1

SESSION 2
DIRECT LOADED
CONNECTIONS
PRYING FORCES
BOLT AND WELD
ECCENTRICITY
2
DIRECT LOADED TENSION
CONNECTION

Pn
5/16
2L 4 x 3 1/2 x 1/4 LLBB
5/8" PL
3
DIRECT LOADED TENSION
CONNECTION LIMIT STATES
Tension Yielding
Tension Fracture
Block Shear
Bearing
Bolt Fracture
Weld Fracture
Whitmore Section Considerations
4
Tension Yielding
Actually a member limit state.
P
n
= 0.9 F
y
A
g
For design
P
u
< P
n
F
y
P
u
5
Tension Fracture
P
n
= 0.75 F
u
A
e
F
u
= tensile strength
= 58 ksi for A36; 65 ksi for A992 & Gr50
A
e
= effective net area = U A
n
U = reduction or shear lag coefficient
A
n
= net area
6
Tension Fracture
Reduction or Shear Lag Coefficient
(LRFD Chapter B3)
U = 1 / L < 0.9 x
L
L
c.g.
+
7
Tension Fracture
A
n
= Net Area = A
g
A
h
+ Stagger
A
g
= gross area of cross-section
A
h
= area of hole
= (hole diameter + 1/16 in.) t
p
Stagger = (s
2
/4g)t
p
Note: A
n
< 0.85 A
g
for Tension Plates
(Rule does not apply to members)
8
Tension Fracture
Stagger Term = (s
2
/4g)t
p
g
s
P
u
g
g
P
u
9
Block Shear
Failure occurs when larger force reaches the
fracture strength.
Smaller force may be yield or fracture.
10
11
Block Shear
Section J4.3 Block Shear Rupture Strength
(1999 LRFD Specification)
When F
u
A
nt
> 0.6F
u
A
nv
:
P
n
= [0.6F
y
A
gv
+F
u
A
nt
] < [0.6F
u
A
nv
+F
u
A
nt
]
When F
u
A
nt
< 0.6F
u
A
nv
:
P
n
= [0.6F
u
A
nv
+F
y
A
gt
] < [0.6F
u
A
nv
+F
u
A
nt
]
= 0.75
12
Block Shear
P
n
= Ten. Fracture Opp. Yield
max Shear Fracture min Opp. Fracture
Tension Fracture = F
u
A
nt
Shear Fracture = 0.6F
u
A
nv
Tension Yield = F
y
A
gt
Shear Yield = 0.6F
y
A
gv
+
13
Block Shear
Example:
P
n
= Ten. Fracture Ten. Yield
max Shear Fracture min Ten. Fracture
= Shear Fracture + Tension Yield
P
n
= 0.75 P
n
+
14
Block Shear
Example: A
nt
= 0.781 in
2
A
gt
= 1.0 in
2
A
nv
= 2.53 in
2
A
gv
= 3.625 in
2
A36 Steel: F
y
= 36 ksi F
u
= 58 ksi
P
n
= 58x0.781=45.3 36x1.0=36.0
max 0.6x58x2.53=88.0 min 45.3
= 88.0 + 36.0 = 124.0 k
P
n
= 0.75x124.0 = 93.0k
(Note: See following example for area calculations)
+
15
Block Shear
Welded Connections
P
u
Shear Area
Tension Area
16
Whitmore Section
P
u
30
30
Critical
Section
17
Whitmore Section
18
Whitmore Section

Pn
30
30
19
LIGHT BRACING CONNECTION
Example. Determine P
n
. A36 Steel
3/4 in. A325-N Bolts
1
1
4
"
3"
3"
1
1
4
"
7"
5"
2"

Pn
5/16
5/8" PL
A
A
2L 4 x 3 1/2 x 1/4 LLBB
A
g
= 3.62 in.
x = x = 0.909 in.
2
Section A-A
20
Limit States:
Angles: 1. Tension Yield
2. Tension Fracture
3. Block Shear

P
n
1 2
3
1 2
3
21
Limit States:
Bolts: Shear Fracture
Bearing in Angles
Bearing in Gusset Plate
Gusset Plate: 1. Tension Yield
2. Tension Fracture
3. Block Shear
Weld: Weld Fracture
1, 2
1,2
3
22
Angle Yielding:
P
n
= 0.9 F
y
A
g
= 0.9 x 36 x 3.62 = 117.3k

P
n
2L 4 x 3 1/2 x LLBB
A
g
= 3.62 in.
2
23
Angle Fracture:
P
n
= 0.75 F
u
A
e
= 0.75 F
u
UA
n
A
n
= A
g
-A
h
= 3.62 (0.5) (3/4 + 1/16 + 1/16)
= 3.18 in
2
U = 1 - x/L= 1 0.909/6 = 0.849 < 0.9
P
n
= 0.75 x 58 x 0.849 x 3.18 = 117.4 k

P
n
2L 4 x 3 1/2 x LLBB
L
x = x = 0.909 in.
24
Angle Block Shear:
A
gv
= 0.5 x 7.25 = 3.625 in
2
A
nv
= 0.5 [7.25 - (2.5 x 7/8)] = 2.53 in
2
A
gt
= 0.5 x 2.0 = 1.0 in
2
A
nt
= 0.5 [2.0 (0.5 x 7/8)] = 0.781 in
2
4
3"
3"
2"

P
n
1
1
"
A
gv
, A
nv
A
gt
, A
nt
2L 4 x 3 1/2 x LLBB
25
P
n
= Ten. Rupture Opp. Yield
max Shear Rupture min Opp. Rupture
= 58x0.781 = 45.3 1.0x36 = 36.0
max 0.6x58x2.53 = 88.0 min 45.3
P
n
= 0.75 (88.0 + 36.0) = 93.0k
+
+
A , A
4
3"
3"
2"

P
n
1
1
"
gv nv
A
gt
, A
nt
2L 4 x 3 1/2 x LLBB
26
P
n
based on bolt shear and bearing
At each bolt: R
n
= lesser of:
r
v
based on bolt shear fracture
R
n
based on bearing in angles
R
n
based on bearing in gusset plate
P
n
= R
n
1
1
4
"
3"
3"
1
1
4
"
7"
5"
2"

P
n
5/16
2L 4 x 3 1/2 x 1/4 LLBB
A
g = 3.62 in.
x = x = 0.909 in.
2
5/8" PL
27
Bolt Fracture:
3 - in. A325-N Bolts in Double Shear
r
v
= 31.8 k (double shear) per bolt
(see Table 7-10: p7-33 LRFD)
1
1
4
"
3"
3"
1
1
4
"
7"
5"
2"

P
n
5/16
2L 4 x 3 1/2 x 1/4 LLBB
A
g
= 3.62 in.
x = x = 0.909 in.
2
5/8" PL
28
Angle Bearing
Hole Elongation: R
n
= 0.75x2.4F
u
td = 0.75(2.4 x 58) (0.5 x 3/4) = 39.2k
Tear Out:
Edge Bolt (left bolt): R
n
= 0.75x1.2F
u
L
c
t
= 0.75(1.2 x 58) (1.25 - 13/32) (0.5) = 22.0 k < 39.2 k
Other Bolts: R
n
= 0.75x1.2F
u
L
c
t = 0.75(1.2 x 58) (3.0 - 13/16) (0.5)
= 57 k > 39.2 k

P
n
2L 4 x 3 1/2 x LLBB
L
c
L
c
29
Gusset Plate Bearing
Hole Elongation: R
n
= 0.75x2.4F
u
td = 0.75(2.4 x 58) (0.5 x 5/8) = 49.0 k
Tear Out:
Edge Bolt (right bolt): R
n
= 0.75x1.2F
u
L
c
t
= 0.75(1.2 x 58) (1.25 - 13/32) (0.625) = 27.5 k < 49.0 k
Other Bolts: R
n
= 0.75x1.2F
u
L
c
t = 0.75(1.2 x 58) (3.0 - 13/16) (0.5)
= 71.3 k > 49.0 k
1
1
4
"
3"
3"
1
1
4
"
7"
5"
2"

P
n
5/16
2L 4 x 3 1/2 x 1/4 LLBB
A
g
= 3.62 in.
x = x = 0.909 in.
2
5/8" PL
30
P
n
based on bolt shear and bearing
At each bolt: R
n
= lesser of:
r
v
based on bolt shear fracture
R
n
based on bearing in angles
R
n
based on bearing in gusset plate
P
n
= R
n
1
1
4
"
3"
3"
1
1
4
"
7"
5"
2"

P
n
5/16
2L 4 x 3 1/2 x 1/4 LLBB
A
g = 3.62 in.
x = x = 0.909 in.
2
5/8" PL
31
P
n
based on bolt shear and bearing
Left bolt: R
n
= 22.0 k (angle bearing)
Center bolt: R
n
= 31.8 k (bolt shear)
Right bolt: R
n
= 27.5 k (gusset plate bearing)
P
n
= R
n
= 22.0 + 31.8 + 27.5 = 81.3 k
1
1
4
"
3"
3"
1
1
4
"
7"
5"
2"

T
n
5/16
2L 4 x 3 1/2 x 1/4 LLBB
A
g = 3.62 in.
x = x = 0.909 in.
2
5/8" PL
32
Plate Yielding at Whitmore Section:
A
g
= 0.625 x 6.48 = 4.05 in
2
P
n
= 0.9 F
y
A
g
=(0.9 x 36) (4.05) =131.2k
5/8 in. Plate

P
n
30
30
6.48 in.
33
Plate Fracture at Whitmore Section:
A
e
= UA
n
! !! !U = 1.0 for plates (shear lag in plate accounted
for by Whitmore Section)
A
n
= (6.48 0.875)(0.625)
= 3.50 in
2
P
n
= 0.75 F
u
A
e
= (0.75 x 58) (1.0 x 3.50) = 152.3 k
5/8 in. Plate

P
n
30
30
6.48 in.
34
Plate Block Shear:
Block shear in gusset plate does not control
by inspection
(shear and tension areas in gusset plate are larger
than in angles)
P
n
35
Weld Fracture:
P
n
=1.392 D L
weld
= 1.392 (5) 2x7.0 = 97.4 k
30
30

P
n
7"
5/16
36
Connection P
n
= 81.3 k
(controlled by bolt shear & bearing)
1
1
4
"
3"
3"
1
1
4
"
7"
5"
2"

P
n
5/16
2L 4 x 3 1/2 x 1/4 LLBB
A
g
= 3.62 in.
x = x = 0.909 in.
2
5/8" PL
37
Bolted Hanger Connections
38
Bolted Hanger Connections
New Limit States
h hh hTee Flange Bending
h hh hBolt Tension including Prying Force
39
Bolted Hanger Connections
Stages of Flange Plate Behavior
No Prying
Maximum
Prying
r
u
+q
u
2r
u
r
u
r
u
r
u
+q
u
q
u
q
u
2r
u
r
u
+q
u
r
u
+q
u
q
u
q
u
2r
u
40
Flange Bending
q
u
= prying force
= applied force per
bolt line
41
Flange Bending
M
u1
< M
p
No Hinges
No Prying Force,
q
u
= 0
42
Flange Bending
M
u1
= M
p
M
u2
< M
p
One Hinge
q
u
> 0
43
Flange Bending
M
u1
and M
u2
= M
p
Two Hinges
q
u
= max.
44
Flange Bending
d
b
= bolt diameter
a < 1.25 b in calcs
a = a + d
b
/2
b = b d
b
/2
=b /a
45
Required Plate Thickness
With no prying action:
Solving for t
reqd
:
r
ut
= factored force per bolt
p = length of hanger per bolt line
y
ut
y
ut
d req'
F p
b' r 4.44
F p 9 . 0
b' r 4
t
' b r
4
t p
F 9 . 0 M
ut
2
y Flange p
> >> >
46
Required Plate Thickness
With prying action:
r
ut
= factored force per bolt
p = length of hanger per bolt line
= 1- d
h
/ p
d
h
= diameter of bolt hole
( (( ( ) )) ) ' 1 F p
b' r 4.44
t
y
ut
d ' req
+ ++ +

47
Required Plate Thickness
: If = ( r
n
/r
ut
-1)/ > 1.0
then = 1.0
Otherwise
= [ / (1- ) ] /
min 1.0
48
Bolt Force
B = r
ut
+ q
u
= applied force + prying force

t
t
p r q
2
c
n u
1 11 1
1 11 1
] ]] ]
1 11 1






, ,, ,
_ __ _





0 1 -
t
t

r
r

1

2
c
n
ut
> >> >
1 11 1
1 11 1
] ]] ]
1 11 1





, ,, ,
_ __ _





y
n
c
F p
b' r 4.44
Thickness Prying No t


49
Bolts: Eccentric Connections
P
u
=
+
P
u
M
u
= P
u
e
Elastic Method
50
Bolts: Eccentric Connections
c.g.
I.C.
l
o
P
u
e
I.C.
l
r

m
a
x
P
u
r
u max
c.g.
l
o
e
Instantaneous Center of Rotation Method
51
Table 7-18
52
Example: Determine P
n
P
n
= C (from Table 7-18) x r
v
From Table 8-19 with
e = 8 in. and n=4
C = 2.93
r
v
= F
v
A
b
= 15.9 k/bolt
P
n
= 2.93 x 15.9 = 46.6 k

P
n
e = 8"
s = 3"
s = 3"
s = 3"
3"
3/4"
A325-N
Bolts
53
Table 7-18
54
Welds: Eccentric Connections
P
u
c.g. c.g.
+ =
P
u
M
u
= P
u
e
Elastic Method
55
Welds: Eccentric Connections
P
u
c.g. I.C.
e
l
o
I.C.
P
u
l
r

m
a
x
r
u max
c
.
g
.
l
o
e
Instantaneous Center of Rotation Method
56
Table 8-9
57
Example: Determine P
n
P
n
8"
6" 8"
E70XX
5/16
E70XX
5/16
L = 8"
c.g.
xL
kL
e
x
= aL P
n
58
Example: Determine P
n
kL = 6 in. k = 6 /8 = 0.75
Using Table 8-9: x = 0.225
xL = 0.225 x 8 = 1.8 in. (location of c.g.)

Pn
8"
6" 8"
E70XX
5/16
E70XX
5/16
L = 8"

Pn
c.g.
xL
kL
e
x
= aL
59
Table 8-9
60
Example: Determine P
n
With e
x
= aL
a = (6.0+8.0-1.8)/8.0 = 1.53
Using Table 8-9: C = 1.19
D = 5 (since 5/16 weld)
C
1
= 1.0 (since E70 weld)
P
n
= C C
1
D L = 1.19 x 1.0 x 5 x 8.0
= 47.6 k
61
T
k
k
k1
62
AISC ADVISORY
February 14, 2001
Example: W14x22
k
design
= 0.735 in.
k
detailing
= 1 1/16 in.
The limit state dictates which value is used
in design.
63
HANGER CONNECTION
EXAMPLE
Determine if the hanger connection shown
on the next slide is adequate if:
P
u
= 80 k.
A992 Steel
in. A325 Bolts
64
= 80 kips
= 8.0 in.
x 8 in.
65
Connection Limit States
Tee: Flange Bending, Shear Yielding, Shear Fracture
Tension Yielding of the Stem, Block Shear
Bolts: Tension Fracture including Prying
Beam: Flange Bending
66
Needed Properties
W24x94 t
f
= 0.875 in. A992 F
y
= 50 ksi
WT8x28.5 b
f
= 7.12 in. F
u
= 65 ksi
t
f
= 0.715 in.
t
w
= 0.430in.
3/4 in. A325 Bolts
r
n
= F
t
A
b
(F
t
from Table J3.2)
= 0.75 x 90 x 0.4418 = 29.8k
67
Calculated Properties
p = flange width/bolt = 8.0/ 2 = 4.0 in.
b = (g - t
w
)/2 = (4 0.430)/2 = 1.79 in.
a = (b
f
g)/2 = (7.12 4)/2 = 1.56 in. < 1.25b
b = b d
b
/2 = 1.79 0.75/2 = 1.42 in.
a = a + d
b
/2 = 1.56 + 0.75/2 = 1.94 in.
= b / a = 1.42 /1.94 = 0.732
= 1 d
h
/p = 1 (13/16)/4 = 0.797
68
Required Flange Thickness
:
r
u
= 80 /4 = 20 k
= ( r
n
/r
ut
-1)/ = (29.8 / 20 1) / 0.732
= 0.669 < 1.0
Therefore,
= [ / (1- ) ] /
= [0.669/(1-0.669)]/0.797 = 2.54
min 1.0
= 1.0
69
Required Flange Thickness
= 0.592 in. < 0.715 in for the WT8x28.5
< 0.875 in for the W24x94
( (( ( ) )) ) 1.0 797 . 0 1 50 4.0
1.42 20.0 4.44
+ ++ +


( (( ( ) )) ) ' 1 F p
b' r 4.44
t
y
ut
req
+ ++ +

70
Check Bolt Strength
B
u
= r
ut
+ q
u
= applied force + prying force < r
n
With
0
t
t
p r q
2
c
n u
> >> >
1 11 1
1 11 1
] ]] ]
1 11 1






, ,, ,
_ __ _





71
Check Bolt Strength
= 0.969 in.
50 4
1.42 29.8 4.44

F p
b' r 4.44
t
y
n
c





1 11 1
1 11 1
] ]] ]
1 11 1





, ,, ,
_ __ _




1 11 1
1 11 1
] ]] ]
1 11 1





, ,, ,
_ __ _




1 -
0.715
0.969

8 . 29
20.0

0.797
1
1 -
t
t

r
r

1

2 2
c
n
ut
= 0.292 > 0
72
Check Bolt Strength Cont.
= 2.76 k/bolt
B
u
= r
ut
+ q
u
= 20 + 2.76 = 22.8k < r
n
= 29.8k

t
t
p r q
2
c
n u
1 11 1
1 11 1
] ]] ]
1 11 1






, ,, ,
_ __ _






0.969
0.715
2x0.732 0.797x0.29 8 . 29
2
1 11 1
1 11 1
] ]] ]
1 11 1





, ,, ,
_ __ _




73
Stem Yielding:Whitmore Section
L
cr
= 3 + 2 x 4 x tan 30
o
= 7.62 in. < 8 in.
T
n
= 0.9F
y
A
stem
= (0.9 x 50)(0.430 x 7.62)
= 147 k > 80 k (Fracture will not control)
T
u
30
30
Critical
Section
4 in.
2L3x3x5/16
74
Tee Flange Yielding and Fracture
Shear Yielding of Flange:
t
f
= 0.715 in.
R
n
= 0.9(0.6F
y
)A
gv
= 0.9 (0.6 x 50) (2 x 8.0 x 0.715)
= 309 k > 80 k
75
Tee Flange Yielding and Fracture
Shear Fracture of Flange:
t
f
= 0.715 in.
R
n
= 0.75(0.6F
u
)A
nv
= 0.75 (0.6x65) (2) (8.02x0.875) (0.715)
= 261 k > 80 k
76
Hanger Connection
The Connection is Adequate
= 80 k
= 8 in.