Glaunach Silencer Handbook

GLAUNACH
Silencer Handbook
I NOISE
II PRODUCTS
III ACCESSORIES FOR SILENCERS
IV CALCULATION
V MATERIAL CODES & STANDARDS
VI SURFACE TREATMENT
VII INSTALLATION
VIII INSULATION
IX AVOIDANCE OF FAULTS
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NOISE - Handbook I
page 2 of 67
1. NOISE LEVEL
“Sound Power Level" and "Sound Pressure Level" are two commonly confused
characteristics of sound. Both have the same unit of measure (the Decibel) and
the term "Sound Level". However, to understand how to measure and specify
sound, we must first understand the difference between these properties:
Sound Power Level (abbr.: Lw or SWL or PWL)
is the acoustical energy emitted by the sound source, and is an absolute value. It
is not affected by the environment.
Think of it like a light bulb, which radiates light in every direction. If you could
measure all the energy radiated by the bulb, then this would be the equivalent of
sound power.
Sound Power Level dB

rustle of leaves 15
mosquito buzzing 45
normal conversation 55
bird singing 60
vacuum cleaner 70
street traffic 80
air compressor 90
jack hammer 100
hard rock music 110
propeller plane taking off 120
walkman (full volume) 130
jet plane taking off 140
shotgun 160
rocket during lift off 170
cannon shot 180
love song of blue whales 190
navy Sonar (at 3kHz) 200
100 dB
100 dB Sound Power
Sound Power Level !
Level !
100 m 50 m
100 dB
Sound Power Level
© GLAUNACH GMBH Edition 02.2007

NOISE - Handbook I
page 3 of 67
Sound Pressure Level (abbr.: Lp or SPL)
is a pressure disturbance in the atmosphere whose intensity is influenced not only

by the strength of the source, but also by the surroundings and the distance from
the source to the receiver. Sound pressure is what our ears hear and what sound
meters measure.
Let’s have a look to the light bulb again:

Brightness is more than a matter of wattage. How far is the bulb from the observer?
What colour is the room and how reflective is the wall surface? Is the bulb covered
with a shade? If you take all of these factors affect of how much light reaches the
receiver, this would be the equivalent of sound pressure.
Sound Pressure Levels dB @ feet @m

normal conversation 60 3 1
highway Traffic 70 50 15
diesel truck 90 33 10
freight train 100 200 60
jet plane taking off 110 1000 300
Auto horn 120 3 1
pneumatic riveter 130 3 1
jet take off 140 100 30
artillery fire 150 500 150
firework 160 3 1
jet take off 180 1 0.3
58 dB
52 dB Sound Pressure
Sound Pressure Level !
Level !
100 m 50 m
100 dB
Sound Power Level
rule of thumb
each doubling of the distance = 6dB noise reduction

NOISE - Handbook I
page 4 of 67
2. FREQUENCIES
The frequency is a measure of how frequently a vibration repeats itself (oscillates)
or the number of waves passing by in a second. A hertz is the unit of frequency –
1 oscillation per second; a kilohertz (kHz) is 1000 hertz – 1000 oscillations per
second.
Decibels with the sound pressure scale adjusted to conform with the frequency
response of the human ear. A sound level meter that measures A-weighted
decibels has an electrical circuit that allows the meter to have the same sensitivity
to sound at different frequencies as the average human ear. There are also B-
weighted and C-weighted scales, but the A-weighted scale is the one most
commonly used for measuring loud noise.
The frequency range of human hearing is about

20 hertz to 20,000 hertz
Calculation of an A weighted octave band
Frequency Measured Lp A-Scale Correction Corrected LpA

(Hz) (dB) (dB) (dB)
31.5 94 -39 55
63 95 -26 69
125 92 -16 76
250 95 -9 86
500 97 -3 94
1,000 97 0 97
2,000 102 +1 103
4,000 97 +1 98
8,000 92 -1 91
Note: The A-scale correction factors are fixed values.
The A-weighted sound level can now be calculated by combining the corrected
band levels:
LPA = 10 log10 (Σ 10LpA/10)
here: LPA = 105,5 dB(A)

NOISE - Handbook I
page 5 of 67
Peak Frequency
For the reduction of the noise intensity, knowledge of the peak frequency is
important. Strouhal's calculation method provides a simple way to find this
frequency:
w
f = s×
d
s = Strouhal's number
w = speed in m/s
d = diameter in m
However, the peak frequency is not exactly in the range of Strouhal's calculation.
Other components are also important. Strouhal's formula shows only, that the
peak frequency increases when the diameter decreases.
Shifting the Peak Frequency
Since it is easier to attenuate high frequencies than deep frequencies, we use a

diffuser pipe to change peak frequencies. This shifts low frequencies to high
frequencies and as a positive side effect, the noise level is reduced too.
Blow Off Pipe Diffuser Pipe
63 125 250 500 1K 2K 4K 8K

63 125 250 500 1K 2K 4K 8K

NOISE - Handbook I
page 6 of 67
3. VALVE NOISE
There is no international standard for the calculation of valve noise. Glaunach
uses several methods to estimate the unknown noise level of a valve. In most
cases however, we can use values from our database, which we have developed
from many tests on site.
For a rough estimation of the unsilenced noise level, we recommend two

formulas:
VDI 2713*
"Noise reduction in thermal power stations" specifies the following formula for the
determination of the sound power level:
LW0 = 17 log M + 50 log To - 15
According to this formula, only the quantity and the temperature are determining
factors. More recent studies of exhaust valves have shown that the difference in
pressure is the decisive factor for the sound's intensity. Both methods of
calculation are indirectly related, since increases of quantity and temperature
cause the pressure difference to rise. However, a comparison of different
calculation methods shows that figures resulting from the "VDI*-Formula" are
rather too high.
API RP521**
Lp30m = L + 10 log (0.5 MC²)
noise from valves can be expected

to be in the region of 130 to 170 dB(A) Lw
* VDI = Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (German Association of Engineers)

** API = American Petroleum Institute

NOISE - Handbook I
page 7 of 67
4. NOISE REDUCTION
In order to meet environmental demands, noise reduction requirements continue
to increase. Design and construction of valves, silencers, and piping systems are
therefore constantly improved. Traditional vent silencer designs require an
absorption component to attenuate high frequency noise generated at the venting
valve outlet. The expanded gas travels between baffles of straight or ring shape,
where noise energy is reduced through viscous friction. Such a construction is
cumbersome, as it requires very large silencers. This design necessitates the
addition of an expansion chamber, installed upstream of the baffles, in which the
turbulent flow can be calmed.
How can we reduce valve noise efficiently?
a. By transferring pressure drop from the valve to a silencer.

Spring-loaded safety valves functioning automatically can be subjected to a back
pressure amounting to 10 - 40 % of the set pressure. This means that part of the
pressure difference can be absorbed in a controlled process within the silencer.
b. By using diffuser pipes with small holes (< ∅ 8mm), so that the peak
frequency is increased. Because high frequencies are easier
to attenuate than lower ones. A very high noise reduction can be achieved
through several concentrically arranged pressure stages.
c. By combining diffuser technology with traditional absorbing

technology.
Through the arrangement of absorption material immediately after the pressure
stages, developing whirls and the resulting noise are reduced and partially
absorbed.
What are the typical noise limits ?
USA: API Medical Research Report EA 7301. (Ref 2)

This document dates from 1973. It set a limit of 115 dB(A) to steady sound, and
140 dB (peak) to impulsive noise. These were based on the data in the US. OSHA
1970 Act.
EU: 86/188/ECC. (Ref 4)

… if a maximum value of the unweighted instantaneous sound pressure level is
greater than 200 Pa (140 dB) "suitable and adequate" ear protectors must be
used…
noise limits, for the avoidance of hearing damage should be

in the range from 100 to 125 dB(A) Lw

PRODUCTS - Handbook II
page 8 of 67
ABSORBING SILENCER
type A
application - any vent or blow-down application

- boiler start-up and purge
- turbine bypass
media gas, air, steam,
pressure drop 0 dB
noise reduction 25+ dB
design circular baffles reduce the noise and allow thermal

expansion of the construction. The absorber cover is
totally made from stainless steel. The inlet nozzle is
connected to a diffuser pipe that redirects the gas flow.
The silencer can be extended with additional absorbers to
achieve a higher noise reduction.
GLAUNACH GMBH Edition 02.2007

page 9 of 67
DIFFUSER SILENCER
type D

- turbine bypass
pressure drop > 0,2 bar / > 3 psi
noise reduction up to 50 dB
design several diffuser stages and a fine stainless steel wire

mesh are the basic principle of diffuser silencers. This
technology supports a substantial smaller and lighter
construction compared to absorbing silencers.

page 10 of 67
DIFFUSER SILENCER
type DA

- turbine bypass
design the type DA diffuser silencer is similar to type D, except

that the silencer shell is equipped with an additional
insulation. The insulation is needed for temperature and
noise control.

page 11 of 67
COMBINED SILENCER (DIFFUSER + ABSORBER)
type DAA

- turbine bypass
noise reduction 50+ dB
design the type DAA diffuser silencer is a combination of type A

and type DA silencer. With additional absorbers almost
any noise reduction can be achieved.

page 12 of 67
INLINE DIFFUSER SILENCER
type INLINE
application in particular for closed systems

- any vent or blow-down application
- condenser injection
- turbine bypass
media steam, gas, air,
design for noise control at pipes, we manufacture the Inline

Silencer. This type is similar to the Diffuser Silencer D.
Many small diffuser holes disengage the fluid into a fine
stainless steel wire mesh.

page 13 of 67
DUMP TUBE
application - low pressure

- turbine bypass
- redirection of the gas flow
- pressure control
- temperature control
design carbon or stainless steel dump tubes are furnished with a

customized number and size of diffuser holes.

page 14 of 67
DIFFUSER
type DIFFUSER

- turbine bypass
- redirection of the gas flow
- pressure control
- temperature control
pressure drop 0 bar / 0 psi
design diffusers are used for same applications as dump tubes,

but with a higher noise reduction. The fluid passes
through several diffuser stages and through a fine
stainless steel wire mesh.

page 15 of 67
COLLECTING PIPE
type COLLECTING PIPE
application to connect more than two blow-off pipes into one

silencer, we recommend to use a collecting tube. Valves
with different set pressures can be combined. Therefore
the down stream pressure of all valves needs to be
equated.
noise reduction up to 15 dB (without silencer)
design silencers equipped with collecting pipes are designed for

the maximum possible flow level
80 psi
40 psi
80 psi
145 psi

page 16 of 67
RENTAL SILENCER
type DA & DAA

- turbine bypass
with the construction of new boilers, equipment change, or

repair work, debris may be introduced into the piping
system. This must be removed before the process gas or
steam is used. These contaminants are removed by
“blowing free“ the piping. Often silencers are used that do
not withstand the continuous stress or which become
ineffective as a result of obstructions in the diffuser.
Glaunach has developed a special Silencer which can be

used repeatedly. This silencer allows the replacement of a
diffuser cartridge in the event its performance is impeded
by debris and back pressure becomes too high.
design DA or DAA Diffuser Silencers, but with exchangeable

diffuser cartridge

ACCESSORIES - Handbook III
page 17 of 67
LIFTING LUGS
application all products are
equipped with lifting lugs
purpose lifting lugs are furnished

on all units for ease of
handling
design carbon or stainless steel

typically from the same
material as silencer shell
IDENTIFICATION PLATE
application all products are equipped
with an identification plate
purpose identification and design

information
design anodized aluminium or

stainless steel (extra
charge)
PRESSURE GAUGE
application on customers request
purpose connection for instruments

for pressure or temperature
measuring at the silencer
inlet nozzle.

closed with a plug
(½ inch whitworth thread)

page 18 of 67
DEWATERING PIPE
application all products are equipped
with a dewatering device
purpose drainage for condensation

and rainwater

material as the silencer
shell
EAVE RING
application all kinds of vent silencers
purpose drip mould for rain water

and connecting point for
external insulation

material as welded on
COLLAR SHEET
purpose In-roof installations, drip

mould for rain water and
connecting point of
external insulation


page 19 of 67
BRACKETS
application all kinds of products
purpose support

LEGS
application all kinds of products
purpose support
design customized from carbon

or stainless steel typically
from the same material
as welded on
RAIN CAP (WEATHER HOOD)

purpose protection for heavy rain or

snow fall
design typically from the same

according to the required
noise level, the rain hood
is equipped with an
absorbing face

page 20 of 67
GOOSE NECK
purpose redirection of the gas flow
design customized from carbon or

stainless steel
FLANGE
application inlet nozzles, outlet pipe,
dewatering
design plain flange or flange kit

including nuts, bolts,
gasket and 2nd flange -
according requested
standard
OUTLET EXTENSION
purpose Extension of the silencer

outlet
design customized from carbon or

stainless steel

page 21 of 67
MULTIPLE INLETS
purpose combination of different

inlet pipes into one silencer
design for simultaneous flow
EXCHANGEABLE DIFFUSER CARTRIDGE

application diffuser silencers
purpose for mediums with

impurities which may plug
the diffuser an affect the
back pressure
design wrapped with a stainless

steel wire mesh.
ABSORBER
application all kind of vent silencers
purpose noise reduction by

absorbing materials
design circular baffle elements

made by a perforated plate
from stainless steel. The
internals are heat resistant
glass fabrics and noise
absorbing materials.

page 22 of 67
HEATING
application all kinds of silencers and diffusers
purpose - for zones with extremely low ambient temperatures

- if no temperature is transferred to the silencer
design a heating system of 200 W will be used for silencers with

outside diameter of up to 2 m.
the heating capacity should be increased to 400 watts for

silencers of larger diameters.
the heating cartridge consists of a stainless steel pipe and a

connecting shell. The pipe penetrates into a block of steel,
which is welded to the silencer bottom. The connecting shell,
made of aluminum is affixed at the outer end of the heating
cartridge's pipe. Inside there are connection clamps and a
thermostat which switches the heating cartridge on and off.
No additional control device is necessary, however, a control
light in the control room is recommended. The complete
heating unit is fixed on the silencer with one bolt and can
easily be exchanged if necessary.

page 23 of 67
EXPANSION JOINTS
application all kind of silencers and diffusers
purpose for vertical and/or horizontal movement of the entrance pipe

caused by thermal expansion.
design - pressurized expansion joints (stainless steel)

- non pressurized expansion joints (stainless steel)
- sliding brackets
- sliding diffuser
BIRD SCREEN
purpose prevent birds from nesting

inside the silencer
design stainless steel grating at

the silencer outlet

page 24 of 67
INSULATION CLIPS*
purpose thermal and acoustical

wool insulation
design spikes or clamps
* See also “Handbook VIII Insulation”

CALCULATION - Handbook IV
page 25 of 67
1. REDUCED NOISE LEVEL (Lr)

The required noise level Lr must be specified by the customer. This level must be
conforming to the local requirements, in conjunction with the requirements of the
end user. If you are unsure about these requirements we recommend to limit the
Sound Power Level according to US OSHA:
Personnel protection-OSHA 1910.95
When employees are subjected to sound exceeding those listed in the table below,
feasible administrative or engineering controls shall be utilized. If such controls fail to
reduce sound levels within the levels, personal protective equipment shall be
provided and used to reduce sound levels within the levels of the table.
If the variations in noise level involve maxima at intervals of 1 second or less, it is to

be considered continuous.
____________ PERMISSIBLE NOISE EXPOSURES ____________

|
Duration per day, hours | Sound level dB(A) slow response
_____________________________ __________________________
|
8 | 90
6 | 92
4 | 95
3 | 97
2 | 100
1 1/2 | 102
1 | 105
1/2 | 110
1/4 or less | 115
________________________________________________________
When the daily noise exposure is composed of two or more periods of noise
exposure of different levels, their combined effect should be considered, rather
than the individual effect of each.
If the sum of the following fractions: C(1)/T(1) + C(2)/T(2) C(n)/T(n) exceeds unity,
then, the mixed exposure should be considered to exceed the limit value. Cn
indicates the total time of exposure at a specified noise level, and Tn indicates the
total time of exposure permitted at that level. Exposure to impulsive or impact
noise should not exceed 140 dB peak sound pressure level.
More details at: http://www.osha.gov
It is important to know that if several valves open at the same time, there is an
additive effect to the overall noise level.

page 26 of 67
2. ADJUSTMENTS DETERMINED BY DISTANCE

Usually the sound level is evaluated from the silencer shell at a specific distance.
To calculate adjustments determined by distance, following methods can be used:
Hemispherical Radiation
The noise level from silencers (installed on a roof) radiates out hemispherical into
the environment. The sound pressure level decreases according to the following
formula:
∆Lr = 10 log (2 π r²)
Example:
5m beside the silencer exit you have measured Lp5m = 90 dB

a) Calculate the Sound Power Level Lw
b) Calculate the Sound Pressure Level in a distance of 20m from the outlet Lp20m
a)
∆Lr = 10 log (2 π (0.5+5)²)

∆Lr = 22,7
Lw = Lp5m + ∆Lr = 90 + 22,7
r Lw = 112,7 dB
b)
Lp20m = Lw – 10 log (2 π r²)

0.5m 5m = 113,5 – 10 log (2 π (0.5+20²)
Lp20m = 79,3 dB
or
NOTE
the distance from the Lp20m = Lp5m – 20 log (r2/r1)
silencer axis to the silencer = 90 – 20 log (0.5+20)/(0.5+5)
shell must be considered in Lp20m = 78,6 dB
noise calculations

page 27 of 67
3. TRANSMISSION FACTORS (∆
∆L)
The sound level adjustments determined by distance are only valid within 25 m
from the noise source. If the evaluation level is at a distance greater than 25
meters, the following parameters should be considered:
∆La = air reflecting measure in dB
∆LΦ = direction correction in dB
∆Ls = screen measure in dB
∆Lv = vegetation attenuation measure in dB
∆Lrx = area reflecting measure in dB
∆Lb = bottom attenuation measure in dB
Most of these can only be identified by an acoustic engineer at site. For that
reason we only have a look at ∆La and ∆LΦ:
∆La Air reflection measure
Sound absorption in the air depends on the frequency, temperature, and humidity.
The following chart represents approximate frequency adjustments for dB/m at 10°C
and an air humidity of 70%.
f(Hz) 125 250 500 1K 2K 4K 8K

dB / m 0,001 0,001 0,002 0,004 0,008 0,021 0,052

page 28 of 67
∆LΦ
Φ Direction Correction
0° 45°
80°
90°
Silencer 110°
Roof
Vertical silencers direct the sound energy up. For vertical applications, depending
upon the angle of reflection, the following increases apply:
Angle of reflection Φ 110° - 90 ° 90 ° - 80 ° 80 ° - 45 ° 0°
Correction in dB 0 1 3 20
Φ= angle of reflection between silencer axis and evaluation point.
Because of the higher noise level at the silencer outlet, the silencer should always
blow upward. Rain caps reflect the sound, even when they have an absorbing
surface. Therefore, we recommend that rain caps should only be used if absolutely
necessary.
Under normal circumstances, the point of noise reduction is below the horizontal
axis of the silencer outlet. For such points, no correction is necessary.

page 29 of 67
4. UNSILENCED SOUND POWER LEVEL OF VALVES
The following two calculations can be used for a rough estimation of the
unsilenced sound level of a valve.
VDI 2713
Lw0 = 17 log M + 50 log To - 15
Lw0: Sound Power Level of the valve in dB

M: capacity in t/h (if M < 10 t/h then M = 10 t/h)
T0: gas temperature at the valve in K
This formula identifies the total Sound Power emitted by a source.

The Sound Power is the acoustical energy emitted by the sound source, and is an
absolute value. It is not affected by the environment or distance.
ANSI/API RP 521
Lp30m = L + 10 log (0.5 MC²)
Lp30m: Sound Pressure Level 30 meters (100 feet) from stack tip in dB
L: noise intensity at 30 meters (100 feet) from stack tip dB
M: capacity in in kg/s
C: Speed of sound in the gas at he valve in m/s
This formula identifies the total Sound Pressure emitted by a source. Sound
Pressure is a pressure in the atmosphere whose intensity is influenced not only by
the strength of the source, but also by the surroundings and the distance from the
source to the receiver. Sound Pressure is what our ears hear and what sound
meters measure.

page 30 of 67
Example:
Calculate the Sound Power Level of a Safety Valve:
Medium: H2O Steam

Capacity: 100 t/h
Upstream Temperature: 500 °C
Upstream Pressure: 50 bar
Downstream Pressure: 8 bar
VDI 2713
M = 100 t/h
T0 = 500°C + 273,15 = 773.15 K
Lw0 = 17 log (100) + 50 log (773.15) – 15 ≈ 163 dB
ANSI/API RP 521
PR = 50/8 ≈ 6
You have to refer to ANSI/API RP 521 (Guide for Pressure-Relieving and

Depressuring Systems) to get the noise intensity from the L/PR diagram.
L = 60 dB
M = 100 t/h = 27.8 kg/s
C = 664 m/s (from “properties of water and steam”)
Lp30m = 60 + 10 log (0.5 * 27.8 * 664²) = 128 dB
∆Lr = 10 log (2 π 30²) = 38
Lw0 = Lp30m + ∆Lr = 128 + 38 ≈ 166 dB

page 31 of 67
5. DETERMINATION OF DYNAMIC INSERTION LOSS (DIL)

in order to obtain a correct result for the calculation of the sound power level of
silencers (LW), the required evaluation level (Lr) of the silencer needs several
adjustments (∆lr ) and transmission factors ∆La, ∆Lrx, ∆Ls, ∆Lv, ∆Lb
Lw = Lr + ∆Lr - ∆LΦ + ∆La
The transmission factors . ∆Lrx, ∆Lrs, ∆Lrv, ∆Lrb.are not considered here as their
calculations are very difficult.
DIL = Lw0 - Lw
Example 1:
Valve capacity M = 100 t/h

Temp. in front of the valve t0 = 500°C
Pressure in front of the valve p0 = 100 bar
The required evaluation level Lr is 85 dB(A) at a distance of 7 meters
Calculate the necessary dynamic insertion loss (DIL) for a silencer:
7m
The noise source is rather close (<25m), a distance depending noise reduction
can be made without corrections.
Lw0 = 17 log 100 + 50 log (273 + 500) - 15 = 163,4 dB(A)
∆Lr = 10 log (2 π 7²) = 24,9 dB
Lw = 85+24,9 = 110 dB(A)
DIL = Lw0 - Lw = 163,4 - 110 = 53,4 dB

page 32 of 67
Example 2:
Valve capacity M = 100 t/h

Temp. in front of the valve t0 = 500°C
Pressure in front of the valve p0 = 100 bar
The required evaluation level Lr is 50 dB(A) at a distance of 300 meters on a hill,
50 meters above the steam outlet.
The maximum noise level was measured at a frequency of 2000 Hz
Calculate the necessary dynamic insertion loss (DIL) for a silencer:
Φ
300m
50m
Lw0 = 17 log 100 + 50 log (273 + 500) - 15 = 163,4 dB(A)
∆Lr = 10 log (2 π 300²) = 57,5 dB
direction correction (see page 5)
Φ = 80°
∆LΦ = 3 dB
air reflection (see page 4)
∆La = 0,008 × 300 = 2,4 dB
Lw = 50 + 57,5 - 3 + 2,4 = 106,9 dB(A)
DIL = Lw0 - Lw = 163,4 - 106,9 = 56,5 dB

page 33 of 67
6. THERMAL EXPANSION
Thermal expansion α in 10-6 m /m°C between 20° and ...

100 °C 200 °C 300 °C 400 °C 500 °C 600 °C
α 11.1 12.1 12.9 13.5 13.9 14.1
Example:
A pipe-line made of carbon steel has a length of 12 m and is loaded with a max.
operating temperature of 490 °C. A sliding diffuser shall be provided to allow
thermal expansion.
For the temperature range 20°C to 500°C α is 13.9
∆l = l × α × t × 10-6
∆l = 12 × 13.9 × 490 × 10-6 = 0.0817 m
An expansion joint for vertical movement of 81.7 mm is required
7. REACTION FORCES
Reaction force from the vertical blow-off are calculated as follows:
R = wa² x Sa / va
R = Reaction force in N
Sa = Outlet surface in m²
wa = Blow off velocity of the expanded gas in m/s
va = Specific volume of the expanded gas in m³/kg

page 34 of 67
Example:
The outlet of a steam silencer has an open area of 0,7854 m²

The capacity of the silencer is 20 kg/s, the temperature of the steam at the silencer
outlet is 300°C at atmospheric pressure.
You will need a Steam Table to read out the specific volume (va) of steam at
300°C and atmospheric pressure
Sa = 0,7854m²
M = 20 kg/s
refer to steam table:

va(300°C) = 2,63887 m³/kg
Qa = M * va(300°C) = 52,8 m³/s
Wa = Qa / Sa = 67,2 m/s
R = w a² * Sa / va = 1344 N
NOTE
due to the restricted velocity inside of
vent silencers, the reaction forces are
rather low and can be neglected

page 35 of 67
8. WIND AND EARTHQUAKES

GLAUNACH silencers are built so compact that the wind forces can be led off over
the shell without any problems. The support of GLAUNACH silencers, e.g.
brackets or legs are designed to withstand any possible loads from wind or
earthquakes. Nevertheless, the supporting structure, which is not scope of supply,
should be examined by a stress analyst.
9. BACKGROUND NOISES ISO/DIS 11820.2 - Acoustic-Measurements

This standard specifies how silencers are to be measured in specific applications.
This standard cannot be used as the sole guideline for noise measurements, as it
only provides for the measurement of ducted silencers. In chapter 1.2-b) Blow-down
silencers are expressly mentioned. Table „Corrections for background noise“ shows
that the background sound pressure level alone must be more than 3 dB lower than
the measured operating sound source during the test. During the control
measurement at a silencer all ambient noise, noise reflection of the valve and piping,
must be accordingly lower. Under ideal conditions, it is often required that silencers
meet extremely low silenced levels, e.g. 85 dB(A) at 1 meter from the silencer
opening. Actual site visits reveal that the blow-off pipe between silencer and roof or
valve is not damped, or the valve is outside and radiated noise levels from these
sources are often overlooked.
According ISO/DIS 11820.2 the control measurement is invalid!
In the standard for different installation conditions, recommendations for the

arrangement of the measuring points are given. The standard requires that
measuring points be arranged on the silencer axis in front of the blow-off outlet.
With blow-off silencers, however, the medium flows out of the silencer outlet at high
velocities and high temperatures. As a result, it is not recommended that
microphones be arranged in the gas path at the silencer outlet. ∆LΦ Direction
Correction. Generally one point of reference is arranged laterally, beside or under
the silencer opening. If the customer requires a point of reference over the silencer
opening, a direction correction is to be made.

page 36 of 67
SYMBOLS
SYMBOL UNIT DESCRIPTION

Φ ° angle of reflection
-6
α 10 m /m°C expansion factor
C m/s speed of sound
DIL dB dynamic insertion loss
f Hz frequency
L dB noise intensity – API RP 521
∆l m thermal expansion
∆LΦ dB direction correction
∆La dB air reflecting measure
∆Lb dB bottom attenuation measure
Lp dB sound pressure level
Lr dB required evaluation level of the silencer
∆Lr dB noise level reduction by distance
∆Lrx dB area reflecting measure
∆Ls dB screen measure
∆Lv dB vegetation attenuation measure
Lw dB sound power level
M kg/s capacity (mass-flow of moving fluid)
p0 bar(g) pressure upstream of valve
PR - pressure ratio
Qa m³/s quantity (volume-flow of moving fluid)
r m distance
R N reaction force
Sa m² free area at silencer outlet
t0 °C temperature upstream of valve
T0 K temperature upstream of valve
va m³/kg specific volume
wa m/s velocity (speed of moving fluid)

MATERIALS, CODES & STANDARDS - Handbook V
page 37 of 67
NOTE
Materials used in the construction of silencers follow European standards and
are stated on the following pages. In some cases, we will substitute higher grade
materials in place of lower grade materials.
Upon request, ASTM-materials and others can be used.
Since blow-off silencers are normally loaded for short durations of time,
maximum actual working time is based on 10,000 hrs.
1. SILENCER MATERIALS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Item Part Material

No. up to 400°C up to 510°C up to 540 °C
1 Jacket sheet FE360B P265GH 16Mo3
2 Perforated plate 1.4301 1.4301 1.4541
3 Absorption material Mineral wool and long strand glass lining
4 Diffuser plate P265GH 16Mo3 16Mo3
5 Perforated plate P265GH, 16Mo3 16Mo3 16Mo3
6 Diffuser tube St35.8 I 16Mo3 16Mo3
7 Diffuser material 1.4301 1.4301 1.4541
8 Dewatering pipe St35.8 I St35.8 I St35.8 I
9 Entrance pipe St35.8 I 16Mo3 13CrMo4-5
10 Flange C 22 16Mo3 13CrMo4-5
© GLAUNACH GMBH 2005 Edition 06.2005

page 38 of 67
2. MATERIAL ANALYSIS
DIN Chemical composition
Mat.
No. No. Symbol %C %Si %Mn %P %S %Mo %Cr %Ni %Ti
DIN EN 10025 1.0037 FE360B ≤0,17 - - ≤ 0,045 ≤ 0,045 - - - -
DIN EN 10028 1.0425 P265GH ≤ 0,20 ≤ 0,40 0,50 - 1,40 ≤ 0,030 ≤0,025 ≤0,08 ≤0,30 - -
T2
DIN EN 10028 1.5415 16Mo3 0,12 - ≤0,35 0,40 - 0,90 ≤0,030 ≤0,025 0,25 - 0,35 ≤0,30 - -
T2 0,20
DIN EN 10028 1.7335 13CrMo4- 0,08 - ≤0,35 0,40 - 1,00 ≤0,030 ≤0,025 0,40 - 0,60 0,70 -1,15 - -
T2 5 0,18
DIN 17175 1.0305 St35.8 I ≤0,17 ≤0,35 0,40 ≤0,05 ≤0,05 - - - -
DIN 17441 1.4301 X5CrNi ≤0,07 ≤1,0 ≤2,0 ≤0,045 ≤0,03 - 17,0-19,0 8,5-10,5 -
1810
DIN 17441 1.4541 X6CrNiTi ≤0,08 ≤1,0 ≤2,0 ≤0,045 ≤0,03 - 17,0-19,0 9,0-12,0 ≥5x%C≤
1810
0,8
3. TENSILE TEST
Material Yield stress Proof stress Tensile strength Elongation

Symbol N/mm2 0,2 % 1% N/mm2 %
P265GH ≥255 130 (400°C) - 410-530 ≥23

16Mo3 ≥275 140 (500°C) - 440-590 ≥24
13CrMo4-5 ≥300 165(500°C) - 440-590 ≥19
St35.8 I ≥240 - - 350-450 ≥25
1.4301 - 195 230 500-700 ≥40
1.4541 - 200 235 500-730 ≥35
4. LOWER LIMITING VALUE - CREEP RUPTURE STRENGTH

DEPENDENT ON THE TEMPERATURE ACCORDING TO DIN EN 10028 T2 (DIN 17175)
Material 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570
P265GH, (St35.8 I)
10000 h N/mm² 183 169 153 139 126 114 102 90,4 80 68,8 60
100000 h N/mm² 132 118 106 94,4 82,4 72,8 63,2 55,2 47,2 40 33,6
16Mo3
10000 h N/mm² 238 218 198 178 157 137 118 100 81,,6
100000 h N/mm² 196 167 139 114 93,6 74,4 59,2 47,2 37,6
13CrMo4-5
10000 h N/mm² 296 278 262 243 218 191 167 143 123 103 87 73 61
100000 h N/mm² 228 201 176 152 130 110 92,8 75,2 62,4 48,4 39 32 26
tension applied to the original cross section which leads to rupture after 10000 or 100000 hrs.
page 39 of 67
5. COMPARISON OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS

Germany France Great Britain Italy Sweden USA
W-Nr. DIN AFNOR B.S. UNI SS AISI/SAE/ASTM
1501 Gr. 161-400; 151-400
A 42 CP; AP 1501 Gr. 164-360; 161-400 Fe4101KW;KG;KT 1430
1.0425 P265GH Fe 410 2 KW; KG 1432 A 516 Gr. 60 1)
1501 Gr. 164-400; 154-400
15 D 3 --- 16 Mo 3 (KG; KW) 2912 A 204 Gr. A

1.5415 16 Mo 3 4017
620-440
1.7335 13 CrMo 4-5 15 CD 3.5 620-470 14 CrMo 3 A 182-F11; F12
620-540 16 CrMo 3 2216 A 387 Gr. 12
15 CD 4.5
1501-620; 621 Cl.2
1.0305 1) St 35.8 I --- --- C14 --- A106Gr.A
AF 42 C 20 055 M 15 C 20
XC 25 070 M 20 C 21 (M) 1020
1.0402 C 22 1450 M 1023
1 C 22 1449 22 HS, CS C 25
304 S 15
Z 4 CN 19-10 FF 304 S 16
Z 5 CN 17-08 304 S 17 2332 304
1.4301 X 5 CrNi 18 10 Z 6 CN 18-09 304 S 18 X 5 CrNi 18 10
2333 304 H
Z 7 CN 18-09 304 S 25
304 S 31
321 S 18
321 S 22
321 S 31
1.4541 X 6 CrNiTi 18 10 Z 6 CNT 18-10 321 S 51 (490; 510) X 6 CrNiTi 18 11 2337 321
321 S 59
LWCF 24
Source: Key to Steel, 16th Edition (1992) / P265GH included as H II; 16Mo3 as 15Mo3; 13CrMo4-5 as 13CrMo44
1) not included in the international comparison of norms of the Key to Steel.
6. QUALIFICATIONS
We are qualified to manufacture silencers according to PED or ASME

page 40 of 67
7. APPLICABLE CODES FOR VENT SILENCERS

EU US
Certified Quality Assurance ISO 9001 : 2000, EN 729-2 ISO 9001 : 2000
Code / Guidline PED 97/23/EC ASME Section VIII Div.1; B31.1 NBEP
Harmonized Standards AD-2000, TRD, EN 13480 NA
Welder Performance Qualific. EN 287-1/ A1 ASME Section IX
Welding Procedure Specification EN 288-3 / A1 ASME Section IX
Approval of welding procedures ÖNORM 7812, AD2000-HP0, TRD 201 NA
Marking PED 97/23/EC Kat I,II,III NA
Inlet Pipe Matetrials EN, DIN ASTM, ASME
Non Destructive Testing ISO-EN 473 VT, PT, RT, MT, UT ASNT SNT-TC-1A-VT, PT, RT, MT, UT
Sandblasting ISO 12944/4- SA 2½ SSPC-SP 10

page 41 of 67
8. QUALITY CONTROL
Quality Assurance covering construction and production of ventsilencers follows
standards and rules of (ISO, TRD, TRB, AD-instructional pamphlets) or
purchaser's own specified quality assurance procedures and quality assurance
system.
Quality of Materials:
The quality of the materials for pressure leading parts is determined by
Inspection Certificates according. to DIN 50049 (DIN EN 10204):
• 3.1A for pre material 16Mo3, 13CrMo4-5
• 3.1B for pre material P265GH, St35.8 I or ASTM materials
• 2.2 for all other materials
Quality check of the welded joints:

Our company furnishes proof that conditions according to AD-brochure HP 0 are
fulfilled. Conditions related to appropriate production according to the general
principles for materials are given.
We have appropriate:
• production and welding equipment,

• welding personnel and welding supervision personnel,
• testing facilities,
• test personnel and test supervision personnel.
If necessary, welding qualification can be supplied in accordance with ASME

SEC.IX.
If a “Code“ stamp according to ASME is prescribed, the inspection is made by
the “Authorized Inspection Agency“
Quality Management:
GLAUNACH’s Quality Management System is in accordance with ISO 9001.
Our Quality System was first certified in 1993 by Lloyd’s Register and continues
to be constantly supervised and recertified annually.

page 42 of 67

SURFACE TREATMENT - Handbook VI
page 43 of 67
GENERAL INFORMATION
Attention to details while applying corrosion protection extends the service life of
silencers substantially.
For parts, that are particularly corrosion endangered, (e.g. thin perforated plates
and flowed through absorbing materials), stainless steel is used.
All carbon steels are sand-blasted and get a heat resistant protective coating. The
flow-loaded internals are covered with a single and the exterior surface with a
double primer.
During transport and assembling the coating might be damaged. Therefore a

repairing kit is supplied with Glaunach silencers. The repair kit includes a can of
original painting and a roll-brush. You’ll find the repair kit at the silencer inlet.
The internals of the inlet pipe and the diffuser don’t get a coating, since it would not
survive the first blow-out. For transport the silencer inlets are closed with a plastic
cap.

page 44 of 67
1. SURFACE TREATMENT FOR CARBON STEEL
According to standard for the silencers the following surface treatment is provided:
Silencer Inlet Pipe and Diffuser
- Hand tool cleaning

- slightly coated with oil
Silencer Shell Internals
- Blast clean by compressed air with cast iron grit

- Surface preparation grade SA2 1/2 according to DIN 55928T4
- Single coating with ethyl silicate zinc rich primer
Silencer Shell Exterior < 400°C (750°F) temperature load

- Surface preparation grade SA 2½ according to DIN 55928T4
- Double coating with ethyl silicate zinc rich primer
At a temperature load of approximately 450°C (840°F), this coating loses its

corrosion resistance since the zinc particles melt. Nevertheless, pure aluminium
silicon coatings with a temperature resistance of more than 500°C (932°F) offer
less corrosion protection, since the mechanical resistance is very poor. Even
without temperature load, pure aluminium silicon coatings may not prevent
corrosion.
Silencer Shell Exterior > 400°C (750°F) temperature load

- Surface preparation grade SA3 according to DIN 55928T4
- Coating with aluminium in an electric arc spraying process
- Sealer with aluminium silicon paint.

page 45 of 67
2. SURFACE TREATMENT FOR STAINLESS STEEL
Degreasing
Grease, oil, cutting fluids, drawing compounds and other lubricants must be
removed from the surface of stainless steel components before heat treatment (to
prevent carbon pick-up) or final passivating treatments (to enable full access by
the treatment). Parts must also be degreased prior to further assembly by
welding, again to prevent pick-up of carbon at high temperature.
Problems associated with chemical cleaning processes can be avoided by using

mechanical cleaning. With all mechanical cleaning processes great care must be
taken to prevent the stainless steel surface from becoming contaminated by iron,
steel or iron oxide particles.
Wire Brushing
Wire brushing is useful to remove light heat tint, but again brushes must be of
stainless steel, and these must never be used on materials other than stainless
steels.
Pickling and Passivation
Pickling is an acid treatment to remove high temperature scale produced in

welding, heat treatment or hot working. It also removes red rust from corrosion of
the steel or from corrosion of contaminant iron or steel particles. Note that
passivation is not sufficiently aggressive to remove this corrosion product after
the free iron has begun to rust. High temperature dark scale is not only
undesirable for aesthetic reasons - it also results in a reduced corrosion
resistance of the underlying steel surface layer.

page 46 of 67
3. SAMPLES
Sandblasting
Iron Grit Blasting: SA 2 ½ Iron Grit

Blasting: SA 3
Colours
Ethyl Silicate Zinc Carboline 11 Aluminium Coat Thermaline 4700

INSTALLATION - Handbook VII
page 47 of 67
1. INSTALLATION OF VENT SILENCERS
- Vent Silencers should be installed as high as possible.
- The inlet pipe downstream of the silencer, should be sized sufficiently to keep
gas velocities low.
- Bends should be avoided since they generate turbulences and flow noise.
- Some back pressure at the silencer inlet should be allowed.
RULE OF THUMB
higher inlet pressure = smaller and cheaper construction
Glaunach Vent Silencers are of such a light and compact construction, that in
some cases the silencer is carried by the blow-off pipe without any other support.

page 48 of 67
2. SUPPORTING STRUCTURE UNDER THE ROOF
The silencer is mounted at the blow-off pipe which is supported under the roof.
In case of elongations due to temperature, the silencer moves upwards. The only
precaution to be taken is the fitting of a suitable seal at the roof's passage. Wall
thickness of the blow-off pipe must be thick enough to withstand wind forces.
3. SUPPORTING STRUCTURE IN THE ROOF

Fixation of the silencer by brackets which are bolted to girders.

page 49 of 67
4. SUPPORTING STRUCTURE ON THE ROOF

The silencer is mounted on brackets which are fixed on the roof. The blow-off pipe
must be allowed to move sufficiently downwards or upwards, otherwise a
compensator should be provided. If requested the diffuser of the silencer can be
arranged “sliding” in the silencer shell. With this construction, the addition of an
impact sound separation between diffuser and silencer is supplied.
5. FLEXIBLE INSTALLATION OF THE SILENCER

The silencer can be mounted on balancing bearings to aide in the expansion
process. In this case residual powers are permanently exerted on the pipe
nozzles.

page 50 of 67
6. DEWATERING
In each diffuser silencer, rain water and must be drained by an unpressurized
dewatering pipe at the bottom of the silencer. During starting up of the silencer,
condensation of steam in the silencer is possible and hot water can come out. In
such cases, especially in cold climatic zones, we recommend that the dewatering
pipe is arranged close to the insulation. This will prevent the drain from freezing.
Please note that hot water may flow to the roof. For this reason, we recommend
to arrange a plate beneath the dewatering pipe to avoid damages of the roof.
Dewatering of rain-water through the diffuser inlet into the blow-off pipe or by a
by-pass has to be avoided for the following reasons:
• Pollution caused by sand, dust, birds, etc., may penetrate into the
pressurized pipe system and could plug the system.
• Due to the back pressure in front the diffuser, steam will escape through the
drain and considerably impair the effectiveness of the silencer.

page 51 of 67
7. STORAGE
If the silencers are stored outdoors, the inlet pipe and dewatering pipe must be
directed upwards, to prevent rainwater from entering the silencer. Plastic covers
are used to close the entrance and dewatering pipe. For long-term storage, the
silencers must be placed under a roof.
8. FIRST BLOW OFF

Before the first blowing off process, please remove all covers and shipping
brackets. Before start-up, the blow off pipes should be cleaned without a silencer.
Impurities such as ferric-oxide and organic materials may block the silencer.
Silencers should not be installed close to facades, as the jet of steam could cause
damage. Furthermore, sound reflection off walls can intensify the level of sound by
about 10 dB
9. SLIDING DIFFUSER
On delivery of the silencer with sliding diffuser, the sliding diffuser is fixed with 3
bolts in the required position. After installation, the bolts must be removed. After
the first blow off process we recommend to adjust the tension of the stuffing box,
so tightness is guaranteed. If insulation above the stuffing box is provided, tension
should be made and lock washers should installed.
10. SPARE PARTS

Spare parts are not needed for a two-year operation or longer unless the silencer is
provided with a heating element.
NOTE
Please also refer to the installation manual which is part of

any project documentation.

INSULATION - Handbook VIII
page 52 of 67
1. NOISE REFLECTION OF BLOW-OFF PIPES

The blow-off silencer reduces the sound power level of a valve. Each valve and
associated discharge piping radiates noise, which is not attenuated by the
silencer. In VDMA* 24.422, regulations for the calculation of the noise reflection
of relieving valves are mentioned. In VDI** 3733, calculation methods for the
calculation of noise reflection of blow-off pipes is discussed. By means of these
regulations we provide in the following a simplified table, where the noise
reflection of a blow-off pipe can be determined.
DN “ 4bar 9bar 14bar 19bar 24bar 29bar

40 1 1/2“ 56 53 52 50 49 48
50 2“ 54 51 50 48 47 47
1
65 2 /2“ 52 49 48 46 45 45
80 3“ 51 48 46 45 44 43
100 4“ 49 46 45 43 42 42
150 6“ 46 43 41 40 39 38
200 8“ 45 42 40 39 38 37
250 10“ 45 42 40 39 38 37
300 12“ 45 42 40 38 36 37
350 14“ 44 41 40 38 37 37
400 16“ 44 41 39 37 36 36
450 18“ 44 41 39 38 37 36
500 20“ 44 41 39 38 37 36
600 24“ 43 40 38 37 36 35
700 28“ 42 39 37 36 35 34
800 32“ 41 38 36 35 34 33
With formula 1a and 1b (see Handbook I) the inside sound power level of a valve
can be calculated. According to this formula, only the steam quantity and the
steam temperature is decisive for the intensity of the inside sound power level
LW0. For the calculation of the attenuation of the blow-off pipe behind the valve,
the following parameters are important.
• inside diameter of the pipe

• wall thickness of the pipe
• length of the transmission area
• pressure inside the pipe
• density
There are two methods of insulation: Acoustic Insulation & Thermic Insulation
* **
VDMA = Verein Deutscher Maschinenbau-Anstalten VDI = Verein Deutscher Ingenieure

page 53 of 67
With the parameters from Tab.1 the noise reduction can be determined.
Practically an approximate value with an exactness of ± 2dB is enough. With the
following table, the noise pressure level of an 11 meter long blow-off pipe, in 1
meter distance from the uninsulated blow-off pipe, can be determined (Fig.1).
The precondition of this example is that the valve and the total blow-off pipe is
situated inside of a boiler house. If the valve and the blow-off pipe are located
outside the noise reduction Di reduces for 10 dB (Fig.2).
closed boiler house open boiler

house
100°
100°
Lr Lr
1m 1m
LP 1
1m
1m
10m 11m
Lwv
Lwv
Fig. 1
Fig.2

page 54 of 67
Example:
• valve capacity 50 t/h

• temperature in front of the valve 500°C
• pressure in front of the valve100 bar
• admissible sound pressure level of the silencer in 1m distance is 96 dB(A)
according to formula from Handbook “Noise” :
LW0 = 17 log 50 + 50 log (273 + 500) - 15 = 158.3 dB(A)
• pressure in the blow-off pipe 9 bar

• blow-off pipe DN 300 / 12”
noise reduction according Tab. 1 Di ≈ 42 dB
Sound pressure level 1m beside the blowoff pipe:
LP1 = LW0 - Di = 158.3 - 42 = 116.3 dB(A)
Beside the uninsulated blow-off pipe, the sound pressure level is about 20.3 dB
higher than at the silencer outlet.
The uninsulated blow-off pipe beneath the silencer

requires acoustic insulation, to meet the noise
requirement !

page 55 of 67
2. INSULATION OF BLOWOFF PIPES
Figure 3 shows, a recommendation, as to how noise reduction of 20 to 30 dB

can be obtained. In most of the cases, both the silencers and blow-off pipe are
influenced by temperatures. The insulation must be selected and installed such
that it can withstand thermal growth and environmental changes. The strength of
the insulation should depend on the pipe diameter. A total thickness of 100-120
mm is sufficient, thicker layers may not improve the noise reduction.
Our quotes will indicate whether the silencer must be insulated or not. Our
silencer design will determine if the insulation must extend from the eave ring or
the collar sheet (see Handbook III) down to the roof or blow off pipe penetration.
The plate thickness of the silencer body is usually 5 mm. If the silencer must be
installed in a climatic zone where danger of freezing exists, the dewatering pipe
should be made to protrude only a few centimetres out of the insulation, or it
should be connected to the boiler house.
The blow-off pipe represents a temperature bridge. The temperature of the

boiler house will be transmitted to the diffuser over the blow-off pipe.
A long and non-insulated dewatering pipe is

especially endangered to freeze !
Insulation between eave ring and the roof

Design for the insulation of a silencer with support under roof.
Fig.3

page 56 of 67
Insulation between the collar sheet and the roof
Design for the insulation of a silencer with very high noise reduction and support
over roof.
Fig.4
Design for the insulation of a silencer with very high noise reduction and support
in the roof.
Fig.5

page 57 of 67
3. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ACOUSTIC INSULATION
The area of the blow-off pipe between the passage through the roof and the
bottom of the silencer - eave ring or collar sheet - should get absorbing sound
insulation. This will prevent radiated noise emissions from the blow-off pipe and
will prevent rainwater from entering the building through the roof opening
Description of the construction
A combined steel aluminium covering is used for the construction. This cover is to
be constructed such that it does not come in contact with the steel aluminum
connections. At these points suitable contact protective agents are to be used.
Materials and materials quality
Spacer, resp. supporting structure

These must be made of material St37.2 or equivalent. The sub-construction
consists of spacer rings made of hoop steel 30 x 3 mm, with springy spacers which
can take up all the thermal expansion of the ducts.The spacer rings must be fixed
at a maximum distance of 940mm or 37”in an axial direction.
Insulating materials
The only material allowed are mineral wool mats with a minimum specific weight of
100 kgs/m³, with one side quilted on galvanized wire mesh. The area between
pipe and outside insulation should not be filled-in except in case a mat insulation is
not feasible. Mineral wool mats which have suffered a change of thickness
because of moisture or of mechanical influences must be excluded. These mineral
wool mats must be able to withstand long storage periods without change of their
quality. The mineral wool mats must be cut to size and be fixed firmly around the
pipe. The fixation of the mats is made with wire pins (at least 4 pieces /m²) and
clips. The wire pins are welded on the blowoff pipe. Minimum thickness of the
mineral wool 2 x 60 mm.
External lining
Seawater resistant aluminium sheet accord. to DIN1745 must be used for the
external lining of thermal insulation and the combined thermal-sound insulation.
Al Mg 3 F 23, half hard DIN1725Bl.1,W.Nr.3.3535

Al Mg Mn F 23, half hard DIN1725/Bl.1,W.Nr.3.3527
Al Mg Mn F 23, half hard DIN1725/Bl.1,W.Nr.3.3528
For the acoustic insulation galvanized steel plate is to be used as an

intermediate layer. The steel plate must be deadened. The sound absorbing
material may not consist of bitumen mass, since a temperature load is present.
At the piping, each second seam is to be made as a stretch seam in order to
ensure the stretch ability. The aluminium sheet of the external lining must be
overlapped as shown in The external lining must be absolutely secured against
slipping.

page 58 of 67
Sheet metal screws

thread-forming screws DIN 7513, material no. 1.4300 (V2A) and cylindrical sheet
metal screws B oder BZ DIN 7971, material no. 1.4300 (V2A).
Contact protection
As contact protection strips from KlingeritTM or a glass fabrics are to be used.
rigid spacer ring

In distances from max. 940mm
Screw connection M8x40
Flat steel welded on here
40 x 4 40 x 4
rivet 5
Klingerit-intermediate layer*)
rigid spacer ring made of

hoop-steel 30x3

page 59 of 67
Silencer
Eav es
(firmly
ring, welden to
the bottom of
the s ilencer)
Intermediate lay er for separation of

Impact sound and thermal ins ulation
min. Thicknes s 5 mm of material
glas s fabric*)
Klingerit or
Fixingclamps required for more than OD 200
In cas e of temperatures over 200°C -
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm
S-Clamps
shaped are to be us ed in order to
stop the ex
compens atetension.
Distance from clamp to clamp 300 - 400 mm
Mineral wool mats with s pecific weight

Of min. 100 kg/m³, quilted on
galvaniz ed wire mesh
a
min. 2 x 60 mm
s pace ring
Ex pansion s eam with

permanent-elas tic s eal
W ire nail with clips for fixing

mineral
the wool min. 4 pcs . per m²
Aluminium
Rock wool mat
plate
Sound absorbing
material*
Galv *) s teel
anized
Rock wool
plate* *) mat
Entrace pipe

AVOIDANCE OF FAULTS - Handbook IX
page 60 of 67
In order to reach a satisfactory function and attenuation of the silencer, attention

should be paid to some aspects which, if neglected, could cause malfunctions.
1. INSTALLATION OF VENT SILENCERS
It does not make sense to determine the dimension of the blow-off pipe
according to that of the valve outlet and then increase it shortly in front of the
silencer. The high blow-off speed leads to pressure losses in the blow-off pipe
and to an increase in sound emission from the pipe.

proper insulation the blow-off pipe is not

of the blow-off pipe insulated and too small
If the flow rate in the blow-off pipe is kept low and the permissible pressure loss
in the silencer is diminished, then it comes to a more economical and acoustical
efficient solution.

page 61 of 67
Unfortunately it happens quite often that very high noise reductions are required,
but uninsulated pipes or valves are arranged nearby the silencer. In such a
case, the noise level will be determined by the blow-off pipe or the valve, and not
by the silencer.

130 dB
90 dB
the noise level emitted by the blow-off pipes

is higher then the reduced noise level of the silencer
80 dB
90 dB
the blow-off pipe is insulated,

but the valve is not

page 62 of 67
Vent Silencers should not be installed in front or nearby a building. This causes
noise reflections which increases the sound level.

silencers installed on the roof with lethal installation

optimum noise and safety performance inside a building
WARNING
- steam at the silencer outlet is extremely hot -

vent silencers must be installed in such a way, that no person can
be exposed to the steam flow during blow off at any time

page 63 of 67
2. DEWATERING OF VENT SILENCERS

to avoid damage of the roof don’t by-pass the drain

use a plate or a cup beneath the silencer may be damaged and
the silencer drainage the noise level will increase
the uninsulated dewatering pipe don’t elongate the drain pipe

should be as short as possible ice plugs may prevent dewatering

page 64 of 67
4. DIFFUSER DESIGN
GLAUNACH OTHER
seamless diffuser pipes are used perforated plates are used as diffuser
stainless-steel wire mesh reduce the absence of wire mesh
swirls cause flow noise
small borings achieve a higher perforated holes have a larger diameter

noise reduction with less noise reduction
for safety reasons all pressurized other manufacturer don’t care

welds are tested

page 65 of 67
5. ABSORBER DESIGN
GLAUNACH OTHER
strong and heat resistant glass fabrics cheaper fleece materials

cover absorbing materials are blown out shortly
absorbers are totally absorbers made from

made from stainless steel carbon steel will rust out shortly
continuous welding on all parts cheaper spot welding results in

guarantees long service life vibrations and early fatigue

page 66 of 67
6. CATASTROPHIC FAILURES BY POOR DESIGN

In the last years, we’ve repaired and replaced many silencers from other
manufacturers.
At the following example, the steam jet hits the head of the diffuser with sonic speed
and high temperature. This destroyed the diffuser immediately and furthermore
destroyed the core of the absorber and blew it away.
poor design destroyed diffuser absorber blew out
The diffuser cage and absorber was removed and replaced by a Glaunach Diffuser.
Now the silencer works without any problems.
silencer repaired replacement of installation of the

by Glaunach diffuser repaired silencer

page 67 of 67
Another example of a catastrophic failure caused by a cost saving design.

The absorber blew out of the silencer and hit the ground.

Glaunach Silencer Handbook

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III ACCESSORIES FOR SILENCERS

V MATERIAL CODES & STANDARDS

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Sound Power Level (abbr.: Lw or SWL or PWL)

Sound Power Level dB

© GLAUNACH GMBH Edition 02.2007

Sound Pressure Level (abbr.: Lp or SPL)

is a pressure disturbance in the atmosphere whose intensity is influenced not only

Let’s have a look to the light bulb again:

Sound Pressure Levels dB @ feet @m

each doubling of the distance = 6dB noise reduction

© GLAUNACH GMBH Edition 02.2007

The frequency range of human hearing is about

Calculation of an A weighted octave band

Frequency Measured Lp A-Scale Correction Corrected LpA

Note: The A-scale correction factors are fixed values.

LPA = 10 log10 (Σ 10LpA/10)

here: LPA = 105,5 dB(A)

© GLAUNACH GMBH Edition 02.2007

Shifting the Peak Frequency

Since it is easier to attenuate high frequencies than deep frequencies, we use a

Blow Off Pipe Diffuser Pipe

63 125 250 500 1K 2K 4K 8K

© GLAUNACH GMBH Edition 02.2007

For a rough estimation of the unsilenced noise level, we recommend two

LW0 = 17 log M + 50 log To - 15

Lp30m = L + 10 log (0.5 MC²)

noise from valves can be expected

* VDI = Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (German Association of Engineers)

© GLAUNACH GMBH Edition 02.2007

How can we reduce valve noise efficiently?

a. By transferring pressure drop from the valve to a silencer.

c. By combining diffuser technology with traditional absorbing

What are the typical noise limits ?

USA: API Medical Research Report EA 7301. (Ref 2)

EU: 86/188/ECC. (Ref 4)

noise limits, for the avoidance of hearing damage should be

© GLAUNACH GMBH Edition 02.2007

application - any vent or blow-down application

media gas, air, steam,

noise reduction 25+ dB

design circular baffles reduce the noise and allow thermal

GLAUNACH GMBH Edition 02.2007

application - any vent or blow-down application

media gas, air, steam,

pressure drop > 0,2 bar / > 3 psi

design several diffuser stages and a fine stainless steel wire

GLAUNACH GMBH Edition 02.2007

application - any vent or blow-down application

media gas, air, steam,

pressure drop > 0,2 bar / > 3 psi

design the type DA diffuser silencer is similar to type D, except

GLAUNACH GMBH Edition 02.2007

COMBINED SILENCER (DIFFUSER + ABSORBER)

application - any vent or blow-down application

media gas, air, steam,

pressure drop > 0,2 bar / > 3 psi

noise reduction 50+ dB

design the type DAA diffuser silencer is a combination of type A

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INLINE DIFFUSER SILENCER

application in particular for closed systems

media steam, gas, air,