Characteristics: Demand tends to fluctuate widely in the short term and to occur seven days a week Human effort cannot be inventoried Customer convenience is critical Steps to solve the problem: Identify the services to be provided Determine the average time required for each service Forecast the demand for each service over the seven day period and for the staffs Smooth out the staffing needs
TERMINOLOGI
Demand: the number of people needed during some periods to provide a predefined level of service. A weekly demand forecast is the number of people to be employed during each day of the week Shift:
(1) the time of a day when a person begins work and takes a rest and breaks during the day. Example: Shift 5 starts at 08:00 with 15 minutes off at 10:00 and 14:00, and lunch from 12:15 to 12:45 (2) the set of days during a given week when a person will be expected at work. Example: Shift 5 is Monday through Friday, with Saturday and Sunday off
Schedule: the set of shifts that satisfies the demand criteria at minimum labor cost
Kondisi Sistem :
Dibutuhkan tenaga kerja sebanyak 28 orang untuk memenuhi kebutuhan tenaga kerja satu minggu. Setiap pekerja individu diinginkan bekerja selama 5 hari dalam satu minggu, dengan begitu dibutuhkan 6 shift (6 individu) untuk memenuhi kebutuhan 28 tenaga kerja (28/5).
Gambar 1 menunjukkan contoh forecast kebutuhan tenaga kerja sederhana dan solusi jadwal shift yang dapat diterapkan. Setiap pekerja di set bekerja 5 hari seminggu dan masing-masing memiliki 2 hari libur berurutan dalam 1 minggu Solusi ini mengandung overstaffing pada Tuesday dan Friday, akan tetapi sudah merupakan solusi optimal karena melibatkan 6 orang pekerja yang merupakan jumlah minimum yang masih feasible.
Gambar 1
Sun
Mon
Tue
Fri
Sat
Sum 30 28 2
Contoh Soal
Diketahui hasil peramalan kebutuhan tenaga kerja dalam satu minggu adalah sebagai berikut :
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Demand Forecast
Diinginkan sebuah jadwal yang melibatkan jumlah tenaga kerja yang optimal dengan syarat sebagai berikut :
Setiap pekerja hanya bekerja 5 hari per minggu Setiap pekerja diusahakan mendapat dua hari libur berurutan dalam satu minggu.
ALGORITMA TPB
Step 1: Working from the largest manpower-need day to the second largest and so forth, do the following. Place all days with the same manpower need on the schedule until a unique two-consecutive-days off period appears. If a tie exists, go to Step 2.
Step 2: If two identical two-days-off periods occur, select the pair with the smallest requirements on adjacent days. If the tie cannot be broken, go to Step 3. Step 3: Select the most reasonable pair; for example, the one that has a Saturday/Sunday off or the first pair in the week
Step 1: Mulai dari hari yang membutuhkan jumlah tenaga kerja terbesar, kedua terbesar, dan selanjutnya lakukan hal berikut :
Place all days with the same manpower need on the schedule until a unique two-consecutive-days off period appears. If a tie exists, go to Step 2.
Sun 4 0 4 Mon 8 -1 7 -1 Tue 7 -1 6 ? Wed 7 -1 6 ? Thu 7 -1 6 ? Fri 7 -1 6 ? Sat 6 0 6 ? a tie exist Demand Forecast Shift 1
Step 2: If two identical two-days-off periods occur, select the pair with the smallest requirements on adjacent days. If the tie cannot be broken, go to Step 3.
0 4 0
4
-1 7 -1
6 -1
-1 6 -1
5 ?
-1 6 -1
5 ?
-1 6 -1
5 ?
-1 6 -1
5 ?
0 6 0
6 -1
Shift 1 Shift 2
a tie exist
Step 3: Select the most reasonable two-days-off pair; for example, the one that has a Saturday/Sunday off or the first pair in the week.
Step 3: Select the most reasonable two-days-off pair, in this case Thu/Fri
Mon
8 -1 7 -1 6
Tue
7 -1 6 -1 5
Wed
7 -1 6 -1 5
Thu
7 -1 6 -1 5
Fri
7 -1 6 -1 5
Sat
6 0 6 0 6 Shift 2 Demand Forecast Shift 1
-1
3 -1 2
-1
5 -1 4 ?
0
5 -1 4 ?
0
5 -1 4 ?
-1
4 0 4 ?
-1
4 0 4 ?
-1
5 -1 4 ?
Shift 3
Shift 4 a tie exist
Step 3: Select the most reasonable two-days-off pair, in this case Sat/Sun
Sun 3 -1 2 0 2 0 2 -1 1
Mon 5 -1 4 -1 3 0 3 -1 2
Tue 5 -1 4 -1 3 -1 2 0 2
Wed 5 -1 4 -1 3 -1 2 0 2
Thu 4 0 4 -1 3 -1 2 -1 1
Fri 4 0 4 -1 3 -1 2 -1 1
-1
0 0 0 0
-1
1 -1 0 0
-1
1 -1 0 -1
-1
1 -1 0 -1
0
1 -1 0 -1
0
1 -1 0 -1
-1
1 0 1 -1
Shift 8
Shift 9 Shift 10
-1
-1
-1
-1
LATIHAN
Sebuah perusahaan Call Center ingin menyusun jadwal shift para pegawainya dalam seminggu. Hasil peramalan terhadap permintaan jasa menghasilkan estimasi kebutuhan jumlah tenaga kerja setiap harinya sbb :
Hari Kebutuhan Senin 8 Selasa 6 Rabu 7 Kamis 8 Jumat 4 Sabtu 6 Minggu 5
Susun jadwal shift pekerja jika perusahaan ingin agar setiap pegawainya bekerja 5 hari dan memiliki libur 2 hari berurutan dalam seminggu.