2 =
H e r e ,
T he

b e c o m e s

r e l a t i v e

a 2 / r ( 6 . 7 8 )

Fr e q u e n c y

l i m e Di v e r s i t y
T i m e

3 3 6 C h. 6 E q u a l i za t i o n . Di v e r s i t y , a n d C ha n n e l C o d i n g
R A K E

R A K E R e c e i v e r
I n

i t

I F o r b a s e b a n d

6 . 1 6

R A K E R e c e i v e r
3 3 7
c o m po n e n t .

pu t s

No t e

a n d

a s i d

a m

m

3 3 8
C h. 6 E q u a l i za t i o n , Di v e r s i t y , a n d C ha n n e l C o d i n g
n e c e s s a r i l y

I n t e r l e a v i n g
I n t e r l e a v i n g

s o m e

a

c o n s i s t s

Fu n d a m e n t a l s o f C ha n n e l C o d i n g 3 3 9
R e a d o u t b i t s a t

p

6 . 1 7
B l o c k i n t o o u t

o f C ha n n e l C o d i n g
C ha n n e l

B l o g 2 ( B l o g 2 (

C
1 o 4 1 ( 6 . 8 3 )

pr o v i d e d
1 . 6

B l o c k C o d e s
B l o c k

k

k / n

B l o c k C o d e s
3 4 1

b i t s f r o m

n i b
k ) ( n k )
t o

T he

= C 1 1 ( m o d u l o q )

whe r e

i s

T he

Su ppo s e

b e

a 2 C 2

A

k

3 4 2
C h. 6 -E q u a l i za t i o n , Di v e r s i t y , a n d C ha n n e l C o d i n g
C y c l i c C y c l i c

. . ,

a d d i t i o n

i n

( a ) 0 1 .

0
0 0

Fo r

a r e

B l o c k C o d e s 3 4 3
I n T hi s

2 0 ) No t e 0 ,

{
T he

f o r

= { 0 ,a . a ',a 2
( 6 . 8 7 )

0
a 0 I a

( 2 m _ I )
n i -I n i -I

( 0 ,
2
j O,a ,a ,a

M t
r n 2 2 2

=
= { 0 ,a ,a ,a
( 6 . 9 1 )
3 4 4 C h. 6 E q u a l i za t i o n , Di v e r s i t y , a n d C ha n n e l C o d t n g
i t
I

c o e f f i c i e n t s
= a ,( x ) = a 1 0 + a x + a 1 1 x + + a j r n ,x "
-
( 6 . 9 2 )
A d d i t i o n e l e m e n t s

( a 0 + a 1 -0 ) + ( a 1 1 + a 1 1 ) x +
'
( 6 . 9 3 )
T hu s

E x a m pl e s o f B l o c k C o d e s
H a m m i n g

( 2 t m -I ,2 m -l -m )

k i n .
H a d a m a r d

N

2 ,

r o 0 1

l J
2 " ' b e i n g

a n d

k ) . T he
I
n k -I
g ( p) = p + + g 1 p+ I ( 6 . 9 6 )
A

P
+
( 6 . 9 7 )
whe r e

-
x 0 )

I
3 ,
I T he

I .
I .
k I R S

3 4 6 C h. 6 . Di v e r s i t y , C o d i n g
C a s e St u d y o f R e e d -So l o m o n C o d e s
Fo r
6 ,

f o r + I
2 " ' ! T hi s

1 + X + t

0 .
0

t e r m T he

a 6 3
I T hi s

I

( 0 0 I l I 0 ) 2 X OR ( 1 0 0 0 0 0 ) 2
( 1 0 1 1 1 0 ) 2
a 5 5
( OI l I I O) 2 X OR ( 1 0 0 0 0 l ) 2
( 1 1 1 1 1 1 ) 2
a 5 8

6 . 1 4 . 2 . 1 R e e d -So l o m o n E n c o d i n g
I n

( x ) c o d e wo r d

:

2 t
d ( x )

+

d ( x )

j )
i s

e r r o r ,

g ( x ) =

= g ( x ) q ( x ) + r ( x )

r e pr e s e n t s
3 4 8 C h. 6 . E q u a l i za t i o n , Di v e r s i t y , a n d C ha n n e l C o d i n g
T a b l e 6 . 2 T hr e e R e pr e s e n t a t i o n s o f t he E l e m e n t s o f G F( 6 4 )
P o wc ,
R c pr e s t n L zt i o n
P o l y n o m i a l
t t pc n t i n g a ,
0 0

a x ' 0
x ' 0 I 0 0
a ' x '
a ' x ' 0 I 0 0 0 0
a '
a ' x l I 0 0 0 0 I I
a ' x l
x '
a , x ' 'C ' I
a " 'C ' 'C ' I I
a ' x ' I
a " I 0 0 3 t I
a " 'C '
a " 'C '
a "
a " x ' I
a " x ' 'C ' 'C ' I 0 0 I I
a ' 'C ' 'C ' 1 '
a " 'C ' x ' 'C ' 'C '
'C '
,i ' x '
a " x x ' 'C ' I
a " x ' x ' 'C ' I
a " x ' x ' I
a " I
a " x ' ,c '
a " I
a " x ' 'C '
a " x ' x '
a " 'C ' ,c ' 'C '
a " x ' x ' I
a " x ' 'C ' I
a "
a " C a '
a " a '
'C ' I
a "
a " a ' a ' 'C ' 0 0
I
'C ' a ' 'C ' 0
a ,t ' i i '

I 0 1 I I I
a " a ' a ' 'C ' I
x ' a ' I I I 0
'C ' I I I 0 I I I
a " a ' i t ' I I 0 I I 0 I
a " x ' 'a ' I
a 'a ' 'a ' a '
a " a ' C I
a C x ' I
a " a '
a " C C a '
a '' a ' C x ' I
a " a ' I
a " C a ' C
a " i t ' C 'a ' I
a " a ' a ' a ' a ' I 0 I I I 0
a "

I 0 I I I I I
a '' a ' a ' i t '
a " a ' a ' a ' a ' 'C ' I I I I 1 I I
a " 'a ' I I I I I 0 I

a "
a ' x ' C I
a ' I
I


Fi g u r e 6 . 1 8
R e e d -So l o m o n

t hr o u g h
a r e

De c o d i n g

u 0 + v 1 x +
( 6 . 1 1 0 )
i s
r 0 + r 1 x +

U s i n g

e ( x )
r ( x ) c ( x )
e 0 + e 1 x +
( 6 . 1 1 2 )
r ( a 5 -.
a a
0
3 5 0 C h. 6 E q u a U za t o n , Di v e r s i t y , a n d C ha r n e l C o d i n g
a n d c ( a ') e t a ') .

t ) a t

< 1 2
e j k

+
+
c 3 x 1 k

e j 3 1
+
+ e . $ 3 k
( 6 . 1 1 4 . a )
+
( 6 . 1 1 4 . b )
+ e 3 1 3 ' ( 6 . 1 1 4 . c )

t he

T hi s

B l o c k C o d e s
s t e p

e r r o r s

H o w-

a '.
=
r ( x ) 1 ,
i 1 ,2
a . 1

x + a ') , r e m

q

r e m

x + a
R e a r r a n g i n g
q ( x )

q
( a ' a ') r e m

T hu s ,

a '

r ( a 5 , 1 ,2

r 0 + r 1 x +

J r f l j a i + r f l z,j a t + r 8 3 J c t 1 +
( 6 . 1 2 2 )

s y m m e t r i c

P k ' k n o wn
f u n c t i o n s .

= ( l + 1 3 1 x ) ( 1 + P 2 x )
+ a k x *
( 6 . 1 2 3 )

whi c h

No t e

1

( 6 . 1 2 4 . b )

( 6 . 1 2 4 . d )
c a n

= 0
0

0
G I Sk
+
0 k
1 S1 + k a k = 0

C o d e s

C o n v o l u t o n a l C o d e s
3 5 3
I t

k / n .

NSt a g e s

6 . 1 9

T he

H e r e ,

A

Si n c e

I t
3 5 4 C h. 6 E q u a l i za t i o n . a n d C ha n n e l C o d i n g
T he e T he

C l o s e

o f C o n v o l u t i o n a l C o d e s
T he

A l g o r i t hm
T he

E a c h

c o m pu t e

m ,

i + l
C o d e s 3 5 5
On c e
L
m ,

De c o d i n g A l g o r i t hm s f o r C o n v o l u t i o n a l C o d e s
Fa n o 's

k
pa t hs

s u c c e s s o r s

s u c c e s s o r s

b a s e d t o
+ i n ,

3 5 6 C h. 6 - E q u a l i za t i o n . Di v e r s i t y , a n d C ha n n e l C o d i n g
i n
On c e

+
+ T hi s

G a i n
T he

i s
( 6 . 1 2 6 )
whe r e

C o d e d M o d u l a t i o n
T r e l l i s

C h. 6 E q u a l i za t i o n , Di v e r s i t y , a n d C ha n n e l C o d i n g
3 5 7
E u c l i d e a n

P r o b l e m s
6 . 1
a n d

W
Y N
Fi g u r e

3 5 8 C h 6 E q u a l i za t i o n , Di v e r s i t y , a n d C ha n n e l C o d i n g
( c ) a n d wha t

Y F s i n ( 2 i t k l
wo

e k e r r o r

a n d a n d
6 . 4

Sq u a r e
DFE

6 . 3 7 )

H o w
C i i . 6 E q u a l i za t i o n , Di v e r s i t y , C ha n n e l C o d i n g 3 5 9
C d ) W ha t ha ppe n s
C e ) W ha t ( T hi s

B a s e d

a s
f o r
r ( m a x i m a l

0 . 0 1 d e t e r m i n e

y .
= P r FP ( y ) P r I y I
a )

f o r
3 6 0
C h. 6 . E q u a l i za t i o n , Di v e r s i t y , a n d C ha n n e l C o d i n g
C H A P T E R
7
Spe e c h

I n

3 6 2
C h. 7 Spe e c h C o d i n g
a n d

Fi g u r e 7 . 1
H i e r a r c hy
C ha r a c t e r i s t i c s o f Spe e c h Si g n a t s 3 6 3
g e n e r a l

o f Spe e c h Si g n a l s
Spe e c h

T he

= ( 7 . 1 )
No t e

M o t he r

3 6 4 C h. 7 Spe e c h C o d i n g
s m a l l

=
x ( n ) x ( n + I k I ) ( 7 . 2 )
whe r e r e pr e s e n t s

I
a s
T he

m e a s u r e ( SFM ) .

N
SFM =

whe r e ,

Q u a r t i za t i o n T e c hn i q u e s 3 6 5
7 . 3 Q u a n t i za t i o n T e c hn i q u e s
7 . 3 . 1 U n i f o r m Q u a n t i za t i o n
Q u a n t i za t i o n

2 "

( t )

6 . 0 2 n
4 . 7 7 0

G u a n t i za t i o n
T he

E [ ( x f Q ( x f l 2 l
f

3 6 6
C h. 7 Spe e c h

( x )

a n d
( t ) - Fo l l o wi n g
( t f l =
l n (

p3

( 7 . 8 )
i n

k
C
l + ] n A

7 1 . C o m -

Q u a n t i za t i o n T e c hn i q u e s 3 6 7
So l u t i o n

1 / 4
Fi g u r e

=
= 0

D
= f

-
( x )
D J ( x --] ) 2 p( x ) d x + f ( x _ 3 ) 2 p( x ) d x + J ( x _ 5 ) p( x ) d x
J ( x 7 Y p( x ) d x
T hi s
Si g n a l
E [ x 2 j = J p( x ) x 2 d x . x
) d x = 3 2
I [ x i / D1 = 1 0 k g
1 9 . 8 2 d B

A d a pt i v e Q u a n t i za t i o n
A s

( a )
7 . 2
A d a pt i v e

Ve c t o r Q u a n t i za t i o n
Sha n n o n 's

f ( x )
I
( b )
A d a pt i v e Di f f e r e n t i a l P u l s e C o d e M o d u l a t i o n 3 6 9
q u a n t i ze r s

L

0 . 5

A d a pt i v e Di f l e r e n t i a l P u l s e C o d e M o d u l a t i o n
P u l s e


( k ) ,
a r e

d e c o d e r ,

Fr e q u e n c y Do m a i n C o d i n g o f Spe e c h 3 7 1
& k )

= 8
n 8
8 0 0 0
8 6 4 0 0 0

1 0 0 5 5 0 0
6 4 0 0 0 5 0 0 6 4 . 5

6 . 0 T h ( 6 . 0 2

$ 2 . 9 3
6 . 0 2 n 4 8 . 1 6
Fr e q u e n c y Do m a i n C o d f l n g o f Spe e c h
Fr e q u e n c y

a d v a n t a g e

Fi g u r e 7 . 3
B l o c k
3 7 2
e n c o d e d

W hi l e

C o d i n g
Su b -b a n d

1

Fr e q u e n c y Do m a i n C o d i n g o f Spe e c h 3 7 3
k i n d

t h
i s
wi t h

a n d
hn ( t )

whe r e

f o r t h

3 7 4 C h. 7 . Spe e c h C o d i n g

Fi g u r e 7 . 4

s ( t )
Su b -b a n d Nu m b e r
2 2 5 -4 5 0

2 4 5 0 -9 0 0
1
1 0 0 0 -1 5 0 0
4
-j
1 8 0 0 - 2 7 0 0
3
2
1

N 4

Fr e q u e n c y Do m a i n C o d i n g o l Spe e c h
3 7 5
Fo r

2 4 5 0
2 9 0 0
2 1 0 0 0
2 1 8 0 0

8 3 0 0
A d a pt I v e T r a n s f o r m C o d i n g
A d a pt i v e
i s

=
x ( n ) g = 0 ,
I = [ 2 , = 1 ,2

( k ) g
( 2 n i ) k n ]
0 ,

3 7 6
b y

. A t

Vo c o d e r s
Vo c o d e r s

pr o n u n c i a t i o n s )
" s " ,

Vo c o d e r s
T he


r
Fi g u r e 7 . 5
T r a n s m i s s i o n

Vo c o d e r s
T he

Vo c o d e r s
T he

Se c o n d So u r c e
/
_ _ _ _ _ _
P u l s e

So u r c e

L J
s pe e c h
r 'J
i n pu t
3 7 8
C I t 7 Spe e c h C o d i n g
t he

Vo i c e -E x c i t e d Vo c o d e r
Vo i c e -e x c i t e d

L i n e a r P r e d i c t i v e C o d e r s
7 . 7 . 1 L P C Vo c o d e r s
L i n e a r

( 7 . 1 3 )
+
whe r e

3 7 9
pa r a m e t e r s

T he

( 7 . 1 4 )

=

i t

= 0

On

= 0

0
F
i
g
u
r
e

7
.
6
B
l
o
c
k
3 8 1
d i c t o r a s

t a n h-''R
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
I ( 7 1 9 )
k I
Va r i o u s

A t a l

3 8 2
C h. 7 . Spe e c h C o d i n g
I
Fi l t e r

St o c ha s t i c
7 . 7
L P C
C o d e -E x c i t e d L P C
I n

b i t

1 0 2 4

Sy n t he s i s
Fi l t e r
L i n e a r P r e d i c t i v e C o d e r s 3 8 3
v o i c e

P e r c e pt u a l
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
A v e r a g i n g

. .
e r r o r
. 4
.
W e i g ht i n g

7 . 8
s e a r c h.

R e s i d u a l E x c i t e d L P C
T he

3 8 4 Oh. 7 . Spe e c h
s ( n )
7 . 8 C ho o s i n g Spe e c h C o d e c s f o r M o b i l e C o m m u n i c a t i o n s
E n c o d e d
o u t pu t

+
Fi g u r e 7 . 9
B l o c k
C ho o s i n g Spe e c h f o r M o b i l e C o m n ,u n i c a t i o n s 3 8 5
t i v e

0 . 9 ( 8 1 0 8 2 6 ) 1 4 . 4
T a b l e 7 . 1 Spe e c h C o d e r s U s e d I n Va r i o u s M o b i l e R a d i o Sy s t e m s
St a n d a r d
.
Se r v i c e T y pe
Spe e c h C o d e r T y pe U s e d
.
B i t R a t e ( k b ps )

1 1 5 0 .
1 4 . 4 1 2 . 5
1 . 6 8
1 . 6 8 1 2 5 0 0 2 1 k b ps .
0 . 5 .
T he r e f o r e , 2 1
0 . 5 1 0 . 5

1 2 0

1 3 7
7 8

1 3 7 3 3 5
T he OSM C o d e c
3 8 7
3 3 5 / I C 3 ) 1 6 . 7 5
T he G SM C o d e c
T he s t a n d a r d G SM
b y r e g u l a r pu l s e e x c i t e d t e r m pr e d i c t i o n

a l o n g -t e r m

( 8

whi c h
a n d

D
T he


7 . Spe e c h C o d i n g
Fi g u r e 7 1 0
B l o c k

Fi g u r e 7 . 1 1
B l o c k d i a g r a m
o u t pu t

T he U SDC C o d e c 3 8 9
a r e c a l l e d t y pe

T he U SDC C o d e c
T he
pr e d i c t i v e

E v a l u a t i o n o f Spe e c h C o d e r s
T he r e

3 9 0
C h. 7 Spe e c h

7 . 1 2
B l o c k
Si n c e

i s

P e r t o r m a n c e E v a k a t i o n o f Spe e c h C o d e r s 3 9 1
Fi g u r e 7 . 1 3
B l o c k
Ou t pu t
T a b l e 7 . 2 l A OS Q u a l i t y R a t i n g f C o I B 9 J
Q u a l i t y Sc a l e Sc a r e L i s t e n i n g E f f o r t Sc a l e

B a d

7 ]
I
7 2

3 9 2 P r o b A e m s
I n

7 . 3 P e r f o r m a n c e o t C o d e r s j J a y 9 OJ , ( G a r 9 5 J
C o d e r
M OS

7 . 1 2 P r o b l e m s
7 . 1

2 5 5 ,

9 0 ,

P r o b l e m s
3 9 3
b e t we e n

N

N

8 6 4

3 9 4
t wo -d i m e n s i o n a l

C H A P T E R
8
M u l t i pl e

m a n y

I n

( FDD)

3 9 6 C h. 8 M u l t i pl e A c c e s s T e c hn i q u e s f o r W i r e l e s s C o m m u n i c a t i o n s
t e c hn i q u e s .

Fr e q u e n c y

R e v e r s e
Fo r wa r d
C ha n n e l

8 . 1

I n t r o d u c t i o n t o M u l t i pl e A c c e s s
Fr e q u e n c y

T he

d i v i d e d

I n wi d e b a n d s y s t e m s , t he t r a n s m i s s i o n b a n d wi d t h

Di v i s i o n M u l t i pl e A c c e s s ( FDM A )
Fr e q u e n c y

s y s t e m s ,

3 9 8 C h. 8 . M u l t i pl e A c c e s s T e c hn i q u e s f o r W i r e l e s s C o m m u n i c a t i o n s
T a b l e 8 . 1 M u l t i pl e A c c e s s T e c hn I q u e s U s e d Di f f e r e n t W i r e l e s s Sy s t e m s
C e l l u l a r Sy s t e m
M u l t i pl e A c c e s s
.
T e c hn i q u e

I n

3 9 9
t r u m

n f 2
< m , So m e

1 ) [ i - 2 n f 2 ,

2 ) f i
( 2 n
1 ) 1 2 ,
2 ) 1 2 - 0 ,

=
( 8 . 1 )
whe r e
g u a r d
i s

4 0 0 C l i . 8 M u l t i pl e A c c e s s T e c l r n i q u e s f o r W i r e l e s s C o m m u n i c a t i o n s
Fr e q u e n c y
Fi g u r e 8 . 2
FDM A

i s

I 2 . 5 x
= 4 1 6
8 . 3 T i m e Di v i s i o n M u l t i pl e A c c e s s ( T DM A )

i n t o

C o d e
T i m e

T i m e Di v i s i o n M u l t i pl e A c c e s s ( T OM A ) 4 0 1
t he

8 . 3

T he

Fr e q u e n c y
T i i n c
whe r e e a c h c ha n n e l o c c u pi e s a c y c l i c a l l y r e pe a t i n g s l o t .
4 0 2 C h. 8 M u l t i pl e A c c e s s T e c hn i q u e s f o r W i r e l e s s C o m m u n i c a t i o n s
b y

Fi g u r e 8 . 4

T he

i s

*
+
T i m e Di v i s i o n M u l t i pl e A c c e s s ( T DM A )
4 0 3
= Nr b r + Nt b p+ Nt b g + Nr b g

l 'f

T he

i n
2 B g u a r d )
( 8 . 5 )
whe r e

k H z.

1 0 0 0
( 2 0 0

4 0 4 C l i . 8 . M u l t i pl e A c c e s s T e c hn i q u e s f o r W i r e l e s s C o m m u n i c a t i o n s

= 2 7 0 . 8 3 3
3 . 6 9 2
1 5 6 . 2 5 0 . 5 7 7
8
4 . 6 1 5 m s .

8 . 2 5 + 2 6 2 ( 5 8 ) 1 5 6 . 2 5
1 2 5 0

8 ( 6 ) 8 ( 8 . 2 5 ) 3 2 2

x t OO 7 4 . 2 4 %
8 . 4 Spr e a d Spe c t r u m M u l t i pl e A c c e s s
Spr e a d

Fl o ppe d M u l t i pl e A c c e s s ( FH M A )
Fr e q u e n c y

Spr e a d Spe c t r u m M u l t i pl e A c c e s s 4 0 5
i n s t a n t a n e o u s

C o d e Di v i s i o n M u l t i pl e A c c e s s ( C DM A )
I n

4 0 6 C h. 8 - M u l t i pl e A c c e s s T e c hn i q u e s f o r W i r e l e s s C o m m u n i c a t i o n s
C o d e
C ha n n e l I
C ha n n e l 2
C ha n n e l 3
Fr e q u e n c y
T i m e
8 . 5
C DM A i n b y

pr o b l e m

s t r o n g e r

c o n t r o l

Spr e a d Spe c t r u m M u l t i pl e A c c e s s 4 0 7
n u m b e r

Spr e a d Spe c t r u m T e c hn i q u e s
I n

T hi s

4 0 8
C h. 8 . M u l t i pl e A c c e s s T e c hn i q u e s f o r W i r e l e s s C o m m u n i c a t i o n s
m m
Spe c t r u m Na r r o wb a n d C DM A
Fi g u r e 8 . 6
Spe c t r u m
a c c e s s .
c o m pa r e d t o t he s pe c t r u m o f a hy b r i d , f r e q u e n c y d i v i s i o n , d i r e c t s e -

T hi s

A l t e r n a t e
t ha t

I n

W i d e b a n d C DM A

Fi g u r e 8 . 7
Fr e q u e n c y o f
Spa c e Di v i s i o n M u l t i pl e A c c e s s ( SDM A ) 4 0 9
T C DM A t he

T hi s

Di v i s i o n M u ! t i pl e A c c e s s ( SDM A )
Spa c e

a
Fi g u r e 8 . 8
A

4 1 0 C h. 8 . M u l t i pl e A c c e s s f o r W i r e l e s s C o m m u n i c a t i o n s
T he

t o

R a d i o
I n

P a c k e t R a d i o
4 1 1
b e e n

( D)

I n

2 E v e n

I
I
I I
I
I
I I I
4
I
On e
I
Vu l n e r a b l e

8 . 9

4 1 2 C h. 8 M u l t i pl e A c c e s s f o r W r e l e s s C o m m u n i c a t i o n s
a s s u m e d
i s

R P r [ n o X t P r [ n o

R VR

P u r e A L OH A
T he

P a c k e t R a d i o 4 1 3
i s

0

R e _ Z R

Sl o t t e d A L OH A
I n
T he

R e _ R

Fi g u r e

2 R e
I i 2
4 1 4 C h. 8 . M u l t i pl e A c c e s s f o r W i r e l e s s C o m m u n i c a t i o n s
M a x i m u m

0 . 1 8 3 9

I

e ' 0 . 3 6 7 9

i
Fi g u r e 8 . 1 0
T r a d e -o f f

P a c k e t R a d i o 4 1 5
8 . 6 . 2 C a r r i e r Se n s e A c c e s s ( C SM A ) P r o t o c o l s
A L OH A

b a s e d

pa r t i c u l a r

( 8 . 1 3 )

C SM A T he

I n

p-pe r s i s t e n t

I n

4 1 6 C I t 8 M u l t i pl e A c c e s s T e c hn i q u e s f o r W i r e l e s s C o m m u n i c a t i o n s
t he

DSM A

P r o t o c o l s
8 . 6 . 3 . 1 A L OH A
R e s e r v a t i o n i s

t he

R e s e r v a t i o n M u l t i pl e A c c e s s ( P R M A )
P R M A
a n d

wa s

i s
E f f e c t i n P a c k e t R a d i o
P a c k e t

C a pa c i t y o f Sy s t e m s 4 1 7
n e a r -t b r e f f e c t . T he

m u l t i pl e

T y pe o f T r a f f i c M u l t i p! e A c c e s s T e c hn i q u e

8 . 7 C a pa c i t y o f C e l l u l a r Sy s t e m s
C ha n n e l

4 1 8 C h. 8 - M u l t i pl e A c c e s s f o r W i r e l e s s C o m m u n i c a t i o n s
I n

8 . 1 1
I l l u s t r a t i o n 4 .
s t a t i o n s
t he u s e r D0 , a n d f r o m u s e r .
C a pa c i t y o f C e l l u l a r Sy s t e m s 4 1 9
c
_ _ _ _
M
( 8 1 5 )
whe r e

i s

R ,

( 8 . 1 7 )
6 D I n n ,,

) I / f l
( 8 . 1 8 )
r a d i o
whe r e

b y

=

=
( 8 . 2 1 )
A s t he
4 2 0
C h. 8 . M u l t i pl e A c c e s s f o r W i r e l e s s C o m m u n i c a t i o n s
B

r a d i o

Z f l
I n

a r e

=

ha l v e d .

1 8
1 4
1 2
9

6 . 2 5
2 0 4 . 3 7 5
6 . 2 5

1 4 2 Ol o g 1 . 9 6
6 . 2 5

1 2 2 Ol o g 6
9 2 0 9

Sy s t e m

c

b b _ C C
( 8 2 4
I I

i s

( 8 . 2 5 )

( 8 . 2 6 )

( 8 . 2 7 )

s y s t e m

E b B ,,,

r e pr e s e n t s

4 2 2
C h. 8 . M u l t i pl e A c c e s s f o r W i r e l e s s C o m m u n i c a t i o n s
E b i t s
G '= E R = = 3 R E 3 C ( E . & 8 . 1 )
b b b b
1 . '
1 o 3 0
3 1

I n

C o m pa r I s o n A M P S W i t h ( R a 1 9 1 J
P a r a m e t e r
A M P S G SM U SOC P DC

8 . 7 . 1 C a pa c I t y o f C e l l u l a r C DM A
T he

t o

I ) i n t e r f e r i n g u s e r s , e a c h o f whi c h ha s po we r , S. T hu s , t he s i g n a l -t o -n o i s e

( N-I ) S ( N-

S/ R W / R

( N-I ) ( S/ W ) N-I

4 2 4 C h. 8 . M u l t i pl e A c c e s s f o r
W / R

( N 1 ) + ( 1 / S)

ha s

1 )

W I . ! ?

I

N0 '

I n

i n g

1 . 2 5 9 6 0 0

3 / 8 .

+ 1 . 2 5 1 0 6 / 9 6 o o
+ 1 4

I

3 5 . 7
s i n c e
3
3 5 . 7 1 0 7
o f C OM A wi t h M u l t i pl e C e l l s
I n

1 )

4 2 6 C h. 8 - M u l t i pl e A c c e s s f o r W i r e l e s s C o m m u n i c a t i o n s
Fi g u r e 8 . 1 2

f x 1 0 0 %

a r r a n g e d

Fi g u r e 8 . 1 3
T he

Ne g l e c t i n g
4 2 8 8 . M u l t i pl e A c c e s s f o r W i r e l e s s C o m m u n i c a t i o n s
A 1 = M ,A
2 i t / M 1
8 4 5 'S

M A i M 1 A i 8 A

i t / 4 i

K A

t he r e

=

s e c t o r s

t he n

4 3 0 C I ,. 8 - M u l t i pl e A c c e s s T e c hn i q u e s r o r W i r e l e s s C o m m u n i c a t i o n s
[ R a p9 2 b ] .

P 0 ( U 1 )

P 0 K A ( 8 . 4 6 )

f r o m

,J d 2 s i n 2 e +

J d 2 s i n 2 O+

a t

P 0 ( d 0 / d )
( 8 . 4 9 )

t h

C a pa c i t y o f Sy s t e m s 4 3 1
f o r

Si m u l a t i o n s
= 2 ,

c a n

= I

e = o
Fi g u r e 8 . 1 4
G e o m e t r y c o m pu t i n g

c e l l s
C a pa c i t y o f Spa c e Di v i s i o n M u l t i pl e A c c e s s
Fo r

4 3 2 C h. 8 M u l t i pl e A c c e s s f o r W i r e l e s s C o m m u n i c a t i o n s
T a b l e 8 . 4 Fr e q u e n c y R e u s e Fa c t o r f o r R e v e r s e C ha n n e l o f C DM A C e l l u l a r Sy s t e m , a s a Fu n c t i o n o f
n f o r T wo Sy s t e m I m pl e m e n t a t i o n s [ Fr o m C I E E E ] .
d ( k m )
f r e q u e n c y r e u s e e f f i c i e n c y
l o we r b o u n d
W 1 = 3 . 0
W 2 = O. O
he x
W 1 = 1 . 3 8
W 2 = 0 . 7 8
u ppe r b o u n d
W 1 = 1 . O
W 2 = 1 . O

f o r

( J 3 1 \ )
( 8 . 5 0 )
( x )


f o r I I .

8 . 1 5
f l i u s t r a t i o n

whe r e

4 3 4 C h. 8 . M u l t i pl e A c c e s s T e c hn i q u e s f o r W i r e l e s s C o m m u n i c a t i o n s
A s s u m i n g

( 8 . 5 3 )

Q ( J 3 DN)

( 8 . 5 5 )

i s

4 ,

x
z
Fi g u r e 8 . 1 6
A n f l a t -t o ppe d
f o r

( r ,0 4 )
L U
0
I -.
4 3 6
C a pa c i t y o f C e l l u l a r Sy s t e m s
1 0

1 o 2
1 0 -i
i o 4
I
Nu m b e r ( K )
Fi g u r e 8 . 1 7

= 5 . 1

P r o b l e m s 4 3 7
8 . 8 P r o b l e m s
8 . 1

1 4

2 4 .
4 3 8
P r o b l e m s
8 . 1 2

2 0 u s e r s ,

2 l OOm 2 ,3 ,

2 ,
5 1 1

i m

C H A P T E R
9
W i r e l e s s
I n t r o d u c t i o n t o W i r e l e s s Ne t wo r k s
T he

4 4 0 C h. 9 - W i r e l e s s Ne t wo r k i n g
T b r a d i o

R a d i o l i n k
( a i r
9 . 1
B l o c k
Vo i c e a n d d a t a l i n k s
( l a n d l i n e o r m i c r o wa v e
l i n k s )

b a s e

p
M o b i l e Swi t c hi n g C e n t e r
o r M o b i l e T e l e pho n e
Swi t c hi n g Of f i c e ( M T SO)
Di f f e r e n c e s B e t we e n W i r e l e s s a n d Fi x e d T e l e pho n e Ne t wo r k s
4 4 1
s t a n d a r d s

B e t we e n W i r e l e s s a n d Fi x e d T e l e pho n e Ne t wo r k s

P u b l i c Swi t c he d Ne t wo r k ( P ST N)
T he

4 4 2 C h. 9 . W u ,e l e s s Ne t wo d c i n g
r e f e r r e d a n d

U . S.
0 "

T E L E SI S
; A M E R I T E C I 4 B E L L

. SOU T H W E ST E R I '(

B E L L SOU T H
-
-; C OR P OR A T I ON'
&
--
0 '-" ,
C - -
--
Fi g u r e 9 . 2
Se r v i c e o f Ope r a t i n g

Di l l e r e n c e s B e t we e n W i r e l e s s a n d Fi x e d T e l e pho n e Ne t wo r k s 4 4 3
Fi g u r e

9 . 3
L o c a l
L i m i t a t i o n s i n W i r e l e s s Ne t wo r k i n g
A s

4 4 4 C h. 9 . W i r e l e s s Ne t wo r k i n g
d e s i g n

W i r e l e s s Ne t wo r k s a n d t he P ST N
T hr o u g ho u t

o n e

De v e l o pm e n t o f W i r e l e s s Ne t wo r k s
wo r l d

De v e l o pm e n t o t W i r e l e s s Ne t wo r k s
9 . 3 . 1 Fi r s t G e n e r a t i o n W i r e l e s s Ne t wo r k s
Fi r s t

Fi g u r e 9 . 4
C o m m u n i c a t i o n

I -

9 6 0 0 B / S
Da t a
4 4 6 C h. 9 W i r e 4 e s s

s wi t c h.
f o r

I

A u t he n t i c a t i o n C e n t e r
Fi g u r e 9 . 5
B l o c k

/
Vi s i t o r M SC
H o m e M SC Da t a b a s e
Oe v e l o pn e n t o f W i r e l e s s 4 4 7
Vi s i t o r M SC
Fi g u r e 9 . 6
T he

4 4 8
G h. 9 ' W i r e l e s s Ne t wo r k i n g
M SC

r e c o r d

G e n e r a t i o n W i r e l e s s Ne t wo r k s
Se c o n d

s e e

Fi x e d Ne t wo r k T r a n s m i s s i o n H i e r a r c hy 4 4 9
t r o l l e d e x pl a i n e d

T hi r d G e n e r a t i o n W i r e l e s s Ne t wo r k s
T hi r d

Fi x e d Ne t wo r k T r a n s m i s s i o n H i e r a r c hy
W i r e l e s s

4 5 0 Oh. 9 W i r e l e s s Ne t wo r k i n g

T r a f f i c R o u t i n g i n W i r e l e s s Ne t wo r k s
T he

T a b l e 9 . 1 Di g i t a l T r a n s m i s s i o n H i e r a r c hy
Si g n a l L e v e l Di g r t a l B i t R a t e
Vo i c e C i r c u i t s
C a r r i e r
Sy s t e m

5 6 5 . 1 4 8 M b ps

4 5 2 G b . 9 W we l e s s Ne t wo r k i n g
r e q u i r e d

Swi t c hi n g
Fi r s t

Swi t c hi n g
C o n n e c t i o n l e s s

Fi g u r e

t i m e
Fi g u r e 9 . 7
P a c k e t f o r m a t .
s ho ws

. w

I
J
Fi g u r e 9 . 8
Fi e l d s

4 5 4 C h. 9 W i r e l e s s Ne t wo r k i n g
9 3 . 3 T he X . 2 5 P r o t o c o l
X . 2 5 wa s d e v e l o pe d
( pa c k e t
i n t e r c o n n e c t i o n m o d e l Fi g u r e
f o r

i s

7
L a y e r 6
L a y e r 5
L a y e r 4
X . 2 5 f l
3
-i _ L a y e r
3
I X . 2 5 1
L a y e r 2

X . 2 5 i
L a y e r
Su b s c r i b e r B a s e St a t i o n
Su b s c r i b e r
DT E i ( B C E ) ( DT E )
Fi g u r e 9 . 9
H i e r a r c hy m o d e l .

M SC B a s e Si a t i o n
( DSE )
( DC E )
W i r e l e s s Da t a Se r v i c e s 4 5 5
9 . 6 W i r e l e s s Da t a Se r v i c e s

e l e c t r o n i c

d a t a ( C DP D)

Di g i t a l

c a t i o n s .

u s e s

9 . 2 L i n k L a y e r C ha r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r C DP D

3 0

b i t s

W i r e l e s s Da t a Se r v i c e s 4 5 7
S
/ .
c o m m o n

S

Fi g u r e 9 . 1 0
T he
9 . 6 . 2 A d v a n c e d R a d i o Da t a I n f o r m a t i o n Sy s t e m s ( A R DI S)

M o b i l e Da t a ( R M D)
R A M

9 . 3 C ha n n e l C ha r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r A R DI S

0 . 1 9 0 . 7 7

3 / 4

9 . 4 C ha n n e l C ha r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r R A M M o b i l e Da t a

9 . 7 C o m m o n C ha n n e l Si g n a l i n g ( C C S)
C o m m o n

C o m m o n C ha n n e l Si g n a l i n g ( C C S)
4 5 9
B e f o r e

Di s t r i b u t e d C e n t r a l Swi t c hi n g Of f i c e f o r C C S
A s

m a n a g e m e n t s y s t e m

Fi g u r e 9 . 1 1
C o m m o n n e t wo r k

T o o t he r SE P s

U

/

I
L i !
I
SM S

i n t e g r a t e d Se r v i c e s Di g i t a l Ne t wo r k ( I SDN)
4 6 1
n e t wo r k .

Se r v i c e s Di g i t a l Ne t wo r k ( I SDN)
I n t e g r a t e d

4 6 2
C h. 9 - W i r e l e s s Ne t wo r k i n g
s i g n a l i n g

Si g n a l i n g
Fi g u r e 9 . 1 2
B l o c k

9 . 5 T y pe s B e a r e r I SDN
M o d e o f Se r v i c e
T y pe o f
Se r v i c e
Spe e d o f T r a n s m i s s i o n

C ha n n e l

Si g n a l i n g Sy s t e m No . 7 ( SS7 )
4 6 3
9 . 8 . 1 B r o a d b a n d I SDN a n d A T M
W i t h

( A T M )
G b ps .

5 b y t e s
4 8

Fi g u r e 9 . 1 3
C e l l
Si g n a l i n g Sy s t e m No . 7 ( SS7 )
T he

4 6 4 C i i . 9 W i r e l e s s Ne t wo r k i n g
c e l l u l a r

M o d e l SS7 P r o t o c o l M o d e l
L a y e r

OM A P : Ope r a t i o n s
A ppk i c a t i o n

9 . 1 4

L a y e r

L a y e r

Si g n a l i n g Sy s t e m No . 7 ( SS7 ) 4 6 5
9 . 9 . 1 Ne t wo r k Se r v i c e s P a r t ( NSP ) o f SS7
T he

T r a n s f e r P a r t o f SS7
T he

r e c o m m e n d s

9 . 1 5
Fu n c t i o n a l

4 6 6
Oh. 9 W i r e l e s s

Si g n a l i n g C o n n e c t i o n C o n t r o l P a r t ( SC C P ) o l SS7
T he

9 . 6 Di f f e r e n t SC C P
C l a s s o f Se r v i c e T y pe o f Se r v i c e
C l a s s 0 B a s i c c o n n e c t i o n

C l a s s 2 B a s i c c o n n e c t i o n -o r i e n t e d
C l a s s 3 Fl o w c o n t r o l

SS7 U s e r
A s

No . 7 SST ') 4 6 7
U SU P ) ,

Se r v i c e s Di g i t a l Ne t wo r k U s e r P a r t ( I SU P )
T he

C a pa b i l i t i e s A ppl i c a t i o n P a d ( T C A P )
T he

M a i n t e n a n c e a n d A d m i n i s t r a t i o n P a r t ( OM A P )
T he

T r a f f i c i n SS7
C a l l

4 6 8
Oh. 9 W i r e l e s s Ne t wo r k i n g
T a b l e 9 . 7 Si g n a l I n g L o a d f o r C a l l Se t u p a n d H a n d o f f s i n G SM

T a b l e 9 . 8 Si g n a l i n g L o a d f o r L o c a t i o n U pd a t i n g i n G SM

9 . 9 . 4 SS7 Se r v i c e s
T he r e

T hi s

T he s e

L I DB ) T he s e
A n e x a m pl e o f SS7 G l o b a l C e l l u l a r Ne t wo r k l n t e r o pe r a b i l i t y
4 6 9
c a l l

P e r f o r m a n c e o f SS7
T he s i g n a l i n g

W i t h

C C S

I n

C C S

C C S

e x a m pl e o f SS7 G l o b a l C e l l u l a r Ne t wo r k I n t e r o pe r a b i l i t y
C e l l u l a r

4 7 0 C h. 9 . W i r e $ e s s Ne t wo r l u n g
u pd a t e

b y

A n e x a m pl e o f SS7 G l o b a l C e l l u l a r Ne t wo r k I n t e r o pe r a b i l i t y 4 7 1
m e s s a g e

I f

i n f o r m a t i o n ,

C o m m u n i c a t i o n Se r v i c e s / Ne t wo r k s ( P C S/ P C N)
T he

P a c k e t C i r c u i t s wi t c hi n g f o r P C N
P a c k e t

P e r s o n a l C o m m u n i c a t i o n Se r v i c e s / Ne t wo r k s ( P C S/ P C N)
4 7 3
T a b l e 9 . 9 P o t e n t i a l Da t a L o a d s f o r W i r e l e s s Ne t wo r k s
A v g . d a t a
A ppl i c a t i o n
r a t e s ( k b ps )
I I I
I M a x i m u m
P e a k d a t a M a x i m u m
I pa c k e t l o s s
r a t e ( k b ps ) d e l a y ( s e c l
I r a t e I
1 -

< 0 . 1 1
I
c

c I
c 1 0
I

1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

P a c k e t -Swi t c he d A r c hi t e c t u r e
T he

4 7 4 C h. 9 W i r e 4 e s s
Fi g u r e 9 . 1 6
C e l l u l a r s wi t c he d

a s s e m b l e r

I t
wi u

B a s e
T r u n k
G a t e wa y
C e l l u l a r
Vi s i t o r
W i r e l e s s
H o m e
Vi s i t o r

P e r s o n a l C o m n i u n i c a t o n Se r v i c e s / Ne t wo r k s ( P C S/ P C N) 4 7 5
c he c k s u m s , f i e l d s . i s

9 . 1 7
C e l l u l a r C

4 7 6 G b . 9 - W i r e Se s s Ne t wo r k i n g

pr o t o c o l .

Fi g u r e 9 . 1 8
C e l l u L a r

Fu n c t i o n a l i t y I n C e l l u l a r P a c k e t -Swi t c he d A r c hi t e c t u r e
T he

P r o t o c o l s f o r Ne t wo r k A c c e s s

P a c k e t s

T he

A s

i d e a l

R e s e r v a t i o n M u l t i pl e A c c e s s ( P R M A )
P a c k e t

Ne t wo r k Da t a b a s e s 4 7 9
t ha t

Ne t wo r k Da t a b a s e s
I n

Da t a b a s e f o r M o b i l i t y M a n a g e m e n t
T he

4 8 0
Oh. 9 . W i r e l e s s Ne t wo r k i n g
Fi g u r e 9 . 1 9
f l i u s t r a t i o n
9 . 1 4 U n i v e r s a l M o b i l e T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n Sy s t e m ( U M r S)

M e t r o po l i t a n A r e a Da t a b a s e

B a s e s t a t i o n s , L A Ns , a n d l o c a l d a t a b a s e s
C l i . 9 . W i r e l e s s Ne t wo r k i n g 4 8 1
a v o i d

/
/
N
Fi g u r e 9 . 2 0
Ne t wo r k
T he

Su m m a r y
M o d e r n

P i c o c e l l s
M a c r o c e l l s

M a c r o c e l l s
I '
/
I
4 8 2 C h. 9 W i r e e s s Ne t wo d d n g
c a t i o n s ,

C H A P 1 E R
1 0
W i r e l e s s

A M P S a n d E T A C S
I n

4 8 4
C h. 1 0 W t e l e s s Sy s t e m s a n d St a n d a r d s
f a c t o r

7

A M P S a n d E T A C S Sy s t e m Ov e r v i e w
L i k e

4 8 5
t he

H a n d l i n g i n A M P S a n d E T A C S
W he n

4 8 6
C h. 1 0 W i r e l e s s Sy s t e m s a n d St a n d a r d s
s u c c e s s f u l l y

A M P S a n d E T A C S 4 8 7
W he n
t he

A M P S a n d E T A C S A i r I n t e r f a c e
A M P S

a n d

4 8 8 C h. 1 0 W i r e l e s s Sy s t e m s a n d St a n d a r d s
T a b l e 1 0 . 1 A M P S a n d E T A C S R a d i o I n t e r f a c e Spe c i f i c a t i o n s
P a r a m e t e r A M P S Spe c i f i c a t i o n E T A C S Spe c i f i c a t i o n

8 4 9 9 1 5
8 9 4 9 6 0

P e a k

k b ps

m o d u l a t i o n

I n

i n pu t
Vo i c e
Si g n a l
Fi g u r e 1 0 . 1
A M P S
Ou t pu t
R E Si g n a l

4 8 9
s u c h

T he

T he

1 2

T he

4 9 0 C t ,. 1 0 . W i r e l e s s Sy s t e m s a n d St a n d a r d s
c o i n i n g

U n i t e d St a t e s D3 g i t a l C e l l u l a r ( l S-5 4 ) 4 9 1
q u e n c y -s hi f t

N-A M P S
T o

I )

St a t e s Di g i t a l C e l l u l a r ( I S-5 4 )
T he

4 9 2 C h, 1 0 . Sy s t e m s a n d St a n d a r d s
c a pa c i t y

U n i t e d St a t e s Di g i t a l C e l l u l a r ( I S-5 4 ) 4 9 3
i ze d
DQ P SK

R a d i o I n t e r f a c e
I n

1 0 . 2 ( J SDC R a d i o I n t e r f a c e Spe c i f i c a t i o n s Su m m a r y
P a r a m e t e r U SDC I S-5 4 Spe c i f i c a t i o n

i t / 4 DQ P SK

8 2 4 - 8 4 9
8 9 4

T he

4 9 4 C h. 1 0 . W i r e l e s s Sy s t e m s a n d St a n d a r d s
d e c o d e

U n i t e d St a t e s C e l l u l a r ( 1 5 -5 4 ) 4 9 5
n e i g hb o r i n g

A s

r e s e r v e d

1 6 2 8 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
G R d a t a s y n c d a t a
C DVC C
M o b i l e
d a t a
j

B a s e St a t i o n t o M o b i l e Sl o t Fo r m a t
Fi g u r e 1 0 . 2
T he

4 1 2

T he

6
6
1
U n i t e d St a t e s Di g i t a l C e l l u l a r ( I S-5 4 ) 4 9 7
r e d u c e d .

T he

6 .

g e n e r a t o r

2 6 0

Fi g u r e 1 0 . 3
E r r o r

c o n s t r a i n t

B e f o r e

1 0 . 4

M o d u j a t i o n T o

c ha n n e l ,

U n i t e d St a t e s 4 9 9
a s
-DQ P SK ,

-DQ P SK

M e a s u r e m e n t s

a t

a t

5 0 0
C h. 1 0 W i r e 'e s s Sy s t e m s a n d St a n d a r d s
1 0 . 2 . 2 U n i t e d St a t e s Di g i t a l C e l l u l a r De r i v a t i v e s ( l S-9 4 a n d 1 5 -1 3 6 )
T he

Sy s t e m M o b i l e ( G SM )
G l o b a l

G l o b a l Sy s t e m f o r M o b i l e ( OSM ) 5 0 1
c a t i o n s

T he

Se r v i c e s a n d Fe a t u r e s
G SM

5 0 2 G b . 1 0 . W i r e l e s s Sy s t e m s a n d St a n d a r d s
r e c e pt i o n

s u c h
a n d

Sy s t e m A r c hi t e c t u r e
T he

G l o b a l Sy s t e m f o r M o b i l e ( OSM ) 5 0 3
n i c a t e

1 0 . 5
G SM

I I

St a t i o n Su b s y s t e m

Ne t wo r k Swi t c hi n g P u b l i c
5 0 4
C h. 1 0 . W i r e l e s s Sy s t e m s a n d St a n d a r d s
t
a s
'0 0

Fi g u r e 1 0 . 6
T he i n t e r f a c e s i n

i s

SS7
4
G l o b a l Sy s t e m f o r M o b i l e ( G SM )
5 0 5
A u t he n t i c a t i o n

R a d i o Su b s y s t e m
G SM


1 5 6 . 2 5 b i t s
ps
'-'1

T C H

1 0 . 7

1 0 . 3 OSM A i r I n t e r f a c e Spe c i f i c a t i o n s Su m m a r y
P a r a m e t e r I
Spe c i f i c a t i o n s
9 1 5
9 6 0

1 w M o b i e ( G SM ) 5 0 7
T he

G SM C ha n n e l T y pe s
T he r e

T r a f f i c C H a n n e l s ( T C H )
G SM

5 0 8 C l i . 1 0 . W i r e l e s s Sy s t e m s a n d St a n d a r d s
c a s e

T he

T he

T he

T he

T he

T he

T he

C o n t r o l C ha n n e l s ( C C H )
T he r e

G l o b a l Sy s t e m f o r M o b i l e ( G SM )
5 0 9
c ha n n e l s

i s

T he

5 1 0 C h. i O. W i r e l e s s Sy s t e m s a n d St a n d a r d s
s ho u l d

T he

SC H

On

T he

T he

G l o b a l Sy s t e m f o r M o b U e ( G SM ) 5 1 1
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
C o n t r o l 5 1

i

C o n t r o l 5 1

4
2 3 5
1 4 6 4 7 4 4 4 9 5 0

1 0 . 8

T he

T he r e

( SA C C H

T he

T he

FA C C H

E x a m pl e o f a G SM C a l l
T h

G l o b a l Sy s t e m f o r M o b i l e ( G SM ) 5 1 3
s y s t e m

a n d

St r u c t u r e f o r G SM
E a c h

5 1 4 Oh. 1 O W i r e l e s s Sy s t e m s a n d St a n d a r d s
t i m e

e n c r y pt e d

1 3 s t a r t !
1 3
1 4 2 f i x e d b i t s o f

8 . 2 5 b i t s
g u a r d

b i t s s t o p
b i t s
pe r i o d

2 6 . 3

l OS
T i m e

1 2 5 0

6 . 1 2 s
I J
{
I I I 1
5 1
N.
/
1 2 0
J
1 1 1 1
/
\
/
\
/
4 . 6 l Sm s
'I 2 J
4 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1

1 0 . 1 0
G SM f r a m e
-. -
5 7
5 7 6 . 9 2 p. s . .
2 6
5 7
T a i l
C o d e d

M i d a m b l e St e a l i n g C o d e d T a i l G u a r d
b i t Da t a f l a g f l a g d a t a b i t P e r i o d
c o n t r o l

Si g n a l P r o c e s s i n g i n OSM
Fi g u r e i l l u s t r a t e s

1 5 6 . 2 5 b i t s
5 1 6 G b . 1 0 W i r e l e s s Sy s t e m s a n d St a n d a r d s
Spe e c h Spe e c h
So u r c e
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
d e c o d i n g

c o d i n g

De -c i phe r i n g

1 0 . 1 1
G SM
T he

T he

4

s o u r c e c o d i n g
t

4
M o d u l a t i o n

r e c e i v e r . 3

5 ,

b i t s

b i t s
I

!

5 0
1 3 2

1 : 2 . c o n s t r a i n t l e n g t h 5
t

4 5 6 pe r 2 0 m s f r a m e
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Fi g u r e 1 0 . 1 2
E r r o r G SM .
C ha n n e l T he

5 .

G 5 ( x ) ( x 2 3 + I ) ( x '7 + x 3 + l )
5 1 8
C l i . 1 0 . W l r e 3 e s s Sy s t e m s a n d St a n d a r d s
whi c h m e s s a g e

5
1 + x 3 + x 4 I

I n t he

1 ) s t

Oa I 4 b I l a I Sb J 2 a I 6 b I a a I 7 b I 4 a J Ob I Sa I l b l 6 a l 2 b I 7 a l 3 b
I
1 1 4

i n t e r l e a v i n g u s e d s u b -b l o c k s
s l o t
C i phe r i n g

B u r s t

T he

C DM A Di g i t a l C e l l u l a r St a n d a r d ( l S-9 5 ) 5 1 9
t i o n 0 . 3 ) .

U n d e r

E q u a l i za t i o n

T he

C DM A Di g i t a l C e l l u l a r St a n d a r d ( 1 5 -9 5 )
A s C o d e o f f e r s

5 2 0 C l i . 1 0 W i r e l e s s a n d St a n d a r d s
pr o v i d e r

c ha n n e l s )

a n d C ha n n e l Spe c i f i c a t i o n s
1 8 -9 5 8 4 9
8 9 4

C DM A Di g i t a l C e l l u l a r St a n d a r d ( I S-9 5 ) 5 2 1
a n d

c o d e .

I

C DM A C ha n n e l
T he

5 2 2 C h. 1 0 Sy s t e m s a n d St a n d a r d s
b ps .

1 0 . 4 I S-9 5 Fo r wa r d t r a f f i c c ha n n e l m o d u l a t i o n pa r a m e t e r s s u m m a r y ( d o e s n o t
r e f l e c t n e w 1 3 . 4 k b ps c o d e r )
P a r a m e t e r Da t a R a t e ( b ps )
U s e r d a t a r a t e
1 / 2

E n c o d e r a n d R e pe t i t i o n C i r c u i t
Spe e c h

A f t e r

U
s
e
r

d
a
t
a
f
r
o
m
9
6
0
0

b
p
s
4
8
0
0

b
p
s
2
4
0
0

b
p
s
1
2
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0
b
p
s
F
i
g
u
r
e

1
0
.
1
4
P
n
r
w
a
r
d

C
D
M
A

c
h
a
n
n
e
l

m
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
c
c
u
.
1 0 . 4 . 2 . 3 L o n g P N Se q u e n c e
I n

3 1 2 7 2 6 2 5 2 2 2 1 1 9 8
p( x )
f t 1 0 P 5 3 2
+ x

a n d

( E 3 1 ,E 3 0 ,E 9 9 ,E 2 8 ,E 2 7
( E 0 ,

j
o j i

Fi g u r e 1 0 . 1 5
L o n g
C DM A Di g i t a l C e l l u l a r St a n d a r d ( I S-9 5 )
5 2 5
1 0 . 4 . 2 . 4 Da t a Sc r a m b l e r
Da t a s c r a m b l i n g

a d e c i m a t o r , o n l y f i r s t o f
r a t e
k s ps . T he s c r a m b l i n g
a d d i t i o n
o u t pu t a s s ho wn
1 0 . 4 . 2 . 5 P o we r C o n t r o l Su b c ha n n e l
T o u s e r , f o r c e e a c h
t o pr o v i d e s a m e po we r t he b a s e s t a t i o n r e c e i v e r . b a s e s t a t i o n
r e v e r s e t r a f f i c c ha n n e l a n d r e s po n d s t o t he s i g n a l
( a c t u a l l y , s t r e n g t h a n d i n t e r f e r e n c e ) a pa r t i c u l a r m o b i l e
s t a t i o n . a r e v a r y i n g ,

C o v e r i n g
Or t ho g o n a l

0


4
2 Om s = l 6 P o we T C o n t r o l G r o u ps
j
I I t i i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
I

I l i l i l I l I l l H i
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

J H I I H I H H I I H i
0 3 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 l 3 i 1 { 1 5

I 2 4

0

De l a y
-J
0

i s

C DM A Di g i t a l C e l l u l a r St a n d a r d ( 1 5 -9 5 )
5 2 7
E a c h

Q u a d r a t u r e M o d u l a t i o n
A f t e r

x 1 5 + + + + + + 1

+ x '2 + + + + + + 1
m o d u l a t i o n .

q ( n -1 5 )

pi l o t

o u t pu t s

R e v e r s e C DM A C ha n n e l
T he

T a b l e 1 0 . 5 Fo r wa r d C ha n n e l I a n d 0 M a ppi n g
1 0 P ha s e
t / 4
3 i c / 4

T a b l e 1 0 . 6 R e v e r s e T r a f f i c C ha n n e l M o d u l a t i o n P a r a m e t e r s Su m m a r y ( d o e s n o t r e f l e c t
r e c e n t k b ps c o d e r )
P a r a m e t e r Da t a R a t e ( b ps )
U s e r d a t a r a t e 9 6 0 0 4 8 0 0 2 4 0 0 1 2 0 0
1 ) 3 1 1 3 1 / 3 1 / 3

0
'
F
i
g
u
r
e

1
0
.
1
7
R
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s
e
1 0 . 4 . 3 . 1 C o n v o l u t i o n a l E n c o d e r a n d Sy m b o l R e pe t i t i o n
T he

B l o c k

M o d u l a t i o n
A

c 0 2 c 1 + Sc 3 1 6 c 4 3 2 c 5 ,

( 6 4 3 0 7 . 2

Da t a R a t e T r a n s m i s s i o n
Va r i a b l e

C DM A Di g i t a l C e l l u l a r St a n d a r d ( I S-9 5 ) 5 3 1
s t a t i o n

b 1 , b 2 , b 3 , b 4 , b 5 , b 6 ,
'I f

b 6 0 ,o r b 7 1

l a n d 0 ) , b 1 l a n d 0 ) ,
b 2 0 1 ) , b 3 l a n d 1 ) ;
b 4 0 0 ) , b 5 1 0 ) ,
b 6 0 1 ) , b 7 l a n d 1 ) .
Di r e c t Se q u e n c e Spr e a d i n g
T he

M o d u l a t i o n
P r i o r

c ha n -

pi l o t

5 3 2 Oh. 1 O W i r e l e s s Sy s i e r n s a n d St a n d a r d s
9 2 b i t s = 5 7 6 c o d e s y m b o l s
2 0 m s 9 6 W a l s hs y m b o l s =
1 6 P o we r C o n t r o l G r o u p
1 2 hi t s = 3 6 c o d e s y m b o l s =
6 W a l s h s y m b o l s =
I P o we r C o n t r o l G r o u p
I
4 S0 0 b ps
f r a m e

1 . 2 5 m s =
I
P r e v i o u s Fn m e l
I I
'H 1
J 4 1 J 5 1
C o d e Sy m b o l s T r a n s m i t t e d
9 6 0 0 b ps
f r a m e
P r e v i o u s Fr a m e
l i i i I . 'I

I I I
2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 I 8 I 9 hI OI l l H 2 I 3 H 4 1 5
3 4 5 6

f r a m e
1 2 0 0 b ps
f r a m e
T r a n s m i t t e d

( b 0 ,b 1 1 . . . , b 1 3 ) = 0 0 l 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0

C T 2 St a n d a r d Fo r C o r d l e s s T e l e pho n e s 5 3 3
wi t h
d a t a

wi t h 1 4 . 4 k b ps Spe e c h [ A NS9 5 J
T o

C T 2 St a n d a r d Fo r C o r d l e s s T e l e pho n e s
C T 2

C T 2 Se r v i c e s a n d Fe a t u r e s
C T 2

s u b -
1 0 - W i r e l e s s a n d

C T 2 St a n d a r d
T he

k H z

1 0 . 7 C T 2
I
P a r a m e t e r
8 6 8 . 0 5

T DD

2 5 . 2

Di g i t a l E u r o pe a n C o r d l e s s T e l e pho n e ( DE C T ) 5 3 5
M o d u l a t i o n M I

0 . 3 ,

Spe e c h

T wo -wa y

Di g i t a l E u r o pe a n C o r d l e s s T e l e pho n e ( DE C T )
T he

Fe a t u r e s a n d C ha r a c t e r i s t i c s
DE C T

1 0 . 6 . 2 DE C T A r c hi t e c t u r e
T he ( Ope n

DE C T

T he

T he

T he

Di g i t a l E u r o pe a n C o r d l e s s T e l e pho n e ( DE C T )
5 3 7
2 4

Fi g u r e 1 0 . 1 8
DE C T f r a m e

1 0 . 6 . 3 DE C T Fu n c t i o n a l C o n c e pt
T he

T hi s

T hi s

T hi s

T hi s

5 3 8
f a c i l i t y

T hi s

1 0 . 1 9
DE C T
R a d i o L i n k
DE C T

Di g i t a l E u r o pe a n C o r d l e s s T e l e pho n e ( DE C T ) 5 3 9
r e q u i r e d .

DE C T

A n a l o g

Fo r

DE C T

I n

P e r s o n a l A c c e s s C o m m u n i c a t i o n Sy s t e m s
P A C S

5 4 0
T a b l e 1 0 . 8 DE C T R a d i o Spe c i f i c a t i o n s Su m m a r y
P a r a m e t e r
Spe c i f i c a t i o n
1 9 0 0 M H z

0 . 3 )

Q P SK
P A C S Sy s t e m A r c hi t e c t u r e
P A C S

Di g i t a l E u r o pe a r C o r d l e s s T e l e pho n e ( DE C T ) 5 4 1
t he

U n i t

1 0 . 2 0

P A C S R a d i o I n t e r f a c e
T he

P A C S

5 4 2
C h. 1 0 W i r & e s s Sy s t e m s a n d St a n d a r d s
Fo r wa r d

2 . 5

1 2

1 0 . 2 1
P A C S

W A C S

P A C S

P A C S

2 . 5

j

P a c i f i c Di g i t a l C e l l u l a r ( P DC ) 5 4 3
c e n t r a l

T he

1 0 . 9 FA G S o r T DD i m pl e m e n t a t i o n )
P a r a m e t e r Spe c i f i c a t i o n

,t 1 4 DQ P SK

3 8 4 k b ps

1 0 . 8 P a c I f i c Di g i t a l C e l l u l a r ( P DC )
T he
d e v e l o pe d t o

5

5 4 4
s pe e c h

P e r s o n a l H a n d y pho n e Sy s t e m ( P H S)
T he

DQ P SK

U . S. P C S 1 5 1 4 B a n d s
I n

U . S. P C S B a n d s 5 4 5
f o r

u n l i c e n s e d

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U . S. W i r e l e s s T e l e v i s i o n 5 4 7
b e e n

U . S. W i r e l e s s T e l e v i s i o n
U . S.

1 0 W i r e l e s s Sy s t e m s a n d
A
b y

o f St a n d a r d s T hr o u g ho u t t he W o r l d
T he

1 0 . 1 0 A n a l o g C e l l u l a r Sy s t e m s Ov e r v i e w
1 St a n d a r d M o b i l e T x / B a s e T x ( M H z) C ha n n e l
s pa c i n g
Nu m b e r o f
C ha n n e l s

( k H z)

C -4 5 0 4 5 0 4 5 5 . 7 4 1 4 6 0 4 6 5 . 7 4 1 0 5 7 3

1 6 5 . 2 1 6 8 . 4 / 1 6 9 . 8 1 7 3

Su m m a r y o f St a n d a r d s T hr o u g ho u t t he W o r l d 5 4 9
T a b l e 1 0 . 1 1 Di g i t a l C o r d l e s s A i r I n t e r f a c e P a r a m e t e r s Su m m a r y
C T 2 C T 2 + DE C T P H S P A C S

T DD T DD

i t / 4 DQ P SK ,r J 4 Q P SK

T a b l e 1 0 . 1 2 Di g i t a l C e l l u l a r St a n d a r d s Su m m a r y
G SM P DC

4 2

5 5 0 C h. 1 0 W i r e l e s s a n d St a n d a r d s
T a b l e 1 0 ,1 3 P C S St a n d a r d s Ov e r v i e w
P A C S-U B DC S 1 8 0 0 P H S

,t / 4 Q P SK

C h. 1 0 W i r e l e s s Sy s t e m s a n d St a n d a r d s 5 5 1
1 0 . 1 3 P r o b l e m s
1 0 . 1

1 0 . 1 7 a r c hi t e c t u r e ?
b )

C h. 1 0 W i r e l e s s Sy s t e m s a n d St a n d a r d s 5 5 3
1 0 . 3 1

A P P E NDI X
A
T r u n k i n g T he o r y


T r u n k i n g

B
T he

t i m e )

k !
= 0
whe r e i s

B
C o n s i d e r

X 1 H

U A u
T he
P r

A pp. A T r u n k i n g T he o r y 5 5 7
I t

i s
=
, whe r e
i s
i s

= t ,O

=


( A . 1 O)
whe r e t h

= 0 ,

0 ,1
I

N( k )

P r { Nh+ I = j l Nk =

I
I X 6 --p + O( 6 )
A 8 + Q ( 8 )
= p. t 8 + O( 6 )

0 ( 8 )

X & ) .
A pp. A . T r u n k i n g T he o r y 5 5 9
I -T h pS
Fi g u r e . A . 1

A l l

c ha n n e l s

Fi g u r e A . 2
A L C C a t wi t h

I )

I

T r u n k i n g
i t

( A . 2 4 )

I

= ( A . 2 6 )

L 1 1 )

i t !
n 0
T he U t
Su b s t i t u t i n g

( A . 2 8 )

A pp. A T r u n k i n g T he o r y 5 6 1
A . 2 E r l a n g C
T he

( A . 2 9 )

I f

( C _ A ) t
e

P r

H
P r [ c a l l

( C _ A ) t
f P r

P r [ c a l l d e l a y e d ] ( C H A )

De r i v a t i o n o l E r l a n g C
C o n s i d e r

n 0 ,


+
a n d

A . 3
T he d i a g r a m

q u e u e ,
q u e u e .

I

k ,. L SP *

. T r u n k i n 9

f o r k C

I
C J A P k

f o r k C
f o l l o ws t ha t

1

k C
Si n c e
I
] =
I

l ( X ) k i ]
I
( A . 4 5 )
i
p

=
( A . 4 6 )

" . i C
A T r u n k i n g T he o r y

[
L
B u t , A / p U % 1 H .

k

b u s y ]

A
p p
E N D I X
B
No i s e

M e a s u r e d

( F 1 ) T 0

5 6 6
A pp. B No i s e Fi g u r e C a l c u l a t i o n s f o r B u d g e t s
whe r e T 0

( B . 3 )

l 0 2 3

= Fk T Q B ( i

G SY Sk T OB (
( B . 6 )

A pp. B No i s e Fi g u r e C a l c u l a t i o n s f o r L i n k B u d g e t s 5 6 7

o r

( 8 . 8 )
whe r e

B . 1

So l u t i o n
l b f i n d

2 . 0 +

8 9 d B .

( 8 1 ) 3 0 0 2 1 0 0 K
5 6 8
A pp. B No i s e Fi g u r e C a l c u l a t i o n s f o r L i n k B u d g e t s
U s i n g

+ = ( 2 9 0 2 1 0 0 ) K 2 3 9 0

W

Fo r

SNR + 3 0 + 8 9 . 5 d B m .
A P P E NDI X
C
G a u s s i a n

m o b i l e

whe r e

i s

i s
i s

t he

0 0 .
a n d

i s
t O j M ) T

=

e

5 7 0 A pp. C G a u s s 4 a n A p x o x i m a t i o n s f o r Sx e a d Spe c t r u m
s e n t . s

( C . 3 )
o t he r wi s e

e q u a l , t he

t he

+ I )

f

0

G a u s s i a n

I

0 ) ,

=
b k j Fl (

5 i i

E J E 0

5 7 2 A pp. C G a u s s i a n A ppr o x i m a t i o n s t o ; Spr e a d Spe c t n j m C DM A
b k ( t )

Fi g u r e C . 1
M o d e l
( t )
t )
c o s ( we t )

. j i P t I k ( 0
c o s

c o s ( we t +

c o s
c o r r e l a t i o n
A pp. C G a u s s i a n A ppr o x i m a t i o n s f o r Spr e a d Spe c t r u m C OM A 5 7 3
= E [ ( 1 j . x 1 ) 2 ] E [ 1 2 ]
r T 6
E l f
T b
5
5 E
c o s
t = 0
a '1 b
r T b
I I

2
N

. _ 2 1 c o s 2
4
T he r e pr e s e n t s

( C . 1 3 )

=
( C . 1 4 )
I t

( C . 1 5 )
5 7 4 A pp. C G a u s s i a n A ppr o x i m a t i o n s f o r Spr e a d Spe d r u m C OM A

0
Fi g u r e C . 2
r
k I

( a k
U k ,

1 + A
B
J + B

1

P v 1 ( 1 )
1 ,
I , I
( C . 1 9 )
( C . 2 0 )
-I
I a 0 1
I I )
I
0
( t
t * ) .

A pp. C . G a u s s i a n A ppr o x i m a t i o n s f o r Spr e a d Spe c t r u m
5 7 5
I t t o 1 6 ) i n

( C . 2 0 ) .

( C . 2 0 ) ,

= 4 -y c o s wk

x {
b h,_ I
+ b 4 0

j s N_ y k _ 2
b k _ I a h,a O,+ I _ f + Y + I + b k O
a k ,a Ol _ f + I + Y h+ I
1 = j

=

N I

=
I

Y b I
b k o a k l + . y a o j + g + 1
= Y b
5 7 5 A pp. C G a u s s i a n A ppr o x i m a t i o n s f o r Spr e a d Spe c t r u m C DM A
L e hn e r t
I
1 4 j = 'I k '
N
( C . 2 4 )
b k Oa k N_
I + j _ Y k U o . N_
1 N
N

I ) .
T he n , I e q u a t i o n ( C . 2 3 )

=
Si m i l a r l y ,
I

k N( f )

= E Z k ?
( C . 2 7 )
1 2
E Z k I
( C . 2 8 )
l e
U k Z k NI
= ( C . 3 0 )
No t e

i s

A pp. C G a u s s i a n A ppr o x i m a t i o n s f o r Spr e a d Spe c t r u m C DM A 5 7 7
A

l + A
A ,--A . . ,A 2 ,A
2
B
1 + B

a n d

I 1 ,1

1 1 ,1
pa r t i c u l a r
m u l t i pl e

A ,
( C . 2 0 ) .
N a n d
a r e

G a u s s i a n A ppr o x i m a t i o n
T he

,

m a y

( C . 3 5 )

1 0 4 -F,

T he

5 7 8
A pp. C G a u s s i a n A ppr o x i m a t i o n s f o r Spr e a d Spe c t r u m C DM A
t i o n s

I f
t he
J

( c ,. 3 7 )
= I
2 0 &
I C t
= I

whe r e
f u n c t i o n

A f ; 2 J

c a n

NOT b / 4 ,

'1
A l l
a n d

=

( C . 4 2 )
G a u s s i a n A ppr o x i m a t i o n s b r Spr e a d Spe c t r u m C DK A A 5 7 9
T he
a r e

whe r e
( x 1 p)
T he

( C . 4 4 )

a ppr o a c he s

( C . 4 5 )

( C . 4 6 )
( C . 4 7 )

5 8 0 A pp. C G a u s s i a n A ppr o x i r n a t o n s f o r Spr e a d Spe c t r u m C OM A
I t

{ P k } ,B ) A k } .
( C A 8 )
K 'T 2 P
k = t
C
T he

i n

( C . 4 9 )

1 = 1 ,

+ _ _ !

e a c h

I

=
= A

= I
=
B

A pp. C - G a u s s i a n A ppr o x i m a t i o n s f o r Spr e a d Spe c t r u m C DM A 5 8 1
4 A k
4 a f l

A f l
N B I +

2
= N 2 ( 2 B +

U s i n g
( C . 5 4 )
v a l u e a n d

o n

c & ( N

( N I )

c k
( C . 5 6 )
I

= ( C . 5 7 )

i s

( C . 5 8 )

=
( C . 5 9 )
No T b
1 1 = I
T he r e f o r e ,

5 8 2 A pp. C
= Q
( C . 6 0 )
N0
2 T 6 P 0

: P k ,

P 0

3 N

( C . 6 3 )

i m pr o v e d G a u s s i a n A ppr o x i m a t i o n ( I G A )
T he

- G a u s s i a n
i s

c o n d i t i o n e d

u a r ( C I ( { q k ) , { A k } ,

a n d

i f
i s
T hi s
( ( I P T f l
J j =
( C . 6 5 )

( C . 6 6 )

I

( C . 6 8 )

i t

f P k U V
( C . 7 0 )
1 + c o s ( 2 p)

N/ 3 .


0 c u c 2
i t . J u ( I u )

i s
-
i n 1

7
2 z
( C . 7 6 )

=

I f

( 'q i )

2

5 8 4 A pp. C G a u s s i a n A ppr o x i m a t i o n s f o r Spr e a d Spe c t r u m

f VI B ( ) =
2

c v <
( C . 7 3 )
( C . 7 4 )

( C . 7 7 )

A pp. C . G a u s s i a n A ppr o x i m a t i o n s f o r Spr e a d Spe c t r u m C DM A 5 8 5
= f zI n ( z)

a n d i n t e r -

=
=

f o r

Si m pl i f i e d E x pr e s s i o n f o r t he I m pr o v e d A ppr o x i m a t i o n
( SE I G A ) [ 1 1 b 9 5 ]

f ( x )
( C . 8 3 )
I f
E [ f ( x ) }
( C . 8 4 )

5 8 6 A pp. C G a u s s i a n A ppr o x i m a t i o n s f o r Spr e a d
Fu r t he r b y

= f Q z) +

I t 2

( C . 8 6 )

( C . 8 7 )

( I Fr [ 'n
= E I Q I
/
p ( C . 8 8 )
L 2 W I j
2
P T 2
P T 2
0 6
i ---Q i
0 6
3 6 6

c o n -

T he

a n d
( C . 7 2 ) ,
a r e

i s
A pp. C . G a u s s i a n A ppr o x i m a t i o n s f o r Spr e a d Spe c t r u m C DM A 5 8 7
=
( C . 9 0 )
( K ( K I )

( K I )
1 6 0
( K I )

K I

I O( K 2 )
3 6 0
p"

( K

+ ( 2 3 N2 Nf l
4 0 2 0

a n d

a r e

2

2 ,

5 8 8 A pp. C G a u s s i a n A ppr o x i m a t i o n s f o r Spr e a d Spe c t r u m
A ppr o x i m a t i o n

0 . 2 U
1 ,

( K . _ 1 )
( C . 9 4 )
=

k = i j = i
j s k
1 . . K

1 8 N 1 8
= T 3 6 0

+ 2 N 2 " I
3 6 4 0

T he

G a u s s i a n A ppr o x i m a t i o n s f o r Spr e a d Spe c t r u m C OM A
e q u a t i o n s

A s

a i < [ [ I OK ( 4 N2 3 N+ 3 )

C . 1 M i n i m u m Va l u e s o f N R e q u i r e d a G i v e n E b / No E q u a t i o n ( C . 9 8 ) M a y b e
E v a l u a t e d f o r t he C a s e o f a Si n g l e I n t e r f e r i n g U s e r

,n j a

0 . 0 1 1 7 . 0 1 2
1 2 0 . 0
2 3 . 0
2 3
2 4 4
1 0 6
6 3 0 . 0 2 1 1
1 1

V
I -
0
5 9 0 A pp. C 'G a u s s i a n A ppr o x i m a t i o n s f o r Spr e a d Spe c t r u m C DM A

I

C . 3
C o m pa r i s o n

= [ K 1 2 1
1 K 2

5 1 0 3 0

A pp. C G a u s s i a n A ppr o x i m a t i o n s f o r Spr e a d Spe c t r u m C DM A 5 9 1

0
g l e -3

Fi g u r e C . 4
C o m pa r i s o n
po we r l e v e l s . T he i n t e r f e r e r po we r l e v e l s o b e y a l o g -n o r m a l d i s t r i b u t i o n wi t h a s t a n d a r d
d e v i a t i o n

5 9 2
A pp. C . G a u s s i a n A ppr o x i m a t i o n s f o r Spr e a d Spe c t r u m C DM A
A P P E NDI X
Q , e r f & e r f e Fu n c t i o n s
D. 1 T he G Fu n c t i o n
D

Fi g u r e D. 1
G a u s s i a n

( x r n )
I
p( x ) =

5 9 4 A pp. D'Q ,e r f & e r f c Fu n c t i o n s
Fi g u r e
x 0 ) whi c h
I
( x r n h/ ( 2 0 2 )
e

T he

x n t

. f pe
d y

m
whe r e

= d y

H e n c e

Q ( X O
= Q ( z)

I I 1
( i i z z/ 2 i
1 9 1 e
z. r 2 ,t
Fo r
( z) .
( z)
= 1 Q ( z)
( D. 6 )
=
( D. 7 )
A ( z) Fi g u r e
A f o r

2 *
e r / 'c ( z) = 7 j e
A pp. D . 0 ,8 ( 1 6 e r I c Fu n c t i o n s
1 0 0

i
I

D. 2
P l o t
T he m l a n d
i s

0 0 . 5 1 . 0 1 . 5 2 . 0 2 . 5
5 9 5
( D. 8 )

t
T he e r f c f u n c t i o n
= l e r f ( z)

5 9 6
A pp. D. Q ,e r t & e r f c Fu n c t i o n s
T a b l e T a b u l a t i o n t he
z Q ( z) z Q ( z)

0 . 1
0 . 2

0 . 4

Q ( z) = ( D. 1 1 )
( D. 1 2 )
= I ( D. 1 3 )
( D. 1 3 )

A pp. D . Q e n & e r i c Fu n c t i o n s 5 9 7
T a b l e D. 2 T a b u l a t i o n o f t he E r r o r Fu n c t i o n e r f ( z)
C
z e r f ( z) z e r f ( z)

-
0 . 7 9 6 9 1


A P P E NDI X
E
M a t he m a t i c a l
L i T r i g o n o m e t r i c I d e n t i t i e s
s i n s i n A c o s B c o s A s i n B
c o s A c o s B ; s i n A s i n B

( 1 / 2 )
( 1 / 2 )
( 1 / 2 ) s i n

s i n B
2 s i n I \
2

2 s i n . A c o s A
c o s 2 A 1 1 2 s i n 2 A c o s 2 A s i n 2 A
. / ( F c o s A ) . / ( 1 a m A )
( I c o s 2 A ) / 2 ( I c o s 2 A ) / 2

= 2 j 2
c o s x + j s m x
5 9 9
6 0 C
T a b l e E . 1 T r i g o n o m e t r i c i d e n t i f i e s
A pp. E M a t he m a t i c a l T a b l e s
C c o s ( wt + $ 3 )

. . J A 2 + B 2 _ 2 A B c o s ( 4 2 _ $ ,)

t a r t -'

c o s ( wt + 4 ) ) = s i n
T a b l e E . 2 A ppr o x i m a t i o n s

t a n ( x )
[ ( a ) + t ( a )
( x -a )
+ ( ( a )
( x -a ) +
1 ! 2 !
2
f ( O) =

x

n I
e
c o s

x
2
A pp. E M a t he m a t i c a l T a b l e s 6 0 1
T a b l e E . 3 I n d e f i n i t e I n t e g r a l s
f s i n ( a x ) d x ( I / a ) c o s a x

4 a
( I / a 2 )
( I / a 3 ) ( 2 a x c o s a x + 2
2
2
( a

I c o s ( a _ b ) x c o s ( a + b ) x l
2
f s i n ( a x ) c o s ( b x )
2 ( a b )
( a
2
( a
2 ( a b )

t a x . C
J e

a x . e

t 2 a x . e
J x e
a x
( a s i n ( b x )

_ _ _ _ _
a 2 +
a x
( a c o s

e
+ b 2

+
J x c o s ( a x ) d x ( I / a ')
( 1 / a 3 )
2
s i n a x
a
6 0 2 A pp. E M a t he m a t i c a l
T a b S

a
C o
2 2 r
2 2
f
ze

=
x e

C o
i t
= F[ ( n . + 1 ) / 2 1
x e

2 r
n i n a
f o r a > O,a O,a < O
s i n 2 x , i t
1 2
'p
0
n
I t
f s i n 2 ( m x ) d r = J s i n 2 ( x ) d x
( i n x ) d x = f c o a 2 ( x ) c i x
o 0 0
i t 2 m
2
i f
m
0
6 0 3
T a b l e Fu n c t i o n s

t i > T / 2
t i T

i t I > T
( 1

( I

( I

B e s s e l
t h

whe r e 0 ,1 ,2 ,. . .

i s t he pd f o f X

f

P x ( x ) d x whe r e E [ X J

J ( x _ i i ) 2 px ( x ) d x = E [ X ]


E . 6 P r o b a b i l i t y Fu n c t i o n s

( f l ) pk q f l _ k
0 . 1 ,2
= 0

I p

= n pq

k 0 ,1 ,2

-a x
p( x )
= 0 o t he r wi s e
2 = a 1
2 2
= a

e x pi

L
2 a x
J

6 0 5
T a b l e E . 6 P r o b a b i l i t y

)

= a x c Y y p
'I

= =
=
( 2
2

( r 2 + A 2 ) 1 1

I
L 2 a
_ i

r O
t hi s

2 0 2

M a t he m a t i c a l

a < x < b
b a

2
2
( b a ) 2

A P P E N 0 i X
F
A b b r e v i a t i o n s

6 0 8 A pp. F A b b r e v i a t i o n s a n d A c r o n y m s
B C H B o s e -C ha u d hu r i -H o c q u e n g he m ,

B i n a r y

C A !

A pp. F A b b r e v i a t i o n s a n d A c r o n y m s
6 0 9
C T 2

DA M Di a g n o s t i c A c c e pt a b i l i t y M e a s u r e

1 8 0 0

E I A

6 1 0 A pp. A b b m v i a t i o n s
Spe c i a l i ze d

A pp. F. A b b r e v i a t i o n s
I
Di s c r e t e

I n t e r n a t i o n a l
I m pr o v e d

U SDC

6 1 2 A pp. A b b r e v i a t i o n s a n d A c r o n y m s
L SSB

4 5 0

A pp. F A b b r e Vi a t i On S a n d A c r o n y m s 6 1 3
NSS

Ope r a t i o n & M a i n t e n a n c e

Q A M
6 1 4 A pp. F A b t x e v i a t i o n s a n d A c r o n y m s
Q C E L P

A pp. F A b b r e v i a t i o n s a n d A c r o n y m s 6 1 5
SI M

Si m u l a t i o n

s e e

6 1 6 A pp. F A b b e v i a t i o n s a n d A c r o n y m s
V

W A C S

Z F
A P P E N 0 I X
G
R e f e r e n c e s

P e r s o n a l

" H i g h
1 6 8 4 ,

6 1 8
A p . G R e f e r e n c e s
3 4 ,

Sy s t e m s ,"

C o n t r o l . Vo l .

A pp. G R e f e r e n c e s 6 1 9
[ C hu 8 7 1 C hu a n g ,

C l a r k e , R . H . ," A St a t i s t i c a l T he o r y o f M o b i l e -r a d i o R e c e pt i o n ," B e l l J o u r .
g a l , 9 5 7 -1 0 0 0 , 1 9 6 8 .
[ C o l 8 9 J C o l e m a n ,
Di g i t a l 1 0 7 5 -1 0 7 9 ,
1 9 8 9 .
[ C o o 8 6 a l C o o pe r , G . R . , a n d M c G i l l e m , C .
R i n e ha r t , a n d W i n s t o n , Ne w
( C o o S& b i C o o pe r ,

I C o x 7 2 ]

f o r 9 1 0

P .
pho n e Or i e n t a t i o n
Vo l . C OM -3 1 ,
M a y
I C o x 8 Sb J C o t , P . 8 0 0
Sy s t e m s

D. C . ,

No . 6 ,
[ C o x S7 l C o t , D. C . , A r n o l d , W , P . T . ,
Sy s -
t e m P e r s pe c t i v e ,"
5 ,

7 6 4 , 1 9 8 7 .
[ C o x 8 9 ] C o t ,
A n t o
3 0 -4 0 , J u l y 1 9 8 9 .
[ C o x 9 2 ] C o t A c c e s s P e r s o n a l C o m m u n i c a t i o n s ," I E E E .

De c e m b e r 1 9 9 2 .
( C r o 7 6 }
e t a ! . , " Di g i t a l B e l l
1 0 8 5 ,
C r o zi e r ,

Fr a n c i s c o ,

1 4 2 -1 4 6 ,

6 2 0
A pp. l R e i e r e n c e s
[ Da d 7 5 1 Da d s o n , C . E . , Du r k i n , ,J . , a n d M a r t i n , E . . " C o m pu t e r P r e d i c t i o n o f Fi e l d St r e n g t h
t he
P l a n n i n g

Si g n a l s .
M a c m i l l a n

Ne w

L a n d

L a n d

B a s e

A pp. ( 3 R e f e r e n c e s
6 2 1
l E ps S3 I E ps t e i n , J . , P e t e r s o n , D. W . , St u d y o f

1 9 5 ,

4 6 4 ,

6 2 2 A pp. G R e f e r e n c e s
[ G OOB J B . , " P a c k e t R e s e r v a t i o n
M u l t i pl e A c c e s s f o r L o c a l W i r e l e s s C o m m u n i c a t i o n ," I E E E T r a n s a c t i o n s o n C o m m u n k a t i o n s ,

K ,
No , 4 , pp. 6 4 7 3 , 1 9 9 3 ,

R a d i o

Sy s t e m s ,

A pp. C R e f e r e n c e s 6 2 3
[ H u a 9 l ] H u a n g ,
R a d i o

Vi r g i n i a T hc h 4 t h Sy m po s i u m o n W i r e l e s s P e r s o n a l C o m m u n i c a t i o n s , pp. 1 8 . 1 -1 8 . 1 2 ,

C o d i n g

6 3 ,

o n

U B ,"

Ve hi c u l a r T e c hn o l o g y , Vo l .
A n t e n n a s ,
6 2 4 A pp. G R e f e r e n c e s
E K r e 9 4 ] e t

A n

Ne t -

Vo l .
W . C . Y . , C e l l u l a r T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s

A pp. C R e f e r e n c e s
6 2 5
f L i n 8 3 J D. J . C o n t r o l C o d i n g : Fu n d a m e n t a l s

T e c hn i c a l
L o n g l e y , A .

1 9 6 5 .
I L u c 8 9 1 L u c k y , R . W . ,
M a r t i n Ne w

l L u s 7 8 l L u s i g n a n , B . B . , " Si n g l e -s i d e b a n d T r a n s m i s s i o n
L a n d M o b i l e R a d i o ,"

5 8 0 ,

6 2 6
A pp. G R e f e r e n c e s
l M c G 8 4 l M e G e e ha n , B a t e m a n , A . T r a n s pa r e n t T o n e -i n -b a n d ( V1 'I B ) :
Ne w P a r t i c u l a r l y Su i t e d t o t he T r a n s m i s s i o n o f Da t a o v e r SSB
M o b i l e 8 1 -

M o d 9 2 M o d a r r e s s i ,
A pr i l 1 9 9 2 .

1 8 0 ,

A
4 9 ,
M u r Sl H i r a d e , K . , T e l e pho n y . " I E E E
No . J u l y 1 9 8 1 .
De c e m b e r

A J E E ,
Fe b u a r y
Di g i t a l

Oe t i n g , J . , " C e l l u l a r A n
a zi n e , pp. 1 0 -1 5 , No v e m b e r
R e f e r e n c e s
t he

1 0 ,
pp.

P u b l i c a t i o n s , No . 3 1 5 ,

P a r t

6 2 8
A pp. 0 R e f e r e n c e s
f Q u r 7 7 }
G l o b e c o m ,

4

4 0 1 ,

R e f e r e n c e s

R o b e r t s ,

6 1 ,

9 4 0 ,

6 3 0 A pp. R e f e r e i c e s
[ Sha 4 8 ] T e c hn i c a l

7 0 9 ,
J .

T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s

B a s e

M . ,
5 3 0 ,
A pp. ( 3 R e f e r e n c e s
6 3 1
[ T u c 9 3 ] o f W a v e L A N, I SM W i r e l e s s L A N,"

2 3 0 ,

6 3 2
A pp. G R e f e r e n c e s
[ W i d 6 6 ]

P r o pa g a t i o n ,

Z a g hl o u l ,


d i v e r s i t y . Se e Spa c e d i v e r s i t y
Nu m e r i c s
g a i n
1 : N pr o t e c t i o n s wi t c hi n g 3 3 5
A n t e n n a t e m pe r a t U r e 5 6 6
3 d B

A DP C M 3 6 2 , 3 6 9
A s ) 'n c hr o n o u s a wl i c a t i o n s 5 4 5
A d v a n c e d i n t e l l i g e n t n e t wo r k ( M N) 4 7 2
A s y n c hr o n o u s t r a n s f e r m o d e ( A T M ) 4 6 3
A m pl i t u d e m o d u l a t i o n 1 9 8 , 1 9 9 2 0 6
A t t e n u a t i o n f a c t o r 1 2 8
m o d u l a t i o n i n d e x 2 0 0
A u t he n t i c a t i o n c e n t e r 4 6 9 , 5 0 4
pe r c e n t a g e m o d u l a t i o n 2 0 0
A u t o n o m o u s r e g i s t r a t i o n 4 4 7
pi l o t t o n e SSB 2 0 4
A v e r a g e f a d e d u r a t i o n 1 8 6
t o n e -i n -b a n d 2 0 4
A W ON
SSB 2 0 2
B
m o d u l a t o r 2 0 3
B a n d wi d t h e f f i c i e n c y 3 4 0
f i l t e r m e t ho d 2 0 3
B a s e s t a t i o n 9 , 1 0
A M P S 4 8 3 4 9 1
B C H c o d e 3 4 5 , 4 9 0
b l a n k -a n d -b u r s t e n c o d i n g 4 9 0
B e l l Ope r a t i n g C o m pa n i e s 4 4 2
c o m pa n d e r 4 8 8
B FSK 2 5 6
d e v i a t i o n l i m i t e r 4 8 9
b a n d wi d t h 2 5 7
E l e c t r o n i c s e r i a l n u m b e r 4 4 7 , 4 8 6
c o m pl e m e n t a l ) ' c ha n n e l 2 8 0
pa g i n g c ha n n e l 4 8 7
d e t e c t i o n 2 5 7
pr e -e m pha s i s 4 8 9
e r r o r pr o b a b i l i t y f o r n o n c o he r e n t d e t e c -
SA T t o n e 4 8 6 , 4 8 9 -4 9 0
t i o n 2 5 8
Si g n a l i n g t o n e 4 8 6 ,4 8 9 4 9 0
ND 2 5 7
St a t i o n c l a s s m a r k 4 8 6
c ha n n e l 2 8 0
Sy s t e m i d e n t i f i c a t i o n n u m b e r 4 8 5
B -I SDN 4 4 9
Vo i c e m o b i l e a t t e n u a t i o n c o d e 4 8 6
B i s t a t i c r a d a r e q u a t i o n 1 0 1
A n g l e m o d u l a t i o n 2 0 6
B l a n k -a n d -b u r s t 4 8 6
f r e q u e n c y m o d u l a t i o n 1 9 8
B l i n d a l g o r i t hm s 3 0 4
pha s e m o d u l a t i o n 2 0 7
B l o c k c o d e s 3 4 0
6 3 3

e r r o r

c a l l s c l e a r e d 4 6 Vi t e r b i a l g o r i t hm
d e l a y e d 4 7 v o c o d e r s

3 2 6

4 1 6 C l a r k e 's f a d i n g m o d e l 1 7 7
C
C l i c k

d u pl e x i n g 5 3 5 P SD 2 2 4
m o d u l a t i o n 5 3 5 Di r e c t R E pu l s e s y s t e m 1 5 4
s pe e c h c o d i n g 5 3 5 Di r e c t s e q u e n c e SS 2 7 6
C u s t o m e r pr e m i s e s e q u i pm e n t 4 4 2 e r r o r pr o b a b i l i t y 2 8 2
C VSDM 3 6 2 n e a r -f a r pr o b l e m 2 8 3
C y c l i c c o d e 3 4 5 pr o c e s s i n g g a i n 2 7 8
U
r e c e i v e r 2 7 6
Di r e c t e d r e t r y 4 8 7
D-A M P S. Se e U SDC -
Di s c r e t e c o s i n e t r a n s f o r m 3 7 5
Da t a s e n s e m u l t i pl e a c c e s s 4 1 6
d B d 1 2
Di s pe r s i o n
d R i 7 2
f r e q u e n c y 1 6 7
De c i s i o n f e e d b a c k e q u a l i ze r 3 1 3
t i m e 1 6 7
l a t t i c e i m pl e m e n t a t i o n 3 1 4
Di v e r s i t y 3 2 5 3 3 6
M M SE 3 1 3
s c a n n i n g . Se e f e e d b a c k
pr e d i c t i v e DE E 3 1 4
DM 3 6 2
DE C T 7 . 5 3 5 5 4 0
Do ppl e r 1 4 1 1 4 3
a n t e n n a d i v e r s i t y 5 3 9
Do ppl e r s pr e a d 1 6 5
a r c hi t e c t u r e 5 3 6
DP C M 3 6 2
c ha n n e l c o d i n g 5 3 9
DP SK 2 4 2
c ha n n e l t y pe s 5 3 9
e r r o r pr o b a b i l i t y 2 4 3
DL C l a y e r 5 3 6
r e c e i v e r 2 4 2
M A C l a y e r 5 3 6
t r a n s m i t t e r 2 4 2
m o d u l a t i o n 5 3 9
DS f o r m a t s 4 5 0
n e t wo r k l a y e r 5 3 6
DSM A 4 1 6
phy s i c a l l a y e r 5 3 6
DSSI 4 6 1
s pe e c h c o d i n g 5 3 9
DI X 4 2 3
De m o d u l a t i o n o f A M 2 0 6
Du o po l y 5
c o he r e n t 2 0 6
Du pl e x e r I I . 3 9 5
n o n c o he r e n t 2 0 6
Du r k i n s m o d e l I l l
De m o d u l a t i o n o f B FSK E
c o he r e n t 2 5 7
E f f e c t i v e n o i s e t e m pe r a t u r e 5 6 5
n o n c o he r e n t 2 5 7 E f f e c t i v e R a d i a t e d P o we r 7 2
De m o d u l a t i o n o f FM 2 1 1 E I R P 7 2
P L L 2 1 3 E l e c t r o n i c s e r i a l n u m b e r . Se e A M P S
q u a d r a t u r e d e t e c t o r 2 1 3
E q u a l i ze r s 2 9 9
s l o pe d e t e c t o r 2 1 2
a d a pt i v e 3 0 1 , 3 1 6 3 2 3
ze r o -c r o s s i n g d e t e c t o r 2 1 2
a l g o r i t hm s 3 1 6 3 2 3
De po l a r i za t i o n m a t r i x 8 2
c l a s s i f i c a t i o n 3 0 8
Di a g n o s t i c a c c e pt a b i l i t y m e a s u r e ( DA M ) 3 9 0
c o m pu t a t i o n a l c o m pl e x i t y 3 1 7
Di a g n o s t i c r hy m e t e s t ( DR T ) 3 9 0
f r a c t i o n a l l y s pa c e d 3 2 4
Di f f r a c t i o n 7 8 , 9 0 1 1 ) 0
l i n e a r 3 1 0 3 1 2
Fr e s n e l zo n e s 9 1
m e a n s t j u a r e d e r r o r 3 0 7
H u y g e n 's pr i n c i pl e 9 1
m i s a d j u s i m e n t 3 t 7
Di f f r a c t i o n m o d e l s 9 1 1 0 0
n o n l i n e a r 3 1 2 3 1 6
Di g i t a l E u r o pe a n C o r d l e s s T e l e pho n e . Se e DE C I
n u m e r i c a l pr o pe r t i e s 3 ) 7
Di g i t a l hi e r a r c hy 4 5 0
pr e d i c t i o n e r r o r 3 0 7
Di g i t a l s i g n a l s 2 2 4
r a t e o f c o n v e r g e n c e 3 1 7
a b s o l u t e b a n d wi d t h 2 2 4
s u m m a r y 3 2 3
ha l f -po we r b a n d wi d t h 2 2 4
E q u i pm e n t i d e n t i t y r e g i s t e r 5 0 5
n u l l -t o -n u l l b a n d wi d t h 2 2 4
E r i c s s o n m u l t i pl e b r e a k po i n t m o d e l I 2 8
6 3 5
5 3 6
E r l a n g 4 5
Fr e q u e n c y d o m a i n c ha n n e l s o u n d i n g 1 5 8
E r l a n g B 4 6 , 5 5 6 5 6 0
Fr e q u e n c y d o m a i n c o d i n g
E r l a n g C 4 7 . 5 6 1 5 6 4
a d a pt i v e 3 7 5
E r r o r l o c a t o r po l y n o m i a l c a l c u l a t i o n 3 5 2
b l o c k t r a n s f o r m 3 7 2
E r r o r pr o b a b i l i t y f o r f r e q u e n c y s e l e c t i v e f a d i n g
s u b -b a n d 3 7 2
2 8 9
Fr e q u e n c y ho ppi n g
E r r o r pr o b a b i l i t y f o r s l o w f a d i n g 2 8 6
E T A C S 4 8 4 4 9 1
ho p d u r a t i o n 2 7 9
A r e a i d e n t i f i c a t i o n n u m b e r 4 8 5
ho ppi n g c e l l 5 1 9
E T SI 2 3 , 5 0 1
ho ps e i 2 7 8
E u c l i d e a n d i s t a n c e 2 3 7
i n s t a n t a n e o u s b a n d wi d t h 2 7 8
E x c e s s d e l a y I 4 6
s i n g l e c ha n n e l m o d u l a t i o n 2 7 9
E x c e s s d e l a y s pr e a d 1 6 2
s l o t t e d 2 8 4
E x t e n d e d H a t a m o d e l 1 2 0
t o t a l ho ppi n g b a n d wi d t h 2 7 9
E x t e n s i o n f i e l d 3 4 2
Fr e q u e n c y m o d u l a t i o n
F
2 0 9
Fa d i n g 1 3 9
c a pt u r e e f f e c t 1 9 9
f a s t 1 7 0
d e t e c t i o n g a i n 2 1 9
f l a t 1 6 8
d i r e c t m e t ho d 2 1 0
f r e q u e n c y s e l e c t i v e 1 6 9
i n d i r e c t m e t ho d 2 1 0
l a r g e -s c a l e 7 0
SNR 2 1 9
s l o w u i
Fr e q u e n c y r e u s e 2 6 ,4 2 5
s m a l l -s c a l e 1 3 9
Fr e s n e l zo n e g e o m e t r y 9 1
t i m e s e l e c t i v e 1 6 7
e x c e s s pa t h l e n g t h 9 !
Fa r -f i e l d 7 2
Fr e s n e l zo n e 8 9 . 9 3
Fa s t FSK . Se e M SK
Fr e s n e l -K i r c ho f f d i f f r a c t i o n pa r a m e t e r 9 1
FOM A 3 9 7
Fu l l -d u pl e x 9 . 1 0
FFSR 2 0 4 G
FH M A 4 0 4
G a l o i s f i e l d 3 4 2
e r a s u r e s 4 0 5
G a u s s i a n a ppr o x i m a t i o n 5 7 7
f a s t f r e q u e n c y ho ppi n g 4 0 5
G a u s s i a n f i l t e r 2 3 3
s l o w f r e q u e n c y ho ppi n g 4 0 5
G e n e r a t o r m a t r i x 3 5 3
Fi n i t e f i e l d s 3 4 2
G e n e r a t o r po l y n o m i a l s 3 5 3
FI R t i l l e r 3 1 0
G e o m e t r i c r e pr e s e n t a t i o n 2 3 4
Fi x e d n e t wo r k t r a n s m i s s i o n hi e r a r c hy 4 4 9
c o n s t e l l a t i o n d i a g r a m 2 3 6
FL E X 7
G I S d a t a b a s e 1 3 2
Fl o o r a t t e n u a t i o n f a c t o r 1 2 6
G l o b a l b a l a n c e e q u a t i o n 5 5 9
Fo o t pr i n t 2 6
G M SK 2 3 4 . 2 6 !
Fo r m a n i v o c o d e r s 3 7 7
ND 2 6 3
Fo r m a n t s 3 7 6
r e c e i v e r 2 6 5
Fo r wa r d c ha n n e l 1 0 , I I
c o n t r o l 1 0 , 1 4
G o l a y c o d e 3 4 4
v o i c e 1 4 , 4 8 4
G r a d e o f s e r v i c e 4 5
FP L M T S 2 ! , 4 4 9
G r o u n d r e f l e c t i o n m o d e l 8 5
Fr a u n ho f e r r e g i o n 7 2
m e t ho d o f i m a g e s 8 7
Fr e e s pa c e pr o pa g a t i o n m o d e l 7 0
G SM 9 . 5 0 0 5 0 6
Fr i i s e q u a t i o n 7 0
A i n t e r f a c e 5 0 4
Fr e q u e n c y d i v e r s i t y 3 3 5
A b i s i n t e r f a c e 5 0 3
Fr e q u e n c y d i v i s i o n d u pl e x 1 0 , 3 9 5
A R FC N 5 0 5
Fr e q u e n c y
m u l t i pl e x 3 3 5
b a s e s t a t i o n c o n t r o l l e r 5 0 2
6 3 7
b a s e s t a t i o n s u b s y s t e m 5 0 2
1
b r o a d c a s t c ha n n e l ( B C H ) 5 0 9
I m pr o v e d G a u s s i a n A ppr o x i m a t i o n 5 8 2
b u r s t f o r m a t t i n g
I m pu l s e r e s po n s e m o d e l 1 4 3
c i phe r i n g SI R
I M SI 5 0 4
c o m m o n c o n t r o l c ha n n e l ( C C C H ) 5 1 0
I M T -2 0 0 0 2 1 . 4 4 9
c o n t r o l c ha n n e l c o d i n g 5 1 7
I n d o o r pr o pa g a t i o n m o d e l s I 2 3
c o n t r o l c ha n n e l s ( C C H ) 5 0 8
I n t e r e x c ha n g e c a r r i e r 4 4 2
d a t a c ha n n e l c o d i n g 5 1 7
I n t e r f e r e n c e 3 7
l e d i c a t e d c o n t r o l c ha n n e l i DC C H 5 1 1
a d j a c e n t c ha n n e l 4 1
d e m o d u l a t i o n 5 1 9
C / I r a t i o 4 1 8
e q u a l i za t i o n 5 1 9
c o -c ha n n e l 3 7 . 2 9 0
f r a m e s t r u c t u r e 5 I 3
f o r wa r d c ha n n e l 4 1 8
f r e q u e n c y ho ppi n g 5 1 9
o u t -o f -b a n d 3 7
i n t e r l e a v i n g 5 1 8
r e v e r s e c ha n n e l 4 1 8
l o g i c a l c ha n n e l 5 0 7
s i i r a t i o 4 8 3
I n t e r l e a v i n g 3 3 8
n e t wo r k a n d s wi t c hi n g s u b s y s t e m 5 0 4
b l o c k 3 3 8
o pe r a t i o n s u ppo r t s u b s y s t e m 5 0 5
c o n v o l u t i o n a l 3 3 8
phy s i c a l c ha n n e l 5 0 7
I n t e r n e t P r o t o c o l 4 5 6
s pe e c h c o d i n g 5 1 6
I n t e r s y m b o l i n t e r f e r e n c e ( 1 St ) 3 ( K )
s u b s c r i b e r i d e n t i t y m o d u l e 5 0 2
I S- 1 3 6 5 0 0
T C H / FS. SA C C H . FA C C H c o d i n g 5 1 6
l S-4 l 4 4 7
t r a f f i c c ha n n e l s 5 0 7
1 5 -5 4 R e v . C 5 0 0
f u l l -r a t e T C H 5 0 8
I S-5 4 . Se e U SDC
T C H 5 0 8
1 5 -9 4 5 0 0
G u a r d c ha n n e l 3 4
1 5 -9 5 5 1 9 5 3 3
H
s pe c i f i c a t i o n s 5 2 0
H a d a m a r d c o d e 3 4 4 f o r wa r d c ha n n e l 5 2 1 5 2 7
H a l f d u pl e x 1 0
f o r wa r d c ha n n e l b l o c k i n t e r l e a v e r 5 2 2
H a l f -d u pl e x 9 f o r wa r d c ha n n e l c o n v o l u t i o n a l e n c o d e r 5 2 2
H a m m i n g c o d e 3 4 4 f o r wa r d c ha n n e l d a t a s c r a m b l e r 5 2 4
H a m m i n g d i s t a n c e 3 4 1
f o r wa r d c ha n n e l e l e c t r o n i c s e r i a l n u m b e r 5 2 4
H a n d o f f 1 0 . 1 6 , 3 1 3 6 f o r wa r d c ha n n e l l o n g P N s e q u e n c e 5 2 4
c e l l d r a g g i n g 3 5
f o r wa r d c ha n n e l o r t ho g o n a l c o v e r a g e 5 2 5
d we l l t i m e 3 2
f o r wa r d c ha n n e l po we r c o n t r o l s u b c ha n n e l
ha r d 3 6
5 2 5
s o f t 3 6
f o r wa r d c ha n n e l q u a d r a t u r e m o d u l a t i o n 5 2 7
s t r a t e g i e s 3 1
r e v e r s e c ha n n e l 5 2 7 5 3 3
H a n d o v e r 5 0 3
r e v e r s e c ha n n e l b l o c k i n t e r l e a v e r 5 3 0
H a t a m o d e l 1 1 9 1 2 0
r e v e r s e c ha n n e l c o n v o l u t i o n a l e n c o d e r 5 2 8
H i d d e n t r a n s m i t t e r 4 1 7
r e v e r s e c ha n n e l d i r e c t s e q u e n c e s pr e a d i n g 5 3 1
H o m e l o c a t i o n r e g i s t e r 4 6 9 . 5 0 4
r e v e r s e c ha n n e l o r t ho g o n a l m o d u l a t i o n 5 3 0
H u n t i n g s e q u e n c e 6 5
r e v e r s e c ha n n e l q u a d r a t u r e m o d u l a t i o n 5 3 1
H y b r i d m u l t i pl e a c c e s s t e c hn i q u e s
r e v e r s e c ha n n e l v a r i a b l e d a t a r a t e 5 3 0
DS/ FH M A 4 0 8
W a l s h f u n c t i o n m a t r i x 5 2 5
DSM A I C D 4 5 6 I SDN 4 6 1
FC DM A 4 0 7
a c c e s s s i g n a l i n g 4 6 1
T C DM A 4 0 8
b a s i c r a t e i n t e r f a c e 4 6 1
T DFH 4 0 9
b e a r e r c ha n n e l s 4 6 1
H y pe r f r a m e 5 1 5
d a t a c ha n n e l s 4 6 1

s i g n a l i n g 4 6 1 M a x i m a l i a t i o c o m b i n i n g 3 2 8
pr i m a r y r a t e i n t e r f a c e 4 6 1 M a x i m u m d e l a y 1 4 6
1 5 1 1 6 9 ,2 9 9 d e l a y s pr e a d

4 6 8

6 3 9
M u l t i pl e a c c e s s t e c hn i q u e s 3 9 6 r e s e r v a t i o n 4 1 6 -4 1 7
C DM A 4 0 5 s l o t t e d A L OH A
3 9 7 P a c k e t r e s e r v a t i o n m u l t i pl e a c c e s s ( P R M A ) 4 7 8
FI -I M A 4 0 4 P a c k e t s wi t c hi n g 4 5 2
hy b r i d 4 0 7 P A l 'S 7 . 5 3 9 5 4 3
n a r r o wb a n d 3 9 6 c ha n n e l s 5 4 2
pa c k e t r a d i o ( P R ) 4 1 0 m o d u l a t i o n 5 4 1
SDM A 4 0 9 m u l t i pl e a c c t s s t e c hn i q u e 5 4 2
SSM A 4 0 4 po we r c o n t r o l 5 4 3
T DM A 4 0 0 s pe e c h c o d i n g 5 4 2
wi d e b a n d 3 9 7 s y s t e m a r c hi t e c t u r e 5 4 0
M u l t i pl e k n i f e -e d g e d i f f r a c t i o n m o d e l 9 9 P a g e 1 0 . 1 2
N

N-A M P S 4 9 !
P a r t i a l s y n d r o m e s 3 4 9
DSA T 4 9 1
P a r t i t i o n l o s s 1 2 3
DST 4 9 !
ha r d pa r t i t i o n 1 2 3
n e a r -f a r e f f e c t 4 1 7 , 5 2 !
s o f t pa r t i t i o n 1 2 3
Ne t wo r k d a t a b a s e 4 7 9
P a t h l o s s m o d e l s 1 0 2
d i s t r i b u t e d hi e r a r c hy 4 7 9
c o v e r a g e a r e a 1 0 6
NM T -4 5 0 8
P J 3 X 4 4 3 , 5 0 0
No i s e f i g u r e 5 6 5
P C M 3 6 2
No n m i n i m u m pha s e 3 1 3
P C N 2 1 . 4 7 2
NR Z c o d e 2 2 5
P C S 2 1 ,4 7 2
Ny q u i s t c r i t e r i o n 2 2 7
U S P C S 5 4 4
Ny q u i s t f i l t e r s 2 2 9
P Dc 9
o
P e r s o n a l A c c e s s C o m m u n i c a t i o n Sy s t e m s . Se e
P A C S
2 7 3
P e r s o n a l H a n d y pho n e Sy s t e m ( P H S) 5 4 4
Ok u m u r a m o d e l 1 1 6 -1 1 9
P H S 8
OQ P SK 2 4 7
P l a n e o f i n c i d e n c e 7 9
OS! m o d e l 4 5 4
P N 2 7 5
Ou t a g e pr o b a b i l i t y 2 8 4
m a x i m a l l e n g t h 2 7 5
Ov e r he a d m e s s a g e s 4 8 7
P OC SA G 6 ,'
P o i n t o f pr e s e n c e ( P OP ) 4 4 2
i t / 4 DQ P SK
2 2 5
pe r f o r m a n c e i n f a d i n g 2 9 0
P o l a r i za t i o n d i v e r s i t y 3 3 2
i t / 4 Q P SK
c o e f f i c i e n t 3 3 5
g e o m e t r i c r e pr e s e r i t a t i o n 2 4 9
t he o r e t i c a l m o d e l 3 3 3
r e c e i v e r 2 5 2
P o l a r i za t i o n d i v e r s i t y r e c e pt i o n 3 3 3
b a s e b a n d d i f f e r e n t i a l d e t e c t i o n 2 5 2
P o r t a b l e 9
FM d i s c r i m i n a t o r 2 5 4
P o we r c o n t r o l 4 3 ,4 0 6 , 4 2 5
I F d i f f e r e n t i a l d e t e c t o r 2 5 4
P o we r d e l a y pr o f i l e 1 4 7
P o we r f l u x d e n s i t y 7 5
P a c i f i c Di g i t a l C e l l u l a r ( P DC ) 5 4 3 5 4 4
3 ,4 4 j
P a c i f i c Di g i t a l C e l l u l a r . Se e P DC
P u l s e s ha pi n g t e c hn i q u e s 2 2 5
P a c k e t R a d i o ( P R ) 4 1 0
Q
P a c k e t r a d i o ( P R )
C SM A 4 1 5
Q A M 2 7 0
b a n d wi d t h 2 7 2
pr o t o c o l s 4 1 1
pu r e A L OH A 4 1 2
g e o m c t r i c r e pr e s e n t a t i o n 2 7 0

Q P SK
a n d Va l e n zu e l a 1 8 8
b a n d wi d t h

g e o m e t r i c

Si m pl e x

wi t h
4 2 1 SI R C J M m o d e l


4 6 5
U m b r e l l a 3 5
1 4 6 5
U M T S 4 4 9 , 4 8 0
l e v e l 2 4 6 5
U n i po l a r
l e v e l 3 4 6 6
U SDC ( I S-5 4 ) 4 9 1
n e t wo r k 4 6 5
c ha n n e l c o d i n g

c ha n n e l s 4 9 3
Si g n a l i n g c o n n e c t i o n c o n t r o l pa r t 4 6 6
C DVC C
t r a f f i c 4 6 7
DT C 4 9 4
pa r t 4 6 6
FA C C H
4 6 7
f r a m e s t n i c t u r e 4 9 5
OM A P
SA C C H
4 6 7
4 9 9
St a t e d i a g r a m s
e q u a l i za t i o n
St o c ha s t i c g r a d i e n t a l g o r i t hm . Se e L M S a l g o -
i n t e r l e a v i n g 4 9 8
r i t hm 3 2 0
Su b -b a n d
s pe e c h 4 9 6
q u a d r a t u r e

Vi r t u a l P a c k e t
Su pe r f r a m e
Vi s i t o r

Vi t e r b i 3 5 4
T

T a p

Vu l n e r a b l e
T e m po r a r y
w
T he r m a l
W A C S.

4 1 2
W A R C 2 3
T i m e d i v e r s i t y
W i d e A r e a Ne t wo r k 4 5 6
T i m e d i v i s i o n d u pl e x I l ,
W i d e b a n d d a t a s i g n a l i n g 4 8 7
T i m i n g a d v a n c e m e n t 5 1 0
m i c m c e l l
T r a f f i c o c c u pa n c y 4 1 2
W i r e l e s s c a b l e t e l e v i s i o n 5 4 7
r o u t i n g wi r e l e s s n e t wo r k s 4 5 0
W o r l d A d m i n i s t r a t i v e Se e
o r i e n t e d s e r v i c e 4 5 0
W A R C
c o n n e c t i o n l e s s s e r v i c e

4 5 4 T r a n s c e i v e r s
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n

T r a n s v e r s a l

Z

e f f i c i e n c y

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