// DDS output thru PWM on timer0 OC0A (pin B.

3) // Mega644 version // FM synthesis // Controls: // A To switch Mode // # For help // D to Enter #include <avr/io.h> #include <avr/interrupt.h> #include <avr/pgmspace.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <avr/eeprom.h> #include <util/delay.h> #include "lcd_lib.h" #include <inttypes.h> #include <math.h> // for sine #include "lcd_lib.h" #include "keypad.h" //#include "uart.h" // set up serial for debugging //FILE uart_str = FDEV_SETUP_STREAM(uart_putchar, uart_getchar, _FDEV_SETUP_RW); //I like these definitions #define and && #define or || //because python is awesome-ly //LCD const const const const const const const const const const Strings uint8_t uint8_t uint8_t uint8_t uint8_t uint8_t uint8_t uint8_t uint8_t uint8_t LCDHelloTop[] PROGMEM = "SYNTH v9001\0"; // Welcome Message LCDHelloBot[] PROGMEM = "PRESS # FOR HELP\0"; LCDSequenceId[] PROGMEM = "SEQUENCE ID \0"; LCDVoiceId[] PROGMEM = "VOICE ID \0"; LCDMainFrequency[] PROGMEM = "MAIN FREQ \0"; LCDMainDecay[] PROGMEM = "MAIN DECAY \0"; LCDMainRise[] PROGMEM = "MAIN RISE \0"; LCDFMFreq[] PROGMEM = "FM FREQ \0"; LCDFMDepth[] PROGMEM = "FM DEPTH \0"; LCDFMDecay[] PROGMEM = "FM DECAY \0";

//LCD String lengths int8_t seqStrLen; int8_t voiceStrLen; int8_t mainFreqStrLen; int8_t mainDecayStrLen; int8_t mainRiseStrLen; int8_t fmFreqStrLen; int8_t fmDepthStrLen; int8_t fmDecayStrLen; volatile uint8_t showTime = 0; //#define NUM_VOICES 6 #define NUM_VOICES 4 // The DDS variables volatile unsigned int acc_main[NUM_VOICES], acc_fm1[NUM_VOICES] ; volatile unsigned char high_main, high_fm1, decay_fm1[NUM_VOICES], decay_main[NU

M_VOICES], depth_fm1[NUM_VOICES], rise_main[NUM_VOICES]; volatile unsigned int inc_main[NUM_VOICES], inc_fm1[NUM_VOICES], amp_main[NUM_VO ICES], amp_fm1[NUM_VOICES]; volatile unsigned int rise_phase_main[NUM_VOICES], amp_rise_main[NUM_VOICES], am p_fall_main[NUM_VOICES]; volatile uint8_t sampling = 1; //set to 1 to start sampling volatile uint8_t maxDuration; #define max_amp 32767 // tables for DDS signed char sineTable[256], fm1 ; //MarKov Matrices #define NUM_NOTES 8 uint8_t curNote; const uint16_t markovFrequencies[8] = {262, 294, 330, 392, 440, 523, 587, 659}; const uint8_t ascendingMarkov[64] = {0, 255, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2 55, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 , 255, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 , 0, 255, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 , 0, 0, 255, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 , 0, 0, 0, 255, 0, 255, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}; const uint8_t uniformMarkov[64] = {31, 63, 95, 127, 159, 191, 223, 255, 31, 63, 95, 1 27, 159, 191, 223, 255, 31, 63, 95, 1 27, 159, 191, 223, 255, 31, 63, 95, 1 27, 159, 191, 223, 255, 31, 63, 95, 1 27, 159, 191, 223, 255, 31, 63, 95, 1 27, 159, 191, 223, 255, 31, 63, 95, 1 27, 159, 191, 223, 255, 31, 63, 95, 1 27, 159, 191, 223, 255}; /* 40, 30, 14, 29, 3, 50, 61, 28, 45, 28, 9, 42, 47, 44, 27, 13, 28, 20, 38, 40, 13, 24, 48, 43, 61, 47, 6, 32, 27, 1, 24, 58, 15, 42, 35, 23, 46, 22, 51, 22, 8, 58, 40, 11, 27, 32, 30, 50, 6, 50, 46, 32, 40, 15, 43, 24, 4, 63, 31, 17, 25, 13, 49, 54 Cumulative is below */ const uint8_t chaoticMarkov[64] = { 40, 70, 84,113,116,166,227,255, 45, 73,

82,124,171,215,242,255, 28, 48, 86,126,139,163,211,255, 61,108, 114,146,173,174,198,255, 15, 57, 92,115,161,183,234,255, 8, 66, 106,117,144,176,206,255, 6, 56, 102,134,174,189,232,255, 4, 67, 98,115,140,153,202,255 }; const uint8_t descendingMarkov[64] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 255, 255, 0 , 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 255 , 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 255, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 255, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 255, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 255, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 255, 0}; volatile uint8_t vidx = 0; //the sequencer id volatile uint8_t seqId = 0; //state variables volatile uint8_t state; #define MAIN_SCREEN 0 #define SET_VIDX 1 #define SET_SEQUENCE 2 #define SET_INC_MAIN 3 #define SET_DECAY_MAIN 4 #define SET_RISE_MAIN 5 #define SET_INC_FM 6 #define SET_DEPTH_FM 7 #define SET_DECAY_FM 8 //voice IDs #define VOICE_1 0 #define VOICE_2 1 #define VOICE_3 2 #define VOICE_4 3 //#define VOICE_5 4 //#define VOICE_6 5 //Random Numer Generator stuff #define bit30 0x4000 #define bit27 0x0800 char bit0, bit1;

unsigned long noiseGen = 412294; //constants for random number generation const uint8_t RND_MAX = 255; const uint8_t RND_MIN = 0; // trigger volatile char pluck, pushed ; // Time variables // the volitile is needed because the time is only set in the ISR // time counts mSec, sample counts DDS samples (62.5 KHz) volatile unsigned int time ; volatile char count; // index for sine table build unsigned int i; //string to write to the LCD uint8_t LCDBuffer[17]; // LCD display buffer //States for the Synthesizulatrix const uint8_t SET_ACC_MAIN; //function signatures void Initialize(void); void initLCD(void); void updateLCD(); void updateManual(void); void setState(uint8_t); void nextState(void); uint8_t sample(uint8_t); uint8_t random8Bits(void); //returns OCR0A uint8_t sample(uint8_t idx) { // compute exponential attack and decay of amplitude // the (time & 0x0ff) slows down the decay computation by 256 times if (!(time & 0x0ff)) { amp_fall_main[idx] = amp_fall_main[idx] - (amp_fall_main[idx]>>d ecay_main[idx]); rise_phase_main[idx] = rise_phase_main[idx] - (rise_phase_main[i dx]>>rise_main[idx]); // compute exponential decay of FM depth of modulation amp_fm1[idx] = amp_fm1[idx] - (amp_fm1[idx]>>decay_fm1[idx]) ; } // form (1-exp(-t/tau)) for the attack phase amp_rise_main[idx] = max_amp - rise_phase_main[idx]; // product of rise and fall exponentials is the amplitude envelope amp_main[idx] = (amp_rise_main[idx]>>8) * (amp_fall_main[idx]>>8) ; // Init the synth if (pluck==1) { if(idx == 0) { setNextNote(); } amp_fall_main[idx] = max_amp; rise_phase_main[idx] = max_amp ; amp_rise_main[idx] = 0 ;

amp_fm1[idx] = max_amp ; // phase lock the synth acc_fm1[idx] = 0 ; acc_main[idx] = 0; //DIRTY UGLY HACK FIX THIS STUPID if (idx == (NUM_VOICES - 1)) { pluck = 0; } } //the FM DDR -- feeds into final DDR acc_fm1[idx] = acc_fm1[idx] + inc_fm1[idx] ; high_fm1 = (char)(acc_fm1[idx] >> 8) ; fm1 = sineTable[high_fm1] ; //the final output DDR // phase accum = main_DDR_freq + FM_DDR * (FM amplitude) acc_main[idx] = acc_main[idx] + (inc_main[idx] + (fm1*(amp_fm1[idx]>>dep th_fm1[idx]))) ; high_main = (char)(acc_main[idx] >> 8) ; // output the wavefrom sample // scale amplitude to use only high byte and shift into range // 0 to 255 return 128 + (((amp_main[idx]>>8) * (int)sineTable[high_main])>>7) ; } ISR (TIMER1_COMPA_vect) // Fs = 12000 { // turn on timer for profiling TCNT2 = 0; TCCR2B = 2; if(sampling) { // Set Sample uint8_t idx; uint8_t voiceAccum = 0; for (idx=0; idx < NUM_VOICES; idx++){ voiceAccum += sample(idx) >> 2; } OCR0A = voiceAccum; //OCR0A = sample(1); } time++; //ticks at 12 KHz // profiling TCCR2B = 0; } // Every 1ms volatile uint16_t mscount = 0; ISR (TIMER2_COMPA_vect){ //KeypadDebounce(); mscount++; if(!(mscount % 1100)) { pluck = 1; } } /////////////////////////////////////////////////////

//Initialization code void Initialize(void){ // make B.3 an output DDRB = (1<<PINB3) ; //Keypad DDRD=0x00; //init the UART -- uart_init() is in uart.c //uart_init(); //stdout = stdin = stderr = &uart_str; //fprintf(stdout,"Starting...\n\r"); // init the sine table for (i=0; i<256; i++) { sineTable[i] = (char)(127.0 * sin(6.283*((float)i)/256.0)) ; } // init the time counter time=0; // timer 0 runs at full rate TCCR0B = 1 ; //turn off timer 0 overflow ISR TIMSK0 = 0 ; // turn on PWM // turn on fast PWM and OC0A output // at full clock rate, toggle OC0A (pin B3) // 16 microsec per PWM cycle sample time TCCR0A = (1<<COM0A0) | (1<<COM0A1) | (1<<WGM00) | (1<<WGM01) ; OCR0A = 128 ; // set PWM to half full scale /////////// timer 1 ticks at 8000 Hz or 125 microsecs period=2000 ticks // timer 1 ticks at 12000 Hz = 1333 ticks OCR1A = 1332 ; // 2000 ticks TIMSK1 = (1<<OCIE1A) ; TCCR1B = 0x09; //full speed; clear-on-match TCCR1A = 0x00; //turn off pwm and oc lines //set up timer 2 for 1 mSec ticks TIMSK2 = 2; //turn on timer 2 cmp match ISR OCR2A = 249; //set the compare reg to 250 time ticks TCCR2A = 0b00000010; // turn on clear-on-match TCCR2B = 0b00000011; // clock prescalar to 64 seqStrLen = strlen(LCDSequenceId); voiceStrLen = strlen(LCDVoiceId); mainFreqStrLen = strlen(LCDMainFrequency); mainDecayStrLen = strlen(LCDMainDecay); mainRiseStrLen = strlen(LCDMainRise); fmFreqStrLen = strlen(LCDFMFreq); fmDepthStrLen = strlen(LCDFMDepth); fmDecayStrLen = strlen(LCDFMDecay); initLCD(); // turn on all ISRs sei() ;

/////////////////////////////////////////////////// // Sound parameters /////////////////////////////////////////////////// // Base frequency // 2^16/8000*freq = 8.192*freq inc_main[0] = (int)(8.192 * 261) ; // rise and decay SHIFT factor -- bigger is slower // 6 implies tau of 64 cycles // 8 implies tau of 256 cycles // max value is 8 decay_main[0] = 4 ; rise_main[0] = 0 ; // // FM modulation rate -- also a frequency inc_fm1[0] = (int)(8.192 * 65) ; // FM modulation depth SHIFT factor // bigger factor implies smaller FM! // useful range is 4 to 15 depth_fm1[0] = 7 ; // decay SHIFT factor -- bigger is slower // 6 implies tau of 64 cycles // 8 implies tau of 256 cycles // max value is 8 decay_fm1[0] = 6 ; //Bell/chime inc_main[0] = (int)(8.192 * 1440) ; decay_main[0] = 5 ; rise_main[0] = 1 ; inc_fm1[0] = (int)(8.192 * 600) ; depth_fm1[0] = 8 ; decay_fm1[0] = 6 ; //Chime: inc_main[1] = (int)(8.192 * 261.0) ; decay_main[1] = 5 ; rise_main[1] = 1 ; inc_fm1[1] = (int)(8.192 * 350.0) ; depth_fm1[1] = 9 ; decay_fm1[1] = 5 ; //Plucked String: inc_main[2] = (int)(8.192 * 500.0) ; decay_main[2] = 3 ; rise_main[2] = 1 ; inc_fm1[2] = (int)(8.192 * 750.0) ; depth_fm1[2] = 8 ; decay_fm1[2] = 3 ; //Small, stiff rod inc_main[3] = (int)(8.192 * 1440) ; decay_main[3] = 3 ; rise_main[3] = 1 ; inc_fm1[3] = (int)(8.192 * 50) ; // at 100 get stiff string; at 200 get hollow pipe depth_fm1[3] = 10 ; //or 9 decay_fm1[3] = 5 ;

//Hollow rod /* inc_main[4] = (int)(8.192 * 1440) ; decay_main[4] = 3 ; rise_main[4] = 1 ; inc_fm1[4] = (int)(8.192 * 200) ; // at 100 get stiff string; at 200 get hollow pipe depth_fm1[4] = 10 ; //or 9 decay_fm1[4] = 5 ; //Bell inc_main[5] = (int)(8.192 * 300) ; decay_main[5] = 5 ; rise_main[5] = 0 ; inc_fm1[5] = (int)(8.192 * 1000) ; depth_fm1[5] = 8 ; decay_fm1[5] = 6 ;*/ } //////////////////////////////////////////////////// //Initialize the LCD void initLCD(void){ LCDinit(); //initialize the display LCDcursorOFF(); LCDclr(); //clear the display LCDGotoXY(0,0); CopyStringtoLCD(LCDHelloTop, 0, 0); CopyStringtoLCD(LCDHelloBot, 0, 1); } ///////////////////////////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////////////////////////////// //Update the LCD void updateLCD(void){ LCDclr(); switch (state) { case MAIN_SCREEN: CopyStringtoLCD(LCDHelloTop, 0, 0); CopyStringtoLCD(LCDHelloBot, 0, 1); break; case SET_VIDX: CopyStringtoLCD(LCDVoiceId, 0, 1); LCDGotoXY(voiceStrLen, 1); sprintf(LCDBuffer, "%d", vidx); LCDstring(LCDBuffer, strlen(LCDBuffer)); break; case SET_SEQUENCE: CopyStringtoLCD(LCDSequenceId, 0, 1); LCDGotoXY(seqStrLen, 1); sprintf(LCDBuffer, "%d", seqId); LCDstring(LCDBuffer, strlen(LCDBuffer)); break; case SET_INC_MAIN: CopyStringtoLCD(LCDMainFrequency, 0, 1); LCDGotoXY(mainFreqStrLen, 1); sprintf(LCDBuffer, "%d", inc_main); LCDstring(LCDBuffer, strlen(LCDBuffer)); break; case SET_DECAY_MAIN: CopyStringtoLCD(LCDMainDecay, 0, 1); LCDGotoXY(mainDecayStrLen, 1);

case

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case

sprintf(LCDBuffer, "%d", decay_main); LCDstring(LCDBuffer, strlen(LCDBuffer)); break; SET_RISE_MAIN: CopyStringtoLCD(LCDMainRise, 0, 1); LCDGotoXY(mainRiseStrLen, 1); sprintf(LCDBuffer, "%d", rise_main); LCDstring(LCDBuffer, strlen(LCDBuffer)); break; SET_INC_FM: CopyStringtoLCD(LCDFMFreq, 0, 1); LCDGotoXY(fmFreqStrLen, 1); sprintf(LCDBuffer, "%d", inc_fm1); LCDstring(LCDBuffer, strlen(LCDBuffer)); break; SET_DEPTH_FM: CopyStringtoLCD(LCDFMDepth, 0, 1); LCDGotoXY(fmDepthStrLen, 1); sprintf(LCDBuffer, "%d", depth_fm1); LCDstring(LCDBuffer, strlen(LCDBuffer)); break; SET_DECAY_FM: CopyStringtoLCD(LCDFMDecay, 0, 1); LCDGotoXY(fmDecayStrLen, 1); sprintf(LCDBuffer, "%d", decay_fm1); LCDstring(LCDBuffer, strlen(LCDBuffer)); break;

} } uint8_t random8Bits(void){ bit0 = (noiseGen & bit27) > 0; bit1 = (noiseGen & bit30) > 0; noiseGen <<= 1; noiseGen += bit0 ^ bit1; return noiseGen & 0x7f; } void updateManual(void){ } void setState(uint8_t s) { sampling = 0; // disable sampling when switching states state = s; updateLCD(); sampling = (state == MAIN_SCREEN); } //set the next note to play void setNextNote(void){ uint8_t nextNote = 0; uint8_t rnd = random8Bits(); uint8_t nextNoteFound = 0; switch (seqId){ case 0: while (!nextNoteFound){ if (rnd <= ascendingMarkov[curNote * 8 + nextNot e]){

nextNoteFound = 1; } else { nextNote++; } } break; case 1: while (!nextNoteFound){ if (rnd <= descendingMarkov[curNote * 8 + nextNo te]){ nextNoteFound = 1; } else { nextNote++; } } break; case 2: while (!nextNoteFound){ if (rnd <= uniformMarkov[curNote * 8 + nextNote] ){ nextNoteFound = 1; } else { nextNote++; } } break; case 3: while (!nextNoteFound){ if (rnd <= chaoticMarkov[curNote * 8 + nextNote] ){ nextNoteFound = 1; } else { nextNote++; } } break; } for(uint8_t i = 0; i < NUM_VOICES; i++) { inc_main[i] = (int)(8.192 * markovFrequencies[nextNote]); } curNote = nextNote; } // update to next state if key is pressed uint8_t waitingForInput = 0; unsigned int lastInt = 0; void nextState(void){ if(waitingForInput) { // output input to screen //unsigned int in = KeypadInt(); unsigned int in = 0; if(lastInt != in) { LCDGotoXY(0, 0); sprintf(LCDBuffer, "%d", in); LCDstring(LCDBuffer, strlen(LCDBuffer)); } }

<<<<<<< HEAD // uint8_t key = KeypadKey(); uint8_t key = 0; /* if(key != 0) { //LCDclr(); //_delay_ms(1000); //sprintf(LCDBuffer, "%d", key); //LCDGotoXY(0, 0); //LCDstring(LCDBuffer, strlen(LCDBuffer)); }*/ ======= uint8_t key = KeypadKey(); >>>>>>> 08f99deaf9f55f3b783a8a2d3bb285eac951c778 switch(key) { case KEY_A: waitingForInput = 0; setState((state + 1) % 9); break; } if(key) { switch (state) { case SET_VIDX: if(key == KEY_D) { vidx = KeypadInt() % NUM_VOICES; waitingForInput = 0; setState(MAIN_SCREEN); } else { waitingForInput = 1; } break; case SET_SEQUENCE: if(key == KEY_D) { seqId = KeypadInt(); waitingForInput = 0; setState(MAIN_SCREEN); } else { waitingForInput = 1; } break; case SET_INC_MAIN: if(key == KEY_D) { inc_main[vidx] = KeypadInt(); waitingForInput = 0; setState(MAIN_SCREEN); } else { waitingForInput = 1; } break; case SET_DECAY_MAIN: if(key == KEY_D) { decay_main[vidx] = KeypadInt(); waitingForInput = 0; setState(MAIN_SCREEN); } else { waitingForInput = 1; } break; case SET_RISE_MAIN:

if(key == KEY_D) { rise_main[vidx] = KeypadInt(); waitingForInput = 0; setState(MAIN_SCREEN); } else { waitingForInput = 1; } break; case SET_INC_FM: if(key == KEY_D) { inc_fm1[vidx] = KeypadInt(); waitingForInput = 0; setState(MAIN_SCREEN); } else { waitingForInput = 1; } break; case SET_DEPTH_FM: if(key == KEY_D) { depth_fm1[vidx] = KeypadInt(); waitingForInput = 0; setState(MAIN_SCREEN); } else { waitingForInput = 1; } break; case SET_DECAY_FM: if(key == KEY_D) { decay_fm1[vidx] = KeypadInt(); waitingForInput = 0; setState(MAIN_SCREEN); } else { waitingForInput = 1; } break; } } } ///////////////////////////////////////////////////// int main(void) { Initialize(); while(1) { <<<<<<< HEAD // Check pushbutton to pluck string // and oneshot it // /* if (!(time & 0xff)) { if ((~PINC & 0x01) && !pushed) { pluck = 1; pushed = 1; } if (!(~PINC & 0x01) && pushed) { pushed = 0; } // printf("%d\n\r", TCNT2); } */

//random8Bits(); //nextState(); sprintf(LCDBuffer, "%d", TCNT2 * 8); LCDGotoXY(0,0); LCDstring(LCDBuffer, strlen(LCDBuffer)); ======= random8Bits(); nextState(); >>>>>>> 08f99deaf9f55f3b783a8a2d3bb285eac951c778 } // while(1) } //} main ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////