ANATOMI DALAM PERGERAKAN MANUSIA

ANATOMI DALAM PERGERAKAN MANUSIA

SISTEM RANGKA Tulang Rawan Ligamen Tendon SISTEM SENDI SISTEM OTOT

PENGENALAN TULANG
206 Tulang dalam tubuh orang dewasa Jumlah berat sistem rangka seorang dewasa merupakan 14 % daripada jumlah berat badannya - Meliputi tulang tengkorak, tulang badan, tulang anggota Bahan Asas : Protein & Mineral ( Kalsium & Posforus ) Komponen : 50 % Air & 50 % Bahan Pejal ( Organan 2/3 , Bukan Organan 1/3 )

KANDUNGAN TULANG
Bahan Organik : Sel-sel tulang, serat dan bahan dasar termasuk glikoprotein, glikosaminoglikin Bahan Bukan Organik : garam mineral seperti kalsium karbonat dan kalsium fostat. Kalsium dan fosfurus adalah bahan-bahan mineral yang membentuk struktur badan manusia. Gabungan kedua-dua bahan ini menjadi tulang keras dan tegap. Setiap tulang merupakan organ kepada sistem rangka. Pembentukan tulang adalah dari tisu-tisu yang kuat dan aktif Terbentuk dan bertindakbalas mengikut fungsi. Saiz & bentuk yang membezakan antara tulang

TENDON
- Merupakan tisu bergentian yang berwarna putih - Ia adalah jalur tisu yang kuat - Tendon melekatkan otot pada tulang - Tendon bersifat tidak kenyal tetapi tidak boleh melentur Cth. : melekatkan bisep pada tulang radius melekatkan otot trisep pada tulang ulna

RAWAN
Pejal tetapi elastik. Cth. : cuping telinga, hujung hidung, hujung tulang Peranan :- Rangka penyokong dalam peringkat embriomenyerap hentakan

LIGAMEN
Merupakan tisu bergentian yang berwarna putih atau kuning pucat Tisu ini adalah liat dan kuat Ligamen menghubungkan tulang-tulang yang bersendi -merupakan tisu yang menghubung satu tulang dengan tulang yang lain

JENIS-JENIS TULANG
Tulang panjang (Long Bone) Tulang pendek (Short Bone) Tulang leper ( Flat Bone) Tulang tidak tentu bentuk ( Irregular Bone) Tulang bulat (Round Bone)

Tulang Panjang (Long Bone)

- Berbentuk panjang dan lurus - Kedua-dua hujung membengkak (epiphysis) . Contoh : humerus, femur, radius, ulna dan tibula.

Tulang Pendek (Short Bone)

Berbentuk kiub dengan panjang dan lebar hampir sama.

Contoh : tarsals carpals, meta tarsal phalanges.

Tulang tidak tentu bentuk (Irregular Bone)

- Mempunyai berbagai bentuk. - Bercantum dengan tulang-tulang yang lain. Contoh Veterbrae

Tulang bulat (Round Bone- Sesamoid bone)

- Bersaiz kecil Contoh : patella

Tulang Leper (Flat bone)

Mempunyai permukaan yang lebar Contoh : scull, scapula, sternum, pelvis.

FUNGSI TULANG
Penyokong Pergerakan Perlindungan Penghasilan Darah Merah Tempat Menyimpan Sumber Mineral

Penyokong
Membentuk sistem rangka tubuh Memberi perlekatan kepada otot dan ligamen Menyokong tisu-tisu lembut

Pergerakan
Pelekatan otot untuk membantu proses pergerakan dan proses kontrasi bagi menghasilkan pergerakan Contoh : memegang, melentur, menarik, dan menolak.

Perlindungan
Melindungi organ-organ penting daripada mengalami kecederaan.

Contoh : skull atau cranium melindungi otak. ribs melindungi jantung dan paru-paru.

Penghasilan Sel Darah Merah

Sel-sel darah merah serta sebahagian sel darah putih dihasilkan melalui proses Hemopoiesis atau Hemotopaisis Tempat Menyimpan Sumber Mineral
Menyimpan fosforus, sodium, kalsium, potessium dan mineral lain bagi menghasilkan ostoblas (sel pembina tulang)

JOINTS Areas of the body where two or more bones meet.

BONE
CARTILAGE Strong, flexible tissue found in joints. LIGAMENTS Tissue connecting bone to bone. MUSCLE TENDON Tissue connecting muscle to bone.

TYPES OF JOINTS
Ball and Socket Joint: Joint with the widest range of motion.
EXAMPLES: Hip and Shoulder

TYPES OF JOINTS
Gliding Joint: Joint with a large range of motion (up/down and side/side).
EXAMPLES: Ankle and Wrist

TYPES OF JOINTS
Hinge Joint: Joint with limited motion (up/down).
EXAMPLES: Knee and Elbow

TYPES OF JOINTS
Fuse or Immoveable Joint: Joint with no range of motion.
EXAMPLE: Cranium

Fused Joints

Muscles
13.8 Muscles are effectors which enable movement to be carried out

Muscle
Is responsible for almost all the movements in animals 3 types
Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle Involuntary controlled by autonomic nervous system

voluntary Skeletal muscle controlled by (aka striped or somatic nervous striated muscle) system

Muscles & the Skeleton

Skeletal muscles cause the skeleton to move at joints They are attached to skeleton by tendons. Tendons transmit muscle force to the bone. Tendons are made of collagen fibres & are very strong & stiff

Antagonistic Muscle Action

Muscles are either contracted or relaxed When contracted the muscle exerts a pulling force, causing it to shorten Since muscles can only pull (not push), they work in pairs called antagonistic muscles The muscle that bends the joint is called the flexor muscle The muscle that straightens the joint is called the extensor muscle

Elbow Joint
The best known example of antagonistic muscles are the bicep & triceps muscles
E b l o w jo in tf e l x e d F e l x o r m u s c e l sc o n tr a c te d E x e t n s o rm u s c e l s r e a l x e d E b l o w jo in te x t e n d e d E x e t n s o rm u s c e l s c o n r t a c te d F e l x o r m u s c e l sr e a l x e d

S e c t io n t F e l x o r m u s c e l s H u m e r u s B o n e E x e t n s o r m u s c e l s

b c i e p s

tr c i e p s

Muscle Structure
A single muscle e.g. biceps contains approx 1000 muscle fibres. These fibres run the whole length of the muscle Muscle fibres are joined together at the tendons

Bicep Muscle

Muscle Structure
Each muscle fibre is actually a single muscle cell This cell is approx 100 m in diameter & a few cm long These giant cells have many nuclei Their cytoplasm is packed full of myofibrils These are bundles of protein filaments that cause contraction Sarcoplasm (muscle cytoplasm) also contains mitochondria to provide energy for contraction
n u c le i s t r ip e s m y o f ib r ils

Sarcomere = the basic contractile unit

Muscle Structure
The E.M shows that each myofibril is made up of repeating dark & light bands In the middle of the dark band is the M-line In the middle of the light band is the Z-line The repeating unit from one Z-line to the next is called the sarcomere

1 myofibril

a r k lig h t M Z d a n d sb a n d s lin e lin eb

1s a r c o m e r e

Muscle Structure
A very high resolution E.M reveals that each myofibril is made up of parallel filaments. There are 2 kinds of filament called thick & thin filaments. These 2 filaments are linked at intervals called cross bridges, which actually stick out from the thick filaments

T h ic k fila m e n t

T h in fila m e n t

C ro s s b rid g e s

The Thick Filament (Myosin)

Consists of the protein called myosin. A myosin molecule is shaped a bit like a golf club, but with 2 heads. The heads stick out to form the cross bridge Many of these myosin molecules stick together to form a thick filament
o n em y o s in m o le c u le m y o s inh e a d s ( c r o s sb r id g e s )

m y o s inta ils

Thin Filament (Actin)

The thin filament consists of a protein called actin. The thin filament also contains tropomyosin. This protein is involved in the control of muscle contraction

a c t i n m o n o m e r s

t r o p o m y o s i n

Sarcomere = the basic contractile unit

The Sarcomere
Z in l e T h c i kfi a l m e n ts (m y o s in ) M in l e T h nfil i a m e n ts (a c tin )

Z in l e

p ro te n i si n th eZl n i e

u js t th n i

o v e rl a pz o n e -b o th

u js t th c i k

m y o s n i p ro te b a rez o n e i nth eM

I Band = actin filaments

Anatomy of a Sarcomere
The thick filaments produce the dark A band. The thin filaments extend in each direction from the Z line. Where they do not overlap the thick filaments, they create the light I band. The H zone is that portion of the A band where the thick and thin filaments do not overlap. The entire array of thick and thin filaments between the Z lines is called a sarcomere

Sarcomere shortens when muscle contracts

Shortening of the sarcomeres in a myofibril produces the shortening of the myofibril And, in turn, of the muscle fibre of which it is a part

Mechanism of muscle contraction

r e a l x e d s a r c o m e r e R e l a x e d m u s c l e

C o n t r a c t e d m u s c l e

The above micrographs show that the sarcomere c o n t r a c t e d s a r c o m e r e gets shorter when the muscle contracts The light (I) bands become shorter The dark bands (A) bands stay the same length

The Sliding Filament Theory

So, when the muscle contracts, sarcomeres become smaller However the filaments do not change in length. Instead they slide past each other (overlap) So actin filaments slide between myosin filaments and the zone of overlap is larger

Repetition of the cycle

One ATP molecule is split by each cross bridge in each cycle. This takes only a few milliseconds During a contraction 1000s of cross bridges in each sarcomere go through this cycle. However the cross bridges are all out of synch, so there are always many cross bridges attached at any one time to maintain force.
http://199.17.138.73/berg/ANIMTNS/SlidFila.htm