PENGENALAN TULANG
206 Tulang dalam tubuh orang dewasa Jumlah berat sistem rangka seorang dewasa merupakan 14 % daripada jumlah berat badannya - Meliputi tulang tengkorak, tulang badan, tulang anggota Bahan Asas : Protein & Mineral ( Kalsium & Posforus ) Komponen : 50 % Air & 50 % Bahan Pejal ( Organan 2/3 , Bukan Organan 1/3 )
KANDUNGAN TULANG
Bahan Organik : Sel-sel tulang, serat dan bahan dasar termasuk glikoprotein, glikosaminoglikin Bahan Bukan Organik : garam mineral seperti kalsium karbonat dan kalsium fostat. Kalsium dan fosfurus adalah bahan-bahan mineral yang membentuk struktur badan manusia. Gabungan kedua-dua bahan ini menjadi tulang keras dan tegap. Setiap tulang merupakan organ kepada sistem rangka. Pembentukan tulang adalah dari tisu-tisu yang kuat dan aktif Terbentuk dan bertindakbalas mengikut fungsi. Saiz & bentuk yang membezakan antara tulang
TENDON
- Merupakan tisu bergentian yang berwarna putih - Ia adalah jalur tisu yang kuat - Tendon melekatkan otot pada tulang - Tendon bersifat tidak kenyal tetapi tidak boleh melentur Cth. : melekatkan bisep pada tulang radius melekatkan otot trisep pada tulang ulna
RAWAN
Pejal tetapi elastik. Cth. : cuping telinga, hujung hidung, hujung tulang Peranan :- Rangka penyokong dalam peringkat embriomenyerap hentakan
LIGAMEN
Merupakan tisu bergentian yang berwarna putih atau kuning pucat Tisu ini adalah liat dan kuat Ligamen menghubungkan tulang-tulang yang bersendi -merupakan tisu yang menghubung satu tulang dengan tulang yang lain
JENIS-JENIS TULANG
Tulang panjang (Long Bone) Tulang pendek (Short Bone) Tulang leper ( Flat Bone) Tulang tidak tentu bentuk ( Irregular Bone) Tulang bulat (Round Bone)
FUNGSI TULANG
Penyokong Pergerakan Perlindungan Penghasilan Darah Merah Tempat Menyimpan Sumber Mineral
Penyokong
Membentuk sistem rangka tubuh Memberi perlekatan kepada otot dan ligamen Menyokong tisu-tisu lembut
Pergerakan
Pelekatan otot untuk membantu proses pergerakan dan proses kontrasi bagi menghasilkan pergerakan Contoh : memegang, melentur, menarik, dan menolak.
Perlindungan
Melindungi organ-organ penting daripada mengalami kecederaan.
Contoh : skull atau cranium melindungi otak. ribs melindungi jantung dan paru-paru.
TYPES OF JOINTS
Ball and Socket Joint: Joint with the widest range of motion.
EXAMPLES: Hip and Shoulder
TYPES OF JOINTS
Gliding Joint: Joint with a large range of motion (up/down and side/side).
EXAMPLES: Ankle and Wrist
TYPES OF JOINTS
Hinge Joint: Joint with limited motion (up/down).
EXAMPLES: Knee and Elbow
TYPES OF JOINTS
Fuse or Immoveable Joint: Joint with no range of motion.
EXAMPLE: Cranium
Fused Joints
Muscles
13.8 Muscles are effectors which enable movement to be carried out
Muscle
Is responsible for almost all the movements in animals 3 types
Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle Involuntary controlled by autonomic nervous system
voluntary Skeletal muscle controlled by (aka striped or somatic nervous striated muscle) system
Elbow Joint
The best known example of antagonistic muscles are the bicep & triceps muscles
E b l o w jo in tf e l x e d F e l x o r m u s c e l sc o n tr a c te d E x e t n s o rm u s c e l s r e a l x e d E b l o w jo in te x t e n d e d E x e t n s o rm u s c e l s c o n r t a c te d F e l x o r m u s c e l sr e a l x e d
S e c t io n t F e l x o r m u s c e l s H u m e r u s B o n e E x e t n s o r m u s c e l s
b c i e p s
tr c i e p s
Muscle Structure
A single muscle e.g. biceps contains approx 1000 muscle fibres. These fibres run the whole length of the muscle Muscle fibres are joined together at the tendons
Bicep Muscle
Muscle Structure
Each muscle fibre is actually a single muscle cell This cell is approx 100 m in diameter & a few cm long These giant cells have many nuclei Their cytoplasm is packed full of myofibrils These are bundles of protein filaments that cause contraction Sarcoplasm (muscle cytoplasm) also contains mitochondria to provide energy for contraction
n u c le i s t r ip e s m y o f ib r ils
Muscle Structure
The E.M shows that each myofibril is made up of repeating dark & light bands In the middle of the dark band is the M-line In the middle of the light band is the Z-line The repeating unit from one Z-line to the next is called the sarcomere
1 myofibril
1s a r c o m e r e
Muscle Structure
A very high resolution E.M reveals that each myofibril is made up of parallel filaments. There are 2 kinds of filament called thick & thin filaments. These 2 filaments are linked at intervals called cross bridges, which actually stick out from the thick filaments
T h ic k fila m e n t
T h in fila m e n t
C ro s s b rid g e s
m y o s inta ils
a c t i n m o n o m e r s
t r o p o m y o s i n
The Sarcomere
Z in l e T h c i kfi a l m e n ts (m y o s in ) M in l e T h nfil i a m e n ts (a c tin )
Z in l e
p ro te n i si n th eZl n i e
u js t th n i
o v e rl a pz o n e -b o th
u js t th c i k
m y o s n i p ro te b a rez o n e i nth eM
Anatomy of a Sarcomere
The thick filaments produce the dark A band. The thin filaments extend in each direction from the Z line. Where they do not overlap the thick filaments, they create the light I band. The H zone is that portion of the A band where the thick and thin filaments do not overlap. The entire array of thick and thin filaments between the Z lines is called a sarcomere
C o n t r a c t e d m u s c l e
The above micrographs show that the sarcomere c o n t r a c t e d s a r c o m e r e gets shorter when the muscle contracts The light (I) bands become shorter The dark bands (A) bands stay the same length