2

mahmoudgilany@yahoo.com

2013

(. . )

 (. . )

.. ...
.


.
" : "

.

450 .

. .
.....

2013

( ) .

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.

. ( ) .

( ) . ( )
. ( ) .

. .

( ) .

. .

. www.sayedsaad.com

"

0202

".

" :
:

" .

%70

.
.

.
- -

.
25 ( . -

-. )

.

-
-
.

- -
:

.


.

.
:
.

Power Handling Equipments

Distribution Boards
UPS . ATS

Wiring and Raceways

( Cable Trays

) Bus Duct Raceways ( ) Flexible & Rigid Conduits.

CBs
.

Utilization

and

Control

Equipments Contactors
( ) One-way, Two-way, Change-over , Cross-over switches
.

- -
.
Load Estimation (
)

) National Electric Code (NEC

.

:
.

Voltage Drop
.

10

Short Circuit
CBS
.
.

.

.
Medium Voltage (
).

) (TN-C-S, TN-S, TT, IT, TN-C

.

. .

12

( )
( ) (
) (
) .


.

1-1
:
-1 ( ).
-2 ( ).

-3 ( ) .
-4 .

13

. .

-
.

.

( )
.

-1 Electric Safety .
-2
.

-3
.

-4

-5

14

.
-6 Shop Drawings
.

/ .

) (Socket .

/ .

:
o

" " ) (Approved

" ") (Approved as Noted

" / " ) (Resubmit

.
.

-7 As-Built

15

:
.

( )
.

.

.

.
.
) ( Type test
).)Routine test

).(Workshop drawings
Testing
.
.
.

.

.

As-Built .

FIDIC

16

2-1

.

.
:
.1

: ( 500kVA
)

.

75 .
.
60

( .
).
.2

.
3 5 Winch
.
.
.3

: .
.

17

.
.4
.

.

( )

.

. Cable
Trays .

.

( )

Cable Tray Ducts
( ) Sprinklers
.
) (Sprinkler

.

18

Ducts


.

( )


.

.
( 100 )



.

3-1

.
:
. .

.
.

19

.
.
:
.1 .

.2
( )
.
.3 Building Environment
.

.4
.
.5 .

.6
.

100 30 : 20 .
.%25

.
.

( ) Plans
) )Side Views ( ) Elevations

). (Shop Drawings

-1

20

.

.

.
-2

) Heating Ventilation and Air Condition (HVAC

-A

. (

)

. - -

. C .

21

Single -Phase ( 12
kW ) Three-Phase
. .

Ring System

. Two in-takes

( )
( ) Ring System

66/11

kV 132/11

. D .

-1

.
( ).
-2 .

.
-3

( ( ) Sockets ) 13 15

20 40 30
Double Pole Switch, DP SW

) (Three Phase
Sockets .
.

22

4-1

" " "".

"" ""

.

"" .
) NEC ( National Electric Code ) BS (British Standards
.

( )

.

.
( )
.

:
-1

-2

Load Estimation (
) .

Demand Factors .Diversity Factors

23

.
.
(
)

-3

( ).

( )
( ) ( )
.

-4

.... )

.
1- .

-5

Branch Circuits
( )

.
-6
-7

( ).

((DBs

Distribution Boards

( ).
-8

( )

.
-9

) Feeders & CB (Circuit Breakers

.

-10 ( ) Short Circuit Study, Voltage Drop, etc

).
-11 Distribution System
:

24

.
) .

Single

Line Diagram .
.

-12 Auxiliary Systems

Fire alarm, Fire Fighting, Earthing, Telephone, Antenna,
.) Data Networks, etc
-13 .

: DBs

CBs
.
(

off/on ) .

. (
)
.

Lump sum

CBs DBs .

) . ( Tender

25

.1 ( ) Drawings
... .
Plans

. Elevations
:
-
.

:
-

Shop Drawings

.2 ) ( Bill of Quantities
.

( ) .
.3 .

.
.
:

.

(
) .

: .

26

" ".

-
.

( ) ""
.
" "
. ( )

%20 -10
.

.
.

""

27

 - .

02

29

500
kV 220 kV 400 kV

. Voltage Drop ) ( (11 KV ) 22kV

Distribution Substation
) 3-Phase( 400 V .


.
() - Power Distribution System
:
-1 Power Handling Equipments
:

. -.

- ATS .UPS

 - .

02

Distribution Boards .-2 Wiring and Raceways

:

Conductors . Bus Duct-

) Trays Raceways ( ) .

Cable

-3 Protective Devices :
) (CBs. . Differential or Overcurrent Relays

" "1 .
-3 Control and Utilization Equipments

- .

( )Sockets.
-

Contactors Dimmers
( ) Change-over Switches , Cross-over Switches.

Contactors

.
.

1 " " . .0227

31

:
Power Handling Equipments

1-2

. (
11 kV ) 20 kV Rings -2
1 . Ring
Ring 1-2 F1 , F2,

F3 -
Hawalli-E 3 220 kV 11kV
.
1-2 Substations
2 3 11 / 0.4 kV ( )
.
11 / 0.4 kV Unit Distribution System UDS

LT 3
.

: 1-2

 - .

Ring . H
.
Substation
. Ring Main Unit RMU
.

( ) Ring Main Unit , RMU

Ring .
RMU 5 MVA
H75 Ring ( 1-2 2-2
) RMU : 3- Cells
H33
H35 Load Break Switch, LBS-630A 25
12 |( 24 LBS 1250) .
RMU 100A

1000.. . ( 40 500
...).

Load Break Switch, LBS

.

()
( ) Active and Reactive Power
1000.. 500.. .

00

33
H75 Substation

3-cells RMU
3 ph 11 kV 350 MVA CU - BB

Interlock
LBS
630A

LBS
630A

LBS
630A

FUSE
100A

Earthing
Switch

HV Cable
Termination

Income
From H33

Outgoing
To H53

Transfomer

2-2 Ring Main Unit

RMU Earthing Switches

. Interlock LBS Earthing Switch

" " Close .
LBS
CB ( 400A ) LBS CB
.
Current

Rated CB ( ) 400A

( ) 100A CB

Inrush

Currents - Inrush -

.
HV. Cable Termination
1-2 . HV
.Medium Voltage, MV

 - .

: 1-2 RMU
2-2 3-2
( .) K4

: 3-2 Ring Main Unit

1-2 .

03

35

: 1-2 3-2
Q2: Earthing switch

Q1: Load break switch

(EFI: Earth Fault Indicator Q3: Load break switch with fuses

H2: Heater

H1: Hygrostat

) Heater (H2

T2: Current transformer

T1: Single pole potentiel transformer

)*( P2: kWh meter + kVARh meter

P1: Voltmeter

F1: H.R.C fuse

S1: Voltmeter selector switch

X2: Mechanical interlock

X1: Mechanical interlock

LBS

LBS Fuse

c.d
(*)by electricity company

Capacitor divider unit with neon

lamp

( )

Distributor ( 66/11 kV 132/11

) .
Incoming ( )

Outgoing 4-2
12.

 - .

03

8
12

11

10

6,7

5
4

: 4-2

) (11 or 22 kV
2-2 Circuit Breaker
. Air Circuit Breaker
. Vacuum CB

: 2-2 .

37

2-2
Distribution Station ) (11 KV )(400V
. :

-1

Rating

MVA 5MVA

-2

Earthing Neutral

Solidly Earthed 10
.Short Circuits Current

-3

Percentage Impedance X% Z%

Short Circuit
(
) Impedance, Z
. Z%
. Short Circuit
Capacity (
) .

-4

Primary & Secondary Windings

/ / / .
:
.1

Third Harmonic . Zero Sequence Current

.2

.3

.5

.6

( Single Phase

.4

( ).

).

.
-5 K-Factor

Hi Speed-Electronic Switches

Discharge Lamp Non-Linear loads

Harmonics

 - .

02

.
. K-4 Transformers

%50

-6

( )

Power .


( )2-2
" " ONAN (

).
: 2-2

300

300

( )

:
Dry Transformers .

.
3-2
. Transformer

2MVA

Dry

39

3-2
-7
. .

.
:
.1 .
.2

.
.3
-8

dB

( 65 .) dB 50 40

 - .

32

.

. :

:1-2
925554 : . .

" "92 1992

( " "75 1975" "02 2002).
:
1

50 KVA

100 KVA

200 KVA

300 KVA

800KVA

1000 KVA

1500 KVA

500 KVA

Serial Number
. 500 kVA .1992
" ""
.

3-2
: ( )
.
DBs

Emergency

. 4-2
.

41

: 4-2 300 kW

(
) .
: ( MTS

Manual Transfer

) Switch, ( . ) ATS


.
%20-10


%50

( ) No Diversity Factors .

 - .

.

.1 - - ()
.
.2 .
.

.3
.
.4
Cylender
.

.5
.

.
.
:
()

1.00 .

()

()

()
()

30

43

Automatic Transfer Switch ATS

5-2 .

: 5 -2 ATS

Server

Un-interrupted Power Supply .UPS

. UPS
:
.
.
.
.6-2

 - .

: 6-2 ( UPS ) ()

UPS

.Amp-Hour
UPS :
.1 .
.2 .

UPS .

(
) UPS
ATS
()

33

45

4-2



.
BBs CBs
( ) LBS


.

.
: ( ) .

:
()

Open Frame Construction

.
()

Construction Panels

 - .
()

Cubicle Construction

.
.
()

Withdraw able units

.
()

Box type construction

CBs . .
( )IP 55
(
).

Form1, Form2, etc
:

33

47

 - .

32

49
:

.
.

IP Code ()XY
X 1 6 .
Y 1 7 .
( ) Y and X

IP67 Dust-Proof and .

. Water-Proof .3-2

IP

Accessories IP66

Glands

 - .

52

. ( ) .
-
-
1% .
: 3-2 IP
( Y )

) X )

IP

50

( )

12

Drop-proof

Rain Proof

2.5

1

Splash-

proof

Jet-Proof

6
7

Vibration .

51

( 5

) 3PHASE +N+E ( 2)

:

!!.

- -
.

(
) ( )

" " .

 - .

( .) KWh, kW and kVAR ) (Power Factor
.

Earth Leakage CB
.

( )

Red-phase

3-Phases . 5-2

Blue-phase

( ) Neutral Earth
/.

.
( A2 B2 C2

)
( ) A1,B1,C1


.

Single Line Diagram

50

53

: 5-2 .

 - .

Wiring & Raceways

5-2
Safety
.
.
"" Feeders

" " Wires

.

:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 Overload .
-5 SCC .
-6 Voltage drop
-7 .
-8 ( )
-9

-10 .

:
.1
.2 Layout
.3 Cable structure

.4 Classifications

53

55
.5 .
.6 .
.7 .
.8 .

Bus Duct .

( ) ( Core

.
: 7-2
-1 Conductor ( ) .

.
) (skin effect
.

-2 ( )Conductor Screen Conductor Shield

. ( ) Stranded


. .
-3

Insulation or Dielectric PVC and XLPE

-4 ( ) Insulation Shield
.
.
-6 Metallic Sheath Tape Shield
0.1 mm

 - .
.

( .
) Armour

-7 ( :) Filler Cores
Multi-core Inner Jacket .PVC
-8 ( ) Armour
.

1 kV .
-9 Outer Jacket .

PVC

-10

: 7-2 .

6-2
:
). (Conduits - ( . )Cable Trays

53

57
- .

()
Conduits .
Conduit PVC
.

Flexible Conduit
.
:
.1
.
.2 .
.3
( .
).
Raceways
Trunking .

.
Raceways
.6-2 Raceways

.
(
).... .
Raceways Busbars
Raceway Raceway
.
.

 - .

6-2 : Raceways () ().

6
.
Cable Trays
7-2
( ) .

: 7-2 Cable trays

(
).

52

59

6
:

80 .

10 .

20 .

20
.
.

Separators (
)
. De-rating factor

PVC

30 .
-

4 .

- Thermal Run away

.
-

6
-

Single Core
Induced Current
.

( Fire Barrier )
.
Fire Barrier .

Control

30 cm .
: 4-2

 - .

: 4-2

7-2

( ) Cores .

: o ( . ) 66kV
o ( . ) 3.3 kV
o .
.

Losses
.

32

61

Conductivity

1.724 .cm

).(Glands



Bi-metal Gland .
Bi-metal Gland .

:
-1 PVC
.

3.3kV

( )PVC .
. PVC

. PVC
.

-2 XLPE
.

.
-3 EPR
.

 - .

Armoured . Non-Armoured ( 0.1-0.5)

.... ( 8-2) .
.

: 8-2 () ().
Cable Trays
Non-Armoured 8-2

).

Cores Multi -core

( ) 3- Phases+ Neutral 9-2

() Single -core ( 9-2) .

( ) Multi-core .
( 240 )

Single
. Core

30

63

: 9-2( Multi-core :) & ( Single core).

8-2

PVC XLPE
. :
-A : .

.
.
.
)120-70( kV/cm
kV/cm .

30

-B :

.

-C Mineral Insulation
.

.
.

) ( E ) ( d

 - .

V
) (V :
d
.Dielectric Strength

. E

Impulse Strength
Switching

(.)Lightning

.
:

D
d

Rins k ln

k
D ( ) mm
d ( .) mm

IEC :5-2

33

65
: 5-2

)Class (0

()90 C

Class A

()105 C

: -
.

(
)

.
)Class (B

()130 C

)Class (F

()155 C

)Class (H

()180 C

Class-220

()220 C

220

) Class ( C

(over )220 C

.
.
.

9-2

. 6-2 .

 - .
6-2
0.6/ 1(1.2) kV , multi-core Cables, with stranded Copper Conductors , PVCInsulation, PVC, sheathed

.1
.

.2 . mm2

.3 DC
. AC
- -
.

33

67

.4 Current Rating
(
).

.5
.
.6

300mm2 12.

.

.

16mm2 80 .

Duct Cable-Trays.

8 7 6 . 6 2

.

.

 - .

32

10 2
50 . (
) .

2-2

3x95+50 mm2 PVC/CU

:
:

) (3-phase PVC multi-core4-

cores 95mm2

( Phases

) 50mm2 . Neutral

3-2

(3x95+50 )+25 mm2 PVC/CU

:
multi-core

.25mm2

4-2
] 3[3x240+120

:
Multi-core Phase

240mm2 Neutral .120mm2

69

10-2 lartueN
Neutral Phase

Neutral Phases
phases
Neutral . Phases
.
N Phase :

-1 ( ) 35mm2
Neutral
6 mm2

. 4x6 mm2 : 3- Phases+ Neutral 6

.mm2

-2 Power Electronics
UPS Neutral Phase

Neutral Third Harmonic

.Full Neutral Cable
-3 Full Neutral Cable
Florescent Lamps 3rd Harmonic
. Neutral

11-2
:

Electric Power Power loss

:

-1 R :

 - .
2-2

72

PLoss=I2R

.
-2 Insulation Loss
:

Pins V C tan ..............................2 3

2

( ) Loss angle
Power Factor Load
. ( )
Power loss .
-3 Metallic Sheath Loss
Eddy Current Induction
.

( ) .

.
- Oil Filled
Cable .

(

) .
.
( )
.
10-2 . Core
.

71

10 -2

.

Charging Current . Leakage Current
:

I C V C.......................2 4

V .Volt
( ) f (.)= 2f
C ( ) Capacitance . Farad

Capacitance
13A .220 kV
( ) Critical Length

. Power

. 132 kV 64 Km

400 KV 24 Km.

 - .

( ( ) Skin Effect 8-2).

( ( ) Proximity Effect 8-2) .

: 8-2 ( ) Skin effect ( ) Proximity effect

eddy currents Metallic
Sheath
.

( ) 6-2 20
( ( ) R20 40 )
.
:

RT R20 1 (T 20)

( 0.0039 / C 0.004

70

73

PVC XLPE (
- ) Water Treeing -

.

:
Routine Test -1 .
Sample Tests -2

Type Tests -3
.

Installtion Tests -4 .

12-2 urut srB

Bus Duct
.11-2

 - .

11-2 Bus Duct

Bus Duct
( ) .
Bus Duct

Taps Plug-In Units Bus

Duct . 9-2
Bus Duct
Bus Duct Reliability
( Continuous ) Bus Duct
.

73

75

: 9 -2 Bus duct

: Bus Ducts
-1 . Non-Segregated Duct
-2 . Segregated Duct
-3 . Isolated Duct

- -
Phases .

Phases Housing

. 12-2
1200 5000 38 kV
24 96.

 - .

: 12-2 Bus Ducts

Phases .
Phase Phases Housing
Phases .
( )
% 98 2400

130 0C ( Class-B ) 5-2 Epoxy

Insulation

.Powder Epoxy

. .

73

77

Bus Duct () .
13-2 . :
-1 Elpow 90.
-2 Tee .
-3 Offset .

-4 50 .
-5 Wall Flange .
-6 Cable Tap box .Bus Duct

: 13-2 Bus Duct

 - .
14-2

Bus duct.

: 14- 2 . Bus Ducts

Bus Duct .

72

79

Bus Duct SCC 100kA for

1 sec . .

Bus Duct

IEC .

 - .

22

81

:
Short Circuit

.
(
Circuit Breaker ) CB .

13-2 suaeaauB tiuurit

CB :

Rated Current, Irated

)(Amp

(KA) Short Circuit Capacity , SCC

CB CB
. Standard ():
6, 10, 15,16, 20, 25, 32, 40,50, 63,100, 125, 150,163, 200, 225, 250, 300, 400,
500, 630, 800,1000, 1200,1500,1750,2000,2200, 2500,3000,3200,4000, 5000,
6300
CB Short Circuit Capacity SCC
) (kA CB Short Circuit
. CB
.
( Short Circuit Capacity ) kA:
3 6 10 15 22 35 50 75 80 . 100

14-2

tsB

CBs
Power Circuit Breakers

 - .

20

. Relay Vacuum CB . Air CB
CBs Draw-out Switchgear CBs
.2-2
Rated Current 600 4000.
Relay CB
. :
: Miniature Circuit Breaker

MCB

: Molded Case Circuit Breaker

MCCB

: Ground Fault Circuit Breaker

GFCB

. Fuse

10kA
. 100 kA .

15-2 CBs 3-phase

. 1- phase

83

3-Poles : MCB : 15-2 1-Pole

MCB ( ) IRated
( Trip Time ) .

B, C, D IEC Standard

.
%113
I .

: 10-2 CB

 - .

II Thermal Protection %113

III Magnetic Protection
:

Trip B 3 5
Resistive loads .

Trip C 5 10

Inductive Loads .
Trip D 10 20
Highly Inductive Loads .

CB Irated 20

20 . 10-2
Irated
.

) (SCC MCB 10 kA
( " " ) Instantaneous trip CB
.

CB SCC CB
.
:
( B 3:5 ) 5
Trip
SCC

.
:

7
.

23

85

CB CB 11-2 CB
32 30.

Instantaneous Trip CB .
.

: 11-2 CB Fuse

5-2:
CB 10KA ,25A
:

25A Rated Current 10kA SCC CB

CB 25A 25A
10kA CB
10 kA CB .
10kA CB .
CB CB
10A CB 63 A

 - .
CB 100A 10kA 100A
100 kA .

MCB .
MCB . 16-2
.

12-2
.

16-2 ( ) IThermal Tmag Imag
.

: 16-2 . MCCB

12-2 CB ( MCCB
) .
.

23

87

CB
.Earth Fault

: 12-2 MCCB
MCCB :

) ) Long Delay Time( (LD

( ) . LD 12-2
LD ( )
. SD LD
.

MCCB CB
.

 - .

)(SD

22

) (Short Delay Time

( .)ms

SD .12-2 ( )
.

.
i (:) Long Delay Time

() Long Delay Time

:
1- Pick up current
2- Trip time

Pickup Current 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.5

1.25 CB 12-2
. CB 12-2 LD
. 600A 300A
.725A
ii

LD

LD (4
36 28 20 12) 600A
600 4 12 ... 36 .
Rated Value

6 Rated value
600A 4 4 3600
4 7 .
12-2
. LD

( 6 Rated ) .
iii

IPickup )(Short Delay Time

10 8 6 4 12-2
.

89
IV

LD Pickup line SD

Pickup Line ( )-2 .)Log Log( Log-Log

( ) -2
6

Long-delay .
v

)(Short Delay Time

0.18 0.33 0.5 : .

Ipickup Short

delay . SD 6 Rated
0.33 9000 ( ) 2.5 X 3600
CB 0.33 .

( Phase

1-phase

) 3-Phase ( ) Neutral 13-2

" " M
CB .

13-2 GFCB
(
) Neutral

 - .
S Circuit CB S . Closed
.
.
5mA .30mA ( ) 5mA
( )30mA .
( )300mA

300mA

.
Rated Current

32 40 63 100.

Test T Push Button

13-2

Phases .

MCB Short Circuits

CB .

17-2 0.03A . 63A

17-2 . Earth Leakage

02

91

Earthing System

13-2 . Earthing

15-2 () erBa
CBs
CBs
" " .CB

. Irated
CB
CB
3-Phase Motors

Phases -
. 2-phases

. Fuse Element

( ) .
.
:
.1 Cartridge Fuses
.2 High Rupturing Capacity. HRC

.
. ( ) 18-2

( Fuse Element ) .

 - .
.
.

18-2

Fuse Element

Fault Indicator ( . ) 19-2

19-2 . HRC
: Fuse element Single Element
Dual Element
. Overload

00

93

:
Control & Utilization Equipments

( )Contactor
( )

() .

16-2 ( ) tpoteutpuB
Contactor
. Main Poles
.14-2
.
A3

A2

A1

N.O

C1

N.C

C2

B3

B2

B1

14-2 Contactor
Contactor Auxiliary Contacts :
N/O

Normally Open

N/C

Normally Closed

( ) N/O "" Contactor

" "
Contactor energized ). (N/C

 - .

03

Status

Status

Contactor :
-1

AC . DC
( )N/O and N/C Auxiliary Contacts

-2

Contactor

N/O N/C .

-3

Rated Current . Main Poles

-4

Main Poles . Normally Open

-5

: Contactor 100A
Single Phase Resistive Load

-6

75A

. 3-Phase Inductive Load

Switching Time Switching

.

AC1: AC3 ( AC4 ) .

: AC1

Contactors .
Contactor 1.25
.

: AC3

Contactor Starting of Induction

Motor .
Contactor .

95
: AC4

Contactor

Contactor
. Contactor

12 . 20-2
.Contactors

: 20-2 Contactors

97

 - .

. .
( ) :

.1 ( )
( ) .

.2 Small Appliances
Sockets .
.3 Space Conditioning .

.4
Fire Fighting.
.5 .
.6 .
.

: .
.

02

99

1-3

.

.
1

( )

.
:

. 3-

( . 2-5-3
)

.

1-5-3 .

Ratings
.

%20 %50

2/ 2 50/ 2 .
.

( (W/m2
30 50

 - .

022

20
. 1-3
National Electrical Code . NEC

: 1-3 .

()

25

20

50-20

35-20

15

20-16

20-15

25

10

:
15 W/m2

30 W/m2
60 W/m2
30 W/m2

.
.
.

Sockets
180VA
1.5 .2-3
100W

( ) 500 W .

101

( ) Radial
. Ring
: 2-3

( )W

:
0.5 tan

800

0.75 tan

1200

1 tan

1600

2 tan

3000

6000-3000

5000-3000

1000-300

1000-500

1200-800

NEC
3000 VA
Dryer .
W/m2

20 W/m2 30

50 W/m2
.
3-3 ( ) Sockets .
: 3-3

W/ m2

/ 50 30

60 - 40

20-10

)2 : 6 Circuits (each of 20A

 - .

020

.
.

. 25 - 15 kW
. 5 kW
6-3 7-3
.

2-3

.

( )

. 1 W
3.4 BTU
100
20 kWH .
( BTU
)British Thermal Unit

.

BTU/Hr "

103
" (

)12000 BTU/Hr kW

1.17 2.5 .



.

1-3
7 - 700
( ) Kw/Tan 1.1 . 2.5
8 6 . KWH 15.
:

( ) :
7 x 1.1 x 8 x 30 x6 = 11088 kWh
( ) :
7 x 2.5 x 8 x 30 x6 = 25200 kWh

(25200 11088 ) x 0.15 = 2116 LE

. 700
2116 .

. " : " !!.

SEER
SEER .
21-13 .
.

SEER .

KHH 9 2000.

 - .

023

:
3 ton 10 SEER system (36,000BTUs x ((.09cents/1000Watts) x
2000hrs))/10SEER= $648 per year cooling cost.
Compare this to
3 ton 20 SEER system (36,000BTUs x ((.09cents/1000Watts) x
2000hrs))/20SEER= $324 per year cooling cost.

Split units
4-3 .
: / Compressor

( ) .

105
: 4-3 Split

(../)

(.).

(.).

( )

12000

1.540

1.5

1/50/220

12 10

18000

1.5

1.930

1.6

1/50/220

18 15

24000

2.670

2.670

1/50/220

25 20

36000

3.745

4.20

1/50/220

30 - 25

42000

3.5

3.5

4.50

3/50/380

40 35

48000

4.5

5.00

3/50/380

50 40

60000

6.25

7.00

3/50/380

60 - 50

20 (
3.4

.

Central Air Condition
. ( )
MEW/R-6 :

65 W/m2
70 W/m2
90 W/m2
80 W/m2

120 W/m2
100 W/m2
145 W/m2

3.5 - 5.5 ton/100m2 ( ) 420 660 BTU/Hr/m2

( . ) 1.6 2.5 kW/ton

 - .


.

.
.



.
.

( )

%30- %25 .

%45 .

. (
) .

( ) Ducts .
.

023

107

3-3
: 2-3 3-3 4-3

( - -) 5-3 .6-3

2- 3
500 .

500 x W/m230

500 x 120 W/m2

15000.
60000.

Sockets

20
x 100

20

.) 2000W

77 kW
.
BTU
500 x 660
330000/12000

BTU/Hr

BTU/Hr/m2

660

330000

27.5 ( ) 27.5 x 2.2

kW

60

. )2.2

3-3
12 150

 - .

022

" "

180

150 .
.
:

15 x 150

2250W

( W/m

30 )15

50 x 150

65 x 150

15

( 7500W )50 W/m

9750W

( )65 W/m

( 3 4
)

2250 + 7500 + 9750

20 x 12

20 kW.

.240 kW

( ).

4-3

20 3 200m2

17 100 m2 .
:

30 W : ( ) 50 W 70W
60 W : 60W 90 W
:

(30+ 50 + 70 ) W/m2 x 17 x 100m2 + (60 + 60 + 90 ) W/m2 x 3 x 200m2 = 381

kW

109

( 25kW )
5 kW 100 KW
. 480 kW


. 3-
.

15

( )5-3 15 (.)6-3

3-
. .
.
( :)5-3
15

(. .)

0 0.5

3 0.5

02 - 8

00 - 3

 - .

002

( :)6-3
15
(. .)

02 2

00

5-3
5

200 3 100 .
.

3- 200 32 kVA
. ) DF = 0.5 ( 16 kVA 100

22 kVA 13.2 kVA .

:
-1 ( CBs )
5 x 32 + 3 x 22 = 226 kVA
-2 ( )

5 x 16 + 3 x 13.2 = 119.6 kVA.

: 6-3
600 2 :
-

2 / ( +)

3/ 15.

3/ 17.5

16/ 5/

88 .

111

2 / 6.5 87

() :
:

100 2 10 8.. - 100 2 12..

( 2 100 )
:
2..

( )1 600 2

( )2

100

2 : 6002

12002
12

1200

144..

100
2

( )3 16 : 600

9600

10..

9600

( )4

12..

100

960..

++ ( ) 12..

12 + 960 + 12 + 144 :
()5

* 3:

* 2 :

15 3.
( 0.85 )
0.74617.52

1128..

53..

35..

 - .

000

(0.85 )(0.88)
6.5 0.746

* 1 :

(0.85 )(0.87)

6.6..

95 6.6 + 35 + 53..

95+ 1128

1223...

80

1223
80

1528.75

2000..

.

68

95 + 68 1128

1500...

862..
862
80

1077..

4-3


. %100 .Demand Factor (
) Demand Factor

%90 Demand Factor

. % 50
. 7-3

113
:

: 7-3

()

50
100

.
40 +

66
100

.
40+

.

100
.
50+


33+


20+

100

50+


33


20+

100

10

50+

10

75
100
.
40+
.
75+

.
100

80+

60+

100

10.
30+
10

5+
.

100
.
80+

.
60+

"

"

100

50 +

100

50 +

100
100+
25+ .
100 .

100

50+
.

90
100

75+

100

75+
.

100
.
80+

.
60+

100

80+

.
60+
.


.

 - .

Diversity Factor
( ) Demand Factor
Demand Factor
%90
% 20 :

( ( ) Diversity factor

( ) Demand factor .

.
.

7-3
( ) :
( )1

15000

( )3

( )2

2 30 ( ).

1.2

1400

7 :

2 3.5 ( 2.6.)
3 2.5 ( 1.9.)
( )4

( )5

2 2 ( 1.5.)

6000

2 2000

1200

:
-

1.6.

2.8.

0.6.

003

115
( )6

:
-

2 3.

1 6.

1 2.

5.

4.

:
()7-3
:
()1

: 66

()2

: :

15000 66

+2

40

100

:) 0.85

()3

9.9.

52

0.85 220 6

30 1.122

1.122. (

33.66..

100 10 (( 1.87.)
0.85 50 + 10

(1.9 3 + 2.6 2 ( 50 + )1.5 2 + 1.4 + 0.746 1.2

(+ )3 + 1.4 + 0.9

50
100

( 10.75 5.4+5.3 5.7+5.2.

 - .
()4

003

100 10 30 +
10 ( 2.2. ).
()6( 30 + )1.2 + 2.00 2

()5

100 50 +
(0.6 + 1.6 ( 50 + 2.8

()6

7.00..

100

3.9..

:
()

100 100 +
25 +
)4( 25 + 5 + 6

()

12.

100
2+32

8.

()1

()2

()3

()4

()5

(6)

(6)

+ 9.9

+33.66

+10.75

+7

+3.9

12

8+

= 85.21.

137.722. :
()diversity factor

85.21
137.722

61.87

: 8-3
:
( )1 75. .

.1

( 30 )2 2.
( 10 )3 1.5. .
:

.1

117

( ) .
() .
:
()

( )7-3 :

75 50

5 2 0.40 + 2

37.5.

220 6

1.32..

1000

30 1.32

)1.58(25 +1.5 + 1.5

37.5..

39.6..

6 + 39.6 + 37.5

6. ( 6..)

83.1..

() -3
7 :

75 90

)2 5( 75 + 2

67.5. (..)
9.58

220 9.58

2.108..

1000
30 2.108

63.23..

15..

1.5 10

15 + 63.23 + 67.5

145.73..

 - .

5-3
: .
.1

1/) ( 25 )

. 1-3
.

: 1-3
:
.1 ( )

.2 .
.3 .

.


( )

002

119

( ):

(
)
-

-
.
.2

- Elevator Car - 2-3

( )3 ( )2 ( )1
Processor

(
)

 - .

1 : 1
( )
.

.
( )4

Counter Weight 50%

%50 .

.
600 1000

1 : 1 ( 1100 500+600)
50 (

10 ).

.
DC AC ( ) AC ).

( )5 Guide Rails .

Guide Rails

.
(
) .
Sensor

Sensor

( )

.

002

121

Traveling Cable
.

: 3& 2& 1

-5

-4

: 2-3

:
.1 ( Gear Machine Gearless
Machine

.2
.3 / .
.4

 - .

000

.5 : 0.85
0. 72 .
.

. 3-3

69
82

1750 kg

50

1500 kg

45
1250 kg

39

1000 kg

33
27
20
15
12
9
6
3
0

800 kg
630 kg
450 kg
300 kg
5

4.5

3.5

2.5

1.5

2000 kg

57

67
60
52
45
37.5
30
22.5

63

75

15
7.5
0

0.5

(/)

: 3-3

: 9-3
4 3/
1500 .

3-3 3/
1500
.)Gearless Machine( 30 kW

4 ( %72 )3-3
() 0.72 x 30

.22 kW

123

3-3 Gear Machine 37.5 kW

.

8-3
23 210/ 240/.
: 8-3

60 - 90

10

120 -105

15

150 -120

20

210 180

25

210 240

30

240 300

9-3
: 9-3

45 15

1 0.25

55 15

2-1

> 50

>2

()

(/)

40 - 30

.1 ( 0.125
0.75/)
.2
50 5000 2/

15. 260. ( ).

 - .
.3 - ( )Room-less Machine
.
.4 3-Phase Induction Motors 1500/375/
Microprocessor Control .

.5 3-Phase Induction Motors 1500/

.
.

:
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .

.4 .
.5 .
.6 .
.7 .

.8 .
Software Programs
. .
.
:

P1

P2

..

Sn

Stops ( ) .

003

125
d

Acceleration .

Tio

/ (

Tc-o

/ ( 4).

10 ).

:
.1

:Sn

. P1
P2 .

Stops ( )
. Sn Sn :
N
P P1 N P P2 N
P Pn
Sn n

....
...................3 1
P
P
P

.2 Total Traveling Time , TTT

2dS n D
).....................(3 2
V
.3 : /

TTT

) (3-3

.4 ( )
:

. Tc-o = Sn x 4

Round Trip Time , RTT

. Total raveling Time , TTT

.
.
Time Constant ( 10 ).
Sn + Tio x Sn + time constant x RTT = TTT + Tc-o

)(3 4

 - .
.5

003

( )

.6

.7 = ( ).

.8 : Grade of Service ( :
+ ) .

: WT ( Round Trip
) Time, RTT ( . ) N

)WT = RTT N (3-5

( . ) WT 2

= ( . ) RTT 4
)Grade of Service = (WT 2) + (RTT 4) ..(3-6
.9 :

45

55 45

65 55

65

.10

( + )
.

HP
( . ) 1.5/75

10- 3
5 20
10 1000
.100 m/min (
)

250 250 250 150 100

127
:

:
P

) P1 = 100, P2 = 150 , P3 = 250 , etc ( 1000

. 10

.5

100 V/ .
20 = D.
d

1.5

Tio

10.

Tc-o

4.

:
.1 :Sn
10
1000 100
1000 150
1000 250
S n 5

3
4.4
1000
1000
1000
10

.2 TTT

10

21.5 4.4 20
0.55 min 32 sec
100

TTT

.3
Tc-o = Sn x4 = 4.4 x 4 = 17.6 sec

.4 RTT
RTT = 32 + 17.6 + 10 (4.4) + 10 = 103 sec
.5

) 60 x 60( / 103

.6
.7
.8

.9
.10

( ) 350 1000

3 103

) 80 x 10( + 1000

10 x 35

350 .

34.3 .

103 /4 + 34.3/2

3 .

35.

( 43 ) .
1800( . 80

900 ).

)1.5/75 ( x 900

18.

 - .

002

6-3
( )

3.5 4.8
0.35

1.35 .
30 ( 10)

( )

7.5 kW (.)Level Switch

.

( )1.5 Kw ( )Expansion tank
.

( )P :

.Q H
0.746 KW
75

:
:Q

(/3)

:H

()

( ) 80

( 1000/)3

40 / 3 10 . 22..

( Pressure Valves ) ( Jokey
)pump ( )Header .

129

.
. ( )4-3 ( ) ()Waste water
.
:
-1 .

-2 .Y
4

2
2

-3 .

-4
.

-5 .
-6
().
-7 .
-8

8
1
8

( :)4-3
:

 - .

Q.H .
] 0.746 [kW
75

002

:
Q

(/3)

()

( ) 75

( 1000 1200/)3

7-3 ( )

Power Factor

.
I V
Apparent Power, S S = I.V S
100 %.
: Active Power , P
W Reactive Power, Q . V.A.R
( ) P ( )Q
. .

.
P S Power Angle Cosine . Power Factor

Q
S

: 4-3

131

Q P

P
( .( P = V . I . cos cos .

( ) 0.3 % 30

) (S P .
1000A 400 V )) Cos 1 = 0.33
400 MVA

. ( ) Cos 2 = 0.9

1 2 5-3 Apparent Power

S1 S2 P .
P
2
Q2

1
S2

Q1
S1

: 5-3

P.F Improvement
Reactive Power .
. Q P S .
.

S1 = 200 kVA PF= 0.4

Active Power P1 = 80kW Reactive Power
Q1 = 183 kVAR
( 6-3) .

( 6-3 )
Reactive Power 120 kVAR

QC

P, Q, S PF

 - .

000

Reactive Power
( ) 63 kVAR . ( ) 120 kVAR .

P= 80 kW
Q=183 kVAR
S= 200 kVA

P= 80 kW
Q=63 kVAR
S= 101 kVA

P2= 80 kW
Q2=183 kVAR
S2= 200 kVA

= Qc
120 kVAR

P= 80 kW
Q=183 kVAR
S= 200 kVA

: 6-3
Apparent Power 200
S1 = kVA S2 = 101 kVA
S 2 P 2 Q22 80 2 63 2 101 kVA

200 kVA 100 kVA .

PF ( + ) . 0.79
P
80

0.79
S 2 101

cos 2 0.79 or cos 2

63
80

tan 2

. 0.9 PF ( ) 0.9

0.7 :
(0.9-0.7) x 1000000 = 200000
.

133

5-3 QC Power Angle 1 2

:

QC Ptan 1 tan 2 ................................3 7

......................3 8

QC
V 2

. Per Phase

11-3
C 0.7 0.95
500 kW . 11 kV
:

PFs 7-3 45

1 18

500 ,000
) tan 45 tan 18 115 .88 kVAR ( per phase
3

QC Ptan 1 tan 2

8-3 Per-Phase

)QC ( per phase

115880

9 F
2
V
(11000 / 3 ) 2 2 50

3-Phase Rating . 345 kVAR

KVAR
. 10 -3 cos
tan "

KVAR Rating of

" Capacitors .. .
kVAR per kW kW
.

 - .

003

: 12-3
666 kVA 0.75 0.93

KVAR .

kW

:
P = 0.75 x 666 = 500 kW

8-3 PF ( ) 0.75 ( ) 0.93

kVAR / kW . 0.478 kVAR :
Q = 0.478 x 500 = 244 kVAR

:13-3
11-3 .10-3

0.7 and 0.95 kVAR / kW 0.691

Q = 0.691 x 500 = 345 kVAR

135

: 10-3 kVAR / kW

 - .

.
C Automatic Power Factor
Regulator, APFR
. APFR

C .

BB
7-3 KVA Demand
PF .
PF kVAR
kVAR .

: 7 -3

8-3
. .

003

137

: 8-3

Harmonics
PF
XC
1
2 f C

XC

XC XC
Short Circuit .
50Hz Pure Sin
Hz

5-0 Harmonics

Harmonics SCRs High-Frequency Switches

Harmonics . Pure Sin
( )Harmonics

XC Short Circuit.
Inductor 9-3
Z .

 - .
Inductor
Inductance .
Harmonics Harmonics
Active Filter .

: 9-3 Harmonics
:

-1
( )KVAR 135

-2 115
( )Rated voltage r.m.s
400 440
Harmonics .
-3 CB Long-Time-Delay Setting 1.3 In

Short-Time-Delay Setting 10 In
Inrush . In :
kVAR
3 VL

In

remember : sin 1

-4 Induction
Motors .

002

139

8-3

.
25 C %50
.

- : .
. : BTU
( 1 BTU

252) .

- : (
( 2000) 24 )
. 12000 BTU :

1 ton (US)=2000 lb

Latent heat of melting of ice=144 Btu/lb

1 day=24 hours

1 TR=(2000 lb x 144 Btu/lb) / 24 hrs = 12,000 Btu/hr

- :
BTU/Hr 12000

BTU/Hr 18000

1,50

BTU/Hr 24000

BTU/Hr 27000

2,25

BTU/Hr 36000

BTU/Hr 45000

3,75 .

 - .

- 1

37.5 C 34 C % 75
. 37 C

-2

. .
.
20 C
. %20 %50 .
-3

. 15-3 / .

:
-1

Condenser

( )

( ) (
) .

Copper Tubes Aluminum Fins

Fins
.

Chillers .
-2 Evaporator

( ) .

032

141

Copper Tubes Aluminum Fins" Condenser

Fins

.
.
.

NO FROST .

CHILLER

-3 Compressor

 - .
-4 Expansion Value

. Spray
Throttling .

-5 Coolant

) ( ) .
. 1222 512 502
.1340 123

.
( ) 10-3 Compressor

030

143

 - .

033

()


.

(
)

()

: 10-3

9-3

Window

145

80 x 60
.
Condenser .

"
BTU 24000 .

Split

.

 - .

033

.
( Unit

) Indoor

Evaporator
" Expansion Valve

" () Evaporating Unit . EU

( ) Outdoor Unit
Condenser Compressor "
Condensing Unit . CU

25
.

.

Microprocessors

Data
.

147

( ) .
. 5 1.5.
Split Cassette type mini-split
Floor-standing mini-split
. Split

Duct Split
Ducts

Split
1.5
5 3 .

. 6.6
1.5 . Ducts (Package
) .

Split

40 60
3 2,4
3.4 2,8.

 - .

50 4 .
Duct split AHU
AHU Compressor Package
.

. 11-3
.

11-3 Pakage
two Ducts .

032

149

Fresh Air .

.
. Fresh
Fresh Air
.

D.X Direct eXpansion

( Window Split
Duct Split D.X ).
: Ducts
.1 Ducts

Supply (

).

.2 RETURN AIR DUCT ( .

) .
.

.

Ducts False Ceiling

" "

 - .

052

( )DUCT HEATERS
.

chilled

)Water System
Fan Coil

.
4.1 1
.
Chiller

151

.
:

( 450 )

) . Specific Heat (Cp

. Evaporator Chillers

Ducts
Air Handling Unit , AHU Fan Coil Unit , FCU
Evaporator
Ducts .
Duct

. AHU

 - .

( air-cooled

. )Chiller

( .)Chiller water-cooled

350
.
.

050

153

12-3
:
( ) Chillers
( FCU) Fan Coil Unit

AHU Air Handling Unit

FCU Chiller
Chillers Cooling Tower .

Loop Ducts FCU .AHU

 - .

053

: 12-3

Chillers . Boilers

.

6,500 TR Air Cooled Screw Chillers

41 Nos. Fresh AHUs/AHUs
2177 Nos. Fan Coil Units

43 Nos. Chilled Water Pumps

40 KM Chilled Water Piping
125,000 m2 of Ducting
77 Nos. Exhaust Fans

:
.1

155

.2 Air Duct
Package
.3 Ducts Duct
Split

.4 .

( )Nominal Name Plate

95 ( 35)

( )Actual
118.4 ( 48) 115

% 80 118.4
% 20

: 10 ( 120000 . . /)
95 (8

96000 . . /) 118.4.
:
.

053

157

NEC Branch Circuits
) .(Load (
CB

) Load

Distribution Boards Main Panels

.

:
:

Branch Circuits

( ...... ).

: Main Feeders
.

Load
Load (
) . ( ) Load

:
( ) .

052

159

(
) . :

/ CBs

:
:
-1 .) ICB( CB

-2 mm2 . ICable
CB (
) Loads :
.1
.2

Static ( ).
Dynamic .

:
.i

( ).

.ii ( ).
.

1-4

.

) . (NEC :

.1 (
).
.2 ( :
) .

.3 6 : 4 CB
10

CB . Contactor
ON/OFF .

032

161

.4 ( Sockets ) 8A
) (CB . 16A
Box

Junction

Double Pole SW .

.5
( ) .
.6 %80 CB
Load .

.7 " " 3 .
.8 Wire Rating CB Rating .

.9
( )Harmonics
() .

( .)

( 1.8 )

1.8 0.85
.
.10 Sockets
.

.11 Sockets
.

.12 Sockets 50

Phase

380 .

.13 Sockets
Phases Phase
Socket
Phase Phase Socket
.

 .
.14 Sockets 16

.15 Sockets 150

.
.16 Sockets
.

.17 ( )IP Sockets .

.18 Sockets .
.19 0.3 0.4
1.2 1.35.

.20 Sockets 1.80

3.65.
.21 Sockets
.

.22
.
.23
Sockets .

2-4 () Static speoB

( ) Static
Loads Rated Value CB :

030

163
: 1-4
.1
.2

.)Load Current ( IL

CB ( ) Rated Current
Load :
ICB > 1.25 IL

.3

.4

Rated Current Thermal Rating

Rating .

De-rating factors

Thermal

. CB :
ICABLE ICB

.1 Rated Current Rated Current CB

CB .

.2 CB Load %25 CB
.
.3 ) ( Standard Value CB
.

.
CB 23A 25A .32A
.4 Short Circuit Capacity CB
CB .

.5

.
: 1- 4

CB 3-Phase Load 21kW

( ) Power Factor 0.8 50

Single Core Cable PVC

415.

033

:
-1 :Load

36.5 A

21000
3 418 0.8

I Load

-2 CB Rated Value :Load

ICB = 1.25 x 36.5 = 45A
CB . 50A
-3 Thermal Rating
( De-rating factors
) :
.a

( 0.85 5-2.) 2-

.b
6 .

( 0.69 2-2 )2-

Load :

36.5
62.2 A
0.69 0.85

I L (corrected )

. 4 " : "
1-2 2 -

. ( 2- 1-2
) 2- 6-2
25mm2 77A ( . )ICable > ICB

.5 4(1 x 25 mm2) Cu :
25 mm2 ) (4 x 25 mm2
.Multicore

165

36.5
43 A
0.85

I L (corrected )

( 16mm2 ) 59A .25mm2

3-4 ()speoB uioeniu

Static Loads
(.(High Starting Current
Rated Current
P
Im
)(4 1
V cos
Starting IST
Current

) . (4-1
.4-4
Im

Xm
Vsup
Emf

: 4-4

...............................4 2

Vsup Emf
Xm

Im

Emf k .....................................4 3

Im

...............................4 4

033

Vsup
Xm

Im

Xm ( ) Im
)(Vm - Em 2-4
. 1-4
Rated Current CB
( ) ICB > IST .

kVA Code
( Name Plate .) 5-4

: 5-4
kVA Code 2-4 IST .

167
: 2-4
(kVA/HP) at starting

kVA Code

0-3.14

3.15-3.43

3.44-3.99

4 4.49

4.5 - 4.99

)5 - ( 5.59

5.6 6.29

6.3 - 7.09

7.1 - 7.99

)8 - (8.99

:2-4

.5-4

5-4 30HP 460V kVA

Code ( ) G 2-4 KVA/HP 5.6

( 6.29 ) :
5.6 6.29
5.9 kVA / HP
2
5.9 30 177kVA

222 A

ST

kVA / HP

ST

177 1000
3 460

kVA

I ST

460
( 222 )
34.9 A .

.

032

: Service Factor

1.15

5-4 %15 .
.
:Insulation Class

Classes ( 5-2 )
. 5-4 F
155.
NEMA Design

Classes

Enclosure

. :
) National Electrical Manufacture Association (NEMA

IP

3-Phase 15HP .

: 3-4

169
: 3-4
.1

() IL

.3

CB .ICB IST

.4

( ) ICABLE ICB

.5

.2

Starting Current

ST

( )1-4
CB . Starting Current
:3-4
5HP 2.5

PF=.85 V=220 V .) HP = 746 W ( .%90

:

5 746
22 A
220 0.85 0.9

IL

I ST 2.5 22 55 A

CB ( ) ICB IST .63A

( ) ICABLE ICB 6-2 2-
( )2 x 16 mm2 ( 66A ) .

.
.
: 5kW Output 5kW
Input .

072

: 4-4
: 4-4
.1 ( ) IL

.2 Starting Current IST

.3 CB ICB IST
.4 .

.5 . ICABLE 1.25IL Thermal

rating .
.5 Overload 1.05 .
- -
( ) ICable > ICB ICable IStarting
.

: 4-4

CB 3-Phase 50kW 380 V

) (PF = 0.9 ) (IST=2.5 Ir = .95%

93.7 A

50,000
3 380 0.9 .95

IL

I ST 2.5 93.7 234 A

CB .250A
Overload

( ) ICable>IST
250A 93A
. ( Icable >1.25 Irated

171

)
.
I cable 1.25 93.7 117.1A

117 4 x 50 mm2 131A

( ) 7-2 .2-
Overload Device
- - Main Poles
Contactors Auxiliary Contacts -
Start /Stop .6-4

1.05 IL 100
Rated Current ) 250 A ( CB () 131A
.

: 6-4 . Overload

4-4
. Starting Current Rated Current
:

070

-1 Starting Current
.

Starting Current

.
-2 CB

93A CB 250A

- 200A - CB ICB
.

) Over Load (OL

. 1.05

200A Over Load

.CB
-3 Starting Current Over Load

..... Starting Current

Over Load .
-4 CB Over Load

... CB . Short Circuits

O.L
CB
CB.
CBs
OL .

4-4

. :
-1

( ) ISt . IST-max

173
-2

( ) Irated Irated-
max

: 5-4
: 5-4 CB

-1 )( ISt (Group CB
) :

I St (Group) I Stmax DF I rated I ratedmax

-2 Rated Current ( )
:

I rated (Group) 1.25 I ratedmax DF I rated I ratedmax

-3 De-rating Factors
Thermal Rating CB 1-
2- .

DF

: 6-4

073

: 6-4 ( ) Individual Drives

1-5

6-10

0.75

11-15

0.7

16-20

0.65

21-30

0.6

31-50

0.55

: 5-4

3-phase :
3

5HP

10 HP

15HP

2.5 ).)P.F = 0.85

Irated Irated-max
Irated (5HP) = 7.6 A
Irated (10HP) = 14 A
) Irated (15HP) = 21 A -------- > (Irated-max
:
IST (5HP) = 19 A
.

) >( ISt- max

IST (10HP) = 35 A
IST (15HP) = 52 A

( DF = 0.75 .)6-4
:5-4

I Start (Group) 52 0.75 3 7.6 2 14 3 21 21 122 A

CB 125A 150A 122 . 125

5-4

I rated (Group) 1.25 21 0.753 7.6 2 14 3 21 21 95 A

175

6-2 ( )

( 3 x 50 + 25 mm2 .) 179A

.7-4

3x50+25

150A

63A

40A

4x6

4x4
3

15 HP

25A
4x3
2

10 HP

5 HP

: 7-4 5-4
:

.1 . Over Load
.2 (
) .

.3
.

:
( CB )
:
-1 (
).
-2

( Voltage Drop V.D

).

-3 CB Short Circuit
. CB

5-4 :
Rated Current 6-2
:
40 ( 25)

. :

( . ) De-rating Factors

Thermal rating
.
:

073

177

-4
.7
: 7-4

25

35

30

40

45

50

55

PVC

0.65 0.76 0.85 0.93 1.00 1.07 1.13

XLPE

0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.04 1.09

. 8-4
: 8-4

25

35

30

40

45

50

PVC

0.71 0.82 0.95 1.00 1.08 1.15 1.22

XLPE

0.84 0.89 0.90 1.00 0.90 1.10 1.14

: 9-4

55

Above 300 mm2 Up to 240 mm2 Up to 70 mm2

50

1.00

1.00

1.00

60

0.99

0.98

0.97

80

0.97

0.96

0.94

100

0.95

0.93

0.92

125

0.94

0.92

0.89

150

0.93

0.90

0.87

175

0.92

0.89

0.86

200

0.91

0.88

0.85

072

:
: 10-4

90

80

150 120

100

250

200

C.cm/watt

1.0 1.07 1.12 1.17

0.73 0.80 0.91

:
: 11-4

2

5-4

8-6

0.7 0.72 0.75 0.78 0.85

0.8

0.7 0.73

0.66 0.86

:
: 12-4

Touching
Trefoil Flat

Spacing 30 cm Spacing 15 cm
Flat

Trefoil

Flat

Trefoil

0.81

0.81

0.87

0.87

0.91

0.91

0.70

0.69

0.78

0.76

0.84

0.82

0.63

0.62

0.74

0.72

0.81

0.77

0.60

0.58

0.70

0.66

0.78

0.73

0.56

0.54

0.67

0.63

0.76

0.70

:
( ) Touching 15 30 .
:

.1

.
.2
.

179

.3

.

.4 Current Rating
()
Cable rating
8
.

( 2 ).

: 6-4

PVC 95mm2 50

6-2 ( 25 )

95mm

268 7- 4 50 0.76
Thermal Rating 50 :
0.76 x 268

203A

268A .

7 -4

PVC 240 mm2 50C

80 .
:

: 8-4 0.89
:9 -4 0.96

: 12 -4 ( ) 0.7
6-2 435 .

435 x 0.7 x 0.96 x 0.89 = 260A

022

Thermal rating %60 Rating

.
6-2
(
) .

:8-4
18 .8 -4
.

8-4 18
:

11-4 :

0.7

0.8

()
:

0.56= 0.7 x 0.8

0.66

0.85

( )

0.66 x 0.85

0.56

. 56%

181

:9-4
PVC 300 A

50 C 80 .
:

: 8-4 0.82
: 9-4 0.96
: 12-4 ( ) 0.7
Rated Current :
300
I cable
501A
0.7 0.96 0.82

(
) 12-4 0.63 0.7 :
300
557 A
0.63 0.96 0.82

I cable

( )557 /2 = 279A 6 - 2
120 mm2

. 2( 3 x 120 + 70 ) mm2 :

6-4 :
(
) De-rating Voltage Drop
%4 %8
( .)%6-3
:
1% .3%

 .
) (P = V x I cos
.

10% CB

.
.
:
:

V0 I ph R cos jX sin ) ........4 5

Voltage Drop :

.1 ( R (
) Go and Return R
2 X
)
.2 Reactance . X
.3 . Power Factor , cos
.4 Phase current . Iph

: 3-Phase . 3

........4 6

)V0 I ph Z (

........4 7

V0 I ph R() or V0 I ph X

X R
.

020

183

Voltage Drop

mV 13-4
.
( ) PVC
600.

: 13-4

: ) Z( Impedance p.u
:
4-8

Vo= Zp.u x Vline

.1

VD 3- phase . Vline

.2

Xcable . R

.3

VD 2 Single
Phase 3

. 3-Phase

:10-4

100 kVA 460 V Impedance . 5%

. Full load
:

023

185

125 A

100000
3 460

I ph

Vline
460 2
Z p .u
0.05
0.1058 .
VAbase
100000

: 4-6

V0 ( I ph Z ( )) 125 0.1058 13.2V

4-10

V .D V0 3 3 23V
- - : 4-8
5
V
460 23V
100

:11-4

Multi-core 150 mm2

800 100A 415.

:

13-4 150 . 0.285 V/km/A

:
0.285 x 800 x 100/1000 = 23 V
5.4 % ( ) 23 / 415 380
380 .
415 240 13-4 Line
voltage . 3

. Phase

3-

023

9 -4
( ) V :

V 2 , V 3 , V 4.

(total ) V1 max of

Vmax

V1

V4
V3
V2

: 9-4
V 9-4
V1 .

7-4 :

CB .

.
:

-1 . Short Circuit

Study .

-2 .
( )
-2 Trip Time CB . CB
. .

187
.
.
( ).

14-4 .
:12-4

PVC 70 mm2 14 kA CB

14-4 70 mm2 11.4 kA

14kA

. 95mm2 CB 0.3.

: 14-4

13-4
20kA CB

0.5.
:

14-4
20 kA 24.4 kA

0.5

150 mm2

. 10-4
0.5 sec 20 kA 120 mm2

( 150 mm2 23 kA ).

022

189

: 10-4

( ) a

-1 90:

002

a( mm2 ) 9 t I SC ...............4 11
-2 90:

..........4 12

a( mm2 ) 14.2 t I SC

kA t CB
.
14-4
20kA

CB 0.5.
:

11-4
2

a( mm ) 9 0.5 20 127 mm
2

. 150 mm2
.

8 -4
( ) IS.C = V/ ZS.C

( ) V Zs.c Impedance
. Is.c
Impedances ( ) ZSC

.
11-4
Generating Station
Distribution Transformer Load
.

191

Impedances . 11-4
Impedance .

R .Impedances

)X (Source
11 kV

)X (Trans
415 V

)X (Cable

: 11-4

.
-1 XS

. Short Circuits
11-4

( Xsource )Xs
Equivalent Reactance . MVASC
(

) MVASC

300MVA

11kV 500 .MVA 600

000

415
31MVA 60 MVA
XS MVASC
:

kV 2
XS
............................4 12
MVASC
kV Line Voltage .
:

3kVPh2 max
MVASC

XS

Phase Voltage 1.05 .

Infinite Bus
Xs ( .) Short
:
S.C. MVA
250
350
500

Rs
0.095
0.0675
0.047

Xs
0.633
0.4515
0.316

-2

( . )XT XT

Name Plate :
1MVA XT . 4%
10MVA XT . 5 %

Us.c 0.04

0.07 .

193

( )9/6 296

XT .
.
: 5-4

50

0.04

70.3

100

0.04

28

57.5

250

0.04

8.3

24.2

25.6

500

0.04

3.52

12.3

12.8

800

0.045

2.55

8.63

1000

0.05

1.94

7.76

()Us.c

()kVA

( )

( )

( )

107

128
64

()Rs.c

()Xs.c

()Zs.c

( ) N (
. )XT/N
-3

( R (X
.
25 2

0.07
0.15 .

Req / A
:
A

( ) mm

003

70 :

21 . 2 .

33 . 2 .
Bus Duct (

)
.

Phase reactance 0.15 .

15-4
12-4 (

) ( )
( )
.

Xeq 10

.
:

( )1

:
Zeq

Xeq .

( 10 ) 220 1.05

)Xeq (1.05 Vph

23.1

32 .
( )2

" " "" 45

70 + 150 3.2

(150 )33 45

9.9

195

6.75

0.15 45

Req / A
33 . 2
0.15
"" 16.75 ) 6.75 +10 ( 9.9
19.5 . ""
(19.5 )220 1.05

11.794

""
( )3

16 .

"" "" 15
2

35 + 70 3

(70 )21 15
0.15 15

CB ""

4.5
2.25

0.15

"" 24.080 19.2 14.4

. ""
(24.080 )220 1.05

9.593

""
( )4

16

"" "" 10
2

25 3

(25 )21 10
0.15 10

8.4

1.5

0.15

"" 30.964 20.95 22.8 .

""

(30.964 )220 1.05

7.460

003

10
.

""

70+1503

164

45

25

""

3.5

35+703

15

2
164

""

104

253

10

3.5

""

M
3

: 12-4

( )5

"" 6 10
2

(10 )21 6

12.6

197
-

0.15 6

0.9

0.15

33.810 20.35 27.00

.
33.810 220 1.05

.

( )6

6.832
10

25 16 4 .
-

(16 )21 25

()0.15 25

32.813
3.75

0.15

35.636 13.9 32.813 .

6.482

10

6.482 .

S.C.
MVA-

Method .

M :
:

 .
) (Rated power

pu

X M

MVAraterd
X p.u

M ( gen, motor , transf )

M :

KVL 2
Z C

M cable

M :
.1

.2

M .

( M ) .

Generators and Motors

M
MVAs.c Is.c

MVASC
) 3 (kV

I SC

kV .
16-4

13-4 MVA_method DB

200 . 5 MVA

002

199
Trans.

DB
Cable
0.01 ohm/km

X = 0.05
11/0.38 kV

: 13-4 16-4
:

( ) MVA_Source 300

MVA
.
M :
M1 = M_source= 300 MVA.
M2 = M_transformer = 5/0.05 = 100 MVA.
2

KV
0.38 2
M 3 M _ cable

72.2 MVA
X c 0.01 0.200

M : 14-4
M2=100

DB
M3=72.2

M1=300

MVASC

: 14-4 16-4
M M
.
1
1
1
1
36.5 MVA = MVASC

M eq
M eq M 1 M 2 M 3

55kA

36.5
3 0.38

I SC

022

9 -4
1MVA

350 .15-4 :

= 1MVA
& XT = 0.05 p.u

base

MVA

MVASource = 500 MVA

ZCable= 0.014

380 PVC 240 mm2

50 .

350 m

: 15-4
:

Load

1500 A

6-2

1000,000
3 380

IL

( )240mm2 360

1500
No. Cables
5 cables
360
300
).(1500 A

201

-1

11-4 0.75 7-4

0.76
360 x 0.76 x 0.75 = 205 A
300

8 - 5.

Thermal Rating
) 0.72 ) 0.76 :
360 x 0.76 x 0.72 = 197A
8
) ( 1500 / 8 187

Thermal Rating ( ) 197A

.
-2

.3 %

13-4 240mm2 0.204

. 350 187
:

0.204 x 10-3 x 187 x 350 = 13.3 Volt

13.31/380 = 3.5 %
% 3
.

020

( x )

3.5
10 cable
3

No. of Cables 8

-3

. SCC .

-1
: SCC

Bus Bar
BB
.
: M :

M1 = M_source= 500 MVA.

M2 = M_transformer = 1/0.05 = 20 MVA.

KV 2 0.38 2
29.5 MVA
X c 0.014 0.350

M 3 M _ cable

.16-4

M1=500
M3=19.2
M2=20

MVASC

16-4

203
: M (

) .

Meq = 11.64
Meq MSC .
: ( CB )

17.4 kA

11 .46
3 0.38

MVASC
3 kVL

I SC

SCC . 20 kA
BB 10
1.7 kA

) (240 mm2 .

-1

( ) (
) 500

MVA 20 MVA ( )

500 20
19.23MVA
520

M SC

Short

) (240 mm2 14-4

. 11-4
14-4 240 mm2 39 kA
19.23 kA .
11-4

a(mm2 ) 9 t I SC 9 0.5 19.23 122 mm2

( )240 mm2
.

023

205

 - .

023

Circuit

Branch

.
Distribution Board
Switch Board
.
CB
.

.
.
:
.

.

.

207

:
1-5
:
.1 .3-Phases
.2
Light Section : .Power Section

.3 3-Phase . 10 kVA

.4 ( )100 kVA
.
.5 Lighting
Power
: ( ).
.6

.7 ( )

.

.8

Watt/m

.
.9 36.

.10 CBs .Spare

.11 ( )CBs
.Space Only
.12 .
.13 Phases 2.54
2.54.

.14 ( )3- Phases -

.Symmetric Distribution
3- Phases Phases
Phases Phase Phase

.Phase Balance

 - .

022

.15 . Phase

.

.16 CBs ( ) 100A

. CB 100A
Trip 63A .80A
.17 CB Frame Value CB

Trip

Value
) 100A (80A CB 100A
80A.

.18 3-Phases

CB Phase Current

3-Phases .
.19

(

) .

.20 .

.21 Multi-core 240 2

Single-core .
.22 ( )CB

CB 20A 14A 15A

.

2-5 ( )


.
.

209

.
.
L ( )
(Sockets ) P ( )...
. (

Range Dryer WH -EX -A/C

DB
.

 - .

002

211

 - .

000

213

 - .

L

.
:
-1 .
-2 .

003

215

 - .

003

217

3-phases Color Code .

L20 60 W DB-4
1.5 mm 10A .

 - .

002

219

 - .

SLD
Single Line Diagram
.

002

221

3-5
Rated
Current
. CB :

 - .

000

Rated Load .

Rated Load
Total Connected Load, TCL

.

CB
Total Connected Load
.

( NEC ) ()
( Demand Factor, DF )

: 1-5
: 1-5 NEC
.1 .
.2 ( )DF

3000VA

( . (DF=1

.3 3000VA 1-
DF . 0.35
.4 Dryer
( ) DF = 1

.5 CB
:
1 - Find : ILoad
2 - Choose ICB > 1.25 ILoad
3 - Choose ICable > ICB

223

Demand ( DF

) Factor .
" " .

Total Connected Load

. Total Connected Load
CB
.

Total Connected Load

.


.

(: :) NEC
( 15W/m2 30 W/m2 )
. 3000VA

. 1500VA
. 8000VA
Dryer 5000VA
65-60 .
.

 - .

003

: 1-5

200 :
.1 NEC

.2 .TCL
:
NEC

NEC (

1) :
-1

-3

1500VA

-4

60 x 200

-5

8000 VA

-7

5000W

-2

-6

200 x 15

3000VA

3000W

12000 W

5000VA

)3000+3000 + 1500) =7500 VA

: :
3000 x 1 + (7500 3000) x 0.35 + 12000 + 8000 +5000 = 29575 VA
- CB

- .29575 VA

( :) TCL

3000 + 3000 + 1500 + 12000 + 5000 + 8000 = 32500 VA
.

225

4-5

.
2- 5
.

9000VA

3000VA

1-

1500VA

2-

3500VA

)(3-phase

12000VA

3 ( )

3000VA

2200 VA

. - CB
Single
. Line Diagram, SLD .
: :

.2-5

 - .

003

: 2-5 2-5
Cable
Cable

CB

1.25 IL

( ) IL

Rating
25

2*2 mm

10

6.25A

5A

)8 (L1 :L8

32

2*3 mm2

16

)2 (P1 : P2

40

2*4 mm2

25

18

14

)1 (P3

52

4*6 mm2

32

22

18

)1 (P4

32

2*3 mm2

16

)1 (P5

52

2*6 mm2

25

20

16

)1 (P6

52

2*6 mm2

32

25

10

)3 (A1 :A3

9000/220

=41A
3000/220

=14A
3000/220

=14A

12000/3*220
=18A
1500/220

1-

=7A
3500/220

2-

=16A
)2200/(220

)(2.5xIL

=10A

CB CB
(
16A 10A )9A
( )CB

( )
Starting Current CB.

2 x 3 . 2 x 2.5 mm
: (
:NEC

Total = 9000 + 3000 + 3000 =15000 VA

: NEC

227

+ 35% (15000 - 3000) + 12000 + 1500 + 3500 + Design load = 3000 x 1

2200 x 3 = 30800 VA
TCL

( 38600 VA

)
. NEC

Phases (

) .3-5
: CB :

CB 3-Phases

. 62A
1.25 62 77.5A CB 100A

I CB

3-2
ICable= 4 x 35 mm2

: 3-5 2-5
Phase-C

Phase-B

Phase-A

Load

L7-L8

L4-L6

L1-L3

10A

15A

15A
P1=8A

P2=8A
P3=14A
P4=18A

P4=18A

P4=18A

P5 =7A

1-
2-

P6 =16A
A3 =10A

A2 =10A

A1=10A

62A

57A

58A

Total current per phase

phase
. 3-phases

 - .

002

: SLD .1-5
4x35 mm
100A

16A

10A
2x1.5 mm

16A

2x2.5 mm

25A

2x2.5 mm

25A

2x6 mm

2x4 mm

1
1-

32A

32A

2x6mm

2-

: 1-5 SLD . 2-5

3-5

. 4-5

CB .
:

17- 4-5

phase 17-
phase CB
.4-5

229
: 4-5 3-5

:
415/240 V

Ph-A

1100

1100

1100

1100

1100

10

11

1-

12

2-

13

3080

14

3960

15

16

17

2200

18

1200

19

20

21

22

Total Phase power

Ph-B
1100

1100
1100

1760
1760
1540
3520
3960

3960

2200
2200

1200
1200

14400

14400

Total connected load

(T.C.L)42540

Max- Current per phase

14400/220 = 65.5A

1.25 IL

82 A

CB

Ph-C

CB = 100A
Cable : 4 x 35 mm

13740

 - .
4-5

5-5 .
:
: 5-5

5-5

002

231

5-5
.
:
:

Phases
V2 / V1:
V1 : Positive Sequence Voltage

V2 : Negative Sequence Voltage

)(5-1
)(5-2

V1 =Va + a Vb + a2 Vc
2

V2 = Va + a Vb + a Vc

Phases ) (Va ,Vb ,Vc

1-5 2-5
Unbalance . ) Negative Sequence Voltage ( V2

( ) ( 2-5) .
Voltage Drop Neutral .
In
( Neutral 2-5) Voltage drop

 - .

Ib

000

Ib

Ic

Ic

Ib

In
Ia

Ib
Ia

Ic

Ic

: 2-5 .
Phases Neutral
( .) P = V x I
CB (
3A ) 4A

. Constant Power Devices

Power Loss
Phase 100 Phase 0.1
:

3 I2 x R = 3 x (100)2 x 0.1 = 3000 W

: ) ) 100A+100A+100A Phase-A
( )

2 x I2 x R = 2 x (300)2 x 0.1 = 18000 W

( 2 Phase-A

( 300A Phase .) 2
.

Phases .

233

5-5


220 :
3 12 . 3 3 0.8. - 2 2 .

2 2 0.7. 2 3 0.8. 2 1 0.7. 200 18 4 0.95 .

:


:

18.23 )1 380 1.732 ( 12000 -

5.7 )0.8 380 1.732( 3000

)1 220( 2000

9.09

) 0.7 220( 2000

13

5.7 )0.8 380 1.732( 3000 6.5 )0.7 220( 1000 -

( 7.04 )0.953801.732( )22200

Phases ( )
Phases 6-5
( ) Phases
Phases
3-Phases :

 - .

003

: 6-5
Phase-1

Phase-3

Phase-2

kVAR

kW

kVAR

kW

kVAR

kW

--

--

--

--

--

--

2.04

2.04

1.02

--

--

1.02

3-Phase :

--

12

--

12

--

12

2.25

2.25

2.25

2.25

2.25

2.25

0.48

1.47

0.48

1.47

0.48

1.47

Phases :
6.00

Phase

22.47

7.02

23.47

8.04

22.47

Q P Active Reactive Phase

:

)IReal (Active

)Iimg( Reactive

()I

Phase-1

102.136

27.273

105.715

Phase-2

106.682

31.909

111.352

Phase-3

102.136

36.545

108.477

3-Phases Neutral
Symmetrical Components :
)Inr(Real Part
)36.545 31.909(0.866 + )102.136 + 106.682( 0.5 102.136

1.742

235

)Ing( Imaginary Part

)102.136 106.682(0.866 + )36.545 + 31.909(0.5 27.273
()In

3.017

3.484

)
.

(
)

5 - 3 .
12 60 + 12 80 + 12 100 - 3 60 + 3 + 80 + 3 100

7.2

( 2 2 ) 2 80 + 2 100 3 80 + 3 100 - 4.4 100

3.6
4 5

1 80 + 1 100 4.4

28.8

1.8

55.2 68.41

 - .

:
( -
) .

6-5
Feeder ( (One-in-take
200 kVA Two Feeders ) )Two in-take
400 kVA
( :
) .
:
200.. ( ) .

" 220 / 380 "

50 . ( )
.
200.. . 500.. ( ).

500.. . 1000.. ( ).

3-5 RMU (11
22 ) .

003

237

(

)

RMU

3-5
1000.. . 2000.. (
).
2000.. ( ).


.
SC Capacity
500.. . CBs

22 . 1000.. . CBs
45 .

CBs
) (Coordination

ISC 1500 (Bus-

)Ducts .

 - .

DF
.
.
Diversity Factor
40

( ) TCL 10kVA 400kVA

CB 400
kVA . 2000 kVA

8kVA

- - 320kVA
1600kVA
. .

7-5 ( )
+ + +
27 . 4-5

85
18
.

DB- 2, 3 ,5 ,6 ,8 ,9 ,11,12 ,14 ,15 ,17,18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 27

002

239

: 4-5 .
( ) 85 m2 .7-5
4-5 . 6-5

 - .

032

: 7-5 85 m2
4 ways TPN with ELCB 40A/30mA 4P
Load per phase in

Description

)(W

)MCB (A

Cable
2

) (mm

Ph

Cir

No.

R
1000

1000
1100

)L10 L19 (10x100

10

1.5

)P1= 200 & P2 = 800W (KIT

15

2.5

)L1 L9 + EX 1-2 (11 x 100

10

1.5

) P7 P8 (2 x 200 W

15

2.5

W.H-2 with 15A DP SW

15

2.5

)P3 P4 (2x100

15

2.5

A.H.U with 20A DP SW

15

2.5

P5 P6

15

2.5

W.H-1 with 20A DP SW.

15

2.5

400
1200
400
900
400
1200
1877
1877

ISOL 20A TP for A/C

(5.631 kW) = 40700 BTU

20A TP

1877
4177 4477 4577

Total Connected Load kW = 13.231

:
4 ways

( ) 4 circuit group

TPN

Three Phase and Neutral

ELCB

40A/30mA 4P

Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker

ELCB 40A 30mA

. 4-Poles
W.H

Water Heater

DP SW

Double Pole Switch

Phase Neutral

Phase.
A.H.U

Air Handling Unit

( Compressor Unit
.)Split

241

( 60 )
. DB- 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25 :

. 8-5

: 8-5 60m2
4 ways TPN with ELCB 40A/30mA 4P
Load per phase in W
B

MCB

Cable

Description

) (mm

)L7 14 (8 x100

10

1.5

)P1 (1 x 100) +P2 ( 500W

10

1.5

R
800

600

Ph

Cir
No.
1

KIT
800
200
1200
200
-------400
1513

L1-L6 + EX 1-2

10

1.5

P5P6

15

2.5

W.H-1 with 15A SW

15

2.5

)P3 P4 (2 x 100

15

2.5

Spare

15

2.5

Spare

15

2.5

AHU with 20A DP Sw

15

2.5

ISOL 20A TP for A/C

20A TP

(4.54 kW) = 33500 BTU/HR

1513
1513
2913

3313

2513

Total Connected Load kW = 8.739

.
.
MSB-1 : MSB-2
( : ) MSB-1

DB-1 DB-21 . 5 -5

 . -

030

DB21 DB20 DB19

DB12 DB11 DB10

DB9 DB8 DB7
DB6 DB5 DB4
DB3 DB2 DB1

1
M

50A meters

40ATH
30mA EL

40ATH
30mA EL

300ATHN+E

300 A
MCCB, 65 kA

MSB1
247 kVA

3 x 25 mm CU Tape

4 x 6 mm2 + 2.5 mm2 PVC Cu Conductor

in 38 mm PVC Conduit

: 5-5
. 9-5

243

: 9-5 MSB-1
TCL

Load

8739

2913

3313

2513

DB-1

13231

4577

4477

4177

DB-2

13431

4377

4577

4477

DB-3

8739

3313

2513

2913

DB-4

13231

4477

4177

4577

DB-5

13431

4577

4477

4377

DB-6

8739

2513

2913

3313

DB-7

13231

4177

4577

4477

DB-8

13431

4477

4377

4577

DB-9

8739

2913

3313

2513

DB-10

13231

4577

4477

4177

DB-11

13431

4377

4577

4477

DB-12

8739

3313

2513

2913

DB-13

13231

4477

4177

4577

DB-14

13431

4577

4477

4377

DB-15

8739

2513

2913

3313

DB-16

13231

4177

4577

4477

DB-17

13431

4477

4377

4377

DB-18

8739

2913

3313

2513

DB-19

13231

4577

4477

4177

DB-20

13431

4377

4577

4477

DB-21

247807

83069

86569

78169

TCL

( : ) MSB-2

DB-22 DB-27

. 10 -5
:
( . ) DB-Shop

( FFP .) 6 kW
SMSB .

 - .

033

: 10-5 MSB-2
TCL

Load

8739

2913

3313

2513

DB-22

13231

4577

4477

4177

DB-23

13431

4377

4577

4477

DB-24

8739

3313

2513

2913

DB-25

13231

4477

4177

4577

DB-26

13431

4377

4577

4477

DB-27

8900

3100

3500

2300

DB-SHOP

6000

2000

2000

2000

FFP

33520

12220

10100

11200

SMSB

119222

41054

40334

37834

TCL

SMSB :
o ( Lift-1 Lift-2 . ) 6 kW
o ( . ) DB-G
o ( . ) DB-B
. 11-5
: 11-5 SMSB
TCL

Load

6200

2200

1900

2100

DB-B

15320

6020

4200

5100

DB-G

6000

2000

2000

2000

Lift-1

6000

2000

2000

2000

Lift-2

33520

12220

10100

11200

TCL = 33520

:
DB- 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25 :
60 Phases
Phase DB-1 ( ) 2513 W Phase-R
( DB-4 ) DB-1

Phase-Y Phase DB-7 Phase-B

.

245

85 2 40700 BTU/HR 3.39

5.63 kW 1.6/
. 7-5

60 33500 BTU/Hr
4.5 KW .8-5

W/m2
9

( 2070 ) Lobby ( ) 9 X21

62W/m2

. 1- 4-3

.

( ( kW 367029 119222 +247807

( 400 kVA )
.

6-5
MSB-1 .
:

- - 4 x 6 mm2 PVC 38.

( 50 )

CB ELCB .30mA Cu Tape . 4 x 25 mm

.6-5 11

 - .
6 . 6 3
. .
1500 kVA

RMU (
. ) RMU

6 Feeder
3 x 240 + 120 + 70 mm2 ( 11)
Junction Box

4 x 25 + 16 mm2 . 6-5

5-5

CB CB
CB
. .
- -
.
Hot spot .

.
.

033

247
Standby LBS

LBS

3 x 240 + 120+ 70 mm2 CU

LBS
630A

LBS

JB

R Y B N E

RMU

63A

JB

630 A LBS
With FUSE 100A

1500 kVA
2500
4 x 25 + 16 mm2 CU

2500 A
CB

3 x 240 + 120+ 70 mm2 CU

3 x 240 + 120+ 70 mm2 CU

3 x 240 + 120+ 70 mm2 CU

100A

100A

250 A

250 A

250 A

1-

2-

JB

6-

1-

2-

JB

6-

1-

2-

JB

6-

1-

2-

JB

6-

1-

2-

JB

6-

6-5 JB

8-5
20 .
.

) (MLTP
. 7-5 MSB-1: MSB-2
MSB-3
. ESMSB

MSB-3 250 kVA .

 - .

032

300A THN S/F for Chiller (104 kW

each) Two out of Three

ESMSB 145 Kw

14
250 kVA

13

300A
ATS

14

13

Synch
Panel

14
MSB-2

MSB-3

MSB-1

SPARE

14
400A
MCCB.TP

400A
MCCB.TP

14

14
400A
MCCB.TP

1600 A
MCCB, 65 kA

1000 kVA

400A
MCCB.TP

BB 2000A TPN + E

17

: 7-5 MLTP

:
4
8

13
14
17

4 x 16 + 10 mm2 PVC in 38 mm PVC Conduit.

4Cx 25 mm2 Cu on cable tray

4C x 185mm2 Cu in on cable tray

4C x 240 mm2 Cu on cable tray.

3 x 25 mm Cu Tape.

MLTP :
( : ) MSB-1

8 -1
. 8-5

249
) 300 TPN S/F FOR CHILL (104 KW
THROUGH SYNCHRONIZATIONS PANEL

ROOF FL.

DB-8th 6.8 KW
8TH FL.

DB-7th 6.8 KW

7TH FL.

DB-6th 6.8 KW
DB-5th 6.8 KW

6TH FL.

DB-4th 6.8 KW

5TH FL.
4TH FL.

DB-3RD 6.8 KW

3rd FL.

DB-2ND 6.8 KW
DB-1ST 6.8 KW

2nd FL.
1ST FL.

DB-M 8.6 KW

Mezz FL.

DB-G 7.6 KW
SPARE

40A
MCCB.TP
)(TYPICAL

ELR

ELR

300mA

300mA

ELR
300mA
300A
MCCB.TP

400 A
MCCB, 65 kA

Basement Floor

SPARE

13

500A THN + E, 35 kA

14

) MSB-1 (At Ground FL.

TCL = 186.2 kW

To LT Panel

DB-B 7.6 KW

: 8-5 MSB-1
( : ) MSB-2

9 16
.9-5

( : ) MSB-3

10-5
. ESMSB

 - .

052

100A THN S/F Lift-1

)(21 kW

300 TPN S/F FOR

) CHILL (104 KW
THROUGH
SYNCHRONIZATION
S PANEL

ROOF FL.
DB-Mech. 6.8 KW
MECH. FL
DB-16th 6.8 KW
FL.

DB-15th 6.8 KW

TH

16

15th FL.

DB-14th 6.8 KW

14th FL.

DB-13th 6.8 KW

13th FL.

DB-12th 6.8 KW

12th FL.
DB-11th 6.8 KW
11th FL.

DB-10th 6.8 KW

10th FL.
DB-9th 6.8 KW
9th FL
SPARE

40A
MCCB.TP
)(TYPICAL

SPARE

4
ELR

ELR

300mA

300mA

13

ELR

300A
MCCB.TP

350 A
MCCB, 35 kA
14

ELR
300mA

300A
MCCB.TP

BB400 :A THN + E, 35 kA

) MSB-2 (At Ground FL.

TCL = 186.2 kW

To LT Panel

: 9-5 MSB-2
( : ) ESMSB

( ) ESMSB
ATS

. 250 kVA

251
20A THN S/F for
)Booster (3 kW each

100A THN S/F LIFT

)3 (21 kW

40A THN S/F for Chiller

)P1-3 (4 kW each

ESMSB 145 Kw
ROOF FL.

14

40A THN S/F LIFT

Pump 7.5 kW

14

ATS

250 kVA

Mezz FL.

SPARE SPARE

14
ELR

ELR

300mA

300mA

8
ELR

ELR

ELR

300mA

300mA

4
ELR

ELR

4
ELR

ELR

4
ELR
300mA
40A
MCCB.TP

100A
MCCB.TP

400 A
MCCB, 35 kA

400A THN + E, 35 kA

) MSB-3 (At Ground FL.

TCL = 210.77 kW

14
To LT Panel

: 10-5 MSB-3
:
-1 Chillers

Synchronization Panel

MSB-1 MSB-2
.
-2 :
: Water Chillers

Water Chillers 104 kW

A.H.U /

 - .
.
( )
.

: Chillers

Bus Duct
. ( ) Bus Duct

Bus Duct
Bus Duct Bus Duct
Bus Duct ( ) Tap-off
.
-3 ( )
CBs
.
4-
.

Compressor
).

%80

% 30 . .

.

050

253

:
9-5

.
. .

) Ring Main Unit (RMU( .

)

Short Circuit Level ( .)65 kA 12-5

.

CB Low Voltage Side ( (Rated

1000000
)
( 1500A
3 380
:

( ) .

MPDB

( MLDB ) .

( MEDB ) .

( MACDB ) .

:
-1 BB .
-2 ( ) MEDB
ATS .12-5
-3 Critical Loads
UPS . ATS

 - .

053

-4 : ATS
( CB )
.
Standby LBS

LBS

LBS

LBS
630A

400A

RMU

FUSE 100A

TR

1MVA

1500A
CB

MPDB

MLDP

ATS

MEDB

UPS
FIRE PUMP

:12-5
:
MLDB: Main Light Distribution Board

MPDB: Main Power Distribution Board

MEDB: Main Emergency Distribution Board

255

.

MEDB ( ATS
) . ( ) MEDB UPS

. MEDB

BB Bus Coupler, BC .13-5

Two out of Three CBs

( . ) CB-1, CB-2 , BC
( ) 2 out of 3 .

 - .

053
From RMU

11 kV Switchgear

400A

400A

FUSE 100A

TR

FUSE 100A

TR

1MVA

1MVA

11 single core Armoured cable

500 mm2 XLPE/PVC

670 kVA
SEC-1

2000A
BC

2000 A

770 kVA
SEC-2
2000 A
250A

MPDB
MACDB

ATS

MLDB
MEDB

250A

150 kVA

250A
UPS
FIRE PUMP

:13-5

14-5

.

257

400A

400A

2 OUT 3
BC

AC

POWER

LIGHT

:14-5

.

.
.
( ) TR1 to TR7 1600 kVA

. Dry Type %33

Forced Cooling
1600 kVA

2133 kVA -5

.15

( RMU

) 14 (
) . : Bus Coupler

( 1 ) 6

Incoming

( Supply 5 )6 ( 1 )4
. Outgoing Feeders

( 9 ) 14 ( 9 ) 10 (
11 12 ) 13 ( . ) 14 ( 7 )8
Bus Coupler .

MSWB-1 : MSWB-2
. MSWB-3

 - .
) 14
14

12

13

11

10

052
(
4

)CELL-1 (outgoing-1

R&M

SF6 CB
withdrawable
type 630A,
25 kA

Interlock

Protective
Relay

Bus Coupler

CT
Spare
ES

HV Cable
Termination
Incoming
Supply

)TR3 (Typical
1600/2133 kVA
11/ 0.4 kV,
33.3% Forced
cool

TR2

Incoming
Supply

TR7

TR1

MSWB-1

)Outgoing (Typical
3 x 95 mm2 XLPE
12/20 kV Cables

TR6

TR4

TR5

MSWB-3

MSWB-2

3200A
)ACB (typical
2

1600 mm Cu BB

Bus bar

DBs

DBs
DBs

DBs

DBs

: 15-5
( ) MSWB-1 4 Air-CB

3200A CBs TR2

TR1 . TR3

CB-3

CB-4

( ) Normally Open TR1 CB-3

TR1 . TR2 TR3
CB-4 . TR-2

TR6 ( ) MSWB-2 TR2

TR5 TR7
TR4
Bus Bar .

MSWB-3 MSWB-2

259

. 12-5
BBs
.
: 12-5

 - .

10-5
( 5) RMU

( ) 66/11 kV
.
6-5

:
( ):
3.34 MVA :1-
1.66 MVA : 2-

( ):

1.33 MVA : 3-
2.66 MVA : 4-

66/11

Spare .

( 66/11 S4 4 x 25 MVA
20 MVA ) .
. 16-5

.

Short Circuit
Voltage Drop .

032

261

( : )16-5
( ) 11:

-1

3 S4

2 .bus coupler 4 ( ). - 2 .

4 2000 MVA ( kV 0.4 / 11 )

.
-2 ( ) 7 :
- 2 .

- 2 .

3 . 3 200 kVA 11/0.4 kV .

-3 Single core 400 ) (XLPE 20/12 kV

) (S4 ( .

Multi-core ).
-4 240 x 32

) (XLPE 20/12 .

( .

. ) 20 kV
-5 95 x 3 ( XLPE) 2 20/12. .
.

:
-

0.5% .1.43%

11kV ( = 7.9 kA

) 150 MVA SCC CBs BBs

.
16-5 .

 - .

030
S4
66 KV

4x25 MVA
66 /11 KV

TR4

TR3

40

22

TR1

TR2

11 KV
21

3 (3X1X400) mm2CU
Bus Coupler

630A
-2

2 MVA Trs

2 MVA Trs

2 MVA Trs

2 MVA Trs

2 MVA Trs

2 MVA Trs

2-

3-

2 MVA Trs

1-

4-

: 16-5
17-5 2MVA .

263
11 kV BB

630 A ,
11 kV CB
Earthing
switch
2000 MVA

3200
3200A CB
%70

%100

3200/5A

380

17-5

11-5
80% .
:

:7-5
1500 30 .
.

12.. 100 /

1500
100

30 12

5.4..

 - .

5.4
0.8

033

6.75.. 80

5 1.5..

7.5..

.
11-5

) (k1

) (k2 30.

: 11-5 30
:

: 8-5

k1

k2

().

1250.. 750..
30

265

: 11-5

750
0.6 ; t 4 h
1250
k2 1.19
k1

S2 = k2 * SN = 1.19 * 1250 = 1487.5 kVA

: 9-5
ONAN 450..
250.. .

S1= 250 kVA , t1 = 20h

S2= 450 kVA , t2 = 4h

S2/ S1 = 450 / 250 = 1.8 = k2 / k1

11-5 1.8 = k2 / k1 ; t = 4h

k2 k1 k1 = 0.633 , k2 = 1.14 :

SN

S1
S
2
K1 K 2
400...

SN

450
250

394.9 KVA
1.14 0.633

SN

 - .

033

267

032

.
) ( Live Conductors

.
(
Trays

Cable )

.Ground Wire

(

) .

269

1-6

Phase

Neutral 3-Phase system Two

Phase . 3-Phases

) ( Live Conductors
V V

, 1-6 ( Phase
) + Neutral .
:
V
Rbody

I body

Ibody Rbody .
1-6 Neutral , N
(

) Closed Loop :
.

: 1-6

. .

:
.1 .
.2 .

.3 .

( ) :
. (
) .
.

:
: .
:
.

072

271

1-6 .
: 1-6

( )
10-0 .

50-10 ( )
.

100-50

150-100 ( CPR
200-150 .
200 .

.
2-6 .
:2-6

( )
0 0.5

5- 30

50 - 30

0.5 - 5

20
( ) I ( : ) t
116 mA
I
t
100

11 .

 .

:

.
.

CPR

.

- -
.
:

.
( )


.

( )
5-4

.

070

273

CPR

.
. .

.


.


.

.
.

 .

.

.

.
()

.

. (
) . .

.
:
-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9
-10 -11 -12

073

275

Short
.

:
Arc Flash -1
Arc Blast -2
.
.

Flash


.

073

277

2-6

( ) .

. 2-6

Relay

: 2-6 .

.

Electric Discharge
.
. .

Short

 .
Power Quality

(. )Voltage Surges

Ground Neutral Neutral

A -2-6 -
Ground Faults . B -2-6

C -2-6

Isolated System
. D -2-6

.

072

279

ILoad

Neutral

Neutral

IF

Neutral

Earth

Neutral

IF

2-6 Neutral .

" :"


.
:
-1
-2
( 1 5)
-3
( )spherical capacitor

 .

.
. :
.
.

3-6
Electrode
.
Electrode

.
.
3-6:
-1 .

-2 .
-3 ( ) .

: 3-6

022

281

. 4-6
) Main Earthing Terminal ( MET Bus Bar,

BB Protective Conductors BB .
( /
/ )

Equi Potential

. Conductors MET Earthing Conductors

( ..

MET

: 4-6
:
.
.
.

)Soil Resistivity

. 3-6 .

020

.
:
34800 d L

d L t .
: 3-6

.m
150-40

Above 200
250-500

1000

Above

" " .
10

30 .
45 30
. 20

. ()

283

() .

" " . Driven Electrodes

.
Coupling
.

5-6
.

: 5-6 .
( ) 4 x 25 mm :
.

" " .
( )
3 5
.

( .6-6
).

: 6-6 ( )

.
.

.
.

.
.
.

Short

023

285

Cu Tape 2.5
x 25 mm .
.
.

( )
.

.

Section .

.

( ( 0.8 )
( ( 0.4 ).
:

()

-1.05

-0.75

-0.6

-0.55

-0.25

0.0

+0.1

+0.15

023

.
.

.
:
.
.

.

(

Cable Sheath

Ground wire

(
) Cable Sheath
Cable Sheath
.

Sheath .

287

: 1-6
1.5 MVA Xpu
. 0.05
:

MVABase 1.5

30 MVA
X pu
0.05

MVASC

MVASC
1.5

45kA
3VL
3 0.38

I SC

11-4 :

9 0.5 45 286 mm2

a( mm2 ) 9 t I SC

300.

:
-1 :

. . 6-6
-1

.
-2

022

4-6
.

Potential

Rise
.

.
5 1

( )Relay
:

) )r
.7-6
IF

dx

: 7-6
IF

289

R
:

...........................6 1
2 r

( ) .
r .

:

d L

8L
ln .................................6 2
2 L
d

a L b h -6
8 :

8L2 a 2 a b
h h2
ln

..................6 3
2
4 L ah
L 4 L2
2a b

h
a

L
b

: 8-6 .
R A
( ) IEEE-80-1986

2A

2A

002

"" :
-1 :

63
-2 :

2
L

64

RH

-3 N
RV . R/N
Mutual Effect

Screening

( Coefficient ) 1
. RV-T
N:
RV
N

6-5

RV T

: ( ) S
( )L S/L 9 -6
S 3 .

: 9 -6 .
N -6
.4

291

: 4 -6
N S/L
1

S/N

S/L

0.8 0.87

0.93 0.95

0.95 0.97

0.76 0.8

0.9 0.92

0.91 0.95

0.67 0.72

0.85 0.88

0.89 0.92

10

0.56 0.62

0.79 0.83 10

0.82 0.88 10

20

0.5 0.47

0.74 0.79 20

0.79 0.81 20

.
-4 L
: RH-T

2
L H

6-6

RH T

H .
-5 7 -6
N ( ) RV
( ) RH
:
67

RH RV
RH RV

Req

:2-6
75 20
5 500 .m
. 4 x40 mm

15 10-6

000

75 m

75 m

15 m

75 m

: 10-6 2-6

500
100
5

RV

R
100

6.25
N 0.8 20

RV T

S/L 15/5=3 4 -6 0.8

.

2
2 500

4.7
L H 300 0.7

RH T

( 0.7 ) .

RH RV
4.7 6.25

2.6
RH RV 4.7 6.25

Req

293

" " . ( )C & P
E . 31-6
C E 100 m P
C E C E ) (A
) (V . Re= V/I

P 5
.

: .

A
V

P
50 m

50 m
E

: 31-6
1-7 .

: 1-7 .

5-6
(
)

.
( ) LT ( ) MET BB
( ) MET Earthing Bars
Earth Pin Sockets

Earth Bar .

( ) .

. 11-6 SLD .

003

295

SLD

: 11-6
5-6 .

: 5-6

003

: Power Earthing
5 Safety Earthing 10
20 .

.

Multiple Grounding
Noise
.

Screen .

Cable

6 - 6

.
.


.

"" ( ) 30 kV/cm
.
kV
200 kA . 40 kA

297

( 25 )
30000

.

. Air Termination

( ) 1790 - 1706

:

-
! .13-6
:
Stepped Leader
100

( Return Stroke
) . ( 25 ) .

)(1

)(1+

)(2

: 13-6

)(2+

"

" .

"" " " " ".

Air Termination
.

.
.
.

. 14-6
45 30
.
.

30
45

:14- 6

002

299
3-6

10 x 10
.
:

( ) L ( )2r

L = 2r . 15-5

10

2r
10

: 15- 6 3-6
45 L :

2 L 14.4m

2r 2 10 2 10 2 2r 10

9 .16 -6

9m

: 16-6

2.5 X 20 mm
.4 x 20 mm
( 1 . )17-6

( )5 ( )2 (. )3

17-6
18-6 .
( )1 ( )9
(. )5

( )7 ( )3 / ( )6 ()4

( )8 .

022

301

: 18 6 : .

di
dt
L Inductance .

V I LT RE I LT

-
.

.Side Flash

. 30 kV/cm (
)L .

020

7-6
RE

IF
Potential Rise
. 19-6
Potential Distribution .

on
uti

trib
Dis
tia
l
ten
Po

IF
x

RE

19-6 .

Step Voltage . Touch Voltage

( ) IF
( ) RE
VTR ( )VTR = IF RE
( )VTR = IF RE

20 -6 Touch Voltage
Potential Distribution
. 19-6

303

IF

X
IB
IF1

RB

RF
RE

20-6
IB
RB RF
.
. Safety Shoes
.
( )
.
: IF .
IF : RE
( . ) RB + RF
( ) IF1 x RE
.

- ) (x1 x2
21-6 IF

023

Step Voltage (
) :

1 1
............................6 8
x1 x2

I f
2

Vstep

( ) X2 >> X1
.

IF

x1
x2

: 21-6

.

305

:4-6

120. .

1500 :
.1
.2

4 4.8 .

IF=1500A

=120 .m

r = 0.5 m

120 1500
I
57.29 kV
2 r
2 0.5

VT

.
: 8 - 6

I 1 1 120 1500 1 1


1.193 kV
2 x1 x2
2
4 4.8

VStep

023

.
:

2 r

N R/N Screening Coefficient
.

Cable Sheath

( Main Earthing Terminal ( MET .12-6

: 12-6

307

- Equi Potential Bonding

( )
.

( )Equi Potential Bonding

.

, SPD
Surface Potential Distribution .

. 22-6
:
-1 . 22 -6
-2 Grid . 22-6

22-6

( ) Grid Meshed Electrodes
(
) Meshed Electrodes

Equi-potential

( 22-6) .
Mesh
Touch Voltage
( 22-6 ) .
Step Voltage Mesh

Electrodes Mesh Electrodes

.
Grid Meshed Substations

. Grid

8-6
Power
Quality .

-1 . Solidly Earthing
-2 . Resistance Grounding
-3 . Reactance Grounding
-4 . Isolated System

022

309

Faulty Phase .

( ) CBs
Rupture Capacity
.

2-6 Earthing Transformer
. 23-6

Relay

Earthing
Transformer

: 23 -6 .

Reactor Neutral Reactance

% 60 -25 Solidly Earthed
.

 .
Capacitance

Stray

-
. :
.
.Repeated Arcing
.

.
.

9-6


.
:
TN-S.
TN-C.

TN-C-S.

IT.

TT.
:
T Terre . Earth
N . Neutral
C . Combined
S . Separate
I . Isolated
Neutral
Point :

( ) T

002

311
( Isolated ) I . IT
.

: T
T T TT

N . Neutral
.

C :

TN-C Neutral Protective Earth, PE

" " Combined " " Neutral .N-C

S :

TN-S N PE
" " Separate "

" Neutral . N-S

:

TN-C-S

Neutral ( )PE

Combined
Separate
" " Combined " " Neutral " Separate
" " Neutral .
.

.
( ) T Separate

Neutral
. 24-6

000

: 24-6 TN-S
Power

Cable

Sheath

.

.
. -

" " .
-
.

Neutral

( ) T Combined PE

N
. 25-6 .(Protective Earthing Neutral) PEN- system
.

313

TN-C System
Source

Installation
Installation
Equipment
PEN
T
N-C

: 25-6 TN-C

Neutral
( )26-6 Neutral
.

: 26-6 TN-C-S

003

: 27-6

2
load

load

27-6 TN-C-S
1-

2-
( ) 2- ( )
.
28-6

. Protective Multiple Earthing, PME 2-

2
load
1

: 28-6 PME

Isolated

315

.
!!

.
( ).

. 29-6

Earth Leakage

Protection .

: 29-6 TT
TN-S-C
TT . 30-6 1-
( )1 (

) 10 220 V ( ) 220V 11= 20A

( ) 20A x 10 = 200V
.

003

200V
10
1
200V

20A

: 30-6 TN-C-S & TT

TT :
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .

TT
Earth Fault

10-6 ( )

1970
14000 . 1970

OSH ACT 1971

OSHA 90

.

317

OSHA

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH

ADMINISTRATION

.
): Code of Federal Regulation (CFR

50

) (OSHA ( .29 )

50 ) (Titles
) (Chapters ) (Parts ) (Sections
) (OSHA .29
:
1910 )(General Industry
1926 )(Construction

50

.1 .
.2
.
.3 8 ( 2.5)
.

.1 Head Protection
.
.2 .
.3 .

 .
.4 .

.Double Insulated Equipment

()U.L
()Nameplates Marking

( )Fuses ( )Circuit Breakers

.

.

( )Space Work
30

(75 ) 600.

002

319

36 (90 ) (
).

(
) 36 ( 90)
150 42 (110 )
600 151.

36 ( 90)
150 48 (120)

600-151.

6 ()
1200

60 .

002

321

(
)
.
36.

.1

.3

.2

( 120 )Outlets 20 15
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter

( )UPS

.

( ) TAG

Explosion Proof Lamps

) (Hazardous Locations .

( )Hot Wire

( )Circuit Breaker ( )Fuse

.
.

( )Fuses ( )Circuit Breaker

.

000

323

( )

( )
( ).

003

325

003

1-7
Lighting .

.

.
.


.
:

. .

327

(
Argand 1784 ()
)
.

( )

.

William

Murdock .1820



.

1878
. Thomas Edison
.
- ( )1880
(
).

002

( )Vapour Tubes

( ) ( )

1930 .1940

.Fluorescent

Xenon

. ( (1978
Light Emitted Diode , LED

. :
( ( Reflection
Diffusion ) .

( Flux
Illumination, E Glare) .
( Color Rendering
Brightness).

.
( )

.

( ) .

329

.
() .
:
.
.

:
.
.
:

( )20


"

(" )22

( )21

.

2-7

.

( )
()
Electromagnetic Radiation
:
x

= 3 x 108 m/s

002

E=hn

h () h = 6.6x10-34 J.s
n
.
.
.

.
Wavelength

. Frequency

( ) () ( ) .

3 x 108 m/s 7.5

1014 1014 4 750 ( ) 400

( ) Electromagnetic Spectrum

:
.1-7
.

( )
.

.

331

: 1-7

.
. 2-7
() .

: 2-7

000

: Direct
1-7 Diffused
.

. :
-

glare

3D modeling

( )
( ) -

333

3-7

.
.

.

: .

.

.
.

003

:

.

.2

4-7

:

( )F

( )Lumen (. )Lm
100

1200 40 2400
100 3600 .

( )I
Candela ( (cd ( )candle power
( .) Cp :

Lm / Sr....................7 1

2 :

335

( )Solid Angle A
Steradian, Sr

3-7

( ) 1

A = r2

: 3-7

E ) ) Lm A
:

lux.................................7 2
:

I E
20 cd Luminous Intensity, I
20 Lux Illumination, E

I . E
E . I

Luminous Intensity

003

Polar Curve 4-7 .

20 664
716 .

Reflectors .

()
( ) Mean Spherical Candle Power

.MSCP

: 4-7

L .

B . Lux

I
Cp / cm 2 ........................7 3
S
S .Lambert
L

. 1-7 .
( ) B :

337

B = E (Lux) x Reflectance
Reflectance
%100
%2 %40 . 10
%50 5.
: 1-7

() Lambert
10

10

10

10

10

9
8
5
3
1

1.5

002

5-7

0.0005 ( ) 0.3 10000
.
:

339

( )
.
" : " CRI

Color Index

Rendering 100 CRI 100

.

5-7 .Noon Sunlight

.

: 5-7

032

() .

( ) .

( ) .

3500 (

. )273 + Day Light Lamp 6500

. . 2-7
: 2-7

1700 K

1850 K

28003300 K

3400 K

4100 K

55006000 K

CRT

9300 K

341

.
:

( . :

- 680 ) . .

6-7 ()nNNrnioetipo
" " " "
E . I
E ) ) Lm

A :

lux.................................7 4

030

Lux Lm/m2

. E / 2

/ 2
(30) . / 2 10.76 ( 10) .
10.000 1000

/ 2.

E :
and A R 2 ...........................7 5
cd .............................................7 6
lux.............................7 7

I
2
2
R
R

( )R2
( . ) I 6-7

. .

: 6-7

I
D12

E1

I
D22

E2

343

7-7
E B

...............................7 8

I cos 1
2

d1

EB

d1 . B
E

d3

d1

d2

1
2

3
D

: 7-7

I
cos 3 1 ...............................7 9
2
h
E C D :
I
EC 2 cos 3 2
h
I
ED 2 cos 3 3
h

EB

( ) A, B, C, D .
. Lambert Cosine Law
Point by Point
Iso-Lux Diagram 8-7
250 8.

033

.
.
.

: 8-7 . Iso-Lux
EP
N
I
cos 3 ........................8 13
h2

EP
N

I Polar
Curve .

345

1-7

9-7 10 m

5 m 200 cd .

.2
L1

I cos 1
h2
1
15
1 tan 1 71.5
5
0.316 cos 1
3

E L1

200
cos 3 1 0.25 lux
2
5

E L1

. 45 2 : L2
200
E L 2 2 cos 3 2 2.83 lux
5
3.08 lux
:

2 * 3.08 = 6.16 ux

 .
L3

L4

033
L2

L1
1

2
5m

5m

10m

10m

5m

: 9-7 1-7

.
( )
.

.
.
2-7

5x8 . - 4
150

2830 Lm

5 ( ) 4160 Lm
( 4730 Lm ) . 800

lux
( . %60 )
:

E*A

40* 800

32000

347

0.6 * 2830 * 4

6792

( %60 )

12480 0.6 *5 * 4160

( 0.6 )

4730 *3

14190

14190+ 12480 +6792

33462

.
.
3-7
120m x 60m 1000W

12 % 40
. 1000 Lm / m2

.30 Lm/W .

120 X 60 = 7600 m

7600 x 1000 = 7.6 x 106 Lm

E*A

% 40
=7.6 x 106 / 0.4 = 19 x 106 Lm

= 19 x 10 6 / 12 = 1.58 X 106 Lm
= 30 Lm/W x 1000W = 3 X 10 4 Lm

032

= 1.58 x 10 6 / 3 x 104 = 52.67 53 Lamp

N UF L L
E
........................7 10
A

E . Lm/m2
A . m2

.
UF Utilization Factor .
LL .
N .
:
:

( ) %90
.

.
%90

.
Recessed Fixtures

349

0.6 %60
.
Reflectors
Glare .10-7
" "

" " .

: 10-7 ( )
:

. 3-7
(
70 ( .) 90 cm )

052

: 3 -7

()

120

60

150

300

120

120

120

500

300

300

500

120

300

300

500

1000

300
60

1000
300
300

351

:


:

:






:



:

()
120
300
120
500
300

500
3000
500
1000
300
5000
1000
500
500
1000
- 25000
100000
60
300

30
1000
500
120
500
150
300
300
120

300
500
500
500
300
500
120

300
750

050

500
3000

.
: Room Index Utilization Factor
-1 Room Index

Room Index factor, k ( Room Cavity ) hRC -7

11 Room Index :
L W
k
..............7 11
hRC L W

hcc

hRC

hfc

: 11-7 Room Cavity

353

-2

Utilization Factor UF
. :

( L W ) H ( )hRC Room Index

.
UF W F C 12-7 ( )
.
.

: 12-7 Utilization factor

4-7 ( ) .Utilization Factor
Room Index 4-7 5- 7
. .

053

) UF( : 4-7
Ceiling

No

Polar curve

LUMINAIRE

Walls

75 %
50%

50 %
50%

30%

30 %

30%

10%

10%

30%

10%

.36
.44
.48
.51
.53
.55
.57
.58
.59
.60
.26
.33
.37
.40
.43
.46
.51
.52
.55
.56
.22
.28
.30
.32
.34
.37
.39
.40
.42
.45
.48
.51
.53
.55
.56
.58
.60
.62
.63
.64
.31
.40
.46
.50
.52
.58
.63
.64
.67
.69
.28
.37
.41
.44
.47
.52
.56
.58
.60

.35
.42
.47
.49
.51
.54
.56
.37
.58
.59
.23
.31
.34
.39
.41
.46
.50
.51
.54
.55
.20
.26
.28
.30
.32
.35
.38
.40
.41
.44
.47
.50
.53
.54
.56
.57
.59
.61
62
.63
.28
.37
.43
.47
.50
.53
.60
.62
.66
.67
.25
.34
.39
.41
.44
.50
.54
.56
.59

Room Index
J
I
H
G
F
E
D
C
B
A
J
I
H
G
F
E
D
C
B
A
J
I
H
G
F
E
D
C
B
A
J
I
H
G
F
E
D
C
B
A
J
I
H
G
F
E
D
C
B
A
J
I
H
G
F
E
D
C
B

.38
.46
.49
.53
.55
.57
.61
.62
.63
.64
.31
.38
.41
.45
.47
.51
.55
.56
.59
.60
.25
.31
.34
.36
.38
.40
.43
.45
.48
.50
.52
.55
.57
.58
.59
.61
.63
.64
.65
.66
.38
.47
.51
.55
.58
.63
.68
.70
.73
.74
.34
.42
.46
.50
.53
.57
.61
.63
.66

.36
.45
.49
.52
.54
.57
.59
.61
.62
.63
.26
.34
.38
.41
.44
.48
.52
.54
.57
.58
.22
.28
.31
.33
.35
.39
.41
.43
.45
.47
.49
.53
.55
.57
.58
.60
.62
.64
.65
.66
.32
.42
.47
.51
.54
.60
.64
.67
.70
.72
.29
.38
.42
.46
.49
.54
.58
.60
.64

COEFFICIENT OF UTILIZATION
.35
.38
.36
.35
.44
.45
.44
.43
.48
.49
.48
.47
.51
.52
.51
.50
.53
.53
.53
.52
.36
.37
.56
.55
.58
.59
.58
.57
.59
.60
.59
.58
.61
.61
.60
.59
.62
.62
.61
.60
.23
.30
.26
.23
.31
.37
.33
.31
.34
.41
.38
.34
.39
.44
.41
.39
.41
.46
.43
.41
.46
.50
.48
.46
.50
.54
.52
.50
.52
.55
.53
.52
.55
.58
.56
.54
.56
.59
.57
.56
.20
.24
.22
.20
.26
.29
.28
.26
.29
.32
.31
.29
.32
.34
.33
.31
.34
.36
.34
.33
.38
.39
.37
.36
.40
.42
.40
.39
.42
.44
.41
.40
.44
.47
.43
.42
.46
.48
.46
.45
.47
.51
.49
.47
.51
.54
.52
.51
.53
.56
.54
.53
.55
.57
.56
.55
.57
.58
.57
.56
.59
.60
.59
.58
.61
.61
.61
.60
.63
.63
.63
.62
.64
.64
.64
.63
.65
.65
.65
.64
.28
.37
.32
.28
.39
.46
.41
.38
.44
.50
.47
.43
.48
.54
.51
.47
.51
.57
.53
.51
.57
.62
.59
.56
.61
.66
.64
.61
.63
.68
.65
.64
.68
.71
.68
.67
.70
.72
.70
.68
.25
.33
.29
.25
.35
.41
.37
.34
.39
.44
.42
.39
.43
.48
.45
.41
.46
.51
.47
.44
.51
.56
.52
.50
.55
.59
.56
.54
.57
.61
.58
.56
.61
.64
.60
.59

.67

.63

.62

.66

.62

.61

.62

.60

J
I
H
G
F
E
D
C
B
A

.33
.41
.45
.48
.51
.55
.60
.61
.64
.63

.28
.37
.41
.45
.48
.53
.57
.59
.62
.63

.25
.34
.38
.42
.45
.50
.54
.56
.60
.61

.33
.40
.44
.48
.50
.55
.58
.60
.62
.64

.28
.36
.41
.45
.47
.52
.56
.57
.60
.62

.25
.33
.38
.42
.45
.50
.54
.56
.59
.60

.28
.36
.40
.43
.46
.51
.55
.57
.60
.61

.25
.33
.38
.42
.45
.50
.54
.55
.58
.60

3.50 3.00

4.0 3.60

:5-7 ()Ri

()

9.0 750

()

15.0-11.10 10.80-9.10
7.20 6.30 6.00 510 5.00 4.20

5.0 4.20

15.00-11.10 10.80-9.10 9.00 7.50 7.20 6.10 6.00 5.10

J
I

J
I

355

: ( ).

.LL

0.76 1
0.66 0.75 .
:

UF LL
E
N
:

053

EA
................................7 12
U F LL

E . Lm/m2
A . m2

UF Utilization Factor .
LL .

N .
1.25

. .

:
EA
P LampU F LL

Lamp ( ) Lm/W

( )N

( 10.3 : 11) .

( 11 12 2 6
3 4).
4-7
14 x 7

1000 Lux

%70 % 50 %20

75 2250

60.

hRC

14m

HRC = 3 0.6 - 0.75 = 1.65 m

357
7m

3m

( Room Index ) 11-7

L W
14 7

2.8
hRC L W 1.6514 7

( 3 )12-7
( ) %70 ( )%50 ( )%20 -7
12 UF 0.69
N

1000 * 7 *14
90.1 91
2250 * 0.69 * 0.7

0.7

052

5-7

:
L = 15.00 m
W = 8.00 m
H = 3.40 m

hRC = 2.55 m

300 Lux :
OSRAM DULUX 2 x 24 W
light color LUMILUX Warm
luminous flux per lamp = 1800 Lumen
Light loss factor = 0.58
:
Ceiling = 0.8
Wall = 0.5
Work surface = 0.3
:

Room Index Factor, k

L W
15 8

2
hRC L W 2.55 15 8

( 6-7 ) UF
%50 %30 ( ) Room Index = 2 UF . 0.91
Light Loss

. 0.58

%80

359

: 6-7 Room Utilization Factor

0.8 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.3

Ceiling

0.8 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.3

Wall

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Surface
Room

Room Utilization Factor in %

Index Factor, k

73 46 37 44 36 66 36 42 35 35

0.6

82 57 47 54 46 74 45 51 44 44

0.8

91 66 56 62 54 80 53 59 52 51

1.0

98 75 65 70 62 85 61 66 60 59

1.25

103 82 73 76 69 89 67 72 66 65

1.5

109 91 82 84 78 94 75 78 73 72

2.0

114 98 90 90 84 97 81 83 79 77

2.5

117 103 96 95 90 99 86 87 83 82

3.0

120 109 103 100 95 101 91 91 88 86

4.0

122 113 107 103 98 103 93 93 91 89

5.0

1.25 300 15 8
23.7
2 1800 0.58 0.91
( )24 . 3 x 8 Lamp
N

.7-7

032

:7-7
- -

()

()

2.40

0.90

0.30

2.70

2.40

0.90

2.70

0.90

-0.45

3.15

2.70

0.90

2.70

3.00

1.05

-0.60

3.75

3.00

1.05

3.15

2.10

3.30

1.05

0.90

4.05

3.30

1.05

3.60

2.40

1.35

3.60

1.20

-0.75

4.50

3.60

1.20

4.05

2.70

1.50

3.90

1.20

5.10

3.90

1.20

4.50

3.00

1.65

4.20

1.50

5.70

4.20

1.50

4.95

3.30

1.80

4.50

1.50

6.00

4.50

1.50

5.40

3.60

1.95

4.80

1.80

6.60

4.80

1.80

6.00

3.90

2.10

5.40

1.80

1.50

7.20

5.40

1.80

6.60

4.65

2.40

2.10

-1.20

8.40

6.00

2.10

7.50

5.25

2.70

()

()

()

5.40

0.90
0.90

1.20

-0.90
1.20

-1.20

1.80

()

()

()

()

2.25

1.65

0.75

1.80

0.90
1.20

-1
1.25

.
Space to Height Ratio 1.5
. 13-7

: 13-7 Space To High Ratio

361

-2 ( 14 -7 )
. ( 14-7).

: 14-7
-3

( 15-7 )
( 15-7).

: 15-7
-4

.16-7

030

: 16-7 .
-5 .17-7

: 17-7

7-7
.

.
:
-1 :
. Incandescent Lamps
. Tungsten Halogen Lamps

-2 ) (Gas Discharge Lamps :

( Fluorescent lamps )

). High Pressure Sodium lamps (HPS

). Low Pressure Sodium lamps (SOX

). High Pressure Mercury lamps (HPM

. Metal Halide lamps

363

. Neon lamp

-3 .
-4 . LED

( ) .
( ) ( +) .
1.5 .

. 18-7
. :

( ) .

( ) .

( ) .

10 Lm/W

.
. :

( 2800 )

100

4000 -1000

%50

033

: 18-7

( )
( )1-7

.Regenerative cycle
.
2000 1000

21 / 100
. 90
% .

: 1-7

Projectors
Flood Light .Spot Light

365

033

367

. .Electric Discharge

. :
/

Electric Arc
. :

( )

Light

Spectrum
( ) .

032

Electric Arc Arc

Ballast
.
.

. Power Factor
Ballast
. ( Starter
) or Igniter Ballast
Inductance

(
Coil :

Lenz

. Rule

Electric Discharge .
. .

( )
Electrodes
(

)
( )

.

369

( Starter
)

. Ballast

AC supply
( Starter ) 19-7
Starter
(

) .

( )

Starter .
( Starter
) Ballast
.
Starter

.

: 19-7
.

5-2 ( ).

Power factor .

( ).

7500 .

80/.

( ) .

( ) .

. %75

072

Interference
.

. :

" " .

Starting Coil .

371

( )

Filter . 20-7
.
( 700
)
Starting
( )20-7 .

: 20-7

.

15
. (
) .

070

(. )52-15

60-40 / .

20000 .

7 -4 .

(
) .

()

()
.
( U ) 2-7


7 15 .

: 2-7

373

10

( ) 183 133 /
( ) 23

15000 35 180.

( ).

.

. .3-7

.
.
Losses
.

: 3-7

073

( 125 / ) ( )45
. 24000 6
% 80 3 .

()9060
70:100 / ( 1000 2000 3500
) .

6-5 .

7000.

. 21-7
( )
2000 : 1000 ( 12 )
12/220 .

375

: 21-7

( 7 15)

. (

.)4-7

: 4-7

073

LED Light Emitting Diodes

LED
Indication Lamps LED

LED

.
semiconductor .

$/Watt
.
spot light LEDs
( .)5-7

: 5-7 LED
LED 6-7
LED 5 x 5
1 W
. 50.

377

: 6-7 LED

Photons .
.


.


.
.

P-N Junction

.



.

072

N P

.
.
. LED

379

Compact Florescent Lamp CFL

CFL 18
75 ( . )6-7
.

( ) CFL .

: 6 -7 .

022

.
Compact
. ( 12 )

LED
.
.
.

.

.

8- 7


.

( )

.
:
.1 : .

381
. 2 :

. 3 :
.

.

( )
( ) .

( )
.

.

.

(
) Dimmer

( . )P 2F
( )

. Stroboscopic Effect
.Flicker
Phases
Phase Phase shift Two phases .

020

Phase
Phase

Inductance Phase Shift

9-7

.

.


.

.

-1

.
-2 T
:

383

-3

.
-4
. 22-7

023

: 22-7
-5


. 23-7

m
0
-2
15

25-30 m

: 23-7
-6 :

385

. (
-24 - 7 )

.
( -24-7).
. .

. .

. 5-4 .
-7
12 18
48 .

023

: 24-7 .

16-8 Lux 4-8 Lux
. 4-2 Lux

High
Ways .
8 -7

.
: 8 -7

( )

30

( ) 2000W

20

()1000W

12-8

( ) W 400-250

6- 4

( )W 100-80

387

I
cos 3 1 .
2
h

EB

I h
. Polar Curve
:
h

DiaLux

( ) .

30 40 ( ).

14-7

. :

Exit Signs . 25-7
.

: 25-7

022

389

 (. . )

002

391

. -

- -

.
.

.
:



" " .

.

.

 (. . )

000

.
.

393

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.

:
-1 (
).

-2 .
-3 .
:

(
)
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() .

 (. . )

003

:
( ) :
()1

()2

.Equ-potential

()3

()5

()6

()7

()9

.Polarity

()10

()11

Residual Current Earth

()12

()4

()8

.Leakage

. .

1-8
:

395
-1 () AVO

Open Circuit Short Circuit .

BB .
-2

.
.
.
.

-3

( ) 1-8
. /

. BB

: 1-8
-4 Megger

( )2-8 AC Volt

( )1000 .
.

 (. . )

003

: 2-8 Megger
-5

Earth Continuity
3-8

Socket
Phase
( + ) .

: 3-8 Earth Continuity

397
-6

Lux meter
. 4-8

: 4-8 Lux Meter

-7 Circuit Tracer

CBs Socket

. : 5-8 Socket
CBs
CBs CB . Socket
.

: 5-8 : .
Polarity Indicator : 6-8

 (. . )

002

2-8

. :

. Phase
:

-1 .

-2 .
-3 Phase Bus Bar
(.)1-8

-4 0.01 .
-5
.

399

: 1-8

 (. . )

322

( ).
Ground Fault Circuit Breaker
Test

3-8

. ()
500.

Phase Phase
.

:
( ) Phases .
Phases .
Phases . Neutral
( )2-2 .
2
(
).

.

401

500

( :)2-8

( .) ISC = V Zeq
(Earth

 (. . )

320

) Faults
.

" " Earth Loop Impedance Tester
( .) 3-2
.

( :)3-8

( )

) 2V

.

.

403

4-8


.
Phases 8-8

A1,B1 Short A2 B2
.
A1
A2

B1

B2
C2

c1

: 8-8

5-8 Polarity Test

( phase ) 1-8 .

SW

CB
Phase

Lamp
Neutral

: 1-8

 (. . )

323

( ) Phase
. CBs

. .

( Neutral )
( ) Switch
. 2-8

SW

CB
Phase

Lamp
Neutral

: 2-8
.3-8

CB
Phase
Lamp
SW
Neutral

: 3-8

405

( ) Phase

:

-1 CB .
-2 .

-3 ( Sockets ).
-4 .
.

Live
. 6-8
. 3mm
.
240 .

6-8

.
.

 (. . )

323

7-8
:

B s-

( )50 : 1 100 : 1

( )CD ( )AS built drawings ( )AS constructed

( )

()

.
()

()

( )Spare Part No. .

407

()

()

.
:
()1

()Type test reports

-1
.
-2 .Impulse Voltage
-3 25 .
-4
()2

()Routine tests

 (. . )

322

( )
:
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Loss .

.
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. :
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15.

.
( )
.

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.

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15 (

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.

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 (. . )

302

8-8
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411

0.8 0
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()
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()
()
( / )

() - ()

 (. . )

()Stroke ()displacement ()Compression ratio ()Aspiration -

()CFM

()CFM -

()CFM

( / )

()CFM

()CFM

() - ()

300

413
( /)

(/)

()2 -

ATS

( Bypass /)

( )

( / ) () () - ( )

( 000) () ()NR
-

 (. . )
-

()RPM :

( + )

( + )

( + )

- ()

303

415

:
( )

....
/
.....
.... ....
/ ()Heat Shrinkable
:
99.99
.....
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) () () (0) (0) - ()IP

............ -

/ ( / / / /
)

( / / ) - ( / )

 (. . )
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()
( ......)

( : / /)
( /)

()
(0)

)......( In
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).....to .....( In

( )
000 000
000 / 000
( )
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( )

( /) ( / ) 1000
()XLPE / PVC

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()

()

( ) ()
()

303

417
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()

()

()

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( :/ /)
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( lugs/)
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.......... ..

...... ......

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( /)

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()

(0)

()

(0)

302

419

( )over load

AC3

()over load

) 000 000

) 000 000

/ 1000
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()

()

............

( /)
()
()
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()
()
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/
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( )

 (. . )

302

Bus Duct

IP

.........

kA
(// ) - (// )

( / ) Ventilated / compact :

()3ph + N + E)/(3ph + N -

()

()

T.O.B

()

( )+ / /

( / / )
()

421

()

 (. . )

300

423

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 (. . )

: NEC

303

425

 (. . )

2-

( )

303

427

 (. . )

302

429

 (. . )

302

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 (. . )

300

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 (. . )

303

435

: 15

. . 100/

12

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

3
3
3
3
3

8
8
9
9
6

1.5
1.5
4
3

8
8
12
9

4
8
8

8
12
12

1.5

1.5
1.5

4
4

1.5

12

12

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2
2
2
3

4
4
4
6

2
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1.5

3
2
2
3
3
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1.5

6
4
4
7
7
7

4
4

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 (. . )

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 (. . )

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439

-1 .
-2 . .
.2001

-3 .
.2001
-4 . . .1983
-5 . . 2006
-6 .
-7 .
-8 . .1988
-9 . .1995

-10 . . .1985
-11 .
-12 .

-13

( )1

1994

( )2

1994

( )3

1994

( 4) .

( 5 )

(6 )
-
( 7 ) .

441

( 8 )
.

( 9 )

( 10 )

-14 .

4913 2005/ 1
1000 : : -
.

2006/03-0136 - :3 .
2005/05-0136 - :5
.
2006/1886 .
2005/1888 .

2005/01-0182
750/450 :1 .
2005/02-0182
750/450 :2 .

2006/03-0182
750/450 :3 .
2006/04-0182
750/450 :4 .

2006/05-0182
(..) 750/450 :5 ().
2005/1-965 1
30 :1 6 30 .
2006/2-965 1
30 :2 6 30 .

2005/2948 .
1995/01-2841
:1 .

 .
1995/02-2841
:2 .
1995/03-2841
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1995/04-2841
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1996/05-2841
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1998/3370
.
1988/0151 .

265 2006/1 :1 .
265 2006/3 :4
( ).
2003/0027
.

1994/01-0060
:1
.
1995/02-1163
( 1000 ).

1994/03-0060
:3 .
1997/01-0133
:1 .

1997/02-0133
:2 .
1997/03-0133
:3 .

1997/04-0133
:4 .
1997/05-0133
:5 .

2005/01-321
:1 .

443

2005/02-321
:3 .
2005/0438
.

2005/2347
.
1993/2405
.

2005/2838
() .
2005/2996
25 .

2005/3585 (
) .
2005/3938
.

2003/3938
.
2005/4111 (
) .

1- Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings, Benjamin Stien, John
Renolds, John Wily & Sons , 8th Edition, 1992.

2- Mechanical and Electrical Systems for Buildings, William K. Tao, Richard R.

Janis, Prentice Hall, 2nd Edition, 2001.
3- Electrical Installation Handbook, SIEMENS, John Wily & Sons , 2000.
4- Electrical Installation Calculations, B. Jenkins, M. Coates, Blackwell
Science,2nd Edition, 1998.

5- A Practical Guide to the Wiring Regulations, Blackwell Science Ltd, 1999.

6- Industrial lighting systems , John P. Frier , McGraw-Hill , 1980
7- Electrical power distribution system engineering , Turan Gonen, McGrawHill , 1986.

8- IEC 60364-5-52 Electrical Installations of Buildings - Selection and erection

of electrical equipment - Wiring systems
9- IEC 60364-5-54 Electrical Installations of Buildings - Selection and erection
of electrical equipment - Earthing arrangements.

10-

IEC 60479-1 Effects of Current on Human Beings and Livestock General aspects.

11-

Electrical Installation Design, Bill Atkinson, Blackwell Science, 2nd edition,

2000.

12-

Handbook of Electrical Design Details, Neil Sclater, John Trasiter,

McGraw- Hil Companies, 2003

445

IEC Specifications
IEC 227

(Poly vinyl chloride)-insulated cables of rated voltages up to and

including 450/750 V:

227 -1 Part 1 General requirements

227-2 Part 2 Test methods
227-3 Part 3 Non-sheathed cables for fixed wiring
227-4 Part 4 Sheathed cables for fixed wiring
227-5 Part 5 Flexible cables (cords)
227-6 Part 6 Lift cables and cables for flexible connections
IEC 245

Rubber-insulated cables of rated voltages up to and including

450/750 V

245-1 Part 1 General requirements

245-2 Part 2 Test methods
245-3 Part 3 Heat-resisting silicone-insulated cables
245-4 Part 4 Cords and flexible cables
245-5 Part 5 Lift cables

245-6 Part 6 Arc welding electrode cables

IEC 502
IEC 702

Extruded solid dielectric insulated power cables for rated

voltages from 1 kV to 30 kV

Mineral insulated cables and their terminations with a rated

voltage not exceeding 750 V
702-1 Part 1 Cables
702-2 Part 2 Terminations

IEC 173

Colours of the cores of flexible cables and cords

IEC 446

Identification of insulated and bare conductors by colour

IEC 60

High voltage test techniques:

IEC 391

Marking of insulated conductors

60-1 Part 1 General definitions and test requirements

60-2 Part 2 Test procedures

60-3 Part 3 Measuring devices

60-4 Part 4 Application guide for measuring devices
IEC 229

Tests on cable oversheaths which have a special protective

 .
function and are applied by extrusion
IEC 230

Impulse tests on cables and their accessories

IEC 270

Partial discharge measurements

IEC 332

Tests on electric cables under fire conditions:

332-1 Part 1 Test on a single vertical insulated wire or cable
332-3 Part 3 Tests on bunched wires or cables

IEC 538

Electric cables, wires and cords: methods of test for polyethylene

IEC 540

Test methods for insulation and sheaths of electric cables and

insulation and sheath

cords (elastomeric and thermoplastic compounds)

IEC 811

Common test methods for insulating and sheathing materials of

electric cables

811-1 Part 1 Methods for general application

811-2 Part 2 Methods specific to elastomeric compounds
811-4 Part 4 Methods specific to polyethylene and
polypropylene compounds

(The several parts of IEC 811 are themselves subdivided into

sections, e.g. 811-1-1, 811-1-2, 811-2-1, with certain groups
of test methods in each section. Part 3 is reserved for methods
IEC 815

specific to PVC compounds)

Electrical test methods for electric cables

8152 Part 2 Partial discharge tests
(When all parts of IEC 811 and IEC 815 have been completed
they will replace IEC 538 and IEC 540)

IEC 71

Insulation co-ordination

71-1 Part 1 Terms, definitions, principles and rules

71-2 Part 2 Application guide
71-3 Part 3 Phase-to-phase insulation co-ordination:

IEC 287

principles, rules and application guide

Calculation of the continuous current rating of cables (100% load

factor)

IEC 364

Electrical installations of buildings. This has a number of parts,

which are subdivided into chapters, and sections, of which some
have a bearing on cables; the following, which supersedes IEC
448, is particularly relevant:

447
364 5 523 Part 5 Selection and erection of electrical
equipment
Chapter 52 Wiring systems

Section 523 Current carrying capacities

IEC 724

Guide to the short-circuit temperature limits of electric cables

with a rated voltage not exceeding 0.6/1.0 kV.

IEC 60038 Standard voltages

IEC 60076-2 Power transformers - Temperature rise
IEC 60076-3 Power transformers - Insulation levels, dielectric tests and
external clearances in air
IEC 60076-5 Power transformers - Ability to withstand short-circuit
IEC 60076-10 Power transformers - Determination of sound levels
IEC 60146 Semiconductor convertors - General requirements and line
commutated convertors
IEC 60255 Electrical relays
IEC 60265-1 High-voltage switches - High-voltage switches for rated
voltages above 1 kV and less than 52 kV
IEC 60269-1 Low-voltage fuses - General requirements
IEC 60269-2 Low-voltage fuses - Supplementary requirements for fuses
for use by unskilled persons (fuses mainly for household
and similar applications)
IEC 60282-1 High-voltage fuses - Current-limiting fuses
IEC 60287-1-1 Electric cables - Calculation of the current rating Current rating equations (100% load factor) and calculation of
losses - General
IEC 60364 Electrical installations of buildings
IEC 60364-1 Electrical installations of buildings - Fundamental
principles
IEC 60364-4-41 Electrical installations of buildings - Protection for
safety - Protection against electric shock
IEC 60364-4-42 Electrical installations of buildings - Protection for
safety - Protection against thermal effects
IEC 60364-4-43 Electrical installations of buildings - Protection for
safety - Protection against overcurrent
IEC 60364-4-44 Electrical installations of buildings - Protection for
safety - Protection against electromagnetic and voltage disrurbance
IEC 60364-5-51 Electrical installations of buildings - Selection and erection of
electrical equipment - Common rules
IEC 60364-5-52 Electrical installations of buildings - Selection and erection of
electrical equipment - Wiring systems
IEC 60364-5-53 Electrical installations of buildings - Selection and erection of
electrical equipment - Isolation, switching and
control
IEC 60364-5-54 Electrical installations of buildings - Selection and erection of
electrical equipment - Earthing arrangements
IEC 60364-5-55 Electrical installations of buildings - Selection and erection of
electrical equipment - Other equipments
IEC 60364-6-61 Electrical installations of buildings - Verification and testing Initial verification
IEC 60364-7-701 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Locations containing a
bath tub or shower basin
IEC 60364-7-702 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Swimming pools and
other basins

 .
IEC 60364-7-703 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Locations containing
sauna heaters
IEC 60364-7-704 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Construction and
demolition site installations
IEC 60364-7-705 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Electrical installations of
agricultural and horticultural
premises
IEC 60364-7-706 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Restrictive conducting
locations
IEC 60364-7-707 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Earthing requirements
for the installation of data
processing equipment
IEC 60364-7-708 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Electrical installations in
caravan parks and caravans
IEC 60364-7-709 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Marinas and pleasure
craft
IEC 60364-7-710 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Medical locations
IEC 60364-7-711 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Exhibitions, shows and
stands
IEC 60364-7-712 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Solar photovoltaic (PV)
power supply systems
IEC 60364-7-713 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Furniture
IEC 60364-7-714 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - External lighting
installations
IEC 60364-7-715 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Extra-low-voltage
lighting installations
IEC 60364-7-717 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Mobile or transportable
units
IEC 60364-7-740 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Temporary electrical
installations for structures, amusement devices and booths at fairgrounds,
amusement parks and circuses
IEC 60427 High-voltage alternating current circuit-breakers
IEC 60439-1 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies - Type-tested
and partially type-tested assemblies
IEC 60439-2 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies - Particular
requirements for busbar trunking systems (busways)
IEC 60439-3 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies - Particular
requirements for low-voltage switchgear and
controlgear assemblies intended to
be installed in places where unskilled persons have access for their use Distribution boards
IEC 60439-4 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies - Particular
requirements for assemblies for construction sites
(ACS)
IEC 60446 Basic and safety principles for man-machine interface, marking and
identification - Identification of conductors by
colours or numerals
IEC 60439-5 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies - Particular
requirements for assemblies intended to be installed
outdoors in public places
- Cable distribution cabinets (CDCs)
IEC 60479-1 Effects of current on human beings and livestock - General

449
aspects
IEC 60479-2 Effects of current on human beings and livestock - Special aspects
IEC 60479-3 Effects of current on human beings and livestock - Effects of
currents passing through the body of livestock
IEC 60529 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP code)
IEC 60644 Spcification for high-voltage fuse-links for motor circuit applications
IEC 60664 Insulation coordination for equipment within low-voltage systems
IEC 60715 Dimensions of low-voltage switchgear and controlgear. Standardized
mounting on rails for mechanical support of
electrical devices in switchgear
and controlgear installations.
IEC 60724 Short-circuit temperature limits of electric cables with rated voltages
of 1 kV (Um = 1.2 kV) and 3 kV (Um = 3.6 kV)
IEC 60755 General requirements for residual current operated protective
devices
IEC 60787 Application guide for the selection of fuse-links of high-voltage fuses
for transformer circuit application
IEC 60831 Shunt power capacitors of the self-healing type for AC systems
having a rated voltage up to and including 1000 V General - Performance, testing
and rating - Safety requirements - Guide for installation and operation
IEC 60947-1 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - General rules
IEC 60947-2 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Circuit-breakers
IEC 60947-3 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Switches, disconnectors,
switch-disconnectors and fuse-combination units
IEC 60947-4-1 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Contactors and motorstarters - Electromechanical contactors and
motor-starters
IEC 60947-6-1 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Multiple function
equipment - Automatic transfer switching equipment
IEC 61000 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
IEC 61140 Protection against electric shocks - common aspects for installation
and equipment
IEC 61557-1 Electrical safety in low-voltage distribution systems up to 1000 V
AC and 1500 V DC - Equipment for testing,
measuring or monitoring of protective
measures - General requirements
IEC 61557-8 Electrical safety in low-voltage distribution systems up to 1000 V
AC and 1500 V DC - Equipment for testing,
measuring or monitoring of protective
measures
IEC 61557-9 Electrical safety in low-voltage distribution systems up to 1000 V
AC and 1500 V DC - Equipment for insulation fault
location in IT systems
IEC 61557-12 Electrical safety in low-voltage distribution systems up to 1000 V
AC and 1500 V DC - Equipment for testing,
measuring or monitoring of protective
measures. Performance measuring and monitoring devices (PMD)
IEC 61558-2-6 Safety of power transformers, power supply units and similar Particular requirements for safety isolating
transformers for general use
IEC 62271-1 Common specifications for high-voltage switchgear and
controlgear standards
IEC 62271-100 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - High-voltage
alternating-current circuit-breakers
IEC 62271-102 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Alternating current
disconnectors and earthing switches
IEC 62271-105 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Alternating current
switch-fuse combinations
IEC 62271-200 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Alternating current
metal-enclosed switchgear and controlgear for rated
voltages above 1 kV and up to
and including 52 kV
IEC 62271-202 High-voltage/low voltage prefabricated substations

Contents
4 ............................................................
5 ...........................................................

7 ........................................................................

7 ...............................................................
8 ...............................................................

8 ...................................................................
8 ................................................................ .

-1 11 ......................................................
1-1 00 .......................................................
00 ................................................................................................................
00 ............................................................................................................
00 ............................................................................................
05 ..................................................................................................
2-1 03 ...............................................................
03 .................................................................................................
07 ........................................................................................
02 .......................................................................................
3-1 02 ...........................................................
02 ...................................................................................................
00 ................................................................................................
02 ..................................................................................................
4-1 00 ...............................................................
00 ...................................................................................
00 ........................................................................................
03 ...................................................................................................
05 .......................................................................................

-1 19 .....................................
: 11 .........................................
1-2 00 .........................................................................
00 ....................................................................................................... R.M.U

451

05 ..........................................................................

2-207 .........................................................................................
32 .......................................................................................................
3-2 32 ...............................................................................
30 .........................................................................
30 ................................................................................................. ATS
30 .....................................................................................UPS
4-2 35 ........................................................................
35 ..........................................................................................
30 ...........................................................................................
IP-Code
50 ..............................................................................................
50 ...............................................................................

: 54 .................
5-2 53 ................................................................
53 .....................................................................................
55 .......................................................................................................
6-2 53 ................................................................
57 ......................................................................................................
52 ........................................................................................................
6
50 ................................................................................................
6
50 ...................................................................................
6
7-2 32 ...............................................................................
32 ......................................................................................
30 .......................................................................................
30 ........................................................................................
30 .....................................................................................
8-2 30 ................................................................................
30 ..................................................................................................
33 ......................................................................................................
9-2 35 ...............................................................................
37 ................................................................ Current Carrying Capacity
32 ....................................................................................................
10-2 30 ...............................................................lartueN
11-2 30 .............................................................................
30 ............................................................................... Power Losses
70 ....................................................................................................
70 .................................................................................................
70 .........................................................................................

 .
70 ..............................................................................................
70 ....................................................................................................
12-2 70 .................................................................... tru rut
75 .................................................................................................. Bus Duct
77 .............................................................................................. Bus Duct
70 ....................................................................................................
70 ..................................................................
Bus Duct

: 81 .......................................
13-2

20 .......................................................... seuuret tuaecauu

14-2 20 ...........................................................................stu
20 ................................................................................................ MCB
23 ............................................................................................ MCCB
20 ................................................................................................ GFCB
15-2 () 00 .................................................................... erua
00 ..............................................................................................
00 ......................................................................... H.R.C

: 91 ...............................
16-2 ( 00 .......................................................... ) snoteutnuu
03 ....................................................................................... Contactor
03 ................................................................................... Contractors

-1 98 ....................................................
1-3 00 ...................................................................................
00 ........................................................................................
022 ................................................................... Sockets
020 ............................................................................................
2-3 020 ............................................................................
020 ............................................................................................ SEER
023 ..............................................................................................
023 ..................................................................................
3-3 027 ................................................................
027 ................................................................
020 ................................................................................
4-3 000 .....................................................................
000 ................................................................................Demand Factor
003 ............................................................................. Diversity Factor

453

5-3 002 .............................................................................

000 ......................................................................................
000 ....................................................................................................
003 .....................................................................................
6-3 002 ..............................................................
002 ....................................................................................................
000 ...........................................................................................
7-3 ( ) 002 ......................................................
000 .....................................................................................
000 ...............................................................................
005 ..................................................................................
003 ...............................................................................................
007 ................................................................................................ Harmonics
8-3 000 ............................................................................
000 ................................................................................................
032 .............................................................................................
032 ............................................................................................
030 ................................................................................................
9-3 033 .........................................................................
033 ............................................................................................ Window
035 ........................................................................................... Split
037 ........................................................
Duct Split
032 ............................................................................... Package
030 ..............................................................................................
052 .......................................................................................................
053 ................................................................
055 ....................................

-4 158 ...................................................

: 161 ....................................
1-4 032 ...........................................................
030 .................................................................................
2-4 (030 ......................................................... ) cneauSteteu
030 ............................................................................
3-4 (035 ................................................. ) doeLeu cneau
033 ..........................................................................Name Plate
032 ................................................................................................
032 ...............................................................................

 .
072 .................................................................................
070 .....................................................................................................
4-4 070 ..............................................

: 176 ................................
5-4 : 073 ......................................................
073 ..................................................................................
077 .................................................................................
077 ................................................................................. :
072 ........................................................................ :
072 ........................................................ :
072 ............................................................... :
6-4 : 020 .....................................................
023 ...................................................................................................
7-4 : 023 .................................................
027 ......................................................................................
022 .................................................................................
020 .......................................................................................
8 -4 002 ...............................................................................
007 ............................................................................................. MVA Method
9 -4 022 .................................................................................

-5 116 ....................................

: 117 .........................................
1-5 027 ........................................................
2-5 ( ) 022 ..................................................
020 ................................................................
003 ...........................................................................
000 ...........................................................................
3-5 000 .........................................................
000 ................................................................................... NEC
000 ................................................................. Total Connected Load
000 ...........................................................................

455

4-5 005 .................................................

5-5 000 .......................................................

: 116 ........................................
6-5 003 .......................................................................
002 ...................................................................................
7-5 ( ) 002 .........................................................
030 .................................................................................
035 ..................................................................
035 ..........................................................................
8-5 037 ................................................................
050 .............................................................................................
9-5 050 ..................................................
050 ............................................................................ MVA
055 .............................................................................................
055 ........................................................................................
053 ..................................................................................
057 ...........................................................................
050 ............................................................................
10-5 032 .....................................................................
032 ..........................................................................................
030 ....................................................................................
11-5 030 ............................................................

-6 168 ..........................................................
1-6 030 ........................................................
072 .............................................................................
072 ................................................................................
072 .....................................................................................
070 .....................................................................................
070 .....................................................................
2-6 077 ...................................................................
072 ........................................................................... Ground
Neutral
070 ......................................................................................................
3-6 022 .......................................................................
020 ...............................................................................................................
020 ....................................................................................................

 .
025 ...................................................................................................
025 .........................................................
Corrosion
023 ........................................................... Ground wire Cable Sheath
023 .......................................................................................
027 ....................................................................................
4-6 022 .................................................................
022 ...............................................................................
002 ...............................................................................................
000 ........................................................................................
5-6 003 .................................................................
003 ....................................................................................
003 ...........................................................................................
6 - 6 003 ...............................................................
002 ...............................................................................
002 .........................................................................................
000 .................................................................................................
020 .................................................................................
7-6 020 ..................................................................................
020 ........................................................................................................
020 .......................................................................................................
023 ...............................................................................................
027 ................................................................................................
022 .............................................................................
8-6 022 ..............................................................
020 .................................................................................... Solidly Earthing
020 ...................................................................... Resistance Grounding
020 ...................................................................... Reactance Grounding
020 ..................................................................................... Isolated System
9-6 002 ...........................................................
000 ................................................................................................ TN-S
000 ................................................................................................ TN-C
000 ............................................................................................. TN-C-S
003 ................................................................................................... IT
005 ................................................................................................TT
10-6 ( ) 003 ...........................................
003 .........................................................................................
007 ............................................................................................ OSHA
007 ...................................................................
002 ...............................................
000 ............................................................

457

-7 116 ....................................................
1-7 003 ..................................................................................
007 .......................................................................................................
002 .................................................................................
000 .......................................................................................................
2-7 000 ............................................................................
000 ..............................................................................................
3-7 000 .............................................................................
4-7 003 .............................................................
003 ...................................................................................... Luminous Flux
003 ................................................................................. Luminous Intensity
005 ..................................................................................... Illumination
005 .................................................................................... Polar Curves
003 ............................................................................................ Brightness
007 .............................................................................................. Glare
5-7 002 ..............................................................
002 ...........................................................................................
032 .......................................................................................................
032 .................................................................................................
030 ...................................................................................................
6-7 (030 ...................................................... )nNNrLeoeteno
030 ..............................................................................................
035 ................................................................................
033 ..........................................................................
032 .............................................................................................
032 .......................................................................................
7-7 030 ..............................................................................
030 ............................................................................. Incandescent lamps
033 ..................................................................................................
037 .............................................................................................
032 .......................................................................
070 ...................................................................................
070 .................................................................................
070 .....................................................................................
073 ......................................................................... Metal Halide Lamp
073 ....................................................................................................
075 ....................................................................................................
073 .................................................................................................. LED
077 ..........................................................................................

 .
070 ...................................................................................................
022 .................................................................................
8- 7 022 .............................................................................
020 ............................................................................................ Flicker
9-7 020 ................................................................................
020 ............................................................................................
023 .......................................................................................
023 .................................................................................
027 ........................................................................................
14-7 027 .............................................................................

-8 191 ..................................................
000 ........................................................................
: 003 .........................................................................
1-8 003 ............................................................................
2-8 002 ..............................................................
002 ....................................................................................
322 .................................................................................
3-8 322 ............................................................................
322 .......................................................
320 ......................................................................
4-8 320 ...........................................................
5-8 320 ............................................................ tnNeuetd aaut
323 ................................................................................
325 .....................................................................................
6-8 325 .................................................
323 ......................................................................
7-8 323 .............................................................
323 ........................................................................... Built Drawings As323 ........................................................ Operation & maintenance manuals
323 ...................................................................................................
327 .................................................................................................
327 .................................................................................................
322 ..............................................................................................
322 ...............................................................................................

459

320 ......................................................................................................
320 ......................................................................................................

8-8 302 ........................................................................

300 ............................................................................................
305 ....................................................................................
302 .....................................................................
302 ..................................................................... Bus Duct

411 ..............................................................

411 ...........................................
416 .................................................................2-
( ) 416 ...................................

415 ..............................................................
415 ............................................

441 .........................................................
444 ........................................................