User Manual
P.O. Box 2114, Richmond South, Vic., 3121 Australia Tel.:(03) 9427 1085 Intl. +613 9427 1085 Fax:(03) 9428 1197 Intl. +613 9428 1197 Email: mincad@mincad.com.au Web: http://www.mincad.com.au
Contents
Summary CIRCLY End User Licence Agreement Introduction 3 5 7
Overview ........................................................................................................................................7 Special Features for Pavement Engineering .................................................................................8 Cumulative Damage Concept ..............................................................................................8 Material performance ...........................................................................................................9 Traffic and Loading ............................................................................................................10 Wheel Loadings .................................................................................................................10 Automatic thickness design ...............................................................................................10 ESA Multipliers...................................................................................................................10 Methods for handling Damage Pulses...............................................................................10
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Introduction...................................................................................................................................11 Creating, Opening and Saving Files ............................................................................................12 Creating and Editing Input Data ...................................................................................................12 Database Approach ...........................................................................................................13 Running CIRCLY32 Analysis and Plotting Results ......................................................................13 Run Analysis ......................................................................................................................13 Plot Results ........................................................................................................................13 Options .........................................................................................................................................13
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Overview ......................................................................................................................................15 Support of Austroads 2004 Pavement Design Guide ..................................................................15 New "built-in" Graphics Engine ....................................................................................................16 Cost Calculation ...........................................................................................................................18 Automatic Parametric Analysis ....................................................................................................19
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Getting Started: Assembling and Running a Job .........................................................................21 Global Coordinate System ...........................................................................................................28
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Overview ......................................................................................................................................31 Damage Calculation Details.........................................................................................................31 Thickness Design Capability ........................................................................................................33 Calculate Selected Results at User-defined z-Values .................................................................34
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Contents
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Cost Calculation ...........................................................................................................................37 Calculation of Total Cost....................................................................................................37 Material Costs ....................................................................................................................38 Automatic Parametric Analysis ....................................................................................................39 ExampleCost Optimization .......................................................................................................41
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Introduction...................................................................................................................................47 Units ...................................................................................................................................47 Sign Convention.................................................................................................................48 Overview of Database Approach .......................................................................................49 The "Layered System" and "Materials" Databases ......................................................................50 Overview of Layered System and Material Properties ......................................................50 Cross-anisotropy and isotropy in road pavement materials ..............................................51 Creating a new Layered System........................................................................................52 Defining the Layer properties.............................................................................................53 Duplicating a Layered System ...........................................................................................54 Adding a new Elastic Material............................................................................................55 Adding a new Performance Criterion.................................................................................57 Adding a new Material Type ..............................................................................................59 The "Loads" and "Traffic Spectrum" Databases ..........................................................................60 Introduction ........................................................................................................................60 Adding a new Traffic Spectrum..........................................................................................60 Duplicating a Traffic Spectrum...........................................................................................61 Coordinate System for Loads ............................................................................................62 Adding a new Load Group (i.e., a Vehicle or Axle Group).................................................63 Defining Load Locations (i.e., Wheel positions).................................................................65 Important Note about Axle Locations.................................................................................65 Important Note about Damage Pulses...............................................................................67 Coordinates for Results................................................................................................................69
71 73
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Modelling the Standard Axle ..............................................................................................79 How to Use Project Reliability............................................................................................80 Changes to Materials .........................................................................................................81 Austroads 2004 Examples .................................................................................................82 References ...................................................................................................................................83
Summary
CIRCLY software is for the mechanistic analysis and design of road pavements. CIRCLY uses state-of-the-art material properties and performance models and is continuously being developed and extended. The first mainframe version of CIRCLY was released in 1977 and the current Windows version is Version 5. It is an integral component of the Austroads Pavement Design Guide (Austroads, 1992, 2004) that is widely used in Australia and New Zealand. The system calculates the cumulative damage induced by a traffic spectrum consisting of any combination of user-specified vehicle types and load configurations. As well as using the usual 'equivalent' single wheel and axle load approximations, optionally the contribution of each vehicle/load configuration can be explicitly analysed. Other geotechnical applications, such as foundation engineering and settlement analysis, can also be analysed using CIRCLY. A Parametric Analysis feature can loop through a range of thicknesses for one or two layers, while simultaneously designing the thickness of another layer. This feature will optimise up to three layers. Combining this with a Cost Analysis feature, allows for fine-tuning of layer thicknesses to minimize construction and maintenance costs. CIRCLY has many other powerful features, including selection of: cross-anisotropic and isotropic material properties; fully continuous (rough) or fully frictionless (smooth) layer interfaces; a comprehensive range of load types, including vertical, horizontal, torsional, etc.; non-uniform surface contact stress distributions; and automatic sub-layering of unbound granular materials.
(c) Whilst CIRCLY may be used by persons without a detailed knowledge of computers, CIRCLY is designed to be used by persons who have a detailed knowledge of, without limitation: (i) the applicable engineering standards for paving and concrete; and (ii) All appropriate legislation and other relevant instruments, including, without limitation the relevant industry recognised engineering design guides; (d) It shall manually check all results provided by CIRCLY for any anomalies; and (e) It shall obtain professional advice in relation to all results provided by CIRCLY. 22.2 CIRCLY is licensed on the basis set out in this Agreement on the understanding that to the extent permitted by law Mincad Systems is not responsible for the results of any actions taken, either by Customer or a third party relying on figures supplied or not supplied by CIRCLY. 23. Indemnity Customer warrants that any materials supplied to Mincad Systems by Customer do not infringe Intellectual Property Right of any person. To the extent permitted by law, Customer shall fully indemnify and keep indemnified Mincad Systems, its officers, employees and agents, against any loss, costs, expenses, demands, taxes or liability whether direct or indirect arising out of: (a) use of CIRCLY; (b) a breach of this agreement by Customer; or (c) any wilful, unlawful or negligent act or omission of Customer.
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
Overview
CIRCLY is a powerful package that analyses a comprehensive range of load types acting on layered elastic systems. CIRCLY has special features for the convenient mechanistic analysis and design of pavements using state-of-the-art material properties and performance models. CIRCLY is an integral component of the Austroads Pavement Design Guide (Austroads 1992, 2004) that is widely used in Australia and New Zealand. The system calculates the cumulative damage induced by a traffic spectrum consisting of any combination of vehicle types and load configurations. Because the contribution of each vehicle/load configuration can be explicitly considered, it is not necessary to approximate multi-wheel configurations by equivalent single loads. CIRCLY can also be used for other geotechnical applications such as foundation engineering and settlement analysis. CIRCLY has a user-friendly menu-driven interface that runs under Microsoft Windows. Databases are used for material properties and loadings, thus eliminating the need to constantly re-key information. Typical runs take less than a second on Pentium PCs. Results can be obtained in tabular form or as report-quality plots on any printer or plotter supported by Microsoft Windows. Results can be easily exported to other application packages such as spreadsheets for further processing. In many soil and rock engineering problems, loads are applied to the horizontal, or near horizontal, surface of natural or man-made stratified deposits. CIRCLY calculates the stresses, strains and displacements that are developed in these systems, permitting the rational assessment of ultimate stability and the behaviour under working loads. As well as the usual isotropic properties, cross-anisotropic material properties can also be considered. A cross-anisotropic material is assumed to have a vertical axis of symmetry. Anisotropies of this type have been observed in soil and rock deposits due to processes involved in their formation. The interfaces between the layers can be either fully continuous (rough) or fully frictionless (smooth), or a combination of both types. In practice, loads may be applied to soil or rock pavement layers in the form of vertical wheel loads, horizontal wheel loads due to traction and braking, torsional wheel loads due to cornering, and the "gripping" load developed by pneumatic tyres on pavements. In addition, foundation loads on footings, piers and rafts may be applied as vertical forces, horizontal forces, moments about horizontal axes or contact stresses due to foundation roughness. The program allows all of these load types to be simulated for a circular loaded shape. CIRCLY can also model non-uniform contact stress distributions. CIRCLY is based on integral transform techniques and offers significant advantages over other linear elastic analysis techniques, such as the finite element method. Input data for the program is much simpler than that required for most finite element programs. For most problems the program uses less computer time than a finite element program.
This Australian designed system has been developed by the Melbourne company, MINCAD Systems. It has been in regular use in Australia and worldwide for more than two decades, proving its worth in thousands of design applications. CIRCLY had its genesis in software developed at CSIRO for relatively simple loading cases (Harrison, Wardle and Gerrard 1972). CIRCLY was first released in 1977 and handled polynomial type radial variations in contact stress and multiple loads which provide a much closer representation of the actual loading conditions (Wardle 1977). CIRCLY was commercialised in 1988 by MINCAD Systems. A limited release of the first Windows version (Version 2.4) was made in early 1996. Version 3.0 was released in late 1996 and included many improvements, including a major re-write of the integration algorithms and automatic sub-layer generation for granular materials. Version 4.0 was released in early 1999 and extended the software to include an automatic thickness design capability. Version 4.1 was released in early 2003. Version 5.0 was released in early 2004. For an overview of the new features of Version 5.0 see What's New in Version 5.0 (see "Overview" on page 15)
Cumulative Damage =
ni Ni
The system is presumed to have reached its design life when the cumulative damage reaches 1.0. If the cumulative damage is less than 1.0 the system has excess capacity and the cumulative damage represents the proportion of life consumed. If the cumulative damage is greater than 1.0 the system is predicted to fail before all of the design traffic has been applied. The procedure takes account of: the design repetitions of each vehicle/load condition; and the material performance properties used in the design model. This approach allows analyses to be conducted by directly using a mix of vehicle or axle types. It is not necessary to approximate passes of different vehicles or axles to passes of an equivalent standard load.
Chapter 1 Introduction
The current version of the software uses the cumulative damage concept to sum the damage from multiple vehicle/load cases for one set of layered system material properties. The figure below is a sample cumulative damage plot produced by CIRCLY. CIRCLY generates a file that can be read by most spreadsheet and technical graphics programs.
Material performance
Generally most performance models may be represented graphically by a plot of tolerable strain versus load repetitions (generally by a straight line of 'best fit' on a log-log plot). CIRCLY represents models in the form:
k N =
where N k b
is the predicted life (repetitions) is a material constant is the damage exponent of the material is the induced strain (dimensionless strain)
Log-log relationships can be readily converted to the above form. CIRCLY is supplied with a comprehensive range of published performance models. You can use your own performance equations by specifying values for k and b and the particular component to be used, for example vertical strain, vertical deflection, maximum tensile strain, etc.
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Wheel Loadings
The load on each wheel is defined by tyre contact radius and contact pressure (generally assumed to be the tyre inflation pressure). Although the loads are usually vertical, CIRCLY can compute results from non-vertical loads such as braking and cornering loads.
ESA Multipliers
For design methods such as Austroads that use an equivalent standard wheel approach, the traffic expressed in ESAs must be multiplied by a factor that depends on each material type. You can specify these multipliers (e.g. 1.1, 10) for each material type. For further details see Damage Calculation Details (on page 31).
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CHAPTER 2
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All the other files are generated automatically by the system: Jobname.cli Jobname.clo Jobname.prn Jobname.dam Jobname.dmx CIRCLY32 input data file CIRCLY32 'printable' results file CIRCLY32 raw results file (i.e., strains, etc.) CIRCLY32 cumulative damage results file (for plotting) CIRCLY32 results summary file (damage factors and critical strains)
All of these files are text files that can be opened by standard text editors. Three icons on the toolbar allow you to create, open and save job files. Icon Description Closes the current job, prompting you to save any changes; then creates a new job. Closes the current job, prompting you to save any changes; then opens an existing job. Updates the current job file. You can also save your job under a different name by clicking on the File Menu, then clicking Save As.
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Database Approach
Some of the input data items are entered using very simple input forms. Most of the input data is handled using a relational database approach. This is designed to eliminate re-entry of data for design loads and material properties. You can tailor each of the databases to contain specific sets of regularly used data. The relational database approach gives maximum flexibility in data preparation. For example, the data for a commonly used material need only be entered into the system once. If this data is subsequently modified, all Layered systems that use that material and subsequently all Jobs that use those layered systems will automatically access the modified material properties.
Plot Results
Usually, this command will produce a graph of the damage contribution from each vehicle type and the overall total (damage contribution from all the traffic). Alternatively, as an option you can produce a graph of a selected displacement, stress or strain component at your chosen Z-values (i.e., vertical distances/depths below the surface of the pavement) and results can be plotted for a selected displacement, stress or strain component.
Options
The Options screen allows specification of the following directory: location for all data files (Defaults to the same directory that CIRCLY has been installed.)
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CHAPTER 3
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You can choose a graph for a different layer (without re-analysing the system):
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You can customize the graph via the context-sensitive graph menu that drops down when you right click with the mouse pointer anywhere on the graph. Click on Customization Dialog to customize the graph:
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This lets you customize many of the graph parameters such as Minimum and Maximum axis values, etc.
Cost Calculation
The unit costs for the materials laid and constructed in the layers can be specified using a combination of both a volumetric (or weight) component and an areal component. The areal component lets you take account of costs that are primarily a function of area, such as surface treatments, subgrade stabilization and the like. The areal component can also be used in circumstances where the relationship between total layer cost and thickness has a non-zero component for zero thickness.
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CHAPTER 4
Click on the
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Enter your Job Name and Job Title (this is used on the graphs). 2. Select Traffic Spectrum button.
Click on the
Click on the Spectrum tab. This will bring up the list of available Traffic Spectra:
If you have not already selected a spectrum the blue highlight will be positioned on the first entry. Select Austroads 2004 - Example 1 - Unbound Granular Pavement by moving the mouse pointer to this line and then clicking on it. 3. Specify Layered System button.
Click on the
Click on the Layered System tab. This will bring up the list of available Layered Systems:
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If you have not already selected a Layered System, the blue highlight will be positioned on the first entry. Select Austroads 2004 - Example 1 - Unbound Granular Pavement by moving the mouse pointer to this line and then clicking on it. 4. Specify Coordinates for Results button.
Click on the
This screen has fields for specifying the locations for which results are to be computed. Two alternative formats are available for specifying the points to be used for results calculation: An array of equally spaced points along a line parallel to the X-axis A grid of points with uniform spacing in both the X-direction and the Y-direction Enter the data as shown below.
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The data entered as above will create a line along the X-axis from (0,0) to (165,0) at intervals of 165 mm. To comply with the Austroads Guide, the dimensions are in millimetres (see Units (on page 47) for further details). The sub-section Assumed number of damage pulses per movement is dealt with later in Important Note about Damage Pulses (on page 67). 5 Run the CIRCLY32 analysis button. This invokes the CIRCLY32 analysis.
Click on the
When the CIRCLY32 analysis starts you may see a blue "progress bar" at the bottom left corner of the screen. Analyses typically take about a second on a Pentium PC. When the CIRCLY32 analysis is complete the results for the damage factor (CDF) will be transferred to the top table on the screen, as shown below.
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6.
Plot the Results button. This will generate a graph of the results:
Click on the
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You can print a copy of the chart by clicking on the Print icon
on the toolbar.
You can also copy the graph to the clipboard and then paste into another application such as Microsoft Word or Powerpoint. You do this via the context-sensitive graph menu that drops down when you right click with the mouse pointer anywhere on the graph:
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Then click on 'Export Dialog'. The 'Export Dialog' lets you export to a variety of formats, but for most purposes select 'Metafile' to ensure that the graphics are scalable.
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Figure 1: Global Coordinate System The Z-axis is vertically downwards with Z = 0 on the pavement surface. Two alternative formats are available for specifying the points to be used for results calculation: An array of equally spaced points along a line parallel to the X-axis; A grid of points with uniform spacing in both the X-direction and the Y-direction.
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Direction of Travel
Xmin
Xdel
Ymax
Ydel
Ymin X
Xmin
Xdel
Direction of Travel
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CHAPTER 5
32
Two alternative calculation options are available: Calculate damage factors (CDF); Calculate selected results at user-defined Z-values (see Calculate Selected Results at User-defined Z-Values (on page 34)).
When operating in 'calculate damage factors' mode, the key features on the screen (the numbers refer to the screenshot above) are: This table is a summary of the layered system including material titles and current thicknesses. Also the current Cumulative Damage Factors (CDFs) will be shown if the problem has been run previously. The current thickness of any layer can be changed from this screen. This table is a summary of the properties for those layers that have a performance criterion. Here the Traffic Multipliers are multipliers that are used in Equivalent Single Axle (ESA) calculations (as described in the Austroads Pavement Design Guide, 1992, Section 7.5). These multipliers are necessary to take account of the material type and the actual traffic mix. The multipliers are simply used to increase the ESA count (in the 'Movements' field) that is specified in the Traffic Spectrum screen.
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1 2
Here a tick ( ) denotes that the layer will be included in the maximum damage factor calculation. The tick-box can be toggled on and off by clicking on it.
1 2
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Minimum and maximum thicknesses can be specified for each layer, or these fields can be left blank, so that no constraints are applied. If a specified maximum or minimum thickness limit prevents attainment of a CDF of 1.0, the CDF for the thickness limit will be computed.
2 3 4 5
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This option is invoked by clicking the button that is labelled 'Calculate selected results at user-defined Z-values'. You can choose the component that is to be plotted by first clicking on the 'Component type' tab. You can then define the component type (e.g. displacement, strain etc.) by clicking on the down arrow on the right hand side of the 'component type' combo box. This will invoke this drop down list:
1 2
Click on the component type that you wish to use. The actual component (e.g., vertical, etc.) is specified by clicking on the down arrow on the right hand side of the 'Component' combo box. A drop down list of alternatives will appear:
Now you can define the Z-values. Each Z-value is added by clicking the New button
6 . You can delete any entry by clicking on it and then clicking the Delete button.
When a Z-value coincides with the interface between two layers, you can specify which side of the interface is to be used (i.e. above the interface, or below the interface).
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CHAPTER 6
Total Cost
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Material Costs
The unit costs for the layers can be specified using a combination of both a volumetric (or weight) component and an areal component. The areal component lets you take account of costs that are primarily a function of area such as surface treatments, subgrade stabilization, etc. The areal component can also be used in circumstances where the relationship between total layer cost and thickness has a non-zero component for zero thickness.
The Total Cost for a given layer is calculated as follows: Total Cost (layer no. i) ($/m2) = Unit Volumetric Cost (layer no. i) ($/m3) x Thickness (layer no. i) (mm) + Unit Areal Cost (layer no. i) ($/m2) The Unit Volumetric Cost can be defined in terms of: 1 Cost/Volume, or 2 Cost/Weight and the density of the material (Weight/Volume).
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1 Click to switch on Parametric Analysis. This will bring up the following form:
1 2 3 4
1 This combo box lets you specify the number of Independent Variables (i.e. the number of Layers for which you are varying the thickness):
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3 This lets you choose which layer (thickness) is to be used as the first Independent Variable. 4 Here you specify the range of thicknesses to be used for that layer:
The thickness will range from T1minimum to T1maximum in steps of T1step. To use two Independent Variables, click the combo box ( 1 on the screenshot below).
2 3 4
2 This section gives the additional details for the second Independent Variable 3 Here you specify which layer (thickness) is to be used as the second Independent Variable 4 Here you specify the range of thicknesses to be used for that layer:
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ExampleCost Optimization
In this example you will use the Automatic Parametric Analysis feature to automatically loop through a range of thicknesses for one layer (Layer 2) and to determine which thickness has the minimum Total Cost. For each Layer 2 thickness, you will get CIRCLY to automatically design the thickness of Layer 3.
Thickness T1 = 40 mm
Asphalt: Size 14, Type H Asphalt: Size 20, Type T
T2 = ?
$288 / m3
T3 = ?
$50 / m3
Subgrade, CBR = 3
Step 1.
Open the sample file "Economic Analysis - Pavement Option B2".
Step 2.
1 2
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1 Make sure the Calculate Cost check-box is ticked. 2 Click the Parametric Analysis check-box. This will bring up the following form:
1 2 3 4
1 This combo box lets you specify the number of Independent Variables (i.e. the number of Layers for which you are varying the thickness).
For this example you will use the default, One Independent Variable.
2 This section gives the details of the Independent Variable, the thickness of Layer 2. 3 This lets you choose which layer (thickness) is to be used as the first Independent Variable.
For this example change this to "2". (as you are varying the thickness of Layer 2).
4 Here you specify the range of thicknesses to be used for Layer 2:
For this example, you will let Layer 2 vary in thickness from 160 mm to 230 mm in steps of 10 mm. Enter the following values: Minimum: 160, Maximum: 230, Step: 10.
Step 3.
Now set the automatic thickness design feature to Layer 3.
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1 Click the check-box labelled 'Design thickness of layer highlighted below'. 2 Click anywhere on the Layer 3 row.
Click in the "Minimum Thickness" cell on this row and enter 100 (mm).
Now click on
This plot shows the Minimum Total Cost condition for Layer 2 thickness is 220 mm (to a resolution of 10 mm).
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Select CDF (Select Layer =>). Click on the Layer combo box. Select Size 20 Type T - 40km/h (This is Layer No. 2)
Step 6- Plot the Layer 3 thickness (Design Layer) vs. Layer 2 thickness.
Click on the Parameter combo box.
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Comments on these results. If the Layer 2 thickness is 160 mm or less, the "designed" thickness of Layer 3 exceeds 5000 mm. Therefore a Layer 2 thickness of less than 160 is not viable if supported by the Layer 3 material. If the Layer 2 thickness is 220 mm, the Layer 3 thickness is 100 mm, because of the Minimum Thickness constraint and because the CDF is 0.91. If there was no Minimum Thickness constraint, the Layer 3 thickness would be 39.6 mm. This would be inconsistent with the Austroads (1992) sub-layering requirement that the minimum thickness of a sub-layer is 50 mm.
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CHAPTER 7
This system of units is consistent with the Austroads Pavement Design Guide and has been used for all the data files provided with CIRCLY. These units must be used for all Austroads applications involving sub-layering of granular materials. Other compatible systems of units can be used as shown in the following table, as long as sub-layering of granular materials is not used. Output stresses will have the same units as used to define the loading stresses and the elastic moduli; the strains are dimensionless and the displacements will have the same units as the load dimension and the layer thicknesses.
Metric* mm MPa
Metric m kPa
Metric m MPa
Imperial ft lb/ft2
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N N.mm mm/mm
kN kN.m m/m
MN MN.m m/m
*This system of units must be used for Austroads applications involving sub-layering of granular materials.
Sign Convention
Compressive direct stresses and strains are considered to be positive. Positive shear stresses are defined on the basis that both the stress and strain tensors obey the right hand rule. Displacements in negative coordinate directions are considered to be positive. Hence a load causing a positive stress acts in the positive coordinate direction. The sign conventions used in the rectangular coordinate system and cylindrical local coordinate system are illustrated below.
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Figure 5: Relationships between elements in Layered System databases A similar hierarchy applies for the Traffic database. Each load group referenced by the Traffic Spectrum is linked to a record in the Load Group data. A consequence of the relational database approach is that data should generally be prepared from the 'bottom up'. This means that: Elastic Materials Properties data must be entered before the Layered System Components data; Load Group data must be entered before the Traffic Spectrum Components data. To create a new layered system, these steps must be followed: 1 Create any materials that are not already in the Elastic Materials database;
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3 Define each of the Materials and thicknesses for each of the Layers using the Layered System Components database. Worked examples in the following sections show how you can create new data.
Layer No. NL
Semi-infinite base
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The moduli and Poisson's ratios are related by the following equation: vh/Ev = hv/Eh The condition that the strain energy must be positive imposes restrictions on the values of the elastic constants: Eh > 0 1 > h > -1 Ev > 0 f>0 1-h-2hvvh > 0
For isotropic materials the restrictions become: E>0 0.5 > > -1.0
To be able to model a cross-anisotropic material you need to specify five constants: the vertical Elastic modulus (Ev), the horizontal Elastic modulus (Eh), the Poissons ratio (vh), the Poissons ratio (h) and the Shear modulus (f). Data values for all five constants are rarely available.
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The Austroads Pavement Design Guide uses the following simplifications to model subgrade and unbound granular materials: Eh = 0.5 Ev vh = h = f = Ev/(1+) In this case, the material is defined simply by the vertical Elastic modulus, Ev, and a single Poisson's ratio, . For isotropic materials, only the Elastic modulus and Poissons ratio need to be entered, as they are assumed to be the same in all directions.
Click on the Layered System tab. Click on the New button. A dialog box will appear as shown below. You should now type in your ID (index) field of up to 10 characters and a descriptive title (up to 72 characters). For this example you can type in 'MyLayers' as the ID and 'Example of creating a new Layered System' as the Title. Click the OK button.
Now you can define the details of the layers in your layered system.
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A list of available materials will now appear. Select the required material by clicking on the appropriate line, then click on the OK button. A new record will be added at the bottom of the table and the cursor will be positioned in the Thickness column. Enter the layer thickness. You repeat this process to add as many layers as you require. The subgrade will extend to an infinite depth if you enter the thickness as 0.0. As explained in Overview of Layered System and Material Properties (on page 50), interfaces between the layers can be either fully continuous (rough) or fully frictionless (smooth), or a combination of both types. You can specify any interfaces as fully frictionless.
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By default, all interfaces are assumed to be rough. You can change the condition for the interface at the bottom of a given layer by clicking in the 'Interface Type' cell. You can then click on the down arrow at the right of the cell to select a 'Smooth' interface. Note that for a semi-infinite subgrade both 'Rough' and 'Smooth' are equivalent.
Then click the Duplicate button. You will then see a form that will let you define the ID and Title of the newly duplicated Layered System:
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The ID and Title that are provided are based on the original Layered System - make sure that you modify the Title. After you click the OK button you will be taken to the Layered System Components table so that you can make your changes.
Click on the Elastic Materials tab. You now choose the material type to be used. Click on the material type combo box as shown below to select from the available material types. Click on 'Subgrade (Austroads 2004)' for the Material Type.
Click here to select Material Type
Click on the New button. A dialog box will appear, as shown below. You should now type in your ID (index) field of up to 10 characters. As you can see from the example below, the ID is used to sort the data. For this example, you can type in 'Sub_CBR2.5'. Type in 'Subgrade, CBR=2.5' for the Title. Click the OK button.
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You will now be given an opportunity to select a Performance Criterion. To select a Performance Criterion make sure the checkbox next to Use performance criterion is checked, then click on the appropriate performance criterion. Click on the OK button.
A new record will be added to the table. Select 'Anisotropic' in the column headed 'Aniso?'. Then type in the moduli and Poisson's ratios as follows: Ev = 25.0 Eh = 12.5 vh = h = 0.45 f = 17.24 (= 0.5 Ev) (= )
(= Ev/(1+))
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where RF is the Reliability Factor = maximum tensile strain (in units of microstrain), VB = percentage by volume of bitumen in the asphalt, and Smix= mix stiffness (Elastic modulus) in MPa.
The Reliability Factor is assumed to be 1.0 if you are using the Austroads 1992 Pavement Design Guide. Otherwise the value of the Reliability Factor is automatically handled by your choice of Project Reliability (see How to Use Project Reliability (on page 80)). For this example, assume VB = 12.9 and Smix = 1600 MPa, so that the above equation simplifies to: N = [ 5889 / ]5 To enter this data click on the Click on the Performance tab. You now choose the material type to be used. Click on the material type combo box (as shown on the first screenshot in Adding a new Elastic Material (on page 55)) to select from the available material types. For this example click on 'Asphalt'. Click on the New button. Now type in your ID (index) field of up to 10 characters and the Title (up to 72 characters). For this example type in 'Asph1600' for the ID. Type in 'Asphalt1600 MPa, Vb=12.9%' for the Title. Click the OK button. button.
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A record will be added to the table and you can type in the relevant data as follows: The cursor will now be in the component field. Here you specify the particular displacement, stress or strain component to be used. You can select the component from a dropdown list by clicking on the button. If there are more entries than will fit in the listbox, there will be a slider bar on the right hand side. You can move down the list by clicking on the down arrow or by dragging the slider down. For this example select the Max. Horizontal Tensile Strain (maximum horizontal tensile strain). The Location field defines the location (relative to a layer of this material) at which the criterion is to be applied. Click on the button to choose between Top and Bottom. For this example Location should be 'Bottom'. The entries for the remaining two parameters define the fatigue relationship N = [5889 / ]5 Note carefully that strains in CIRCLY must be specified in dimensionless units (i.e., length/length, mm/mm). As CIRCLY assumes that the fatigue relationship is of the form N = [k / ]b , the parameter (micro) must be replaced by 10-6 giving: N = [k / ]5 So Constant (k) will be 0.005889 and Exponent (b) will be 5.0. The new record should be identical to the bottom row in the figure below:
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You will now be given an opportunity to select a Sub-Layering scheme. To select a SubLayering scheme, click the checkbox next to use sub-layering, then click on the appropriate sub-layering scheme. Click on the OK button.
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61
Then click the Duplicate button. You will then see a form that will let you define the ID and Title of the newly duplicated Traffic Spectrum:
The ID and Title that are provided are based on the original Traffic Spectrum - make sure that you modify the Title. After you click the OK button you will be taken to the Traffic Spectrum Components table so that you can make your changes.
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Click on the Load Groups tab. The example given here is for a tandem axle with dual wheels. Click on the New button. A dialog box will appear as shown below. Type in your ID (index) field of up to 10 characters and a descriptive title (up to 72 characters). For this example type in 'TA-DW' as the ID and 'Tandem axle with dual wheels' as the Title. Click the OK button.
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A record will be added to the table and you can enter the relevant data as follows: Field name (Heading) Plot Label Rows Value TA-DW 2 Explanation Label used by legend in graphs (Up to 72 characters) Number of rows (axles) in main gear (this is the NROWS parameter described in Important Note about Damage Pulses (on page 67)) A flag to indicate type of load (1=Vertical, for other values see Program CIRCLY Theory and Background Manual) Radius of tyre contact area (mm) For Vertical loads (Type=1) use the tyre contact pressure, generally assumed to be the tyre inflation pressure (MPa). If you are using an advanced load type, enter the reference stress referred to in the Program CIRCLY Theory and Background Manual. If this parameter is zero the contact stress will be uniform. Non-zero values give non-uniform contact pressure distributions as described in Program CIRCLY Theory and Background Manual.
Type
Radius Stress
92.1 0.75
Exponent
0.0
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Click on the Load Locations tab. Check the descriptive title above the table to make sure that you are referring to the correct Load Group. If it is not the one you have just defined, click on the Load Groups tab, click on the appropriate record within the Load Groups table and click on Load Locations again. Click New for each wheel and enter the gear number, and the X and Y coordinates of each wheel. See the note Important Note about Axle Locations (on page 65) below for special information about defining axle locations. The scaling factor is normally 1.0 - other values allow for a variation in contact pressure from wheel to wheel. Theta is only used to define the force or moment direction for non-standard loads such as braking loads. Theta corresponds to LOAD in Figure: Global and Local Coordinate Systems.
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Direction of Travel
(-165,0)
(165,0)
Axle 1
(-165,-1320)
(165,-1320)
Axle 2
Figure 7: Example wheel layout (Tandem axle, dual wheels)
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Y Axle 1
Direction of Travel
Axle 2
Figure 8: Automatic shift of Y-coordinates for combined pulse for gear case
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You must decide whether the pavement is deep or shallow relative to the axle spacing. CIRCLY automatically shifts the position of the load coordinates if you specify 'combined pulse for gear'. You specify how to deal with the gear by clicking on the button to open the Coordinates for Results screen. This screen has a sub-section for specifying the locations at which results are to be computed and the method for treating the damage pulses. Computation of the damage at intermediate depths requires judgement based on a knowledge of the strain pattern, regardless of whether CIRCLY or other analysis methods are used.
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This screen has fields for specifying the locations for which results are to be computed and the method for treating damage pulses. Two alternative formats are available for specifying the points to be used for results calculation: An array of equally spaced points along a line parallel to the x-axis; A grid of points with uniform spacing in both the x-direction and the y-direction.
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CHAPTER 8
Appendices
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Project Reliability
The Project Reliability is defined as follows (Austroads 2004): The Project Reliability is the probability that the pavement when constructed to the chosen design will outlast its Design Traffic before major rehabilitation is required. In regard to these reliability procedures, a project is defined as a portion from a uniformly designed and (nominally) uniformly constructed road pavement which is subsequently rehabilitated as an entity. The desired project reliability is chosen by the designer. Typical project reliability levels are given as follows (Austroads 2004):
Road Class Freeway Highway: lane AADT>2,000 Highway: lane AADT<2,000 Main Road: lane AADT>500 Other Roads: lane AADT<500
Material Properties
Sub-layering
Unbound Granular Materials Sub-layering is required for granular materials placed directly on the subgrade. Austroads 2004 always uses 5 equi-thick sub-layers, whereas with Austroads 1992, the number of sub-layers were dependent on the thickness and elastic properties of the layers. The procedure is: a Divide the total depth of unbound granular materials into 5 equi-thick sub-layers. b The vertical Elastic modulus of the top sub-layer is the minimum of the value specified in the CIRCLY input (indicative values are given in Table 6.3 of Austroads 2004) and that determined using:
EV top sublayer = EV subgrade 2(total granular thickness / 125)
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Performance Models
The main change to the Performance Models is the introduction of a Reliability Factor, RF.
k N = RF
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The Performance models for Cemented and Asphalt Materials are the same as for Austroads 1992, apart from the introduction of the Reliability Factor.
Cemented Materials
Suggested Reliability Factors (RF) for Cemented Materials Fatigue (Austroads 2004) Desired Project Reliability Reliability Factor (RF) 80% 4.7 85% 3.3 90% 2.0 95% 1.0 97.5% 0.5
Asphalt
Suggested Reliability Factors (RF) for Asphalt Fatigue (Austroads 2004) Desired Project Reliability Reliability Factor (RF) 80% 2.5 85% 2.0 90% 1.5 95% 1.0 97.5% 0.67
Subgrade
The subgrade Performance Model used in Austroads 2004 is:
9300 N =
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1 Click the Reliability tab to switch to the Reliability form. This will bring up the following form:
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4 This Table shows the Reliability Factor for each Material Type.
Changes to Materials
The Materials database in CIRCLY is affected by the Austroads 2004 changes in three main areas: 1 Unbound Granular Materials
2 Subgrade Materials
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3 Select Subgrade Materials To ensure that pavements can be handled using either the Austroads 1992 or Austroads 2004 methods, separate Material Types are used for variants of these materials: Material Type Design Method: Unbound Granular Material Austroads 1992 Unbound Granular (Austroads 1992 sub-layering) Subgrade (Austroads 1992) n/a Austroads 2004 Unbound Granular (Austroads 2004 sub-layering) Subgrade (Austroads 2004) Subgrade (Selected Material)
CIRCLY Job Name Austroads 2004 - Example 1 - Unbound Granular Pavement Austroads 2004 - Example 2- Asphalt Pavement with CT Subbase Austroads 2004 - Example 2- Asphalt Pavement with CT Subbase- Post-Cracked Austroads 2004 - Example 3 - Full Depth Asphalt Pavement CT = Cement Treated
Pavement Description Sprayed Seal Surfaced Unbound Granular Pavement Asphalt Pavement containing a Cemented Material Subbase (pre-cracking phase) Asphalt Pavement containing a Cemented Material Subbase (post-cracking phase) Full Depth Asphalt Pavement
See Appendix 8.3 (Austroads 2004) for full details of the parameters used.
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References
Austroads (1992). Pavement Design A Guide to the Structural Design of Road Pavements. Austroads Publication No. AP-17/92. (Austroads: Sydney). Austroads (2001). 2001 Austroads Pavement Design Guide (Final Draft). Austroads Publication No. AP-T10/01. (Austroads: Sydney). Austroads (2004). 2004 Austroads Pavement Design Guide. Austroads Publication. (Austroads: Sydney). (At the time of writing the publication number and date were not known). Wardle, L.J. (1977). Program CIRCLY Users Manual. CSIRO Australia. Division of Applied Geomechanics, Geomechanics Computer Program. No. 2. Wardle, L.J. (2004). Program CIRCLY Theory and Background Manual. Mincad Systems, Australia.