OCR MEI GCE Unit 4753/02 Methods for Advanced Mathematics

OCR MEI GCE Unit 4753/02 Methods for Advanced Mathematics

NUMBERICAL SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS
Candidate Name: Joshua Baah

NUMERICAL METHODS| INTRODUCTION

The solution of equations are commonly found analytically, using a predetermined formula such as the quadratic formula or by algebraic manipulation, with the roots of a cubic, quartic or quintic polynomial equation being denoted by letters of the Greek alphabet. However with far more complex equations, analytical methods prove to be inadequate and this is where numerical methods become of value. Numerical methods are methods of finding numerical approximations of solutions. Numerical methods should be used where analytical methods are unavailable. I will use three distinct examples of numerical methods i. Systematic search for change of sign, using decimal search ii. Fixed point iteration using the Newton-Raphson method iii. Fixed point iteration after rearranging the equation f (x) = 0 into the form x = g (x) I will use these three different methods to find the roots of complex equations, in order to show how each deem successful. I will also show instances where each method fails comparing it numerically and graphically. After using these methods, I will then compare the method by applying them on the same equation to show which is faster and more reliable.

Candidate Number: 6012 Centre Name: Langley Grammar School

Numerical Methods | Change of sign (Decimal Search)

The decimal search method works by giving values for x for which values of f (x) change. When the values of f(x) = x7x+5 change from a positive to a negative or from a positive to a negative, this indicates that the interval contains a root. Using the decimal search method I am going to find the roots of the equation x7x+5 = 0 where f(x)=0 As you can see from the table, the highlighted cells indicate that the equation x7x+5 = 0 has roots between the intervals [-2,-1], [0,1] and [1,2]

Centre Number: 51411

f(x)

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OCR MEI GCE Unit 4753/02 Methods for Advanced Mathematics

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

-217
Candidate Name: Joshua Baah

-13 11 5 -1 22 227

een

Candidate Number: 6012

As there is a change in sign between -2 and -1, the solution is estimated to lie between the interval [2,-1], therefore x = -1.5 0.5 x -3 -2
when x= -1 the y value is positive at 11

Centre Name: Langley Grammar School

f(x) -217 -13 11 5 -1 22 227

-1 0 1 2

Centre Number: 51411

I will now further investigate to find one of these roots, taking increments in x of 0.1 within the interval [-2,-1] working out the root.

f(x)

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OCR MEI GCE Unit 4753/02 Methods for Advanced Mathematics

-2 -1.9 -1.8 -1.7 -1.6 -1.5 -1.4 -1.3 -1.2 -1.1 -1

-13 -6.46099 -1.29568 2.70143 5.71424 7.90625 9.42176 10.38707 10.91168 11.08949 11

One decimal point:

As there is a change in sign between -1.8 and -1.7, the solution is estimated to lie between the interval [-1.8,-1.7], therefore x = -1.75 0.05
Candidate Name: Joshua Baah

Change of sign in Interval between 1.8,-1.7] [when x= -1.7 the y value is positive at 2.70143

Candidate Number: 6012

when x= -1.8 the y value is negative at 1.29568

I will further investigate to find this roots to a higher degree of accuracy, taking increments in x of 0.01 within the interval [-1.8,-1.7].

Centre Name: Langley Grammar School

Two decimal points:

x -1.8 -1.79 -1.78 -1.77 f(x) -1.29568 -0.8466 -0.40899 0.01734

Centre Number: 51411

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OCR MEI GCE Unit 4753/02 Methods for Advanced Mathematics

As there is a change in sign between -1.78 and -1.77, the solution is estimated to lie between the interval [-1.78,-1.77], therefore x = -1.775 0.005

-1.76 -1.75 -1.74 -1.73

0.432579
Candidate Name: Joshua Baah

0.836914 1.230531 1.613611 1.986335 2.348883 2.70143

Change of sign in Interval between 1.78,-1.77] when x= -1.78 the y value is negative at 0.40899 when x= -1.77 the y value is positive at 0.01734 [-

-1.72 -1.71 -1.7

Candidate Number: 6012

Now I will further investigate to find this root to a higher degree of accuracy, taking increments in x of 0.001 within the interval [-1.78,-1.77].

Centre Name: Langley Grammar School

Three decimal points:

As there is a change in sign between -1.771 and -1.77, the solution is estimated to lie between the interval [-1.771,-1.77], therefore x = -1.7705 0.0005

x -1.78 -1.779 -1.778 -1.777 -1.776 -1.775 -1.774

f(x) -0.40899 -0.36585 -0.32283 -0.27992 -0.23712 -0.19443 -0.15185

Centre Number: 51411

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OCR MEI GCE Unit 4753/02 Methods for Advanced Mathematics

-1.773 -1.772 -1.771 -1.77

-0.10939
Candidate Name: Joshua Baah

-0.06703 -0.02479 0.01734

Change of sign in Interval between when x= -1.771 the y value is negative at 0.02479 when x= -1.77 the y value is positive at 0.01734 [1.771,-1.77]

Candidate Number: 6012

I will further investigate to find this root to a higher degree of accuracy, taking increments in x of 0.0001 within the interval [-1.771,-1.77].

Four decimal points:

As there is a change in sign between -1.7705 and -1.7704, the solution is estimated to lie between the interval [-1.7705,-1.7704], therefore x = -1.77045 0.00005 x -1.771 -1.7709 -1.7708 -1.7707 -1.7706 -1.7705 -1.7704 -1.7703 -1.7702 -1.7701 f(x) -0.02479 -0.02057 -0.01636 -0.01214 -0.00793 -0.00371 0.000501 0.004712 0.008922 0.013131

Centre Name: Langley Grammar School Centre Number: 51411

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OCR MEI GCE Unit 4753/02 Methods for Advanced Mathematics

-1.77
Change of sign in Interval between [1.7705,-1.7704] when x= -1.7705 the y value is negative at 0.020371 when x= -1.7704 the y value is positive at 0.000501

0.01734
Candidate Name: Joshua Baah Candidate Number: 6012

I will further investigate to find this root to a higher degree of accuracy, taking increments in x of 0.00001 within the interval [-1.7705,-1.7704].

Centre Name: Langley Grammar School

Five decimal points:

As there is a change in sign between -1.77042 and -1.77041, the solution is estimated to lie between the interval [-1.77042,-1.77041], therefore x = -1.770415 0.000005 x -1.7705 -1.77049 -1.77048 -1.77047 -1.77046 f(x) -0.003712 -0.003291 -0.002869 -0.002448 -0.002027

Centre Number: 51411

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OCR MEI GCE Unit 4753/02 Methods for Advanced Mathematics

-1.77045 -1.77044 -1.77043 -1.77042 -1.77041 -1.7704

-0.001606
Candidate Name: Joshua Baah

-0.001184 -0.000763 -0.000342 0.0000793 0.000501

Change of sign in Interval between 1.77042,1.77041] when x= -1.77042 the y value is negative at -0.000342 [when x= -1.77041 the y value is positive at 0.0000793

Candidate Number: 6012

I will further investigate to find this root to a higher degree of accuracy, taking increments in x of 0.000001 within the interval [-1.77042,-1.77041].

Centre Name: Langley Grammar School

Six decimal points:

As there is a change in sign between -1.770412 and -1.770411, the solution is estimated to lie between the interval [-1.770412,-1.770411], therefore x = -1.7704115 0.0000005 x f(x) -1.77042 0.0003419 -1.770419 0.0002998 -1.770418 0.0002576 -1.770417 -1.770416 0.0002155 -

Centre Number: 51411

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OCR MEI GCE Unit 4753/02 Methods for Advanced Mathematics

0.0001734
Candidate Name: Joshua Baah

-1.770415 0.0001313 -1.770414 0.0000892 -1.770413 0.0000470 -1.770412 -1.770411 -1.77041 0.0000049 0.0000372 0.0000793
Change of sign in Interval between 1.770412,1.770411] when x= -1.770412 the y value is negative at 0.0000049 [when x= -1.770411 the y value is positive at 0.0000372

Candidate Number: 6012

= -1.7705 the y

negative at -

I will stop here at 6 decimal places as this shows a high degree of accuracy of the root between the interval [-2,-1].

Centre Name: Langley Grammar School

Numerical Methods | Newton-Raphson

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Centre Number: 51411

Numerical Methods | Rearranging the equation

To change the overall look of your document, choose new Theme elements on the Page Layout tab. To change the looks available in the Quick Style gallery, use the Change Current Quick Style Set command. Both the Themes gallery and the Quick Styles gallery

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OCR MEI GCE Unit 4753/02 Methods for Advanced Mathematics

provide reset commands so that you can always restore the look of your document to the original contained in your current template. You can easily change the formatting of selected text in the document text by choosing a look for the selected text from the Quick Styles gallery on the Write tab. You can also format text directly by using the other controls on the Write tab. Most controls offer a choice of using the look from the current theme or using a format that you specify directly.
Candidate Name: Joshua Baah

Numerical Methods | Comparison of Methods

To change the overall look of your document, choose new Theme elements on the Page Layout tab. To change the looks available in the Quick Style gallery, use the Change Current Quick Style Set command. Both the Themes gallery and the Quick Styles gallery provide reset commands so that you can always restore the look of your document to the original contained in your current template. You can easily change the formatting of selected text in the document text by choosing a look for the selected text from the Quick Styles gallery on the Write tab. You can also format text directly by using the other controls on the Write tab. Most controls offer a choice of using the look from the current theme or using a format that you specify directly.

Candidate Number: 6012 Centre Name: Langley Grammar School Centre Number: 51411

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